Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
Methodology
- How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
![related research literature sample upload-your-document-ai-proofreader](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/grammar-check.webp)
Table of contents
What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
- Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
![related research literature sample Literature review guide](https://www.scribbr.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Literature-review-guide.webp)
Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services
Discover proofreading & editing
Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models, and methods?
- Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
- Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
- Null hypothesis
- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
- Effect size
- Poisson distribution
Research bias
- Optimism bias
- Cognitive bias
- Implicit bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Anchoring bias
- Explicit bias
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved July 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
Is this article helpful?
Shona McCombes
Other students also liked, what is a theoretical framework | guide to organizing, what is a research methodology | steps & tips, how to write a research proposal | examples & templates, get unlimited documents corrected.
✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts
Review of Related Literature: Format, Example, & How to Make RRL
A review of related literature is a separate paper or a part of an article that collects and synthesizes discussion on a topic. Its purpose is to show the current state of research on the issue and highlight gaps in existing knowledge. A literature review can be included in a research paper or scholarly article, typically following the introduction and before the research methods section.
![related research literature sample The picture provides introductory definition of a review of related literature.](https://helpfulpapers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/rrl-definition-1024x302.jpg)
This article will clarify the definition, significance, and structure of a review of related literature. You’ll also learn how to organize your literature review and discover ideas for an RRL in different subjects.
🔤 What Is RRL?
- ❗ Significance of Literature Review
- 🔎 How to Search for Literature
- 🧩 Literature Review Structure
- 📋 Format of RRL — APA, MLA, & Others
- ✍️ How to Write an RRL
- 📚 Examples of RRL
🔗 References
A review of related literature (RRL) is a part of the research report that examines significant studies, theories, and concepts published in scholarly sources on a particular topic. An RRL includes 3 main components:
- A short overview and critique of the previous research.
- Similarities and differences between past studies and the current one.
- An explanation of the theoretical frameworks underpinning the research.
❗ Significance of Review of Related Literature
Although the goal of a review of related literature differs depending on the discipline and its intended use, its significance cannot be overstated. Here are some examples of how a review might be beneficial:
- It helps determine knowledge gaps .
- It saves from duplicating research that has already been conducted.
- It provides an overview of various research areas within the discipline.
- It demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the topic.
🔎 How to Perform a Literature Search
Including a description of your search strategy in the literature review section can significantly increase your grade. You can search sources with the following steps:
You should specify all the keywords and their synonyms used to look for relevant sources. | |
Using your search terms, look through the online (libraries and databases) and offline (books and journals) sources related to your topic. | |
It is not possible to discuss all of the sources you have discovered. Instead, use the works of the most notable researchers and authors. | |
From the remaining references, you should pick those with the most significant contribution to the research area development. | |
Your literature should prioritize new publications over older ones to cover the latest research advancements. |
🧩 Literature Review Structure Example
The majority of literature reviews follow a standard introduction-body-conclusion structure. Let’s look at the RRL structure in detail.
![related research literature sample This image shows the literature review structure.](https://helpfulpapers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Literature-Review-Structure-1024x532.jpg)
Introduction of Review of Related Literature: Sample
An introduction should clarify the study topic and the depth of the information to be delivered. It should also explain the types of sources used. If your lit. review is part of a larger research proposal or project, you can combine its introductory paragraph with the introduction of your paper.
Here is a sample introduction to an RRL about cyberbullying:
Bullying has troubled people since the beginning of time. However, with modern technological advancements, especially social media, bullying has evolved into cyberbullying. As a result, nowadays, teenagers and adults cannot flee their bullies, which makes them feel lonely and helpless. This literature review will examine recent studies on cyberbullying.
Sample Review of Related Literature Thesis
A thesis statement should include the central idea of your literature review and the primary supporting elements you discovered in the literature. Thesis statements are typically put at the end of the introductory paragraph.
Look at a sample thesis of a review of related literature:
This literature review shows that scholars have recently covered the issues of bullies’ motivation, the impact of bullying on victims and aggressors, common cyberbullying techniques, and victims’ coping strategies. However, there is still no agreement on the best practices to address cyberbullying.
Literature Review Body Paragraph Example
The main body of a literature review should provide an overview of the existing research on the issue. Body paragraphs should not just summarize each source but analyze them. You can organize your paragraphs with these 3 elements:
- Claim . Start with a topic sentence linked to your literature review purpose.
- Evidence . Cite relevant information from your chosen sources.
- Discussion . Explain how the cited data supports your claim.
Here’s a literature review body paragraph example:
Scholars have examined the link between the aggressor and the victim. Beran et al. (2007) state that students bullied online often become cyberbullies themselves. Faucher et al. (2014) confirm this with their findings: they discovered that male and female students began engaging in cyberbullying after being subject to bullying. Hence, one can conclude that being a victim of bullying increases one’s likelihood of becoming a cyberbully.
Review of Related Literature: Conclusion
A conclusion presents a general consensus on the topic. Depending on your literature review purpose, it might include the following:
- Introduction to further research . If you write a literature review as part of a larger research project, you can present your research question in your conclusion .
- Overview of theories . You can summarize critical theories and concepts to help your reader understand the topic better.
- Discussion of the gap . If you identified a research gap in the reviewed literature, your conclusion could explain why that gap is significant.
Check out a conclusion example that discusses a research gap:
There is extensive research into bullies’ motivation, the consequences of bullying for victims and aggressors, strategies for bullying, and coping with it. Yet, scholars still have not reached a consensus on what to consider the best practices to combat cyberbullying. This question is of great importance because of the significant adverse effects of cyberbullying on victims and bullies.
📋 Format of RRL — APA, MLA, & Others
In this section, we will discuss how to format an RRL according to the most common citation styles: APA, Chicago, MLA, and Harvard.
Writing a literature review using the APA7 style requires the following text formatting:
Times New Roman or Arial, 12 pt | |
Double spacing | |
All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm) | |
Top right-hand corner, starting with the title page | |
- When using APA in-text citations , include the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.
- For direct quotations , you must also add the page number. If you use sources without page numbers, such as websites or e-books, include a paragraph number instead.
- When referring to the author’s name in a sentence , you do not need to repeat it at the end of the sentence. Instead, include the year of publication inside the parentheses after their name.
- The reference list should be included at the end of your literature review. It is always alphabetized by the last name of the author (from A to Z), and the lines are indented one-half inch from the left margin of your paper. Do not forget to invert authors’ names (the last name should come first) and include the full titles of journals instead of their abbreviations. If you use an online source, add its URL.
The RRL format in the Chicago style is as follows:
12-pt Times New Roman, Arial, or Palatino | |
Double spacing, single spacing is used to format block quotations, titles of tables and figures, footnotes, and bibliographical entries. | |
All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm) | |
Top right-hand corner. There should be no numbered pages on the title page or the page with the table of contents. |
- Author-date . You place your citations in brackets within the text, indicating the name of the author and the year of publication.
- Notes and bibliography . You place your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes to connect the citation back to the source in the bibliography.
- The reference list, or bibliography , in Chicago style, is at the end of a literature review. The sources are arranged alphabetically and single-spaced. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the source’s title, followed by publication information, such as the city of publication, the publisher, and the year of publication.
Writing a literature review using the MLA style requires the following text formatting:
Font | 12-pt Times New Roman or Arial |
Line spacing | Double spacing |
Margins | All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm) |
Page numbers | Top right-hand corner. Your last name should precede the page number. |
Title page | Not required. Instead, include a header in the top left-hand corner of the first page with content. It should contain: |
- In the MLA format, you can cite a source in the text by indicating the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses at the end of the citation. If the cited information takes several pages, you need to include all the page numbers.
- The reference list in MLA style is titled “ Works Cited .” In this section, all sources used in the paper should be listed in alphabetical order. Each entry should contain the author, title of the source, title of the journal or a larger volume, other contributors, version, number, publisher, and publication date.
The Harvard style requires you to use the following text formatting for your RRL:
12-pt Times New Roman or Arial | |
Double spacing | |
All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm) | |
Top right-hand corner. Your last name should precede the page number. |
- In-text citations in the Harvard style include the author’s last name and the year of publication. If you are using a direct quote in your literature review, you need to add the page number as well.
- Arrange your list of references alphabetically. Each entry should contain the author’s last name, their initials, the year of publication, the title of the source, and other publication information, like the journal title and issue number or the publisher.
✍️ How to Write Review of Related Literature – Sample
Literature reviews can be organized in many ways depending on what you want to achieve with them. In this section, we will look at 3 examples of how you can write your RRL.
![related research literature sample This image shows the organizational patterns of a literature review.](https://helpfulpapers.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Literature-Review-Organization-1024x518.jpg)
Thematic Literature Review
A thematic literature review is arranged around central themes or issues discussed in the sources. If you have identified some recurring themes in the literature, you can divide your RRL into sections that address various aspects of the topic. For example, if you examine studies on e-learning, you can distinguish such themes as the cost-effectiveness of online learning, the technologies used, and its effectiveness compared to traditional education.
Chronological Literature Review
A chronological literature review is a way to track the development of the topic over time. If you use this method, avoid merely listing and summarizing sources in chronological order. Instead, try to analyze the trends, turning moments, and critical debates that have shaped the field’s path. Also, you can give your interpretation of how and why specific advances occurred.
Methodological Literature Review
A methodological literature review differs from the preceding ones in that it usually doesn’t focus on the sources’ content. Instead, it is concerned with the research methods . So, if your references come from several disciplines or fields employing various research techniques, you can compare the findings and conclusions of different methodologies, for instance:
- empirical vs. theoretical studies;
- qualitative vs. quantitative research.
📚 Examples of Review of Related Literature and Studies
We have prepared a short example of RRL on climate change for you to see how everything works in practice!
Climate change is one of the most important issues nowadays. Based on a variety of facts, it is now clearer than ever that humans are altering the Earth's climate. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, causing sea level rise, a significant loss of Arctic ice, and other climate-related changes. This literature review provides a thorough summary of research on climate change, focusing on climate change fingerprints and evidence of human influence on the Earth's climate system.
Physical Mechanisms and Evidence of Human Influence
Scientists are convinced that climate change is directly influenced by the emission of greenhouse gases. They have carefully analyzed various climate data and evidence, concluding that the majority of the observed global warming over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural factors alone. Instead, there is compelling evidence pointing to a significant contribution of human activities, primarily the emission of greenhouse gases (Walker, 2014). For example, based on simple physics calculations, doubled carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere can lead to a global temperature increase of approximately 1 degree Celsius. (Elderfield, 2022). In order to determine the human influence on climate, scientists still have to analyze a lot of natural changes that affect temperature, precipitation, and other components of climate on timeframes ranging from days to decades and beyond.
Fingerprinting Climate Change
Fingerprinting climate change is a useful tool to identify the causes of global warming because different factors leave unique marks on climate records. This is evident when scientists look beyond overall temperature changes and examine how warming is distributed geographically and over time (Watson, 2022). By investigating these climate patterns, scientists can obtain a more complex understanding of the connections between natural climate variability and climate variability caused by human activity.
Modeling Climate Change and Feedback
To accurately predict the consequences of feedback mechanisms, the rate of warming, and regional climate change, scientists can employ sophisticated mathematical models of the atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice (the cryosphere). These models are grounded in well-established physical laws and incorporate the latest scientific understanding of climate-related processes (Shuckburgh, 2013). Although different climate models produce slightly varying projections for future warming, they all will agree that feedback mechanisms play a significant role in amplifying the initial warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. (Meehl, 2019).
In conclusion, the literature on global warming indicates that there are well-understood physical processes that link variations in greenhouse gas concentrations to climate change. In addition, it covers the scientific proof that the rates of these gases in the atmosphere have increased and continue to rise fast. According to the sources, the majority of this recent change is almost definitely caused by greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities. Citizens and governments can alter their energy production methods and consumption patterns to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and, thus, the magnitude of climate change. By acting now, society can prevent the worst consequences of climate change and build a more resilient and sustainable future for generations to come.
Have you ever struggled with finding the topic for an RRL in different subjects? Read the following paragraphs to get some ideas!
Nursing Literature Review Example
Many topics in the nursing field require research. For example, you can write a review of literature related to dengue fever . Give a general overview of dengue virus infections, including its clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy.
Another good idea is to review related literature and studies about teenage pregnancy . This review can describe the effectiveness of specific programs for adolescent mothers and their children and summarize recommendations for preventing early pregnancy.
📝 Check out some more valuable examples below:
- Hospital Readmissions: Literature Review .
- Literature Review: Lower Sepsis Mortality Rates .
- Breast Cancer: Literature Review .
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Literature Review .
- PICO for Pressure Ulcers: Literature Review .
- COVID-19 Spread Prevention: Literature Review .
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Literature Review .
- Hypertension Treatment Adherence: Literature Review .
- Neonatal Sepsis Prevention: Literature Review .
- Healthcare-Associated Infections: Literature Review .
- Understaffing in Nursing: Literature Review .
Psychology Literature Review Example
If you look for an RRL topic in psychology , you can write a review of related literature about stress . Summarize scientific evidence about stress stages, side effects, types, or reduction strategies. Or you can write a review of related literature about computer game addiction . In this case, you may concentrate on the neural mechanisms underlying the internet gaming disorder, compare it to other addictions, or evaluate treatment strategies.
A review of related literature about cyberbullying is another interesting option. You can highlight the impact of cyberbullying on undergraduate students’ academic, social, and emotional development.
📝 Look at the examples that we have prepared for you to come up with some more ideas:
- Mindfulness in Counseling: A Literature Review .
- Team-Building Across Cultures: Literature Review .
- Anxiety and Decision Making: Literature Review .
- Literature Review on Depression .
- Literature Review on Narcissism .
- Effects of Depression Among Adolescents .
- Causes and Effects of Anxiety in Children .
Literature Review — Sociology Example
Sociological research poses critical questions about social structures and phenomena. For example, you can write a review of related literature about child labor , exploring cultural beliefs and social norms that normalize the exploitation of children. Or you can create a review of related literature about social media . It can investigate the impact of social media on relationships between adolescents or the role of social networks on immigrants’ acculturation .
📝 You can find some more ideas below!
- Single Mothers’ Experiences of Relationships with Their Adolescent Sons .
- Teachers and Students’ Gender-Based Interactions .
- Gender Identity: Biological Perspective and Social Cognitive Theory .
- Gender: Culturally-Prescribed Role or Biological Sex .
- The Influence of Opioid Misuse on Academic Achievement of Veteran Students .
- The Importance of Ethics in Research .
- The Role of Family and Social Network Support in Mental Health .
Education Literature Review Example
For your education studies , you can write a review of related literature about academic performance to determine factors that affect student achievement and highlight research gaps. One more idea is to create a review of related literature on study habits , considering their role in the student’s life and academic outcomes.
You can also evaluate a computerized grading system in a review of related literature to single out its advantages and barriers to implementation. Or you can complete a review of related literature on instructional materials to identify their most common types and effects on student achievement.
📝 Find some inspiration in the examples below:
- Literature Review on Online Learning Challenges From COVID-19 .
- Education, Leadership, and Management: Literature Review .
- Literature Review: Standardized Testing Bias .
- Bullying of Disabled Children in School .
- Interventions and Letter & Sound Recognition: A Literature Review .
- Social-Emotional Skills Program for Preschoolers .
- Effectiveness of Educational Leadership Management Skills .
Business Research Literature Review
If you’re a business student, you can focus on customer satisfaction in your review of related literature. Discuss specific customer satisfaction features and how it is affected by service quality and prices. You can also create a theoretical literature review about consumer buying behavior to evaluate theories that have significantly contributed to understanding how consumers make purchasing decisions.
📝 Look at the examples to get more exciting ideas:
- Leadership and Communication: Literature Review .
- Human Resource Development: Literature Review .
- Project Management. Literature Review .
- Strategic HRM: A Literature Review .
- Customer Relationship Management: Literature Review .
- Literature Review on International Financial Reporting Standards .
- Cultures of Management: Literature Review .
To conclude, a review of related literature is a significant genre of scholarly works that can be applied in various disciplines and for multiple goals. The sources examined in an RRL provide theoretical frameworks for future studies and help create original research questions and hypotheses.
When you finish your outstanding literature review, don’t forget to check whether it sounds logical and coherent. Our text-to-speech tool can help you with that!
- Literature Reviews | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Writing a Literature Review | Purdue Online Writing Lab
- Learn How to Write a Review of Literature | University of Wisconsin-Madison
- The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It | University of Toronto
- Writing a Literature Review | UC San Diego
- Conduct a Literature Review | The University of Arizona
- Methods for Literature Reviews | National Library of Medicine
- Literature Reviews: 5. Write the Review | Georgia State University
How to Write an Animal Testing Essay: Tips for Argumentative & Persuasive Papers
Descriptive essay topics: examples, outline, & more.
Educational resources and simple solutions for your research journey
![related research literature sample how to write review of related literature in research](https://blog.researcher.life/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/pexels-cottonbro-6334767-scaled.jpg)
How to Write Review of Related Literature (RRL) in Research
![related research literature sample](https://blog.researcher.life/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/pexels-cottonbro-6334767-1-scaled.jpg)
A review of related literature (a.k.a RRL in research) is a comprehensive review of the existing literature pertaining to a specific topic or research question. An effective review provides the reader with an organized analysis and synthesis of the existing knowledge about a subject. With the increasing amount of new information being disseminated every day, conducting a review of related literature is becoming more difficult and the purpose of review of related literature is clearer than ever.
All new knowledge is necessarily based on previously known information, and every new scientific study must be conducted and reported in the context of previous studies. This makes a review of related literature essential for research, and although it may be tedious work at times , most researchers will complete many such reviews of varying depths during their career. So, why exactly is a review of related literature important?
Table of Contents
Why a review of related literature in research is important
Before thinking how to do reviews of related literature , it is necessary to understand its importance. Although the purpose of a review of related literature varies depending on the discipline and how it will be used, its importance is never in question. Here are some ways in which a review can be crucial.
- Identify gaps in the knowledge – This is the primary purpose of a review of related literature (often called RRL in research ). To create new knowledge, you must first determine what knowledge may be missing. This also helps to identify the scope of your study.
- Avoid duplication of research efforts – Not only will a review of related literature indicate gaps in the existing research, but it will also lead you away from duplicating research that has already been done and thus save precious resources.
- Provide an overview of disparate and interdisciplinary research areas – Researchers cannot possibly know everything related to their disciplines. Therefore, it is very helpful to have access to a review of related literature already written and published.
- Highlight researcher’s familiarity with their topic 1 – A strong review of related literature in a study strengthens readers’ confidence in that study and that researcher.
![related research literature sample](https://blog.researcher.life/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/05_RDiscovery_BlogBanner_640x139px-1.png)
Tips on how to write a review of related literature in research
Given that you will probably need to produce a number of these at some point, here are a few general tips on how to write an effective review of related literature 2 .
- Define your topic, audience, and purpose: You will be spending a lot of time with this review, so choose a topic that is interesting to you. While deciding what to write in a review of related literature , think about who you expect to read the review – researchers in your discipline, other scientists, the general public – and tailor the language to the audience. Also, think about the purpose of your review of related literature .
- Conduct a comprehensive literature search: While writing your review of related literature , emphasize more recent works but don’t forget to include some older publications as well. Cast a wide net, as you may find some interesting and relevant literature in unexpected databases or library corners. Don’t forget to search for recent conference papers.
- Review the identified articles and take notes: It is a good idea to take notes in a way such that individual items in your notes can be moved around when you organize them. For example, index cards are great tools for this. Write each individual idea on a separate card along with the source. The cards can then be easily grouped and organized.
- Determine how to organize your review: A review of related literature should not be merely a listing of descriptions. It should be organized by some criterion, such as chronologically or thematically.
- Be critical and objective: Don’t just report the findings of other studies in your review of related literature . Challenge the methodology, find errors in the analysis, question the conclusions. Use what you find to improve your research. However, do not insert your opinions into the review of related literature. Remain objective and open-minded.
- Structure your review logically: Guide the reader through the information. The structure will depend on the function of the review of related literature. Creating an outline prior to writing the RRL in research is a good way to ensure the presented information flows well.
As you read more extensively in your discipline, you will notice that the review of related literature appears in various forms in different places. For example, when you read an article about an experimental study, you will typically see a literature review or a RRL in research , in the introduction that includes brief descriptions of similar studies. In longer research studies and dissertations, especially in the social sciences, the review of related literature will typically be a separate chapter and include more information on methodologies and theory building. In addition, stand-alone review articles will be published that are extremely useful to researchers.
The review of relevant literature or often abbreviated as, RRL in research , is an important communication tool that can be used in many forms for many purposes. It is a tool that all researchers should befriend.
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Writing Center. Literature Reviews. https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/literature-reviews/ [Accessed September 8, 2022]
- Pautasso M. Ten simple rules for writing a literature review. PLoS Comput Biol. 2013, 9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003149.
Q: Is research complete without a review of related literature?
A research project is usually considered incomplete without a proper review of related literature. The review of related literature is a crucial component of any research project as it provides context for the research question, identifies gaps in existing literature, and ensures novelty by avoiding duplication. It also helps inform research design and supports arguments, highlights the significance of a study, and demonstrates your knowledge an expertise.
Q: What is difference between RRL and RRS?
The key difference between an RRL and an RRS lies in their focus and scope. An RRL or review of related literature examines a broad range of literature, including theoretical frameworks, concepts, and empirical studies, to establish the context and significance of the research topic. On the other hand, an RRS or review of research studies specifically focuses on analyzing and summarizing previous research studies within a specific research domain to gain insights into methodologies, findings, and gaps in the existing body of knowledge. While there may be some overlap between the two, they serve distinct purposes and cover different aspects of the research process.
Q: Does review of related literature improve accuracy and validity of research?
Yes, a comprehensive review of related literature (RRL) plays a vital role in improving the accuracy and validity of research. It helps authors gain a deeper understanding and offers different perspectives on the research topic. RRL can help you identify research gaps, dictate the selection of appropriate research methodologies, enhance theoretical frameworks, avoid biases and errors, and even provide support for research design and interpretation. By building upon and critically engaging with existing related literature, researchers can ensure their work is rigorous, reliable, and contributes meaningfully to their field of study.
R Discovery is a literature search and research reading platform that accelerates your research discovery journey by keeping you updated on the latest, most relevant scholarly content. With 250M+ research articles sourced from trusted aggregators like CrossRef, Unpaywall, PubMed, PubMed Central, Open Alex and top publishing houses like Springer Nature, JAMA, IOP, Taylor & Francis, NEJM, BMJ, Karger, SAGE, Emerald Publishing and more, R Discovery puts a world of research at your fingertips.
Try R Discovery Prime FREE for 1 week or upgrade at just US$72 a year to access premium features that let you listen to research on the go, read in your language, collaborate with peers, auto sync with reference managers, and much more. Choose a simpler, smarter way to find and read research – Download the app and start your free 7-day trial today !
Related Posts
![related research literature sample Paraphrasing techniques](https://blog.researcher.life/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/752-1-800x600.jpg)
Top 7 Tried and Tested Paraphrasing Techniques
![related research literature sample annex vs appendix](https://blog.researcher.life/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2148230606-1-800x600.jpg)
Annex vs Appendix: What is the difference?
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- January 2019
![related research literature sample Dr .AR .Saravanakumar at Alagappa University](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/946461487407107-1602665411896_Q64/Dr-saravanakumar-2.jpg)
- Alagappa University
Discover the world's research
- 25+ million members
- 160+ million publication pages
- 2.3+ billion citations
- Johndelle A Potutan
![related research literature sample Christian Sebial](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281119735172-1676179040126_Q64/Christian-Sebial.jpg)
- Recruit researchers
- Join for free
- Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up
Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Dissertation
- What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples
What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples
Published on 22 February 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 7 June 2022.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarise sources – it analyses, synthesises, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text
Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.
![related research literature sample upload-your-document-ai-proofreader](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/grammar-check.webp)
Table of contents
Why write a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1: search for relevant literature, step 2: evaluate and select sources, step 3: identify themes, debates and gaps, step 4: outline your literature review’s structure, step 5: write your literature review, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a dissertation or thesis, you will have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position yourself in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your dissertation addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
You might also have to write a literature review as a stand-alone assignment. In this case, the purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of scholarly debates around a topic.
The content will look slightly different in each case, but the process of conducting a literature review follows the same steps. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
![related research literature sample Literature review guide](https://www.scribbr.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Literature-review-guide.webp)
Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.
Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research objectives and questions .
If you are writing a literature review as a stand-alone assignment, you will have to choose a focus and develop a central question to direct your search. Unlike a dissertation research question, this question has to be answerable without collecting original data. You should be able to answer it based only on a review of existing publications.
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research topic. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list if you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search:
Read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
To identify the most important publications on your topic, take note of recurring citations. If the same authors, books or articles keep appearing in your reading, make sure to seek them out.
You probably won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on the topic – you’ll have to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your questions.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the topic? What are its key insights and arguments?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can find out how many times an article has been cited on Google Scholar – a high citation count means the article has been influential in the field, and should certainly be included in your literature review.
The scope of your review will depend on your topic and discipline: in the sciences you usually only review recent literature, but in the humanities you might take a long historical perspective (for example, to trace how a concept has changed in meaning over time).
Remember that you can use our template to summarise and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using!
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It’s important to keep track of your sources with references to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full reference information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
You can use our free APA Reference Generator for quick, correct, consistent citations.
The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing
The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads//2019/12/before-editing.png)
Correct my document today
To begin organising your literature review’s argument and structure, you need to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly-visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat – this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organising the body of a literature review. You should have a rough idea of your strategy before you start writing.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarising sources in order.
Try to analyse patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organise your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
If you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate your central problem or research question and give a brief summary of the scholarly context. You can emphasise the timeliness of the topic (“many recent studies have focused on the problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature (“while there has been much research on x, few researchers have taken y into consideration”).
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, make sure to follow these tips:
- Summarise and synthesise: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole.
- Analyse and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole.
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources.
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transitions and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts.
In the conclusion, you should summarise the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasise their significance.
If the literature review is part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate how your research addresses gaps and contributes new knowledge, or discuss how you have drawn on existing theories and methods to build a framework for your research. This can lead directly into your methodology section.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a dissertation , thesis, research paper , or proposal .
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarise yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
McCombes, S. (2022, June 07). What is a Literature Review? | Guide, Template, & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 22 July 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/literature-review/
Is this article helpful?
Shona McCombes
Other students also liked, how to write a dissertation proposal | a step-by-step guide, what is a theoretical framework | a step-by-step guide, what is a research methodology | steps & tips.
- USC Libraries
- Research Guides
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper
- 5. The Literature Review
- Purpose of Guide
- Design Flaws to Avoid
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Glossary of Research Terms
- Reading Research Effectively
- Narrowing a Topic Idea
- Broadening a Topic Idea
- Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
- Academic Writing Style
- Applying Critical Thinking
- Choosing a Title
- Making an Outline
- Paragraph Development
- Research Process Video Series
- Executive Summary
- The C.A.R.S. Model
- Background Information
- The Research Problem/Question
- Theoretical Framework
- Citation Tracking
- Content Alert Services
- Evaluating Sources
- Primary Sources
- Secondary Sources
- Tiertiary Sources
- Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
- Qualitative Methods
- Quantitative Methods
- Insiderness
- Using Non-Textual Elements
- Limitations of the Study
- Common Grammar Mistakes
- Writing Concisely
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- Footnotes or Endnotes?
- Further Readings
- Generative AI and Writing
- USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
- Bibliography
A literature review surveys prior research published in books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have used in researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within existing scholarship about the topic.
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . Fourth edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2014.
Importance of a Good Literature Review
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories . A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that informs how you are planning to investigate a research problem. The analytical features of a literature review might:
- Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations,
- Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates,
- Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant research, or
- Usually in the conclusion of a literature review, identify where gaps exist in how a problem has been researched to date.
Given this, the purpose of a literature review is to:
- Place each work in the context of its contribution to understanding the research problem being studied.
- Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration.
- Identify new ways to interpret prior research.
- Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature.
- Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies.
- Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort.
- Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research.
- Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important].
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Jesson, Jill. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques . Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2011; Knopf, Jeffrey W. "Doing a Literature Review." PS: Political Science and Politics 39 (January 2006): 127-132; Ridley, Diana. The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students . 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2012.
Types of Literature Reviews
It is important to think of knowledge in a given field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the primary studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally among scholars that become part of the body of epistemological traditions within the field.
In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews. Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources you have explored, there are a number of approaches you could adopt depending upon the type of analysis underpinning your study.
Argumentative Review This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews [see below].
Integrative Review Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses or research problems. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. This is the most common form of review in the social sciences.
Historical Review Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.
Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said [findings], but how they came about saying what they say [method of analysis]. Reviewing methods of analysis provides a framework of understanding at different levels [i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches, and data collection and analysis techniques], how researchers draw upon a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection, and data analysis. This approach helps highlight ethical issues which you should be aware of and consider as you go through your own study.
Systematic Review This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. The goal is to deliberately document, critically evaluate, and summarize scientifically all of the research about a clearly defined research problem . Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?" This type of literature review is primarily applied to examining prior research studies in clinical medicine and allied health fields, but it is increasingly being used in the social sciences.
Theoretical Review The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.
NOTE: Most often the literature review will incorporate some combination of types. For example, a review that examines literature supporting or refuting an argument, assumption, or philosophical problem related to the research problem will also need to include writing supported by sources that establish the history of these arguments in the literature.
Baumeister, Roy F. and Mark R. Leary. "Writing Narrative Literature Reviews." Review of General Psychology 1 (September 1997): 311-320; Mark R. Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining a Literature." Educational Researcher 36 (April 2007): 139-147; Petticrew, Mark and Helen Roberts. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2006; Torracro, Richard. "Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples." Human Resource Development Review 4 (September 2005): 356-367; Rocco, Tonette S. and Maria S. Plakhotnik. "Literature Reviews, Conceptual Frameworks, and Theoretical Frameworks: Terms, Functions, and Distinctions." Human Ressource Development Review 8 (March 2008): 120-130; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016.
Structure and Writing Style
I. Thinking About Your Literature Review
The structure of a literature review should include the following in support of understanding the research problem :
- An overview of the subject, issue, or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review,
- Division of works under review into themes or categories [e.g. works that support a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative approaches entirely],
- An explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others,
- Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research.
The critical evaluation of each work should consider :
- Provenance -- what are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence [e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings]?
- Methodology -- were the techniques used to identify, gather, and analyze the data appropriate to addressing the research problem? Was the sample size appropriate? Were the results effectively interpreted and reported?
- Objectivity -- is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
- Persuasiveness -- which of the author's theses are most convincing or least convincing?
- Validity -- are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?
II. Development of the Literature Review
Four Basic Stages of Writing 1. Problem formulation -- which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2. Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored. 3. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. 4. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature.
Consider the following issues before writing the literature review: Clarify If your assignment is not specific about what form your literature review should take, seek clarification from your professor by asking these questions: 1. Roughly how many sources would be appropriate to include? 2. What types of sources should I review (books, journal articles, websites; scholarly versus popular sources)? 3. Should I summarize, synthesize, or critique sources by discussing a common theme or issue? 4. Should I evaluate the sources in any way beyond evaluating how they relate to understanding the research problem? 5. Should I provide subheadings and other background information, such as definitions and/or a history? Find Models Use the exercise of reviewing the literature to examine how authors in your discipline or area of interest have composed their literature review sections. Read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or to identify ways to organize your final review. The bibliography or reference section of sources you've already read, such as required readings in the course syllabus, are also excellent entry points into your own research. Narrow the Topic The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to obtain a good survey of relevant resources. Your professor will probably not expect you to read everything that's available about the topic, but you'll make the act of reviewing easier if you first limit scope of the research problem. A good strategy is to begin by searching the USC Libraries Catalog for recent books about the topic and review the table of contents for chapters that focuses on specific issues. You can also review the indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your research. For example, a book surveying the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may include a chapter on the role Egypt has played in mediating the conflict, or look in the index for the pages where Egypt is mentioned in the text. Consider Whether Your Sources are Current Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. This is particularly true in disciplines in medicine and the sciences where research conducted becomes obsolete very quickly as new discoveries are made. However, when writing a review in the social sciences, a survey of the history of the literature may be required. In other words, a complete understanding the research problem requires you to deliberately examine how knowledge and perspectives have changed over time. Sort through other current bibliographies or literature reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects. You can also use this method to explore what is considered by scholars to be a "hot topic" and what is not.
III. Ways to Organize Your Literature Review
Chronology of Events If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet Union. By Publication Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. For instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the progression revealed, for example, a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the studies. Thematic [“conceptual categories”] A thematic literature review is the most common approach to summarizing prior research in the social and behavioral sciences. Thematic reviews are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time, although the progression of time may still be incorporated into a thematic review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it would still be organized chronologically reflecting technological developments in media. The difference in this example between a "chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: themes related to the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point being made. Methodological A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Internet in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.
Other Sections of Your Literature Review Once you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your organizational strategy. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you. However, only include what is necessary for the reader to locate your study within the larger scholarship about the research problem.
Here are examples of other sections, usually in the form of a single paragraph, you may need to include depending on the type of review you write:
- Current Situation : Information necessary to understand the current topic or focus of the literature review.
- Sources Used : Describes the methods and resources [e.g., databases] you used to identify the literature you reviewed.
- History : The chronological progression of the field, the research literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology.
- Selection Methods : Criteria you used to select (and perhaps exclude) sources in your literature review. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed [i.e., scholarly] sources.
- Standards : Description of the way in which you present your information.
- Questions for Further Research : What questions about the field has the review sparked? How will you further your research as a result of the review?
IV. Writing Your Literature Review
Once you've settled on how to organize your literature review, you're ready to write each section. When writing your review, keep in mind these issues.
Use Evidence A literature review section is, in this sense, just like any other academic research paper. Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence [citations] that demonstrates that what you are saying is valid. Be Selective Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. Related items that provide additional information, but that are not key to understanding the research problem, can be included in a list of further readings . Use Quotes Sparingly Some short quotes are appropriate if you want to emphasize a point, or if what an author stated cannot be easily paraphrased. Sometimes you may need to quote certain terminology that was coined by the author, is not common knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute for using your own words in reviewing the literature. Summarize and Synthesize Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each thematic paragraph as well as throughout the review. Recapitulate important features of a research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to your own work and the work of others. Keep Your Own Voice While the literature review presents others' ideas, your voice [the writer's] should remain front and center. For example, weave references to other sources into what you are writing but maintain your own voice by starting and ending the paragraph with your own ideas and wording. Use Caution When Paraphrasing When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent the author's information or opinions accurately and in your own words. Even when paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a citation to that work.
V. Common Mistakes to Avoid
These are the most common mistakes made in reviewing social science research literature.
- Sources in your literature review do not clearly relate to the research problem;
- You do not take sufficient time to define and identify the most relevant sources to use in the literature review related to the research problem;
- Relies exclusively on secondary analytical sources rather than including relevant primary research studies or data;
- Uncritically accepts another researcher's findings and interpretations as valid, rather than examining critically all aspects of the research design and analysis;
- Does not describe the search procedures that were used in identifying the literature to review;
- Reports isolated statistical results rather than synthesizing them in chi-squared or meta-analytic methods; and,
- Only includes research that validates assumptions and does not consider contrary findings and alternative interpretations found in the literature.
Cook, Kathleen E. and Elise Murowchick. “Do Literature Review Skills Transfer from One Course to Another?” Psychology Learning and Teaching 13 (March 2014): 3-11; Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Jesson, Jill. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques . London: SAGE, 2011; Literature Review Handout. Online Writing Center. Liberty University; Literature Reviews. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. and Rebecca Frels. Seven Steps to a Comprehensive Literature Review: A Multimodal and Cultural Approach . Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2016; Ridley, Diana. The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students . 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2012; Randolph, Justus J. “A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review." Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. vol. 14, June 2009; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016; Taylor, Dena. The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Writing a Literature Review. Academic Skills Centre. University of Canberra.
Writing Tip
Break Out of Your Disciplinary Box!
Thinking interdisciplinarily about a research problem can be a rewarding exercise in applying new ideas, theories, or concepts to an old problem. For example, what might cultural anthropologists say about the continuing conflict in the Middle East? In what ways might geographers view the need for better distribution of social service agencies in large cities than how social workers might study the issue? You don’t want to substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your discipline for studies conducted in other fields of study. However, particularly in the social sciences, thinking about research problems from multiple vectors is a key strategy for finding new solutions to a problem or gaining a new perspective. Consult with a librarian about identifying research databases in other disciplines; almost every field of study has at least one comprehensive database devoted to indexing its research literature.
Frodeman, Robert. The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity . New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Another Writing Tip
Don't Just Review for Content!
While conducting a review of the literature, maximize the time you devote to writing this part of your paper by thinking broadly about what you should be looking for and evaluating. Review not just what scholars are saying, but how are they saying it. Some questions to ask:
- How are they organizing their ideas?
- What methods have they used to study the problem?
- What theories have been used to explain, predict, or understand their research problem?
- What sources have they cited to support their conclusions?
- How have they used non-textual elements [e.g., charts, graphs, figures, etc.] to illustrate key points?
When you begin to write your literature review section, you'll be glad you dug deeper into how the research was designed and constructed because it establishes a means for developing more substantial analysis and interpretation of the research problem.
Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1 998.
Yet Another Writing Tip
When Do I Know I Can Stop Looking and Move On?
Here are several strategies you can utilize to assess whether you've thoroughly reviewed the literature:
- Look for repeating patterns in the research findings . If the same thing is being said, just by different people, then this likely demonstrates that the research problem has hit a conceptual dead end. At this point consider: Does your study extend current research? Does it forge a new path? Or, does is merely add more of the same thing being said?
- Look at sources the authors cite to in their work . If you begin to see the same researchers cited again and again, then this is often an indication that no new ideas have been generated to address the research problem.
- Search Google Scholar to identify who has subsequently cited leading scholars already identified in your literature review [see next sub-tab]. This is called citation tracking and there are a number of sources that can help you identify who has cited whom, particularly scholars from outside of your discipline. Here again, if the same authors are being cited again and again, this may indicate no new literature has been written on the topic.
Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. and Rebecca Frels. Seven Steps to a Comprehensive Literature Review: A Multimodal and Cultural Approach . Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2016; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016.
- << Previous: Theoretical Framework
- Next: Citation Tracking >>
- Last Updated: Jul 3, 2024 10:07 AM
- URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide
![related research literature sample](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/GC-Logo-Registered.png)
How To Structure Your Literature Review
3 options to help structure your chapter.
By: Amy Rommelspacher (PhD) | Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | November 2020 (Updated May 2023)
Writing the literature review chapter can seem pretty daunting when you’re piecing together your dissertation or thesis. As we’ve discussed before , a good literature review needs to achieve a few very important objectives – it should:
- Demonstrate your knowledge of the research topic
- Identify the gaps in the literature and show how your research links to these
- Provide the foundation for your conceptual framework (if you have one)
- Inform your own methodology and research design
To achieve this, your literature review needs a well-thought-out structure . Get the structure of your literature review chapter wrong and you’ll struggle to achieve these objectives. Don’t worry though – in this post, we’ll look at how to structure your literature review for maximum impact (and marks!).
![lit-review-chapter-function The function of the lit review](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-chapter-function.png)
But wait – is this the right time?
Deciding on the structure of your literature review should come towards the end of the literature review process – after you have collected and digested the literature, but before you start writing the chapter.
In other words, you need to first develop a rich understanding of the literature before you even attempt to map out a structure. There’s no use trying to develop a structure before you’ve fully wrapped your head around the existing research.
Equally importantly, you need to have a structure in place before you start writing , or your literature review will most likely end up a rambling, disjointed mess.
Importantly, don’t feel that once you’ve defined a structure you can’t iterate on it. It’s perfectly natural to adjust as you engage in the writing process. As we’ve discussed before , writing is a way of developing your thinking, so it’s quite common for your thinking to change – and therefore, for your chapter structure to change – as you write.
Need a helping hand?
Like any other chapter in your thesis or dissertation, your literature review needs to have a clear, logical structure. At a minimum, it should have three essential components – an introduction , a body and a conclusion .
Let’s take a closer look at each of these.
1: The Introduction Section
Just like any good introduction, the introduction section of your literature review should introduce the purpose and layout (organisation) of the chapter. In other words, your introduction needs to give the reader a taste of what’s to come, and how you’re going to lay that out. Essentially, you should provide the reader with a high-level roadmap of your chapter to give them a taste of the journey that lies ahead.
Here’s an example of the layout visualised in a literature review introduction:
![literature-review-structure-example-700 Example of literature review outline structure](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/literature-review-structure-example-700.jpg)
Your introduction should also outline your topic (including any tricky terminology or jargon) and provide an explanation of the scope of your literature review – in other words, what you will and won’t be covering (the delimitations ). This helps ringfence your review and achieve a clear focus . The clearer and narrower your focus, the deeper you can dive into the topic (which is typically where the magic lies).
Depending on the nature of your project, you could also present your stance or point of view at this stage. In other words, after grappling with the literature you’ll have an opinion about what the trends and concerns are in the field as well as what’s lacking. The introduction section can then present these ideas so that it is clear to examiners that you’re aware of how your research connects with existing knowledge .
![lit-review-webinar-2024 Free Webinar: Literature Review 101](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-webinar-2024.png)
2: The Body Section
The body of your literature review is the centre of your work. This is where you’ll present, analyse, evaluate and synthesise the existing research. In other words, this is where you’re going to earn (or lose) the most marks. Therefore, it’s important to carefully think about how you will organise your discussion to present it in a clear way.
The body of your literature review should do just as the description of this chapter suggests. It should “review” the literature – in other words, identify, analyse, and synthesise it. So, when thinking about structuring your literature review, you need to think about which structural approach will provide the best “review” for your specific type of research and objectives (we’ll get to this shortly).
There are (broadly speaking) three options for organising your literature review.
![literature-review-body The body section of your literature review is the where you'll present, analyse, evaluate and synthesise the existing research.](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/literature-review-body.png)
Option 1: Chronological (according to date)
Organising the literature chronologically is one of the simplest ways to structure your literature review. You start with what was published first and work your way through the literature until you reach the work published most recently. Pretty straightforward.
The benefit of this option is that it makes it easy to discuss the developments and debates in the field as they emerged over time. Organising your literature chronologically also allows you to highlight how specific articles or pieces of work might have changed the course of the field – in other words, which research has had the most impact . Therefore, this approach is very useful when your research is aimed at understanding how the topic has unfolded over time and is often used by scholars in the field of history. That said, this approach can be utilised by anyone that wants to explore change over time .
![lit-review-chrono-structure Adopting the chronological structure allows you to discuss the developments and debates in the field as they emerged over time.](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-chrono-structure.png)
For example , if a student of politics is investigating how the understanding of democracy has evolved over time, they could use the chronological approach to provide a narrative that demonstrates how this understanding has changed through the ages.
Here are some questions you can ask yourself to help you structure your literature review chronologically.
- What is the earliest literature published relating to this topic?
- How has the field changed over time? Why?
- What are the most recent discoveries/theories?
In some ways, chronology plays a part whichever way you decide to structure your literature review, because you will always, to a certain extent, be analysing how the literature has developed. However, with the chronological approach, the emphasis is very firmly on how the discussion has evolved over time , as opposed to how all the literature links together (which we’ll discuss next ).
Option 2: Thematic (grouped by theme)
The thematic approach to structuring a literature review means organising your literature by theme or category – for example, by independent variables (i.e. factors that have an impact on a specific outcome).
As you’ve been collecting and synthesising literature , you’ll likely have started seeing some themes or patterns emerging. You can then use these themes or patterns as a structure for your body discussion. The thematic approach is the most common approach and is useful for structuring literature reviews in most fields.
For example, if you were researching which factors contributed towards people trusting an organisation, you might find themes such as consumers’ perceptions of an organisation’s competence, benevolence and integrity. Structuring your literature review thematically would mean structuring your literature review’s body section to discuss each of these themes, one section at a time.
![lit-review-theme-structure The thematic structure allows you to organise your literature by theme or category – e.g. by independent variables.](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-theme-structure.png)
Here are some questions to ask yourself when structuring your literature review by themes:
- Are there any patterns that have come to light in the literature?
- What are the central themes and categories used by the researchers?
- Do I have enough evidence of these themes?
PS – you can see an example of a thematically structured literature review in our literature review sample walkthrough video here.
Option 3: Methodological
The methodological option is a way of structuring your literature review by the research methodologies used . In other words, organising your discussion based on the angle from which each piece of research was approached – for example, qualitative , quantitative or mixed methodologies.
Structuring your literature review by methodology can be useful if you are drawing research from a variety of disciplines and are critiquing different methodologies. The point of this approach is to question how existing research has been conducted, as opposed to what the conclusions and/or findings the research were.
![lit-review-method-structure The methodological structure allows you to organise your chapter by the analysis method used - e.g. qual, quant or mixed.](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-method-structure.png)
For example, a sociologist might centre their research around critiquing specific fieldwork practices. Their literature review will then be a summary of the fieldwork methodologies used by different studies.
Here are some questions you can ask yourself when structuring your literature review according to methodology:
- Which methodologies have been utilised in this field?
- Which methodology is the most popular (and why)?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various methodologies?
- How can the existing methodologies inform my own methodology?
3: The Conclusion Section
Once you’ve completed the body section of your literature review using one of the structural approaches we discussed above, you’ll need to “wrap up” your literature review and pull all the pieces together to set the direction for the rest of your dissertation or thesis.
The conclusion is where you’ll present the key findings of your literature review. In this section, you should emphasise the research that is especially important to your research questions and highlight the gaps that exist in the literature. Based on this, you need to make it clear what you will add to the literature – in other words, justify your own research by showing how it will help fill one or more of the gaps you just identified.
Last but not least, if it’s your intention to develop a conceptual framework for your dissertation or thesis, the conclusion section is a good place to present this.
![lit-review-structure-conclusion In the conclusion section, you’ll need to present the key findings of your literature review and highlight the gaps that exist in the literature. Based on this, you'll need to make it clear what your study will add to the literature.](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/lit-review-structure-conclusion.png)
Example: Thematically Structured Review
In the video below, we unpack a literature review chapter so that you can see an example of a thematically structure review in practice.
Let’s Recap
In this article, we’ve discussed how to structure your literature review for maximum impact. Here’s a quick recap of what you need to keep in mind when deciding on your literature review structure:
- Just like other chapters, your literature review needs a clear introduction , body and conclusion .
- The introduction section should provide an overview of what you will discuss in your literature review.
- The body section of your literature review can be organised by chronology , theme or methodology . The right structural approach depends on what you’re trying to achieve with your research.
- The conclusion section should draw together the key findings of your literature review and link them to your research questions.
If you’re ready to get started, be sure to download our free literature review template to fast-track your chapter outline.
![course Literature Review Course](https://gradcoach.com/wp-content/uploads/course.png)
Psst… there’s more!
This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .
27 Comments
Great work. This is exactly what I was looking for and helps a lot together with your previous post on literature review. One last thing is missing: a link to a great literature chapter of an journal article (maybe with comments of the different sections in this review chapter). Do you know any great literature review chapters?
I agree with you Marin… A great piece
I agree with Marin. This would be quite helpful if you annotate a nicely structured literature from previously published research articles.
Awesome article for my research.
I thank you immensely for this wonderful guide
It is indeed thought and supportive work for the futurist researcher and students
Very educative and good time to get guide. Thank you
Great work, very insightful. Thank you.
Thanks for this wonderful presentation. My question is that do I put all the variables into a single conceptual framework or each hypothesis will have it own conceptual framework?
Thank you very much, very helpful
This is very educative and precise . Thank you very much for dropping this kind of write up .
Pheeww, so damn helpful, thank you for this informative piece.
I’m doing a research project topic ; stool analysis for parasitic worm (enteric) worm, how do I structure it, thanks.
comprehensive explanation. Help us by pasting the URL of some good “literature review” for better understanding.
great piece. thanks for the awesome explanation. it is really worth sharing. I have a little question, if anyone can help me out, which of the options in the body of literature can be best fit if you are writing an architectural thesis that deals with design?
I am doing a research on nanofluids how can l structure it?
Beautifully clear.nThank you!
Lucid! Thankyou!
Brilliant work, well understood, many thanks
I like how this was so clear with simple language 😊😊 thank you so much 😊 for these information 😊
Insightful. I was struggling to come up with a sensible literature review but this has been really helpful. Thank you!
You have given thought-provoking information about the review of the literature.
Thank you. It has made my own research better and to impart your work to students I teach
I learnt a lot from this teaching. It’s a great piece.
I am doing research on EFL teacher motivation for his/her job. How Can I structure it? Is there any detailed template, additional to this?
You are so cool! I do not think I’ve read through something like this before. So nice to find somebody with some genuine thoughts on this issue. Seriously.. thank you for starting this up. This site is one thing that is required on the internet, someone with a little originality!
I’m asked to do conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature, and i just don’t know how to structure it
Submit a Comment Cancel reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
- Print Friendly
Reference management. Clean and simple.
What is a literature review? [with examples]
![related research literature sample Literature review explained](https://cdn.paperpile.com/guides/img/what-is-literature-review-400x400.png)
What is a literature review?
The purpose of a literature review, how to write a literature review, the format of a literature review, general formatting rules, the length of a literature review, literature review examples, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, related articles.
A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research.
In a literature review, you’re expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions.
If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain:
- the objective of a literature review
- how to write a literature review
- the basic format of a literature review
Tip: It’s not always mandatory to add a literature review in a paper. Theses and dissertations often include them, whereas research papers may not. Make sure to consult with your instructor for exact requirements.
The four main objectives of a literature review are:
- Studying the references of your research area
- Summarizing the main arguments
- Identifying current gaps, stances, and issues
- Presenting all of the above in a text
Ultimately, the main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.
The format of a literature review is fairly standard. It includes an:
- introduction that briefly introduces the main topic
- body that includes the main discussion of the key arguments
- conclusion that highlights the gaps and issues of the literature
➡️ Take a look at our guide on how to write a literature review to learn more about how to structure a literature review.
First of all, a literature review should have its own labeled section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature can be found, and you should label this section as “Literature Review.”
➡️ For more information on writing a thesis, visit our guide on how to structure a thesis .
There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, it will be short.
Take a look at these three theses featuring great literature reviews:
- School-Based Speech-Language Pathologist's Perceptions of Sensory Food Aversions in Children [ PDF , see page 20]
- Who's Writing What We Read: Authorship in Criminological Research [ PDF , see page 4]
- A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Online Instructors of Theological Reflection at Christian Institutions Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools [ PDF , see page 56]
Literature reviews are most commonly found in theses and dissertations. However, you find them in research papers as well.
There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, then it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, then it will be short.
No. A literature review should have its own independent section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature review can be found, and label this section as “Literature Review.”
The main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.
![related research literature sample academic search engines](https://cdn.paperpile.com/guides/img/academic-search-engines-illust-400x400.png)
![related research literature sample TUS Logo](https://library.ait.ie/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/TUSLibrary_new.png)
Literature Review Guide: Examples of Literature Reviews
- What is a Literature Review?
- How to start?
- Search strategies and Databases
- Examples of Literature Reviews
- How to organise the review
- Library summary
- Emerald Infographic
All good quality journal articles will include a small Literature Review after the Introduction paragraph. It may not be called a Literature Review but gives you an idea of how one is created in miniature.
Sample Literature Reviews as part of a articles or Theses
- Sample Literature Review on Critical Thinking (Gwendolyn Reece, American University Library)
- Hackett, G and Melia, D . The hotel as the holiday/stay destination:trends and innovations. Presented at TRIC Conference, Belfast, Ireland- June 2012 and EuroCHRIE Conference
Links to sample Literature Reviews from other libraries
- Sample literature reviews from University of West Florida
Standalone Literature Reviews
- Attitudes towards the Disability in Ireland
- Martin, A., O'Connor-Fenelon, M. and Lyons, R. (2010). Non-verbal communication between nurses and people with an intellectual disability: A review of the literature. Journal of Intellectual Diabilities, 14(4), 303-314.
Irish Theses
- Phillips, Martin (2015) European airline performance: a data envelopment analysis with extrapolations based on model outputs. Master of Business Studies thesis, Dublin City University.
- The customers’ perception of servicescape’s influence on their behaviours, in the food retail industry : Dublin Business School 2015
- Coughlan, Ray (2015) What was the role of leadership in the transformation of a failing Irish Insurance business. Masters thesis, Dublin, National College of Ireland.
- << Previous: Search strategies and Databases
- Next: Tutorials >>
- Last Updated: Jun 26, 2024 10:32 AM
- URL: https://ait.libguides.com/literaturereview
![related research literature sample Examples](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/examples-com-logo-3.webp)
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
Ai generator.
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Review-of-Related-Literature-RRL.png)
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a crucial section in research that examines existing studies and publications related to a specific topic. It summarizes and synthesizes previous findings, identifies gaps, and provides context for the current research. RRL ensures the research is grounded in established knowledge, guiding the direction and focus of new studies.
What Is Review of Related Literature (RRL)?
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a detailed analysis of existing research relevant to a specific topic. It evaluates, synthesizes, and summarizes previous studies to identify trends, gaps, and conflicts in the literature. RRL provides a foundation for new research, ensuring it builds on established knowledge and addresses existing gaps.
Format of Review of Related Literature (RRL)
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a critical part of any research paper or thesis . It provides an overview of existing research on your topic and helps to establish the context for your study. Here is a typical format for an RRL:
1. Introduction
- Purpose : Explain the purpose of the review and its importance to your research.
- Scope : Define the scope of the literature reviewed, including the time frame, types of sources, and key themes.
2. Theoretical Framework
- Concepts and Theories : Present the main theories and concepts that underpin your research.
- Relevance : Explain how these theories relate to your study.
3. Review of Empirical Studies
- Sub-theme 1 : Summarize key studies, including methodologies, findings, and conclusions.
- Sub-theme 2 : Continue summarizing studies, focusing on different aspects or variables.
- Sub-theme 3 : Include any additional relevant studies.
4. Methodological Review
- Approaches : Discuss the various methodologies used in the reviewed studies.
- Strengths and Weaknesses : Highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these methodologies.
- Gaps : Identify gaps in the existing research that your study aims to address.
5. Synthesis and Critique
- Integration : Integrate findings from the reviewed studies to show the current state of knowledge.
- Critique : Critically evaluate the literature, discussing inconsistencies, limitations, and areas for further research.
6. Conclusion
- Summary : Summarize the main findings from the literature review.
- Research Gap : Clearly state the research gap your study will address.
- Contribution : Explain how your study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
7. References
- Citation Style : List all the sources cited in your literature review in the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
Review of Related Literature (RRL) 1. Introduction This review examines research on social media’s impact on mental health, focusing on anxiety and depression across various demographics over the past ten years. 2. Theoretical Framework Anchored in Social Comparison Theory and Uses and Gratifications Theory, this review explores how individuals’ social media interactions affect their mental health. 3. Review of Empirical Studies Adolescents’ Mental Health Instagram & Body Image : Smith & Johnson (2017) found Instagram use linked to body image issues and lower self-esteem among 500 high school students. Facebook & Anxiety : Brown & Green (2016) showed Facebook use correlated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal study of 300 students. Young Adults’ Mental Health Twitter & Stress : Davis & Lee (2018) reported higher stress levels among heavy Twitter users in a survey of 400 university students. LinkedIn & Self-Esteem : Miller & White (2019) found LinkedIn use positively influenced professional self-esteem in 200 young professionals. Adult Mental Health General Social Media Use : Thompson & Evans (2020) found moderate social media use associated with better mental health outcomes, while excessive use correlated with higher anxiety and depression in 1,000 adults. 4. Methodological Review Studies used cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal designs, and mixed methods. Cross-sectional surveys provided large data sets but couldn’t infer causation. Longitudinal studies offered insights into long-term effects but were resource-intensive. Mixed methods enriched data through qualitative insights but required careful integration. 5. Synthesis and Critique The literature shows a complex relationship between social media and mental health, with platform-specific and demographic-specific effects. However, reliance on self-reported data introduces bias, and many cross-sectional studies limit causal inference. More longitudinal and experimental research is needed. 6. Conclusion Current research offers insights into social media’s mental health impact but leaves gaps, particularly regarding long-term effects and causation. This study aims to address these gaps through comprehensive longitudinal analysis. 7. References Brown, A., & Green, K. (2016). Facebook Use and Anxiety Among High School Students . Psychology in the Schools, 53(3), 257-264. Davis, R., & Lee, S. (2018). Twitter and Psychological Stress: A Study of University Students . Journal of College Student Development, 59(2), 120-135. Miller, P., & White, H. (2019). LinkedIn and Its Effect on Professional Self-Esteem . Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(1), 78-90. Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2017). The Impact of Instagram on Teen Body Image . Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(5), 555-560. Thompson, M., & Evans, D. (2020). The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Mental Health in Adults . Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(4), 201-208.
Review of Related Literature (RRL) Examples
Review of related literature in research, review of related literature in research paper, review of related literature qualitative research.
![related research literature sample Review-of-Related-Literature-RRL-in-Research-Edit-Download-Pdf](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Review-of-Related-Literature-RRL-in-Research-Edit-Download-Pdf.png)
Review of Related Literature Quantitative Research
![related research literature sample Review-of-Related-Literature-RRL-in-Quantitative-Research-Edit-Download-Pdf](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Review-of-Related-Literature-RRL-in-Quantitative-Research-Edit-Download-Pdf.png)
More Review of Related Literature (RRL) Examples
- Impact of E-learning on Student Performance
- Effectiveness of Mindfulness in Workplace
- Green Building and Energy Efficiency
- Impact of Technology on Healthcare Delivery
- Effects of Nutrition on Cognitive Development in Children
- Impact of Employee Training Programs on Productivity
- Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity
- Impact of Parental Involvement on Student Achievement
- Effects of Mobile Learning on Student Engagement
- Effects of Urban Green Spaces on Mental Health
Purpose of the Review of Related Literature (RRL)
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) serves several critical purposes in research:
- Establishing Context : It situates your research within the broader field, showing how your study relates to existing work.
- Identifying Gaps : It highlights gaps, inconsistencies, and areas needing further exploration in current knowledge, providing a clear rationale for your study.
- Avoiding Duplication : By reviewing what has already been done, it helps ensure your research is original and not a repetition of existing studies.
- Building on Existing Knowledge : It allows you to build on the findings of previous research, using established theories and methodologies to inform your work.
- Theoretical Foundation : It provides a theoretical basis for your research, grounding it in existing concepts and theories.
- Methodological Insights : It offers insights into the methods and approaches used in similar studies, helping you choose the most appropriate methods for your research.
- Establishing Credibility : It demonstrates your familiarity with the field, showing that you are well-informed and have a solid foundation for your research.
- Supporting Arguments : It provides evidence and support for your research questions, hypotheses, and objectives, strengthening the overall argument of your study.
How to Write Review of Related Literature (RRL)
Writing a Review of Related Literature (RRL) involves several key steps. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Define the Scope and Objectives
- Determine the Scope : Decide on the breadth of the literature you will review, including specific themes, time frame, and types of sources.
- Set Objectives : Clearly define the purpose of the review. What do you aim to achieve? Identify gaps, establish context, or build on existing knowledge.
2. Search for Relevant Literature
- Identify Keywords : Use keywords and phrases related to your research topic.
- Use Databases : Search academic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, JSTOR, etc., for relevant articles, books, and papers.
- Select Sources : Choose sources that are credible, recent, and relevant to your research.
3. Evaluate and Select the Literature
- Read Abstracts and Summaries : Quickly determine the relevance of each source.
- Assess Quality : Consider the methodology, credibility of the authors, and publication source.
- Select Key Studies : Choose studies that are most relevant to your research questions and objectives.
4. Organize the Literature
- Thematic Organization : Group studies by themes or topics.
- Chronological Organization : Arrange studies in the order they were published to show the development of ideas over time.
- Methodological Organization : Categorize studies by the methods they used.
5. Write the Review
- State the purpose and scope of the review.
- Explain the importance of the topic.
- Theoretical Framework : Present and discuss the main theories and concepts.
- Summarize key studies, including their methodologies, findings, and conclusions.
- Organize by themes or other chosen organizational methods.
- Methodological Review : Discuss the various methodologies used, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
- Synthesis and Critique : Integrate findings, critically evaluate the literature, and identify gaps or inconsistencies.
- Summarize the main findings from the literature review.
- Highlight the research gaps your study will address.
- State how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.
6. Cite the Sources
- Use Appropriate Citation Style : Follow the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
- List References : Provide a complete list of all sources cited in your review.
What is an RRL?
An RRL summarizes and synthesizes existing research on a specific topic to identify gaps and guide future studies.
Why is RRL important?
It provides context, highlights gaps, and ensures new research builds on existing knowledge.
How do you write an RRL?
Organize by themes, summarize studies, evaluate methodologies, identify gaps, and conclude with relevance to current research.
What sources are used in RRL?
Peer-reviewed journals, books, conference papers, and credible online resources.
How long should an RRL be?
Length varies; typically 10-20% of the total research paper.
What are common RRL mistakes?
Lack of organization, insufficient synthesis, over-reliance on outdated sources, and failure to identify gaps.
Can an RRL include non-scholarly sources?
Primarily scholarly, but reputable non-scholarly sources can be included for context.
What is the difference between RRL and bibliography?
RRL synthesizes and analyzes the literature, while a bibliography lists sources.
How often should an RRL be updated?
Regularly, especially when new relevant research is published.
Can an RRL influence research direction?
Yes, it identifies gaps and trends that shape the focus and methodology of new research.
![related research literature sample Twitter](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/icon_5.png)
Text prompt
- Instructive
- Professional
10 Examples of Public speaking
20 Examples of Gas lighting
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://cdn.paperpal.com/assets/images/paperpal_editage_logo.webp)
Get science-backed answers as you write with Paperpal's Research feature
What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)
![related research literature sample literature review](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/literature-review-1170x780.jpeg)
A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process.
Table of Contents
- What is the purpose of literature review?
- a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:
- b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:
- c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:
- d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:
How to write a good literature review
- Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:
- Decide on the Scope of Your Review:
- Select Databases for Searches:
- Conduct Searches and Keep Track:
- Review the Literature:
- Organize and Write Your Literature Review:
- How to write a literature review faster with Paperpal?
- Frequently asked questions
What is a literature review?
A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.
![related research literature sample](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/image.png)
What is the purpose of literature review?
A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2
1. Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge.
2. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field.
Find academic papers related to your research topic faster. Try Research on Paperpal
3. Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research.
4. Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered.
5. Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research.
6. Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature.
Literature review example
Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic.
Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:
Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies:
a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:
Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements.
b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:
Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources.
c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:
The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems.
d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:
Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning.
![related research literature sample](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Banner1-2-1024x410.png)
Strengthen your literature review with factual insights. Try Research on Paperpal for free!
Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements.
Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review.
- Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field.
- Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address.
- Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research.
- Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic.
- Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review.
Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria.
- Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement.
- Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic.
- Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature.
- Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps.
- Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review.
Write and Cite as you go with Paperpal Research. Start now for free.
Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research.
- Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective.
- Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field.
- Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice.
- Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field.
- Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community.
![related research literature sample what is a literature review](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/blog-banner_audio-streaming.png)
Conducting a literature review
Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1
Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:
- Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study.
- Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore?
Decide on the Scope of Your Review:
- Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview?
- Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region?
- Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude?
Select Databases for Searches:
- Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
- Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic.
Conduct Searches and Keep Track:
- Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques.
- Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability.
- Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references.
Review the Literature:
- Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies.
- Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research.
- Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives.
- Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions.
- Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research?
Organize and Write Your Literature Review:
- Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches.
- Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered.
- Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
- Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research.
Whether you’re exploring a new research field or finding new angles to develop an existing topic, sifting through hundreds of papers can take more time than you have to spare. But what if you could find science-backed insights with verified citations in seconds? That’s the power of Paperpal’s new Research feature!
How to write a literature review faster with Paperpal?
Paperpal, an AI writing assistant, integrates powerful academic search capabilities within its writing platform. With the Research feature, you get 100% factual insights, with citations backed by 250M+ verified research articles, directly within your writing interface with the option to save relevant references in your Citation Library. By eliminating the need to switch tabs to find answers to all your research questions, Paperpal saves time and helps you stay focused on your writing.
Here’s how to use the Research feature:
- Ask a question: Get started with a new document on paperpal.com. Click on the “Research” feature and type your question in plain English. Paperpal will scour over 250 million research articles, including conference papers and preprints, to provide you with accurate insights and citations.
- Review and Save: Paperpal summarizes the information, while citing sources and listing relevant reads. You can quickly scan the results to identify relevant references and save these directly to your built-in citations library for later access.
- Cite with Confidence: Paperpal makes it easy to incorporate relevant citations and references into your writing, ensuring your arguments are well-supported by credible sources. This translates to a polished, well-researched literature review.
The literature review sample and detailed advice on writing and conducting a review will help you produce a well-structured report. But remember that a good literature review is an ongoing process, and it may be necessary to revisit and update it as your research progresses. By combining effortless research with an easy citation process, Paperpal Research streamlines the literature review process and empowers you to write faster and with more confidence. Try Paperpal Research now and see for yourself.
Frequently asked questions
A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.
Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.
Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic.
Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods.
Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers. Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved. Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic. Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings. Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject. It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.
The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review: Introduction: Provide an overview of the topic. Define the scope and purpose of the literature review. State the research question or objective. Body: Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology. Critically analyze and evaluate each source. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies. Highlight any methodological limitations or biases. Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research. Conclusion: Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review. Highlight the research gap. Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction. Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.
Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows:
Annotated Bibliography | Literature Review | |
Purpose | List of citations of books, articles, and other sources with a brief description (annotation) of each source. | Comprehensive and critical analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. |
Focus | Summary and evaluation of each source, including its relevance, methodology, and key findings. | Provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on a particular subject and identifies gaps, trends, and patterns in existing literature. |
Structure | Each citation is followed by a concise paragraph (annotation) that describes the source’s content, methodology, and its contribution to the topic. | The literature review is organized thematically or chronologically and involves a synthesis of the findings from different sources to build a narrative or argument. |
Length | Typically 100-200 words | Length of literature review ranges from a few pages to several chapters |
Independence | Each source is treated separately, with less emphasis on synthesizing the information across sources. | The writer synthesizes information from multiple sources to present a cohesive overview of the topic. |
References
- Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review. Journal of criminal justice education , 24 (2), 218-234.
- Pan, M. L. (2016). Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis.
- Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review. San José State University Writing Center .
Paperpal is an AI writing assistant that help academics write better, faster with real-time suggestions for in-depth language and grammar correction. Trained on millions of research manuscripts enhanced by professional academic editors, Paperpal delivers human precision at machine speed.
Try it for free or upgrade to Paperpal Prime , which unlocks unlimited access to premium features like academic translation, paraphrasing, contextual synonyms, consistency checks and more. It’s like always having a professional academic editor by your side! Go beyond limitations and experience the future of academic writing. Get Paperpal Prime now at just US$19 a month!
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Related Reads:
- Empirical Research: A Comprehensive Guide for Academics
- How to Write a Scientific Paper in 10 Steps
- How Long Should a Chapter Be?
- How to Use Paperpal to Generate Emails & Cover Letters?
6 Tips for Post-Doc Researchers to Take Their Career to the Next Level
Self-plagiarism in research: what it is and how to avoid it, you may also like, how to write an academic paragraph (step-by-step guide), five things authors need to know when using..., 7 best referencing tools and citation management software..., maintaining academic integrity with paperpal’s generative ai writing..., research funding basics: what should a grant proposal..., how to write an abstract in research papers..., how to write dissertation acknowledgements, how to structure an essay, leveraging generative ai to enhance student understanding of..., what’s the best chatgpt alternative for academic writing.
The Sheridan Libraries
- Write a Literature Review
- Sheridan Libraries
- Find This link opens in a new window
- Evaluate This link opens in a new window
Get Organized
- Lit Review Prep Use this template to help you evaluate your sources, create article summaries for an annotated bibliography, and a synthesis matrix for your lit review outline.
Synthesize your Information
Synthesize: combine separate elements to form a whole.
Synthesis Matrix
A synthesis matrix helps you record the main points of each source and document how sources relate to each other.
After summarizing and evaluating your sources, arrange them in a matrix or use a citation manager to help you see how they relate to each other and apply to each of your themes or variables.
By arranging your sources by theme or variable, you can see how your sources relate to each other, and can start thinking about how you weave them together to create a narrative.
- Step-by-Step Approach
- Example Matrix from NSCU
- Matrix Template
- << Previous: Summarize
- Next: Integrate >>
- Last Updated: Sep 26, 2023 10:25 AM
- URL: https://guides.library.jhu.edu/lit-review
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
![related research literature sample paper cover thumbnail](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31562188/mini_magick20180815-12922-12qcpt8.png?1534357946)
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
![related research literature sample Profile image of Rechelle Lucañas](https://0.academia-photos.com/4796557/2043164/8661963/s65_rechelle.luca_as.jpg)
Related Papers
Ana Liza Sigue
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png)
Motoky Hayakawa
Rene E Ofreneo
... Rene E. Ofreneo University of the Philippines School of Labor and Industrial Relations ... Erickson, Christopher L.; Kuruvilla, Sarosh ; Ofreneo, Rene E.; and Ortiz, Maria Asuncion , &quot;Recent Developments in Employment Relations in the Philippines&quot; (2001). ...
Lucita Lazo
This book begins by looking at the status of women in Filipino society and their place in the general socio-economic situation. It continues with sections on education and training in the Philippines and work and training. The next section reviews the constraints to women’s participation in training. In the summary the author gives a general overview of the situation of women and opportunities for work and training in the Philippines and offers some practical suggestions for the enhancement of women’s training and development.
EducationInvestor Global
Tony Mitchener
Rosalyn Eder
In this article, I examine the role of CHED and the Technical Panels (TPs) in the “production” of the globally competitive Filipina/o worker. For this paper, I draw on relevant literature on the topic and take nurse education, which is rooted in the colonial system established during the US-American occupation, as an example of how CHED and the TPs could be more linked to labor migration. I use the colonial difference - a space that offers critical insights and interpretation - to illustrate how coloniality remains hidden under the cloak of modernity. Link to the article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2016.1214913
Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Sustainable Development ISSN 2782-8557(Print)
Ryan O Tayco , Pio Supat
This study aims to determine the employability of the Negros Oriental State University graduates from 2016 to 2020. Employability is measured using different dimensions-from the graduates' side including the perspectives of the employers. A total of 1, 056 NORSU graduates and 68 employers locally and abroad answered the questionnaire through online and offline survey methods. Basic statistics were used and simple linear regression was also used to estimate the relationship between manifestations of respondents in NORSU VMGOs and the job performance as perceived by the employers. Most of the respondents in the study are presently employed and work locally. Many of them stay and accept the job because of the salaries and benefits they received, a career challenge, and related to the course they have taken in college. The study shows that the curriculum used and competencies learned by the NORSU graduates are relevant to their job. Competencies such as communication skills, human relations skills, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving skills are found to be useful by the respondents. It is found that the manifestation of the respondents is very high and homogenous. The same can be said with job performance as perceived by employers in terms of attitudes and values, skills and competencies, and knowledge. Furthermore, job performance and the manifestation of NORSU VMGOs have a significant relationship. That is, those respondents who have higher job performance in terms of attitude and values, skills and competencies, and knowledge have higher manifestations of NORSU VMGOs.
Annals of Tropical Research
Pedro Armenia
Ezekiel Succor
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.
RELATED PAPERS
The Miseducation of the Filipino
Micabalo, Sheila Marie G.
Evan carlo deblois
Jesse Orlina
Bradernantz Geronag
Junie Leonard Herrera
Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
boscovolunteeraction.co.uk
James Trewby
Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences
Marlon Raquel
Kiran Budhrani , Lloyd Espiritu
Leonardo Lanzona
MaryNathanael Flores OSB
Philippine Journal of …
Nandy Aldaba
South African Journal of Higher Education
Kolawole Samuel Adeyemo
International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Technology
Glenn Velmonte
Rosini Grageda
Randel D Estacio
Reydenn Taccad
International Research in Education
Diane Mae Ulanday
Miseducation of Filipino
John Victor H . Dajac
Douglas Meade
Rebecca Gaddi
Jayvann Carlo Olaguer
Lorena Club
Trisha Bernadette Ecleo
Sara Villorente
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
- Find new research papers in:
- Health Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Mathematics
- Computer Science
- Academia ©2024
![related research literature sample helpful professor logo](https://helpfulprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/logo-new-font-323x42.png)
15 Literature Review Examples
![related research literature sample 15 Literature Review Examples](https://helpfulprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Chris-200px.jpg)
Chris Drew (PhD)
Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]
Learn about our Editorial Process
![related research literature sample literature review examples, types, and definition, explained below](https://helpfulprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/literature-review-1024x724.jpg)
Literature reviews are a necessary step in a research process and often required when writing your research proposal . They involve gathering, analyzing, and evaluating existing knowledge about a topic in order to find gaps in the literature where future studies will be needed.
Ideally, once you have completed your literature review, you will be able to identify how your research project can build upon and extend existing knowledge in your area of study.
Generally, for my undergraduate research students, I recommend a narrative review, where themes can be generated in order for the students to develop sufficient understanding of the topic so they can build upon the themes using unique methods or novel research questions.
If you’re in the process of writing a literature review, I have developed a literature review template for you to use – it’s a huge time-saver and walks you through how to write a literature review step-by-step:
Get your time-saving templates here to write your own literature review.
Literature Review Examples
For the following types of literature review, I present an explanation and overview of the type, followed by links to some real-life literature reviews on the topics.
1. Narrative Review Examples
Also known as a traditional literature review, the narrative review provides a broad overview of the studies done on a particular topic.
It often includes both qualitative and quantitative studies and may cover a wide range of years.
The narrative review’s purpose is to identify commonalities, gaps, and contradictions in the literature .
I recommend to my students that they should gather their studies together, take notes on each study, then try to group them by themes that form the basis for the review (see my step-by-step instructions at the end of the article).
Example Study
Title: Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations
Citation: Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ijcp.12686
Overview: This narrative review analyzed themes emerging from 69 articles about communication in healthcare contexts. Five key themes were found in the literature: poor communication can lead to various negative outcomes, discontinuity of care, compromise of patient safety, patient dissatisfaction, and inefficient use of resources. After presenting the key themes, the authors recommend that practitioners need to approach healthcare communication in a more structured way, such as by ensuring there is a clear understanding of who is in charge of ensuring effective communication in clinical settings.
Other Examples
- Burnout in United States Healthcare Professionals: A Narrative Review (Reith, 2018) – read here
- Examining the Presence, Consequences, and Reduction of Implicit Bias in Health Care: A Narrative Review (Zestcott, Blair & Stone, 2016) – read here
- A Narrative Review of School-Based Physical Activity for Enhancing Cognition and Learning (Mavilidi et al., 2018) – read here
- A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents (Dyrbye & Shanafelt, 2015) – read here
2. Systematic Review Examples
This type of literature review is more structured and rigorous than a narrative review. It involves a detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy derived from a set of specified research questions.
The key way you’d know a systematic review compared to a narrative review is in the methodology: the systematic review will likely have a very clear criteria for how the studies were collected, and clear explanations of exclusion/inclusion criteria.
The goal is to gather the maximum amount of valid literature on the topic, filter out invalid or low-quality reviews, and minimize bias. Ideally, this will provide more reliable findings, leading to higher-quality conclusions and recommendations for further research.
You may note from the examples below that the ‘method’ sections in systematic reviews tend to be much more explicit, often noting rigid inclusion/exclusion criteria and exact keywords used in searches.
Title: The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review
Citation: Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092422441730122X
Overview: This systematic review included 72 studies of food naturalness to explore trends in the literature about its importance for consumers. Keywords used in the data search included: food, naturalness, natural content, and natural ingredients. Studies were included if they examined consumers’ preference for food naturalness and contained empirical data. The authors found that the literature lacks clarity about how naturalness is defined and measured, but also found that food consumption is significantly influenced by perceived naturalness of goods.
- A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018 (Martin, Sun & Westine, 2020) – read here
- Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology? (Yli-Huumo et al., 2016) – read here
- Universities—industry collaboration: A systematic review (Ankrah & Al-Tabbaa, 2015) – read here
- Internet of Things Applications: A Systematic Review (Asghari, Rahmani & Javadi, 2019) – read here
3. Meta-analysis
This is a type of systematic review that uses statistical methods to combine and summarize the results of several studies.
Due to its robust methodology, a meta-analysis is often considered the ‘gold standard’ of secondary research , as it provides a more precise estimate of a treatment effect than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis.
Furthermore, by aggregating data from a range of studies, a meta-analysis can identify patterns, disagreements, or other interesting relationships that may have been hidden in individual studies.
This helps to enhance the generalizability of findings, making the conclusions drawn from a meta-analysis particularly powerful and informative for policy and practice.
Title: Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: A Meta-Meta-Analysis
Citation: Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.
Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060386
O verview: This study examines the relationship between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Researchers conducted a systematic search of meta-analyses and reviewed several databases, collecting 100 primary studies and five meta-analyses to analyze the connection between cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease. They find that the literature compellingly demonstrates that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly influence the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
- The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research (Wisniewski, Zierer & Hattie, 2020) – read here
- How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis (Ritchie & Tucker-Drob, 2018) – read here
- A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling (Geiger et al., 2019) – read here
- Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits (Patterson, Chung & Swan, 2014) – read here
Other Types of Reviews
- Scoping Review: This type of review is used to map the key concepts underpinning a research area and the main sources and types of evidence available. It can be undertaken as stand-alone projects in their own right, or as a precursor to a systematic review.
- Rapid Review: This type of review accelerates the systematic review process in order to produce information in a timely manner. This is achieved by simplifying or omitting stages of the systematic review process.
- Integrative Review: This review method is more inclusive than others, allowing for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental and non-experimental research. The goal is to more comprehensively understand a particular phenomenon.
- Critical Review: This is similar to a narrative review but requires a robust understanding of both the subject and the existing literature. In a critical review, the reviewer not only summarizes the existing literature, but also evaluates its strengths and weaknesses. This is common in the social sciences and humanities .
- State-of-the-Art Review: This considers the current level of advancement in a field or topic and makes recommendations for future research directions. This type of review is common in technological and scientific fields but can be applied to any discipline.
How to Write a Narrative Review (Tips for Undergrad Students)
Most undergraduate students conducting a capstone research project will be writing narrative reviews. Below is a five-step process for conducting a simple review of the literature for your project.
- Search for Relevant Literature: Use scholarly databases related to your field of study, provided by your university library, along with appropriate search terms to identify key scholarly articles that have been published on your topic.
- Evaluate and Select Sources: Filter the source list by selecting studies that are directly relevant and of sufficient quality, considering factors like credibility , objectivity, accuracy, and validity.
- Analyze and Synthesize: Review each source and summarize the main arguments in one paragraph (or more, for postgrad). Keep these summaries in a table.
- Identify Themes: With all studies summarized, group studies that share common themes, such as studies that have similar findings or methodologies.
- Write the Review: Write your review based upon the themes or subtopics you have identified. Give a thorough overview of each theme, integrating source data, and conclude with a summary of the current state of knowledge then suggestions for future research based upon your evaluation of what is lacking in the literature.
Literature reviews don’t have to be as scary as they seem. Yes, they are difficult and require a strong degree of comprehension of academic studies. But it can be feasibly done through following a structured approach to data collection and analysis. With my undergraduate research students (who tend to conduct small-scale qualitative studies ), I encourage them to conduct a narrative literature review whereby they can identify key themes in the literature. Within each theme, students can critique key studies and their strengths and limitations , in order to get a lay of the land and come to a point where they can identify ways to contribute new insights to the existing academic conversation on their topic.
Ankrah, S., & Omar, A. T. (2015). Universities–industry collaboration: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 387-408.
Asghari, P., Rahmani, A. M., & Javadi, H. H. S. (2019). Internet of Things applications: A systematic review. Computer Networks , 148 , 241-261.
Dyrbye, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2016). A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Medical education , 50 (1), 132-149.
Geiger, J. L., Steg, L., Van Der Werff, E., & Ünal, A. B. (2019). A meta-analysis of factors related to recycling. Journal of environmental psychology , 64 , 78-97.
Martin, F., Sun, T., & Westine, C. D. (2020). A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018. Computers & education , 159 , 104009.
Mavilidi, M. F., Ruiter, M., Schmidt, M., Okely, A. D., Loyens, S., Chandler, P., & Paas, F. (2018). A narrative review of school-based physical activity for enhancing cognition and learning: The importance of relevancy and integration. Frontiers in psychology , 2079.
Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. W. (2014). Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits: A meta-analysis. Journal of experimental criminology , 10 , 487-513.
Reith, T. P. (2018). Burnout in United States healthcare professionals: a narrative review. Cureus , 10 (12).
Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018). How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysis. Psychological science , 29 (8), 1358-1369.
Roman, S., Sánchez-Siles, L. M., & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in food science & technology , 67 , 44-57.
Sáiz-Vazquez, O., Puente-Martínez, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., Pacheco-Bonrostro, J., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a meta-meta-analysis. Brain sciences, 10(6), 386.
Vermeir, P., Vandijck, D., Degroote, S., Peleman, R., Verhaeghe, R., Mortier, E., … & Vogelaers, D. (2015). Communication in healthcare: a narrative review of the literature and practical recommendations. International journal of clinical practice , 69 (11), 1257-1267.
Wisniewski, B., Zierer, K., & Hattie, J. (2020). The power of feedback revisited: A meta-analysis of educational feedback research. Frontiers in Psychology , 10 , 3087.
Yli-Huumo, J., Ko, D., Choi, S., Park, S., & Smolander, K. (2016). Where is current research on blockchain technology?—a systematic review. PloS one , 11 (10), e0163477.
Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016). Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 19 (4), 528-542
![related research literature sample Chris](https://helpfulprofessor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Chris-200px-150x150.jpg)
- Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Number Games for Kids (Free and Easy)
- Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Word Games for Kids (Free and Easy)
- Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 25 Outdoor Games for Kids
- Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 50 Incentives to Give to Students
Leave a Comment Cancel Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
WTO / Education / 39 Best Literature Review Examples (Guide with Samples)
39 Best Literature Review Examples (Guide with Samples)
A literature review is a compilation of current knowledge on a particular topic derived from the critical evaluation of different scholarly sources such as books, articles, and publications, which is then presented in an organized manner to relate to a specific research problem being investigated.
It highlights the methods, relevant theories, and gaps in existing research on a particular subject. It can be both a summary and synthesis of information on a specific topic. A summary reiterates key information from scholarly sources, while synthesis is a new interpretation or combination of new and old material.
As a synthesis, it can outline the intellectual progression of knowledge in a particular field or topic, which might involve stating key debates throughout the advancement period.
Literature Review Examples
![related research literature sample literature review example pdf](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Literature-Review-Templates-10-21-01.jpg)
Purpose of Literature Review
Literature reviews have different purposes in scholarly articles, research papers, and books, depending on the discipline at hand. First and foremost, reviews are generally meant to showcase the extensive research carried out by an author on a particular topic and their findings, which will form the foundation of the research. It then summarizes the information to show the author’s familiarity with the topic in question.
The review also demonstrates the relationship between the topic being investigated and other topics that were under consideration. Finally, it outlines the gaps in the previous works of other scholars, which create areas of research.
Literature reviews provide a new interpretation of previous scholarly publications and aim to resolve conflicting studies done in the past. In addition, identifying existing gaps in a particular research area illustrates the starting point of the research.
Literature Review vs. Academic Research Paper
A research paper presents new ideas, arguments, and approaches toward a particular topic. The conclusions of a research paper will be based on the analysis and interpretation of raw data collected by the author and an original study. On the other hand, a literature review is based on the findings of other publications. Thus, the review highlights the author’s understanding of a topic based on the previously conducted research. It is part of a research paper.
Where, When, and Why
The need for a literature review in a publication will vary from one situation to the other and the field/discipline of research. These two factors determine what is expected from the lit review. For example, a scientific review will be more analytical on the methods and results of previous research. In contrast, a philosophical review will be more argumentative, highlighting the discrepancies and correspondences between scholars.
It can either be part of a publication or a stand-alone document. As part of a research publication, it is often placed after the introduction to the topic outlining knowledge about a particular topic and critical sources that formed the foundation of the research. As an individual document, it is prepared by students as part of course study to aid the students in familiarizing themselves with different topics in their field of study.
Lit reviews also guide students to help them synthesize theoretical methodologies and frameworks to adopt in academic research. As a publication, literature reviews are used to document existing information about a topic for readers (other scholars) to go through for whatever reasons they may have. Published studies are essentially helpful to new scholars getting into any field of research.
Types of Literature Review
Before looking into how to write a literature review, it is vital to understand the different types. The type will usually depend on the objective approach of the author.
Common types are:
Argumentative review
An argumentative review is adopted when the research paper or publication is meant to take a contrarian viewpoint on a particular subject. The review analyses an existing argument, philosophical problem, assumption, or conclusion outlined in different studies with an objective to either support or oppose the argument.
Integrative review
An integrative review integrates secondary data to develop new perspectives and frameworks on a topic. This is more prevalent in research that does not involve primary data. In addition, integrative reviews are more familiar with social sciences.
Historical review
Historical reviews are used when scholars or authors place a particular idea, concept, theory, or research in a historical context. It examines the idea, theory, or issue from the first time it was discussed and outlines its evolution throughout a given period.
Methodological review
Methodological reviews look at how a specific theory, concept, results, or findings were developed. Therefore, methodological reviews will analyze the different methods used by different scholars to arrive at conclusions or knowledge about the topic being investigated.
Some of the methods scholars use in different disciplines to obtain information are interviewing, sampling, practical experiments/data collection, research approaches, critical thinking, social experiments, etc.
Methodological reviews are hence used to discuss tested methods of research and ethics that a researcher should be aware of before undertaking their investigations.
Systematic review
A systematic review is a more detailed and comprehensive review compared to other types of lit reviews. It highlights any existing research evidence associated with a clearly defined research problem or question. The evidence is collected, analyzed, and reported in a summarized but detailed manner. Systematic reviews are popularly presented as a cause-and-effect structure.
Theoretical review
A theoretical review delves into the different theories regarding a particular issue, challenge, concept, or theory. It identifies their inadequacy in explaining the issue or concept at hand. The review then identifies the relationships between the identified theories, and the degree of research done and poses novel hypotheses to be investigated.
Organization of a Literature Review
How an author organizes a literature review will depend on what they aim to achieve. As a consequence, there are multiple ways of organizing it which are discussed below:
Chronological
A chronological format outlines knowledge on a particular topic based on when the scholarly source of information was published. Starting with the earliest followed up to the most recent chronological order. This format should be used if there is a clear chronological order in the development of the information; therefore, it will not be applicable in some cases. Instead, key turning points, patterns, and events that impacted the direction of the knowledge should be outlined.
By publication
It can be organized in the scholarly publications reviewed by the author, scholar, or student. The by-publication format should only improve the review and facilitate what the author aims to accomplish.
Scholars or students can adopt a dominant trend in research, such as history, developmental stages, steps involved in a process, etc.
Methodological
A methodological format is based on the methods used by the researcher. Thus, the order of contents in the lit review will depend on the method they will use to carry out their research, knowledge obtained from the first method appears first, and the rest of the information follows in the same order according to the methods used by the author.
Literature reviews organized in a thematic format revolve around the subject being investigated in no order. It is, therefore, ordinarily up to the researcher or author to determine how they intend to outline the information. A thematic format will crossover from one period and publication to another, but can sometimes incorporate a chronological order.
Theoretical
Literature reviews organized in a theoretical format have their contents organized in an abstract framework established by the author to discuss different concepts, theories, and concepts and how they relate to the research at hand.
Additional sections
Depending on the objective, other sections do not fit under conventional lit review formats that one may need to add. Below are some of the sections that authors or students can include in the lit review:
- Current situation: The review can have information about the current state of things regarding the topic at hand to facilitate further understanding.
- History: Researchers can summarize the subject under investigation, literature, or concept if the review is not already in chronological format.
- Selection methods: Lit reviews are known to outline the methods or criteria used in selecting the way to present information and scholarly sources referenced in the review.
- Standards: it can also include the standards used in choosing the format to present information in the review and the scholarly literature used in the research.
- Further questions for research: The review can include questions emanating from the review and how the researcher will further explore their research to address the queries raised.
Literature Review Samples
![related research literature sample literature review template excel](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Literature-Review-Templates-10-21-19.jpg)
Considerations Before Writing a Literature Review
Preparation is essential when it comes to writing. The objective should be to come up with a review that satisfactorily explores the topic being discussed. The following considerations are steps towards that if incorporated into the writing process:
Authors should seek clarification from mentors or supervisors before commencing the writing process. First, determine what is expected from the lit review. The type and number of sources to be used, the assignment (summarize, synthesize, or critique), and the type of information provided should be clear.
Find models
You should review literature from other authors in the same discipline and evaluate how those authors presented their lit reviews. Previous lit reviews can be used as guides that point authors in the right direction when writing their lit reviews.
Narrow your topic
It is always advantageous to narrow down the research topic to a specific area of research; that way, the number of sources can also be reduced. Even though conducting research will usually involve extensive research on all available materials about a particular topic, having a well-defined topic simplifies the task at hand.
Current sources
Determine if the research project or discipline ought to be based on the most recent findings or information. It is common for knowledge to become obsolete, especially in disciplines where discoveries and new inventions are made fast. If the lit review should be based on current knowledge, limit the sources to the most recent literature. Some disciplines will typically have a limit on how old the sources should be.
How to Write a Literature Review (Expert Guide)
Once all pre-writing considerations have been taken into account, it is time to write the document. At this point, you should already be aware of what you wish to accomplish with the literature review, and the steps to writing an exemplary lit review are mentioned below:
Problem formulation
First and foremost, clearly define the topic (research area) to be investigated. For students, this will sometimes be given as an assignment. However, the research could be an academic project, which means that the author has to come up with the problem and define it themselves.
Search for relevant studies
Once the problem is clearly expressed, you should search for studies related to the topic, concept, theory, or idea and questions surrounding the topic. Most stand-alone lit reviews will generally attempt to answer a more concentrated question. On the internet, literature can be searched using keywords related to the research area. In addition to keywords, include vital variables such as synonyms and associated terms. The inclusion of Boolean operators and, or not, is also used to narrow down results to more specific publications.
Familiar sources for publications are:
- Google Scholar
- Library catalogue
- Econ lit (economics)
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Inspec (physics, engineering, and computer science)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
Before selecting relevant studies, go through their abstract and determine if they fit the scope needed in the investigation. Use a list to note down any chosen works. Select landmark sources in the discipline.
Evaluation of sources/data
The next step is the evaluation stage. Evaluation involves a lot of reading. Evaluation can be done in two stages; overall skimming and thorough reading. During the second stage of this step, be critical, ask questions, and take many notes.
Some of the questions authors or researchers should ask themselves are:
- What is the author’s objective? What problem, concept, or theory are they putting across?
- What are the main concepts?
- What are the methodologies used by the author to arrive at the results and conclusions?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the results and conclusions?
Use credible sources. Most cited sources are preferred as they indicate their influence in the field. Also, keep track of the citations to be later incorporated.
Identify themes, debates, and gaps
While reading the sources, identify key patterns, themes, debates/arguments, and gaps in each literature. These elements help tie the literature to the topic under investigation. Look for consistent patterns, themes, questions, challenges, methods, and inconsistencies in the same. Consistencies present critical information for consideration, while inconsistencies present opportunities for research areas.
Outline the structure
Formatting is part and parcel of a well-written work. Selecting the structure should start by creating an outline with all the information that will go into the lit review, then consider the different types of structures and select the most suitable. Next, take the basic structure of the introduction, body, and conclusion into consideration and start work from there.
Analysis and interpretation
Lastly, perform an in-depth analysis and interpretation of the information obtained from the scholarly research and put it into writing. The summarized, synthesized, and critically evaluated information is then written down in well-structured paragraphs that follow the chosen structure. Transition words are used to draw comparisons, connections, and contrasts.
Format
Ordinarily, a literature review will have three key components: introduction, body, and conclusion. These components should appear in the document in the following order:
Introduction
An introduction should inform the reader which topic is being studied. It gives the reader an overall idea of the purpose and focus of the document. The introduction lets the reader know beforehand the key things that will be highlighted in the document. Therefore, the introduction should be brief and precise.
The next item is the body, where the primary purpose of the lit review is fulfilled. The body should take critical information from all the sources used and comprehensively present them. This is where the author reports the extensive analysis and interpretation results that they gathered from all the sources they reviewed. The body should be categorized into themes, ideas, and concepts within the main topic.
Lastly, a summary of what the lit review entails should be provided as a conclusion. The critical points obtained from examining the sources should be written down and linked to the primary subject of the review. Key points are those that have the most outstanding contribution to the research.
Studies used should be screened based on provenance (author’s credentials or credibility), methodology, objectivity, persuasiveness, and value related to the topic at hand.
Guidelines for Writing a Literature Review
To improve the delivery of information, there are certain elements that authors can incorporate. They are:
Use evidence
The lit review’s findings, interpretations, and general contents should be based on actual evidence or credible literature. Using citations is evidence of authentic information.
Be selective
There will always be a lot of information available from the reviewed sources. Authors should therefore be selective and discuss the key points that focus on the topic. Not all information must be included in the review.
Word-for-word quotes are acceptable. This is even more so if a critical point or author-specific terminology or knowledge cannot be paraphrased. Quotes should, however, be used sparingly.
Summarize and synthesize
The information obtained from the sources should be summarized, and the author should use it to synthesize new arguments, concepts, or ideas related to their research.
Keep your voice
The literature review should reflect the author’s voice as it is a review of other people’s works. This can be done by starting and ending the paragraphs with an original voice, ideas, and wordings.
Use caution while paraphrasing
Any paraphrased information should be conveyed accurately and in the author’s words. A citation must always be done, even when paraphrasing has been done.
Proofread before submitting or publishing. Go through the document a few times and make the necessary changes. The review should be within the applicable guidelines. Check for language and any other errors and edit accordingly.
Do’s and Don’ts for a Literature Review
Every researcher wants to introduce their readers to a particular topic in an informative and engaging manner. Below are tips that can be used to this effect.
The following things should be opted by the researcher when writing a lit review:
- Find a focus: Authors should take a direction, idea, concept, or argument and stick to it. The information conveyed should then be made to align with the chosen point of focus. Thus, the review is not simply a list of analyzed sources, but a detailed summary of how different sources have a focal point (intertwined).
- Well-chosen sources: The quality of the information will, to a great extent, be determined by the quality of sources used. Therefore, take time to select suitable sources and more value will be added to the review.
- Create an annotated bibliography: Creating an annotated bibliography is recommended as one reads their sources. The bibliography keeps track of sources and takes notes. This information can be used when writing the final lit review.
- Synthesize research: Information obtained from the relevant studies should be combined to come up with new or original ideas. You should present a new domain based on previous sources’ knowledge, not just restating the information.
- Argumentative approach: Well-written literature reviews will often argue to support an author’s stance on a particular topic. The author can choose to address how the author’s work is filling a particular gap or support one of the scholar’s arguments and perception towards a particular topic. However, this argumentative approach will not work in all situations; it is usually discipline-specific.
- Convey it to the reader: It should let the reader know the document’s main idea, concept, or argument. This can be done by including a simple statement that compels the reader to think precisely and know what to expect.
- Break out your disciplinary box: The research will often be multi-disciplinary. Literature reviews should then collect interdisciplinary information from multiple sources as they add novel dynamics to the topic under investigation. It should be noted that this does not imply that the researcher should substitute the literature from the topic’s discipline with that from other disciplines. This is usually an improvement strategy that adds substance to the review.
- Look for repeated patterns: Be attentive to pick out repeated ideas, findings, and concepts from different scholars as they will often illustrate agreed research dead-end or a scholarly conclusion.
- Don’t just review for content: When reviewing the literature, examine the content and other writing and presentation techniques. Look out for unique ways information has been presented, methods used, consistent citations, and non-textual elements such as graphs, and figures used to present information. In addition, the researcher identifies theories used to predict, explain, or understand phenomena within the discipline.
- Search Web of Science and Google Scholar: Conduct citation tracking about the leading scholars already identified in the search process. Scholars cited by multiple scholars outside the principal discipline will generally indicate that there are no new publications on the topic.
The following don’ts should be avoided:
- Do not select studies that are not directly related to the topic being investigated.
- Avoid rushing when identifying and selecting sources to use to research the problem.
- Avoid the use of secondary analytical sources. Instead, opt to use sources with primary research studies or data. Secondary analytical sources will often cite primary analytical sources; research should refer to them instead.
- Do not accept other scholarly findings, theories, or interpretations without critically examining and critiquing them.
- Researchers should not outline the search procedures used to identify scholarly sources for reviewing purposes.
- Avoid including isolated statistical findings without illustrating how they were arrived at using chi-squared or meta-analytic methods.
- Do not review studies that only validate the assumptions, stances, and concepts of your thesis; consider contradicting works with alternative and conflicting stances.
Frequently Asked Questions
It is written by researchers, authors, and students who must study literature to gather knowledge on a particular topic they are interested in.
It should be placed right after the introduction of the dissertation. It places the research in a scholarly context by summarizing existing knowledge on the particular topic.
Researchers and authors are not limited in terms of how many sources they can review. Students will usually have a given number of sources to review as an assignment. However, the number of sources referenced in a lit review will vary from one topic or discipline to the other. Some topics have a vast catalog of available sources, while others have minimal sources, especially emerging issues. It is, however, advised that each key point discussed should have at least 2-3 references/sources. For example, a 10-page lit review will have an average of 30 references.
About This Article
![related research literature sample Jake Adams](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Jake-Adams-1.png)
Was this helpful?
Great! Tell us more about your experience
Not up to par help us fix it, keep reading.
![related research literature sample Research Statement](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Research-Statement.png)
Education , Statements
Research statement examples: how to structure + expert tips.
![related research literature sample permission slip](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Permission-Slip.jpg)
Education , Permission
35 free permission slip templates (examples) – word | pdf.
![related research literature sample Reflexology Chart](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Reflexology-Chart.png)
Charts , Personal
30 free printable foot reflexology charts.
![related research literature sample Graph Paper Guide and Templates [2021]](https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Graph-Paper-Guide-and-Templates-2021.jpg)
Education , Guides
20+ free printable graph paper templates – pdf, thank you for your feedback.
Your Voice, Our Progress. Your feedback matters a lot to us.
- How it works
![related research literature sample researchprospect post subheader](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/3-3.webp)
Literature Review Samples And Examples
A literature review is a part of your academic writing and discusses the existing published content in that particular area. It can be hard for some students to work on the literature review. A smooth way to tackle this issue is to check the already available free samples of literature reviews available online to take inspiration from or to understand the structure and format of a literature review completely. We have curated some professional literature review samples to help students with this.
Literature Review Sample
Discipline: Education
Quality: 1st / 74%
Discipline: Health Care
Quality: 2:2 / 59%
Discipline: Business
Quality: 2:2 / 58%
Undergraduate
Quality: 1st / 71%
Discipline: Couselling
Quality: 1st / 70%
Discipline: Energy
Quality: 2:1 / 69%
Discipline: Nursing
Quality: 2:1 / 67%
Quality: 2:1 / 66%
Discipline: Geology
The Global Warming
Literature Review
Environ. Sci
A Comprehensive Literature Review on E-Commerce: Mastering the Art of Online Retail
Exploring the complexities of international law: a literature review on the evolution…, our literature review writing service features.
We have subject specialists of all niches and study levels to accommodate students.
Plagiarism Free
We provide a 100% plagiarism-free literature review with proper references to ensure originality.
Thoroughly Researched
Our literature review samples are thoroughly researched and properly referenced.
We have strict confidentiality rules during and after your project’s delivery.
Free Revision
We offer free revisions to customers until they are completely satisfied with the results.
Proper Citations
As you can see in our free literature review samples, your work will be properly cited.
Loved by over 100,000 students
Thousands of students have used ResearchProspect academic support services to improve their grades. Why are you waiting?
![related research literature sample sitejabber](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/rpa.png.webp)
“I am happy about the results I got after giving my order to ResearchProspect. Their work is even better than the samples of literature review they have shown. "
![related research literature sample review image](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/student-1-Opt.png.webp)
Law Student
“I placed my order after reviewing their examples of literature review. They delivered my order within 2 days. "
![related research literature sample review image](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/student-2-Opt.png.webp)
Economics Student
Frequently Ask Questions?
How can our literature review samples help you.
A literature review is an integrated analysis of scholarly sources. You evaluate the existing literature on a similar topic as yours to understand the problem you are trying to solve.
Your literature review should include all concepts, models, and frameworks associated with the topic under investigation. All the critical theories about the topic should also be a part of your literature review.
To write a captivating literature review, you should pay attention to two points: the recency and relevancy of the sources.
To assess the relevancy of the scholarly source, you will have to evaluate its research aims and question, the methods of research employed the author employed, and the results’ reliability.
Once you know your chosen source’s relevancy, make sure it is not older than a few years. We recommend not to base your research on studies that were completed more than ten years ago. Following this recommendation will help you eliminate obsolete models and frameworks and draft a literature review based on the latest theories and concepts.
To help you write a winning literature review, we have published several undergraduate and postgraduate level literature review examples on our website. You will notice that each of our literature review samples introduces the topic by providing background information before analyzing the sources.
Pay attention to your writing style. Along with descriptive writing, you should be critical. You should be able to demonstrate your understanding by comparing and analysing one study with another. Do not forget to cite your sources while discussing them accurately.
Your final step should be to identify critical gaps and then find research questions that stem from these sources. These should be logical, and the research questions should not seem out of place.
If you are unsure how this should be structured, follow our literature review sample . Focus on how the writing is descriptive first, then critical, and in the end, gaps are identified.
Also, look at how the chapter is divided and the sub-headings that are used. This should be according to the topic of your study. It will help develop your literature review straight out of the dissertation outline so that it flows smoothly and is consistent.
Seek help from our literature review writing examples to comprehend these essential aspects and draft a literature review according to dissertation requirements.
We are here to guide you further! Talk to us , and we can help you prepare a literature review that is in line with your study requirements. Our expert writers take on the responsibility of including all essential elements of a literature review and helping you put together an outstanding dissertation.
What usually is the length of a Literature Review?
Literature reviews of undergraduate and Masters’ dissertations are generally 3000-6000 words in length depending on the module specifications. PhD-level dissertation literature reviews are much longer. The length of a PhD dissertation can vary anywhere between 10,000 to 20,000 words.
What does your literature review writing service include?
The ResearchProspect literature review writing service covers literature review coursework assignments, also literature reviews for Ph.D., master’s, and undergraduate proposals and dissertations.
Who will write my literature review?
To provide the best writers, that’s who we picked – the best. They’ve all been through our rigorous academic assault course to prove their worth. Every writer is qualified to write for you.
Explore More Samples
View our professional samples to be certain that we have the portofilio and capabilities to deliver what you need.
USEFUL LINKS
LEARNING RESOURCES
![related research literature sample researchprospect-reviews-trust-site](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/researchprospect-reviews-trust-site.webp)
COMPANY DETAILS
![related research literature sample Research-Prospect-Writing-Service](https://www.researchprospect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Research-Prospect-Writing-Service.webp)
- How It Works
![related research literature sample Banner](https://d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/sites/5006/banner/librarybanner3.png)
Literature Review
- Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
- Finding "The Literature"
- Organizing/Writing
- Sample Literature Reviews
- FAMU Writing Center
Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts
- Literature Review Sample 1
- Literature Review Sample 2
- Literature Review Sample 3
- << Previous: MLA Style
- Next: FAMU Writing Center >>
- Last Updated: Oct 20, 2022 11:24 AM
- URL: https://library.famu.edu/literaturereview
- UWF Libraries
Literature Review: Conducting & Writing
- Sample Literature Reviews
- Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
- Finding "The Literature"
- Organizing/Writing
- APA Style This link opens in a new window
- Chicago: Notes Bibliography This link opens in a new window
- MLA Style This link opens in a new window
Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts
Have an exemplary literature review.
- Literature Review Sample 1
- Literature Review Sample 2
- Literature Review Sample 3
Have you written a stellar literature review you care to share for teaching purposes?
Are you an instructor who has received an exemplary literature review and have permission from the student to post?
Please contact Britt McGowan at [email protected] for inclusion in this guide. All disciplines welcome and encouraged.
- << Previous: MLA Style
- Next: Get Help! >>
- Last Updated: Mar 22, 2024 9:37 AM
- URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/litreview
- Writing Center
Beginner’s Guide to Research
Click here to download a .pdf copy of our Beginner’s Guide to Research !
Last updated : July 18, 2024
Consider keeping a printed copy to have when writing and revising your resume! If you have any additional questions, make an appointment or email us at [email protected] !
Most professors will require the use of academic (AKA peer-reviewed) sources for student writing. This is because these sources, written for academic audiences of specific fields, are helpful for developing your argument on many topics of interest in the academic realm, from history to biology. While popular sources like news articles also often discuss topics of interest within academic fields, peer-reviewed sources offer a depth of research and expertise that you cannot find in popular sources. Therefore, knowing how to (1) identify popular vs. academic sources, (2) differentiate between primary and secondary sources, and (3) find academic sources is a vital step in writing research. Below are definitions of the two ways scholars categorize types of sources based on when they were created (i.e. time and place) and how (i.e. methodology):
Popular vs. academic sources:
- Popular sources are publicly accessible periodicals–newspapers, magazines, and blogs–such as The Washington Post or The New Yorker . These sources are most often written for non-academic audiences, but can be helpful for finding general information and a variety of opinions on your topic.
- Academic sources , known also as peer reviewed or scholarly articles, are those that have undergone peer review before being published. Typically, these articles are written for other scholars in the field and are published in academic journals, like Feminist Studies or The American Journal of Psychology . Literature reviews, research projects, case studies, and notes from the field are common examples.
Primary vs. secondary sources:
- Primary sources are articles written by people directly involved in what they were writing about, including: News reports and photographs, diaries and novels, films and videos, speeches and autobiographies, as well as original research and statistics.
- Secondary sources , on the other hand, are second hand accounts written about a topic based on primary sources. Whether a journal article or other academic publication is considered a secondary source depends on how you use it.
How to Find Academic Sources
Finding appropriate academic sources from the hundreds of different journal publications can be daunting. Therefore, it is important to find databases –digital collections of articles–relevant to your topic to narrow your search. Albertson’s Library has access to several different databases, which can be located by clicking the “Articles and Databases” tab on the website’s homepage, and navigating to “Databases A-Z” to refine your search. Popular databases include: Academic Search Premier and Proquest Central (non-specific databases which include a wide variety of articles), JSTOR (humanities and social sciences, from literature to history), Web of Science (formal sciences and natural sciences such as biology and chemistry), and Google Scholar (a web search engine that searches scholarly literature and academic sources). If you are unable to access articles from other databases, make sure you’re signed in to Alberton’s Library through Boise State!
Performing a Database Search
Databases include many different types of sources besides academic journals, however, including book reviews and other periodicals. Using the search bar , you can limit search results to those containing specific keywords or phrases like “writing center” or “transfer theory.” Utilizing keywords in your search–names of key concepts, authors, or ideas–rather than questions is the most effective way to find articles in databases. When searching for a specific work by title, placing the title in quotation marks will ensure your search includes only results in that specific word order. In the example below, search terms including the author (“Virginia Woolf”) and subject (“feminism”) are entered into the popular database EBSCOhost:
![related research literature sample A screen capture of search results on EBSCOhost. Green highlighting points out the search function, with the caption "Search bar with basic search terms." In the highlighted search bar is the query "virginia Woolf and feminism." Below are search results, with text matching the search term(s) in bold.](https://www.boisestate.edu/writingcenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/478/2024/07/WC-DatabaseSearch-1.png)
Refining Your Search Results
Many databases have a bar on the left of the screen where you can further refine your results. For example, if you are only interested in finding complete scholarly articles, or peer-reviewed ones, you can toggle these different options to further limit your search. These options are located under the “Refine Results” bar in EBSCOhost, divided into different sections, with a display of currently selected search filters and filter options to refine your search based on your specific needs, as seen in the figure below:
![related research literature sample Another screen capture of EBSCOhost, this time with green highlighting pointing out the refine results area to the left. The first caption, located at the top, points to the "Current Search" box and reads "Displays your selected filters." The second caption, pointing to the "Limit To" and "Subject" boxes, reads "Options to filter your search."](https://www.boisestate.edu/writingcenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/478/2024/07/WC-DatabaseSearch-2-e1721328644140.png)
Search results can also be limited by subject : If you search “Romeo and Juliet” on Academic Search Premier to find literary analysis articles for your English class, you’ll find a lot of other sources that include this search term, such as ones about theater production or ballets based on Shakespeare’s play. However, if you’re writing a literary paper on the text of the play itself, you might limit your search results to “fiction” to see only articles that discuss the play within the field of literature. Alternatively, for a theater class discussing the play, you might limit your search results to “drama.”
The Writing Center
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://asset.edubirdie.com/bundles/asterfreelance/_layout/images/EdubirdieCom/logo_v3.png?1721646864)
Verify originality of an essay
Get ideas for your paper
Find top study documents
Delimitations in research: meaning, types, and examples
Published 19 Jul 2024
Working on academic papers can make it easy to feel overwhelmed by the huge amount of available data and information. One of the most crucial considerations when initiating a project is finding the answer to the question, “What is the scope of a study, and what are its delimitations?”. Establishing clear boundaries and narrowing your study’s focus is essential to ensure the exploration remains relevant, manageable, and produces valuable results.
This guide sheds light on delimitations in research and the importance of identifying and outlining these boundaries. Discover their types and impact on the validity and generalizability of research findings. By understanding the delimitations definition, you’ll be better equipped to design well-thought-out papers, clearly communicate their scope, and critically evaluate the work of others.
Scope and delimitation of the study: definition and importance
These terms refer to the specific parameters and boundaries the researcher sets to define what the study will cover and what it will not. What is scope in research? It outlines the extent of the exploration, including the subject matter, geographic area, time frame, and population to be studied. The delimitation meaning includes the choices made by the researcher regarding the study’s design and methods, specifying what aspects are intentionally excluded from a chemistry lab report or any other academic work.
Scope and delimitation are established during the early stages of the research process, usually when designing the research proposal. These elements are included in the introduction of a thesis and are significant for setting reader expectations and providing context for the investigation.
Why is it needed?
We answered the question, “ What are delimitations in a research study ? ” and now, it’s time to understand why they are needed.
- Manageability: By setting clear boundaries, the researcher ensures the exploration remains focused and manageable. This is crucial for preventing the academic work from becoming too broad or unwieldy, which can lead to a loss of depth and clarity.
- Relevance: Defining the scope of the study and delimitations helps focus the paper on relevant areas crucial to answering the research questions or testing the hypotheses. It ensures the exploration stays aligned with its objectives.
- Validity: Clear constraints help establish the validity of the survey paper by specifying the exact parameters within which the exploration operates. This makes it easier for others to understand the context and limitations of the findings.
- Transparency: Clearly explaining what the project covers helps readers understand the researcher's choices and the study's limitations. This enhances the credibility and reliability of the scholarly work.
- Resource allocation: Defining the research span helps in efficient resource allocation, ensuring that time, effort, budget, and resources are directed toward the project's most critical aspects.
In summary, these elements of the investigation plan provide clarity, focus, and structure to writing. They are established at the beginning of the research process and are crucial for ensuring the study’s manageability, relevance, validity, transparency, and efficient use of resources.
Types of scope of research
1. geographical..
Example: An investigation focused on the impact of climate change on coastal communities in Southeast Asia. Here, the geographical scope specifies the regions within Southeast Asia where data will be collected and analyzed.
2. Temporal.
Example: A scholarly work examining changes in consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to December 2020. The temporal scope sets the time frame for data collection and analysis, focusing specifically on the pandemic period.
3. Disciplinary.
Example: An academic paper exploring the application of artificial intelligence in diagnosing medical conditions in the field of healthcare informatics. The disciplinary scope of study specifies the field (healthcare informatics) within which artificial intelligence applications are evaluated.
3. Population.
Example: A survey was conducted among university students in a specific city to understand their attitudes towards online learning platforms. The population scope identifies the specific group or demographic (university students in a particular city) the study targets.
4. Research objectives.
Example: Investigating the effectiveness of a new teaching method on enhancing student engagement in high school mathematics classes. The scope of research objectives defines the specific goals and aims of the scholarly work, focusing on how the teaching method impacts student engagement in a particular subject area.
Types of delimitations of a study
1. exclusion of variables..
Example: A study on employee productivity excludes factors such as personal health issues unrelated to work. This delimitation clarifies the specific variables that the study will not consider, focusing solely on work-related productivity factors.
2. Methodological delimitations.
Example: Research using only qualitative methods to explore patients' subjective experiences in a hospital setting. Methodological delimitations specify the research methods (qualitative) that will be employed to gather and analyze data, reflecting the study’s focus on subjective experiences.
3. Sample size restrictions.
Example: An assessment of customer satisfaction limits its sample size to 200 respondents due to resource constraints. This delimitation establishes the maximum number of participants (200 respondents) that will be included in the inquiry based on practical considerations such as time, budget, and data analysis capacity.
4. Time constraints.
Example: The evaluation of the historical impact of technological advancements in the automotive industry focuses on developments from 1990 to 2020. Time limitations define the specific period (1990 to 2020) during which historical data and events related to technological advancements in the automotive industry will be analyzed.
5. Delimitations of literature review.
Example: A response paper on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies in treating anxiety limits the review to studies published within the last decade. In this case, the time frame is specified (last decade) within which relevant literature and studies on mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety treatment will be analyzed, ensuring the review's currency and relevance.
Delimitations vs limitations
These concepts are totally different, though students often confuse them. They are interconnected as they both refer to the boundaries within a study but represent different factors of those boundaries. What are limitations in research? They pertain to the shortcomings or constraints of your case study report , arising from practical or theoretical restrictions that were encountered during the research process. These could include the following factors:
- a narrow sampling range;
- lack of access to certain data;
- unforeseen challenges in data collection and analysis;
- lack of previous research on the topic;
- lack of technology or instruments;
- financial and funding constraints.
Limitations are often beyond the researcher's control and must be acknowledged, as they can affect the validity and reliability of the exploration findings.
On the other hand, delimitations in research are the boundaries the researcher sets based on intentional choices about the study's focus and scope. These choices define the specific aspects of the project, such as what will be examined, the population to be studied, and the methods used.
Delimitations help narrow the study to a manageable scope and ensure it remains aligned with its objectives and research questions. They reflect the researcher's strategic decisions to concentrate on specific areas of interest while excluding others.
To delve deeper into research aims and questions, which help explain delimitations, you can refer to our write my paper website. We clarify the differences between limitations and delimitations and give examples of formulating clear and focused research aims and questions that will guide your study effectively. With this knowledge, you can design a more robust and well-thought-out project, address its inherent constraints, and clearly define its intended scope.
Guidelines on writing scope and delimitation of the study
Discover some recommendations about correctly completing these sections of your academic papers.
How do you write the project’s scope?
When you learn how to start a research proposal , it’s crucial to understand how to define your project’s focus. A good scope statement addresses six key questions:
The purpose, objectives, and aims of the exploration. It establishes the study's reason and what the researcher hopes to achieve.
The subject and included variables. This defines what will be investigated, outlining the specific elements and factors that will be examined.
The setting of the study. This specifies where the data will be collected and defines to which entity the information will belong, ensuring clarity about the geographical or contextual limits.
The timeframe for data collection. This indicates the period during which the study will occur, providing a temporal context for the project.
The population and sampling size for generalizations. This identifies the group or demographic that will be studied, ensuring that the sampling size is sufficient for making generalizations.
The research design, methods, tools, and analysis techniques. This details how the research will be conducted, including whether it will be experimental, qualitative, or a case study and the specific methods and tools used.
In this paragraph, it’s essential to explain why certain variables were omitted from the research focus and whether these omissions were due to delimitations or a scope limitation. This helps provide a comprehensive understanding of the study’s boundaries and any constraints faced.
To begin writing your scope, you may use the following prompts:
- The study focuses on…
- The project covers…
- The work aims to…
How to write delimitations?
Now that you know the answer to “What is delimitation?”, you understand that this aspect is within the researcher's control and reflects the boundaries set intentionally. Readers need to know why specific parameters were established, what alternative options were considered, and why those alternatives were rejected. Linking these decisions back to your research question is essential, as all delimitations should result from efforts to make the project more relevant to its scope. Therefore, these elements are usually considered together when writing academic papers.
You may use the following prompts to begin completing this section:
- The project does not cover…
- The following has been excluded from this exploration…
- This work is limited to…
Understanding and setting the scope and research delimitations are fundamental to ensuring its success. These elements help maintain the focus and manageability of the project, providing clarity for the researcher and the readers. You can produce more robust, relevant, and credible studies by addressing these elements thoughtfully and thoroughly. But if you feel concerned about how to deal with this section, do not hesitate to pay to write research paper and get professional support from our writing specialists with extensive experience in this field.
Final thoughts
Delimitations are pivotal in shaping the research scope and focus, ensuring that studies remain manageable and aligned with their objectives. By clearly defining these boundaries, researchers can enhance their work's clarity, validity, and reliability. Understanding and effectively communicating study constraints is a critical skill for any student engaged in academic work, as it helps to set realistic expectations and provides a framework for evaluating the study’s findings.
Should you need assistance in writing any part of your project, EduBirdie is here to help. Our expert team is dedicated to providing the support and guidance you need to produce high-quality, well-defined writing. Whether you are struggling with formulating your research restrictions or need help refining your thesis scope, EduBirdie is ready to assist you every step of the way.
Was this helpful?
Thanks for your feedback.
![related research literature sample Article author picture](https://s3.amazonaws.com/blog.site/images/Stella%20Gary_1717427791.jpg)
Written by Stella Gary
Stella Gary is a talented writer specializing in creating comprehensive guides on various academic tasks, including literature reviews, lab reports, and thesis writing. With a sharp analytical mind and a deep understanding of academic standards, Stella offers invaluable advice and techniques to help students achieve their academic goals. Outside of her professional work, Stella is passionate about sustainable living and often explores innovative ways to promote eco-friendly practices.
Related Blog Posts
Discover how to compose acknowledgements in research paper.
This post will help you learn about the use of acknowledgements in research paper and determine how they are composed and why they must be present ...
What is qualitative research? Approaches, methods, and examples
Students in social sciences frequently seek to understand how people feel, think, and behave in specific situations or relationships that evolve ov...
150 Fascinating Astronomy Research Topics: Explore the Wonders of the Universe
The Significance of Astronomy Research Topics Astronomy research topics hold a significant place in the academic curriculum due to their profoun...
Join our 150K of happy users
- Get original papers written according to your instructions
- Save time for what matters most
Information
- Author Services
Initiatives
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
- Active Journals
- Find a Journal
- Proceedings Series
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- For Editors
- For Librarians
- For Publishers
- For Societies
- For Conference Organizers
- Open Access Policy
- Institutional Open Access Program
- Special Issues Guidelines
- Editorial Process
- Research and Publication Ethics
- Article Processing Charges
- Testimonials
- Preprints.org
- SciProfiles
- Encyclopedia
![Electronics electronics-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/electronics-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14)
Article Menu
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://www.mdpi.com/profiles/737373/thumb/Domenico_Ursino.png)
- Subscribe SciFeed
- Recommended Articles
- Google Scholar
- on Google Scholar
- Table of Contents
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
JSmol Viewer
Artificial intelligence as a disruptive technology—a systematic literature review.
![ORCID related research literature sample](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1721387811)
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods.
- First exclusion: ○ Document types—the Editorial Materials and Meeting Abstracts were removed (WoS—38, S—42), leaving 124 (WoS) + 142 (S) = 266 papers; ○ All publishers with only 1 article, as we considered that they did not have a serious approach toward this topic, were removed (WoS—20, S—23), leaving 104 (WoS) + 119 (S). Further, at this stage, the intermediary results (1) were merged into the same file, resulting in 223 articles.
- Second exclusion: ○ With the support of EndNote (used for reference management), it was possible to identify duplicate records (196) originating from the two databases and retain only 1 entry (98). In this manner, we obtained the intermediary results (2), with a total of 125 references.
- Third exclusion: ○ The remaining list was evaluated for relevance based on title, keyword, and abstract analysis, and the articles that did not fit the purpose of the research were eliminated (−28), leaving a total of 97 papers included in the study.
3.1. AI as a Disruptive Technology in Healthcare (Medicine)
3.1.1. disruptive features in the applications to surgery, 3.1.2. disruptive features in the applications to healthcare, 3.2. ai as a disruptive technology in business—logistics and transportation and the labor market, 3.2.1. logistics, 3.2.2. labor market, 3.3. ai as a disruptive technology in agriculture, 3.3.1. smart farming, 3.3.2. digital twins, 3.3.3. the fourth industrial revolution (4ir), 3.4. ai as a disruptive technology in education, 3.5. ai as a disruptive technology with respect to urban development—society, smart cities, and smart government, 3.5.1. disruptive technology’s impact on society, 3.5.2. smart cities, 3.5.3. smart government, 4. discussion and conclusions.
- Enhanced diagnosis, as AI algorithms can examine a large number of medical data to help clinicians make more accurate diagnoses, thus minimizing the possibility of misdiagnosis;
- Personalized medicine, since by using a patient’s particular medical history and genetic data, AI can aid the development of individualized treatment approaches;
- Superior patient outcomes, as AI may be used to track patients, anticipate future health difficulties, and alert medical professionals to take preventative action before significant health issues arise;
- Expedite drug development, because AI can analyze massive volumes of data to hasten the process of developing new drugs and bringing them to market;
- Improved clinical trials, due to the fact that data from clinical trials may be analyzed using AI algorithms, thus assisting in the selection of the most efficient therapies and enhancing patient results.
- The development of AI in healthcare creates ethical issues, such as the issue of responsibility in situations of misdiagnosis or treatment suggestions;
- Limited clinical validity poses a serious problem, because in certain complicated medical situations, AI algorithms may not be as accurate as human specialists and may not be completely verified for assessing all medical disorders;
- Healthcare professionals and patients who are suspicious about the accuracy and dependability of the technology can be resistant to the adoption of AI in the industry.
- For improved supply chain management, AI may aid routing, scheduling, and delivery optimization, which lowers transportation costs and increases delivery times;
- Transportation safety may be improved by using AI to track and improve driver behavior, reduce collisions, and increase road safety;
- AI can enhance logistics efficiency, as it may be used to improve inventory management, optimize storage and picking procedures, and expedite warehouse operations;
- AI is transforming the labor sector by replacing many old manual jobs while also opening up new career prospects in programming and data analysis;
- AI may improve customer experience as it can be used to offer updates on tracking and delivery in real-time, thereby reducing wait times and raising satisfaction;
- AI may aid the maximization of fuel use and the cutting of emissions through effective vehicle scheduling and routing and thus contribute to minimized environmental impacts;
- Many laborious and repetitive tasks will be automated, which may result in fewer jobs and employment possibilities, particularly in sectors such as logistics and transportation;
- As the demand for more high-skilled positions in AI and data analysis increases and fewer low-skilled occupations are automated, the rising usage of AI may worsen already-existing income discrepancies;
- The widespread usage of autonomous cars may result in substantial social and cultural changes, such as the loss of individual driving abilities and the demise of the automobile culture.
- Improved agricultural yields and less waste are possible with the use of AI, which may help farmers optimize planting, irrigation, and fertilization;
- Better resource management may help farmers conserve energy, water, and other resources while decreasing waste and enhancing sustainability;
- Enhanced food safety can be enforced by tracking the whole food production chain from farm to table, while AI can assist in the identification and prevention of food-borne diseases;
- AI can provide real-time analysis of crop, soil, and weather variables, thus enabling farmers to make educated decisions;
- Predictive maintenance may reduce downtime and boost production by predicting when machines and equipment need maintenance.
- AI systems are not immune to technical glitches or malfunctions, and the agricultural sector might suffer significantly as a result, leading to crop losses and possible food shortages;
- The usage of AI in agriculture may have unforeseen environmental effects, including increased pesticide and herbicide use, degraded soil, and the loss of biodiversity.
- A decrease in dropout rates and improved student results due to AI’s ability to detect students’ areas of need and offer focused support;
- Education that is customized to each student’s requirements, interests, and learning preferences may be achieved by using AI to deliver personalized learning experiences for students;
- Improved assessment and feedback due to AI’s ability to automate, enhance, and optimize the grading and feedback process and provide students faster, more precise, and more thorough feedback on their work;
- Lifelong learning is possible because of AI, which can help people continue to learn and advance their expertise.
- Education quality may suffer due to the usage of AI in the classroom when human interaction, creativity, and critical thinking abilities are substituted by automated procedures;
- A lack of critical thinking abilities may be precipitated by AI because the use of AI-powered tools and resources may lessen the necessity for critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, which may retard the development of these skills among students;
- The dependence on technology due to an overreliance on AI in the classroom may result in a lack of creativity, independence, and decision-making abilities, which will reduce students’ capacity to think and work independently.
- An increase in transparency, as by using AI to render governmental processes more open and accountable, individuals will be able to better understand how choices are made;
- Enhanced fraud detection, since AI may be used to identify and stop corruption and fraud in government systems, thus increasing public confidence in these organizations;
- Better resource allocation, because governmental organizations may use AI to more effectively direct resources, including money and staff, to the areas where they are most needed;
- The introduction of predictive analytics, as through the use of AI, government agencies may employ predictive analytics to proactively address prospective concerns before they become problems.
- Privacy issues—Government entities frequently deploy AI algorithms that rely on substantial volumes of personal data, which raises privacy concerns regarding how these data are gathered, kept, and used;
- Lack of transparency—AI technologies employed by government agencies may be opaque, making it difficult for the public to comprehend how and why choices are being made;
- The employment of AI in governmental affairs may result in greater control and surveillance, which may have detrimental effects on free expression and civil rights;
- When an AI system utilized by a government errs or causes harm, it may be challenging to pinpoint the culprit, which results in a lack of accountability.
Author Contributions
Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
- Bower, L.J.; Christensen, M.C. Disruptive technologies: Catching the wave. Har. Buss. Rev. 1995 , 73 , 43–53. [ Google Scholar ]
- Christensen, C.M.; Bower, J.L. Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms. Strateg. Manag. J. 1996 , 17 , 197–218. [ Google Scholar ]
- Christensen, C.M. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail ; Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1997; 179p. [ Google Scholar ]
- O’Connor, S.; Sidorko, P. Chapter 2—The complexities of our informational environment. In Imagine Your Library’s Future ; Chandos Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 33–60. [ Google Scholar ]
- Laukyte, M. Disruptive Technologies and the Sport Ecosystem: A Few Ethical Questions. Philosophies 2020 , 5 , 24. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Jekov, B.; Petkova, P.; Parusheva, Y.; Shoikova, E. Disruptive Technologies—Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in Education. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation (ICERI), Seville, Spain, 7–9 November 2022; pp. 6784–6793. [ Google Scholar ]
- Bongomin, O.; Ocen, G.G.; Nganyi, E.O.; Musinguzi, A.; Omara, T. Exponential Disruptive Technologies and the Required Skills of Industry 4.0. J. Eng. 2020 , 2020 , 4280156. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Hernández, R. World Standards Day 2018 Puts the Spotlight on the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Available online: https://www.iso.org/news/ref2333.html (accessed on 19 January 2023).
- Bird, K. Four Trends Will Impact ISO’s Future Strategy. Available online: https://www.iso.org/news/ref2436.html (accessed on 19 January 2023).
- Bublitz, F.M.; Oetomo, A.; Sahu, K.S.; Kuang, A.; Fadrique, L.X.; Velmovitsky, P.E.; Nobrega, R.M.; Morita, P.P. Disruptive Technologies for Environment and Health Research: An Overview of Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 , 16 , 3847. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Chang, N.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, D.; Zheng, X.; Xue, J. Is a Disruptive Technology Disruptive? The Readiness Perspective Based on TOE. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore, 14–17 December 2020; pp. 893–897. [ Google Scholar ]
- Cartaxo, B.; Pinto, G.; Soares, S. The role of rapid reviews in supporting decision-making in software engineering practice. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering—EASE’18, Christchurch, New Zealand, 28–29 June 2018. [ Google Scholar ]
- Christensen, C.M.; McDonald, R.; Altman, E.J.; Palmer, J.E. Disruptive innovation: An intellectual history and directions for future research. J. Manag. Stud. 2018 , 55 , 1043–1078. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Popescul, D.; Radu, L.D.; Păvăloaia, V.D.; Georgescu, M.R. Psychological Determinants of Investor Motivation in Social Media-Based Crowdfunding Projects: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol. 2020 , 11 , 588121. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Radu, L.D. Disruptive Technologies in Smart Cities: A Survey on Current Trends and Challenges. Smart Cities 2020 , 3 , 1022–1038. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- VOSViewer. Visualizing Scientific Landscapes. Available online: https://www.vosviewer.com/features/highlights (accessed on 20 July 2022).
- Basmmi, A.B.M.N.; Abd Halim, S.; Saadon, N.A. Comparison of web services for sentiment analysis in social networking sites. In Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Tangerang, Indonesia, 18–20 November 2020. [ Google Scholar ]
- Abdullah, N.S.D.; Zolkepli, I.A. Sentiment Analysis of Online Crowd Input towards Brand Provocation in Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Thing—BDIOT2017, London, UK, 20–22 December 2017. [ Google Scholar ]
- Byrne, M.; O’Malley, L.; Glenny, A.M.; Pretty, I.; Tickle, M. Assessing the reliability of automatic sentiment analysis tools on rating the sentiment of reviews of NHS dental practices in England. PLoS ONE 2021 , 16 , e0259797. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Saura, J.R.; Reyes-Menendez, A.; Alvarez-Alonso, C. Do Online Comments Affect Environmental Management? Identifying Factors Related to Environmental Management and Sustainability of Hotels. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 3016. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Pahuriray, A.V.; Basanta, J.D.; Arroyo, J.C.T.; Delima, A.J.P. Flexible Learning Experience Analyzer (FLExA): Sentiment Analysis of College Students through Machine Learning Algorithms with Comparative Analysis using WEKA. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 2022 , 12 , 1–15. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Stoiber, C.; Walchshofer, C.; Pohl, M.; Potzmann, B.; Grassinger, F.; Stitz, H.; Streit, M.; Aigner, W. Comparative evaluations of visualization onboarding methods. Vis. Inform. 2022 , 6 , 34–50. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Zhuang, Y. Emotional analysis of sentences based on machine learning. In Big Data Analytics for Cyber-Physical System in Smart City ; Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Atiquzzaman, M., Yen, N., Xu, Z., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 813–820. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Elangovan, K.; JasmineRani, L.P.; Karthikeyan, M.P.; Therasa, M. Analysis of Social Network with Ontology and Deep Sentiment Durability Detection (SSD) Model for Green Community. J. Green Eng. 2020 , 10 , 2661–2677. [ Google Scholar ]
- Monkeylearn. No-Code Text Analytics. Available online: https://monkeylearn.com (accessed on 20 July 2022).
- Contreras, D.; Wilkinson, S.; Alterman, E.; Hervás, J. Accuracy of a pre-trained sentiment analysis (SA) classification model on tweets related to emergency response and early recovery assessment: The case of 2019 Albanian earthquake. Nat. Hazards 2022 , 113 , 403–421. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Contreras, D.; Wilkinson, S.; Balan, N.; James, P. Assessing post-disaster recovery using sentiment analysis: The case of L’Aquila. Earthq. Spectra 2022 , 38 , 81–108. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Sadriu, S.; Nuci, K.P.; Imran, A.S.; Uddin, I.; Sajjad, M. An Automated Approach for Analysing Students Feedback Using Sentiment Analysis Techniques. In Mediterranean Conference on Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence ; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 228–239. [ Google Scholar ]
- Bredava, A. A Guide to Sentiment Analysis: What Is It and How Does It Work? Available online: https://awario.com/blog/sentiment-analysis (accessed on 15 January 2023).
- Ryman-Tubb, N.F.; Krause, P.; Garn, W. How Artificial Intelligence and machine learning research impacts payment card fraud detection: A survey and industry benchmark. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 2018 , 76 , 130–157. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Aria, M.; Cuccurullo, C. Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informetr. 2017 , 11 , 959–975. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- International Organization for Standardization. ISO Standardization Foresight Framework—Trend Report 2022. Available online: https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/store/en/PUB100470.pdf (accessed on 19 January 2023).
- Dal Mas, F.; Piccolo, D.; Cobianchi, L.; Edvinsson, L.; Presch, G.; Massaro, M.; Skrap, M.; Vajana, A.F.D.; D’Auria, S.D.S.; Bagnoli, C. The Effects of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Industry 4.0 Technologies. Insights from the Healthcare Sector. In Proceedings of the European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (ECIAIR), EM Normandie Business Sch, Oxford, UK, 31 Octorber–1 November 2022; pp. 88–95. [ Google Scholar ]
- Manickam, P.; Mariappan, S.A.; Murugesan, S.M.; Hansda, S.; Kaushik, A.; Shinde, R.; Thipperudraswamy, S.P. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Assisted Biomedical Systems for Intelligent Healthcare. Biosensors 2022 , 12 , 562. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Kelly, J.T.; Collins, P.F.; McCamley, J.; Ball, L.; Roberts, S.; Campbell, K.L. Digital disruption of dietetics: Are we ready? J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2021 , 34 , 134–146. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Joda, T.; Yeung, A.W.K.; Hung, K.; Zitzmann, N.U.; Bornstein, M.M. Disruptive Innovation in Dentistry: What It Is and What Could Be Next. J. Dent. Res. 2021 , 100 , 448–453. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ahmad, P.; Alam, M.; Aldajani, A.; Alahmari, A.; Alanazi, A.; Stoddart, M.; Sghaireen, M. Dental Robotics: A Disruptive Technology. Sensors 2021 , 21 , 3308. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- McBee, M.P.; Wilcox, C. Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications in Medical Imaging. J. Digit. Imaging 2020 , 33 , 726–734. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Rasouli, J.J.; Shao, J.N.; Neifert, S.; Gibbs, W.N.; Habboub, G.; Steinmetz, M.P.; Benzel, E.; Mroz, T.E. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Spine Surgery. Glob. Spine J. 2021 , 11 , 556–564. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ] [ Green Version ]
- Dorweiler, B.; Wegner, M.; Salem, O.; Murtaja, A.; Schäfers, J.F.; Oberhuber, A. Innovation, disruptive technologies and transformation in vascular surgery. Gefasschirurgie 2022 , 27 , 561–568. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Mohanty, K.; Subiksha, S.; Kirthika, S.; Bh, S.; Sokkanarayanan, S.; Bose, P.; Sathiyanarayanan, M.; IEEE. Opportunities of Adopting AI-Powered Robotics to Tackle COVID-19. In Proceedings of the International Conference on COMmunication Systems and NETworkS (COMSNETS), Bangalore, India, 5–9 January 2022; pp. 703–708. [ Google Scholar ]
- Jabarulla, M.Y.; Lee, H.N. A Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence-Based, Patient-Centric Healthcare System for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Applications. Healthcare 2021 , 9 , 1019. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Saraswat, D.; Bhattacharya, P.; Verma, A.; Prasad, V.K.; Tanwar, S.; Sharma, G.; Bokoro, P.N.; Sharma, R. Explainable AI for Healthcare 5.0: Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE Access 2022 , 10 , 84486–84517. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Mesko, B.; Hetenyi, G.; Gyorffy, Z. Will artificial intelligence solve the human resource crisis in healthcare? BMC Health Serv. Res. 2018 , 18 , 545. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Maliha, G.; Gerke, S.; Cohen, G.; Parikh, R.B. Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Medicine: Balancing Safety and Innovation. Milbank Q. 2021 , 99 , 629–647. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Khatab, Z.; Yousef, G.M. Disruptive innovations in the clinical laboratory: Catching the wave of precision diagnostics. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2021 , 58 , 546–562. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Brunelle, F.; Brunelle, P. Artificial Intelligence and Medical Imaging: Definition, State of the Art and Perspectives. Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 2019 , 203 , 683–687. [ Google Scholar ]
- Garbuio, M.; Lin, N. Artificial Intelligence as a Growth Engine for Health Care Startups: Emerging Business Models. Calif. Manag. Rev. 2019 , 61 , 59–83. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Prakash, S.; Balaji, J.N.; Joshi, A.; Surapaneni, K.M. Ethical Conundrums in the Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare—A Scoping Review of Reviews. J. Pers. Med. 2022 , 12 , 1914. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Mesko, B. Future Directions of Digital Health. In Digital Health: Scaling Healthcare to the World ; Rivas, H., Wac, K., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 339–363. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ojo, A. Next Generation Government—Hyperconnected, Smart and Augmented. In Proceedings of the 20th IFIP WG 5.5 Working Conference on Virtual Enterprises (PRO-VE), Turin, Italy, 23–25 September 2019; pp. 285–294. [ Google Scholar ]
- Ljepava, N. AI-Enabled Marketing Solutions in Marketing Decision Making: AI Application in Different Stages of Marketing Process. TEM J. 2022 , 11 , 1308–1315. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wiegandt, D. Blockchain and Smart Contracts and the Role of Arbitration. J. Int. Arbitr. 2022 , 39 , 671–690. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Dong, C.W.; Akram, A.; Andersson, D.; Arnas, P.O.; Stefansson, G. The impact of emerging and disruptive technologies on freight transportation in the digital era: Current state and future trends. Int. J. Logist. Manag. 2021 , 32 , 386–412. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Noor, A. Adoption of Blockchain Technology Facilitates a Competitive Edge for Logistic Service Providers. Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 15543. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ugochukwu, N.A.; Goyal, S.B.; Rajawat, A.S.; Islam, S.M.N.; He, J.; Aslam, M. An Innovative Blockchain-Based Secured Logistics Management Architecture: Utilizing an RSA Asymmetric Encryption Method. Mathematics 2022 , 10 , 4670. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Zondervan, N.A.; Tolentino-Zondervan, F.; Moeke, D. Logistics Trends and Innovations in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis Using Text Mining. Processes 2022 , 10 , 2667. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Hong, Z.F.; Zhang, H.Y.; Gong, Y.M.; Yu, Y.G. Towards a multi-party interaction framework: State-of-the-art review in sustainable operations management. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2022 , 60 , 2625–2661. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Yu, H. Modeling a remanufacturing reverse logistics planning problem: Some insights into disruptive technology adoption. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2022 , 123 , 4231–4249. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Jia, W.; Wang, S.; Xie, Y.; Chen, Z.; Gong, K. Disruptive technology identification of intelligent logistics robots in AIoT industry: Based on attributes and functions analysis. Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. 2022 , 39 , 557–568. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Cukier, W. Disruptive processes and skills mismatches in the new economy Theorizing social inclusion and innovation as solutions. J. Glob. Responsib. 2019 , 10 , 211–225. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Oosthuizen, R.M. The Fourth Industrial Revolution—Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Algorithms: Industrial Psychologists in Future Workplaces. Front. Artif. Intell. 2022 , 5 , 913168. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Khatri, S.; Pandey, D.K.; Penkar, D.; Ramani, J. Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Resources. In Data Management, Analytics and Innovation ; Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, A., Balas, V., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2019. [ Google Scholar ]
- Burden, K. Impact of disruptive technologies on sourcing and outsourcing transactions. Comput. Law Secur. Rev. 2018 , 34 , 886–889. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Miklosik, A.; Evans, N. Impact of Big Data and Machine Learning on Digital Transformation in Marketing: A Literature Review. IEEE Access 2020 , 8 , 101284–101292. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Koizumi, S. The Light and Shadow of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In Innovation beyond Technology: Science for Society and Interdisciplinary Approaches ; Lechevalier, S., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2019; pp. 63–86. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rosales, M.A.; Magsumbol, J.A.V.; Palconit, M.G.B.; Culaba, A.B.; Dadios, E.P. Artificial Intelligence: The Technology Adoption and Impact in the Philippines. In Proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), Manila, Philippines, 3–7 December 2020. [ Google Scholar ]
- Anitha, J.; Saranya, N. Cassava Leaf Disease Identification and Detection Using Deep Learning Approach. Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control 2022 , 17 , 1–7. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ortola, A. Unlocking the full potential of artificial intelligence in PH. Philippine Daily Inquirer , 24 June 2019. [ Google Scholar ]
- Karimanzira, D.; Rauschenbach, T. An intelligent management system for aquaponics. at-Automatisierungstechnik 2021 , 69 , 345–350. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Jacobs, M.; Remus, A.; Gaillard, C.; Menendez, H.M.; Tedeschi, L.O.; Neethirajan, S.; Ellis, J.L. ASAS-NANP symposium: Mathematical modeling in animal nutrition: Limitations and potential next steps for modeling and modelers in the animal sciences. J. Anim. Sci. 2022 , 100 , skac132. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- De Bernardi, P.; Azucar, D.; Forliano, C.; Franco, M. Innovative and Sustainable Food Business Models. In Innovation in Food Ecosystems: Entrepreneurship for a Sustainable Future ; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 189–221. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Neethirajan, S.; Kemp, B. Digital Twins in Livestock Farming. Animals 2021 , 11 , 1008. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Spanaki, K.; Sivarajah, U.; Fakhimi, M.; Despoudi, S.; Irani, Z. Disruptive technologies in agricultural operations: A systematic review of AI-driven AgriTech research. Ann. Oper. Res. 2022 , 308 , 491–524. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Kamble, S.; Gunasekaran, A.; Sharma, R. Modeling the blockchain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020 , 52 , 101967. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wamba, S.F.; Queiroz, M.M. Blockchain in the operations and supply chain management: Benefits, challenges and future research opportunities. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020 , 52 , 102064. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Moore, W.B.; Felo, A. The evolution of accounting technology education: Analytics to STEM. J. Educ. Bus. 2022 , 97 , 105–111. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Brito, C.R.; Ciampi, M.M.; Sluss, J.J.; Santos, H.D. Trends in Engineering Education: A Disruptive View for not so far Future. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET), Magdeburg, Germany, 26–27 September 2019. [ Google Scholar ]
- Ghani, A. Engineering education at the age of Industry 5.0—Higher education at the crossroads. World Trans. Eng. Technol. Educ. 2022 , 20 , 112–117. [ Google Scholar ]
- Bühler, M.M.; Jelinek, T.; Nübel, K. Training and Preparing Tomorrow’s Workforce for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Educ. Sci. 2022 , 12 , 782. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chaka, C. Is Education 4.0 a Sufficient Innovative, and Disruptive Educational Trend to Promote Sustainable Open Education for Higher Education Institutions? A Review of Literature Trends. Front. Educ. 2022 , 7 , 226. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Choi, T.-M.; Kumar, S.; Yue, X.; Chan, H.-L. Disruptive Technologies and Operations Management in the Industry 4.0 Era and Beyond. Prod. Oper. Manag. 2022 , 31 , 9–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Bengoechea, J.; Bell, A. The Impact of 21st Century Technology in Higher Education: The Role of Artificial Intelligence. Int. J. Educ. Pedagog. Sci. 2022 , 16 , 493–496. [ Google Scholar ]
- Miao, F.; Wayne, H.; Ronghuai, H.; Hui, Z. AI and Education: A Guidance for Policymakers ; UNESCO Publishing: Paris, France, 2021. [ Google Scholar ]
- Pornpongtechavanich, P.; Eambunnapong, K.; Daengsi, T.; Nilsook, P. Critical success factors for smart-professional disruptor in university. Int. J. Eval. Res. Educ. 2022 , 11 , 1696–1703. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Molenaar, I. Towards hybrid human-AI learning technologies. Eur. J. Educ. 2022 , 57 , 632–645. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Holmes, W.; Tuomi, I. State of the art and practice in AI in education. Eur. J. Educ. 2022 , 53 , 542–570. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Zeeshan, K.; Hämäläinen, T.; Neittaanmäki, P. Internet of Things for Sustainable Smart Education: An Overview. Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 4293. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ciolacu, M.; Svasta, P.M.; Berg, W.; Popp, H.; IEEE. Education 4.0 for Tall Thin Engineer in a Data Driven Society. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME), Constanta, Romania, 26–29 October 2022; pp. 438–443. [ Google Scholar ]
- Ahmad, T. Scenario based approach to re-imagining future of higher education which prepares students for the future of work. High. Educ. Ski. Work-Based Learn. 2019 , 10 , 217–238. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Yang, K.; Shi, Y.M.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, Z.P.; Fu, L.Q.; Chen, W. Federated Machine Learning for Intelligent IoT via Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface. IEEE Netw. 2020 , 34 , 16–22. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Kasinathan, P.; Pugazhendhi, R.; Elavarasan, R.M.; Ramachandaramurthy, V.K.; Ramanathan, V.; Subramanian, S.; Kumar, S.; Nandhagopal, K.; Raghavan, R.R.V.; Rangasamy, S.; et al. Realization of Sustainable Development Goals with Disruptive Technologies by Integrating Industry 5.0, Society 5.0, Smart Cities and Villages. Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 15258. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Sgantzos, K.; Grigg, I. Artificial Intelligence Implementations on the Blockchain. Use Cases and Future Applications. Future Internet 2019 , 11 , 170. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Corchado, J.M.; Trabelsi, S. Advances in Sustainable Smart Cities and Territories. Electronics 2022 , 11 , 1280. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Xu, Y. Programmatic Dreams: Technographic Inquiry into Censorship of Chinese Chatbots. Soc. Media + Soc. 2018 , 4 , 2056305118808780. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Zweispace. Zweispace Won the Best Startup Award for Real Estate and Construction Batch at the Plug and Play Summer Summit 2020. Available online: https://en.zweispace.co.jp/2020/08/04/zweispace-won-the-best-startup-award-for-real-estate-and-construction-batch-at-the-plug-and-play-summer-summit-2020/ (accessed on 4 August 2022).
- Ortega-Fernández, A.; Martín-Rojas, R.; García-Morales, V. Artificial Intelligence in the Urban Environment: Smart Cities as Models for Developing Innovation and Sustainability. Sustainability 2020 , 12 , 7860. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Schintler, L.A.; McNeely, C.L. Artificial intelligence, institutions, and resilience: Prospects and provocations for cities. J. Urban Manag. 2022 , 11 , 256–268. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Fu, G.; Jin, Y.; Sun, S.; Yuan, Z.; Butler, D. The role of deep learning in urban water management: A critical review. Water Res. 2022 , 223 , 118973. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ullah, F. Smart Tech 4.0 in the Built Environment: Applications of Disruptive Digital Technologies in Smart Cities, Construction, and Real Estate. Buildings 2022 , 12 , 1516. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ullah, F.; Sepasgozar, S.M.E.; Wang, C.X. A Systematic Review of Smart Real Estate Technology: Drivers of, and Barriers to, the Use of Digital Disruptive Technologies and Online Platforms. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 3142. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Ghobakhloo, M. Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. J. Clean. Prod. 2020 , 252 , 119869. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Khanna, A.; Sah, A.; Bolshev, V.; Jasinski, M.; Vinogradov, A.; Leonowicz, Z.; Jasiński, M. Blockchain: Future of e-Governance in Smart Cities. Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 11840. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- McLean, J.; Mackenzie, R. Digital justice in Australian visa application processes? Altern. Law J. 2019 , 44 , 291–296. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ishengoma, F.R.; Shao, D.; Alexopoulos, C.; Saxena, S.; Nikiforova, A. Integration of artificial intelligence of things (AIoT) in the public sector: Drivers, barriers and future research agenda. Digit. Policy Regul. Gov. 2022 , 24 , 449–462. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rapanyane, M.B.; Sethole, F.R. The rise of artificial intelligence and robots in the 4th Industrial Revolution: Implications for future South African job creation. Contemp. Soc. Sci. 2020 , 15 , 489–501. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Mesko, B. The role of artificial intelligence in precision medicine. Expert Rev. Precis. Med. Drug Dev. 2017 , 2 , 239–241. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Brougham, D.; Haar, J. Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. J. Manag. Organ. 2018 , 24 , 239–257. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
- Frey, C.B.; Osborne, M.A. The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2017 , 114 , 254–280. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Click here to enlarge figure
Manuscript-Selected Keyword | Frequency in Abstract | Frequency in Keywords | Frequency in Titles | Total | Frequency (Total) | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AI | 194 | 17 | 41 | 252 | 481 | 1 |
Artificial intelligence | 125 | 66 | 38 | 229 | ||
IoT | 33 | 11 | 6 | 50 | 89 | 2 |
Internet of things | 27 | 7 | 5 | 39 | ||
BlockChain | 55 | 11 | 9 | 75 | 75 | 3 |
6G | 16 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 35 | 4 |
5G | 9 | 5 | 3 | 17 | 17 | 5 |
3D Printing | 5 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 12 | 6 |
Cluster | Domain-Related Keywords | Technology-Related Keywords |
---|---|---|
Blue | Healthcare (Digital heath), Medicine, Dentistry | AI (Machine learning), Robotics, digitalization, new technology |
Green | Business, Organizations, Logistics, Government | AI (Augmented reality), Digital, Automation, RPA |
Yellow | Agriculture, Smart farming, Industry | AI (Deep learning), Internet technology, Internet of things |
Red | Education, Society, Smart city, Environment, | AI (applications), Cloud computing, Big Data, Blockchain |
Aspect | Positive Impact | Negative Impact |
---|---|---|
Diagnosis | Improved accuracy, velocity, and consistency of medical actions. | Limited clinical validity in certain complex cases. |
Treatment | Personalized treatment plans for patient’s particular situation. | Ethical concerns and accountability in cases of misdiagnosis. |
Clinical Trials | Are efficient and cost-effective due to AI. | - |
Predictive Medicine | Improved early intervention, reliable and fast screening. | - |
Healthcare Access | Improved access to medical services due to lower costs. | - |
Operations | Streamlined workflows and resource management. | Job losses in certain areas. |
Research | Enhanced medical research. | - |
Data Privacy | - | Concerns over data privacy and security. |
Adoption | - | Resistance to change and skepticism from healthcare employees |
Cost | - | High cost, in the short run, for development and implementation. |
Impact on | Disruptive Feature | Disruptive Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Healthcare: patient data such as laboratory results, wearable devices’ data, genomic data, medical imaging | Has positive aspects such as improved management of patient medical history but also generates plenty of legal and ethical issues. | Blockchain and AI | [ ] |
Medicine: guided surgery and advanced imaging | Development of new surgical methods based on previous procedures, a revolution in spinal care via AI, Robotic assistance decreases surgeon fatigue. | AI: Robots, ML, and DL | [ , , ] |
Healthcare in COVID-19 pandemic | Robots used intensively for distribution of food and medicine to ill persons, assisting elderly people, biopsies (with Endoscopy bots); 3D prosthetics printing. | AI: Robots and 3D printing AI and blockchain | [ , ] |
Healthcare support in HR process of hiring medical personnel | AI aids HR with respect to finding and vetting potential healthcare workers. In addition, it has great potential as a cognitive assistant but cannot replace humans. | AI | [ ] |
Healthcare by Healthcare 5.0 | EXAI is a revolutionary AI innovation that enhances clinical healthcare procedures and provides transparency to predictive analysis. | AI: Explainable AI, Healthcare 5.0 | [ ] |
Medicine by Surgery 4.0 | The digital transformation of surgery. | AI: AR/VR, 3D printing | [ ] |
Dentistry | Revolutionizes dental medicine’s diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. | AI | [ , ] |
Medicine: ethical issues | AI algorithms can be inaccurate, which leads to low clinical judgment and unfavorable patient outcomes. | AI and ML | [ ] |
Disruptive Technology | Impact on Logistics | Impacts on Transportation | References |
---|---|---|---|
AI | Terminal operation (e.g., identifying ill passengers and luggage controls to facilitate efficiency in terms of human logistics within railways and airports), congestion mitigation, and traffic flow prediction | Vehicle routing, optimal route suggestion | [ , ] |
Autonomous vehicles | Indirect impacts | Individual vehicles and groups of vehicles traveling together, e.g., platoons; features wireless communication | [ ] |
Automated robots | Short-distance deliveries | Mainly based on economic viability, accessibility to the public, acceptance by different stakeholders, and benefits associated with their use | [ , ] |
Drones | Low impact | Provide access to unreachable areas and future use in last-mile delivery | [ , ] |
3D printing | Disrupts traditional manufacturing and logistics processes | Indirect impacts/consequences | [ , , ] |
Big Data | Enhance collaborative shipping, forecast demand, and manage supply chains | Real-time traffic flows, aid the navigation of ocean vessels, forecast train delays, adjust ocean vessel speeds, manage infrastructure maintenance, optimize truck fill rates, increase transport safety, locate charging stations, improve parking policies | [ ] |
IoT | Low impact | IoT is the backbone that supports vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-person, and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications | [ ] |
Blockchain | Exacerbates data-sharing provenance issues, ownership registry issues, and issues including trust, privacy, and transparency | Track-and-trace affordances; credit evaluation; increases transportation visibility; strengthens transportation security—including with respect to shipping and ports—regarding the tracking of goods; reduces inefficiencies due to extensive paperwork; and reduces disputes regarding logistics of goods | [ ] |
Electric Vehicles | Impacts on urban consolidation centers, off-peak distribution (wherein its environmental benefits are important) | City deliveries involving small vehicles—vans and bikes—as well as medium-duty trucks and also heavy-duty trucks | [ , ] |
Aspect | Positive Impact(s) | Negative Impact(s) |
---|---|---|
Fleet Management | Decreased downtime; increased efficiency through vehicle allocation optimization. | System failures may occur; increased costs for installation and maintenance may be incurred. |
Product’s delivery | Maximized efficiency; minimized delivery time and costs. | Delivery workers may lose their jobs. |
Supply Chain Management | Route optimization; reduced consumption; facilitates cleaner environment. | Ethical issues such as lack of accountability for supply chain disruptions. |
Traffic Management | Optimized traffic flow; reduced congestion; optimized routes. | Privacy concerns due to surveillance; potential job losses for traffic officers. |
Environmental Sustainability | Reduced carbon emissions; increased efficiency of fuel consumption. | Dependence on technology leads to greater energy consumption. |
Safeness | Superior driver assistance; fewer accidents. | Ethical issues regarding autonomous vehicles; potential job losses for drivers. |
Impact on | Disruptive Feature | Disruptive Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Logistics and Transportation | Impacts L and T and the opportunities to support management decisions in the L industry. | Autonomous vehicles, automated robots, drones, 3D printing, big data, IoT, blockchain, electric vehicles | [ , ] |
Enhance the sustainability and resilience of L and green L (green distribution, reverse L, and green warehousing) | Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), smart robots | [ , , , ] | |
Logistics by LSP | Expand the boundaries of supply chain traceability, transparency, accuracy, and safety | Blockchain, IoT, and bigdata | [ ] |
Labor market: new jobs created | Require specialized technical knowledge to develop and operate them; new jobs are being created; new skills need to be developed | NLP, ML, reasoning, computer vision | [ , ] |
Labor market: jobs taken | Replacing human laborers to reduce expenditures | RPA | [ ] |
Aspect | Positive Impact(s) | Negative Impact(s) |
---|---|---|
Job Creation | New AI-related jobs. | Job losses due to tasks replaced by AI. |
Skill Development | Opportunities for skill development and upskilling. | Reduced demand for certain skills and job losses for workers. |
Productivity | Automation increases efficiency and reduces manual labor. | Increased dependence on technology. |
Wage disparities | Wage raises for high-skilled workers. | Wage decreases for low-skilled workers. |
Working Conditions | Improved safety; reduced physical labor. | Technological addiction; ethical implications related to AI. |
Sectors | Positive Impacts | Negative Impacts |
---|---|---|
Agricultural research | Innovations in predictive analytics, disease control, and breeding programs. | Disparities with respect to access to research. |
Labor force in Agriculture | Reduced manual labor tasks | Job losses due to task automation. |
Livestock management | Improved decision making through data analysis | Privacy concerns regarding data collection and analysis. |
Crop production and Precision agriculture | Increased crop yields and profitability. | Potential system failures; high costs of implementation. |
Smart farming | Water is saved via smart irrigation; crop diseases can be identified on site. | Limited access to Internet; chaotic regional development. |
Impact on | Disruptive Feature | Disruptive Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Farming | Smart irrigation systems (Skydrop) | AI and weather forecast | [ ] |
Keeps track of the mental and emotional states of animals | AI-based recognition technology | [ , ] | |
Innovations in the market of aquaponics: intelligent management system for aquaculture | AI | [ , ] | |
Krops: disrupts the old buying and selling practices | AI techniques and Azzure | [ , ] | |
Identification of pest and crop diseases and provision of vigor and water stress indices | AI-based image recognition via satellite or drone image analysis | [ , ] | |
Smart farming and urban farming | AI and blockchain | [ ] | |
Agriculture Supply Chain (ASC) | Real-time, data-driven ASC | Blockchain, AI, IoT, and 3D printing | [ , ] |
Impact on | Disruptive Feature | Disruptive Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Education: management of academic organizations | Lack of physical (human) supervisor. | AI, blockchain | [ , ] |
Education: Sports | AI poses unethical concerns involving the transformation of athletes into cyborgs (1) and the robotization of training and judgement processes (2). | AI: robotics, enhanced vision, AR/VR | [ ] |
Education: emergence of Education 4.0 | A lack of interaction between students and professors, robotization of education. | AI, robotics, blockchain, 3D printing, 5G, IoT, digital twins, and augmented reality | [ , , , ] |
Education 4.0 should integrate Industry 4.0 concepts into academic curricula | Rapid and massive disruption to all sectors in terms of demand for occupations and skills | 13 key technologies: IoT, big data, 3D printing, cloud computing, AR, VR/AR, cyber-physical systems, AI, smart sensors, simulation, nanotechnology, drones, and biotechnology | [ ] |
Education: Instructors and students | Enhances the integrity of educational experiences | IoT | [ ] |
Education: engineering students and professors | Generates a paradigm shift in engineering education | 4IR boosted by AI | [ , ]. |
Education: dentistry students | Dental students can be trained using full-body robots | Robotics | [ , ] |
Aspect | Positive Impact | Negative Impact |
---|---|---|
Personalized Learning | Customized learning experiences for students. | Eliminates social interactions. |
Skill Development | AI-based skill development for instructors and students. | Reduced demand for certain skills and job losses for educators. |
Teaching | Improved teaching efficiency and effectiveness. | Decreased face-to-face interaction; automation leads to job losses for educators. |
Assessment | More accurate and efficient assessments. | Lack of accountability for assessment outcomes, i.e., who is to blame in case of errors? |
Equity | Improved equity in education; reduced educational disparities. | Data collection and analysis create privacy concerns. |
Accessibility | Improved accessibility to education; reduced costs of education. | Dependence on technology may lead to potential system failures and unavailability of data. |
Aspect | Positive Impact | Negative Impact |
---|---|---|
Employment | decrease in manual labor; development of new jobs. | some professions may become obsolete; pay gap between low- and high-skilled individuals. |
Healthcare | enhanced patient care; lower medical expenses. | health data privacy issues; job losses for healthcare workers. |
Education | customized learning; minimized educational costs. | technology dependency; possible loss of teaching positions. |
Entertainment | enhanced production and distribution of content. | reduced face-to-face engagement and social skills. |
Communication | high accessibility; fewer language obstacles | addiction to technology. |
Privacy | enhanced data security | privacy issues due to data collection and analysis |
Aspect Impacted | Positive Impact | Negative Impact |
---|---|---|
Urban planning | effective urban planning. | benefit- and access-related disparities. |
Environmental sustainability | better air quality; low carbon emissions. | technological addiction may lead to system breakdowns. |
Traffic management | improved traffic flow; less congestion; route optimization. | surveillance privacy concerns; job losses for traffic officers. |
Waste management | enhanced waste collection and management; waste reduction. | job loss; potential system failures. |
Citizen’s Satisfaction | improved quality of life. | ethical and moral issues. |
Energy management | Energy benefits via AI-monitored energy usage; reduced energy consumption. | AI systems consume more energy, which might negate any environmental benefits. |
Aspects | Positive Impact | Negative Impact |
---|---|---|
Public Service Delivery | reduced wait times; customized public services. | privacy issues concerning data collection; job losses for government employees. |
Public Safety | predictive policing; improved emergency response times. | ethical concerns regarding biased algorithms and predictive policing. |
Public Decision Making | high accuracy and reduced bias; enhanced data analysis. | Algorithm-related ethical concerns; lack of accountability for decisions made by AI. |
Elections | increased participation; reduced voting fraud. | Algorithm-related ethical concerns; lack of accountability for AI decisions. |
Public Fraud Detection | high accuracy of detection; fewer fraudulent activities. | data collection concerns. |
Impact on | Disruptive Feature(s) | Disruptive Technologies | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Society | It is an essential tool to national security and a major element of achieving the country’s dream of national rejuvenation | AI chatbots: AI and big data | [ ] |
Society 5.0—a highly integrated cyber and physical platform—is constructed, with people playing a prominent role | Industry 5.0/Society 5.0 | [ ] | |
AIoT is disrupting the public sector. | Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) | [ ] | |
Smart cities | Precipitates both positive and negative effects in the business world | Blockchain combined with AI, Cloud and IoT | [ ] |
Integration between smart cities, construction, and real estate | Smart Tech 4.0 | [ , ] | |
The development of a prosperous and powerful smart city economy | CNN and/or AIA | [ ] | |
Smart government | humans replaced by machines (negation of 3000 jobs) | AI, RPA, and Big data | [ ] |
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Share and Cite
Păvăloaia, V.-D.; Necula, S.-C. Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology—A Systematic Literature Review. Electronics 2023 , 12 , 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051102
Păvăloaia V-D, Necula S-C. Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology—A Systematic Literature Review. Electronics . 2023; 12(5):1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051102
Păvăloaia, Vasile-Daniel, and Sabina-Cristiana Necula. 2023. "Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology—A Systematic Literature Review" Electronics 12, no. 5: 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051102
Article Metrics
Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
![MDPI Open Access Journals MDPI](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1721387811)
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
![related research literature sample ACCME](https://accme.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/accme-logo-1.png)
Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education
About the standards.
The Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education are designed to:
- Ensure that accredited continuing education serves the needs of patients and the public
- Present learners with only accurate, balanced, scientifically justified recommendations
- Assure learners they can trust accredited continuing education to help them deliver, safe, effective, cost-effective, and compassionate care that is based on best practice and evidence
- Create a clear, unbridgeable separation between accredited continuing education and marketing and sales.
The Standards were released in December 2020 and went into effect on January 1, 2022, replacing the Standards for Commercial Support: Standards to Ensure Independence in CME Activities.
Accredited CME providers need to comply with the Standards that are applicable to their organizations by January 1, 2022.
Adoption by Accrediting Bodies
The Standards have been adopted by accrediting bodies representing multiple health professions and the principles are incorporated into international guidelines for continuing professional development for health professionals.
- Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME)
- Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
- American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
- American Academy of PAs (AAPA)
- American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)
- American Osteopathic Association (AOA)
- Association of Regulatory Boards of Optometry’s Council on Optometric Practitioner Education (ARBO/COPE)
- Joint Accreditation for Interprofessional Continuing Education™
The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature
This essay about the importance of artistic language in literary expression explores how various techniques, such as metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole, enhance the reader’s experience. It discusses how these linguistic tools evoke emotions, create vivid imagery, and add depth to narratives. The essay highlights the role of figurative language in literature, poetry, and everyday speech, emphasizing its power to shape perceptions, convey complex emotions, and enrich communication.
How it works
Artistic language is a vital component of literary expression, using a different technique, to transport values on a word for word interpretation of words. These linguistic instruments enrich experience of reader, causing emotions, dyeing bright pictures, and adding difficulty to the story. Confession of the second is created from an artistic language, for example metaphors, comparisons, embodiment, and overstatement, their understanding of unique contributions helps to enter to riches and texture of text.
In his heart, an artistic language creates comparisons and cleating a word for word language of that can not attain.
Metaphors and comparisons, for example, draw parallels between unrelated things, providing the new penetrating and prospects. Metaphor that declares, that one thing – second, for example “Time is a thief,” offers, the refined expensive time can steal moments from our the lives. Comparison, using or “in relation to comparable, for example “Her smile was such itself bright how a sun,” creates a clear and relatable picture in the mind of reader. These comparisons engage a reader and deepen their understanding to the theme.
Embodiment, adding human descriptions to the superhuman objects, brings lifeless objects over, animals, whether abstract concepts to sense, doing narrative anymore dynamic and relatable. Describing a gale how “angry” or speaking to “wind secrets, what whispered, through trees” gives the emotions of man of nature and action, allowing to the readers to unite emotionally with a settlement and events of history.
Overstatement, whether intentional overstatement, does an accent on a point or causes the strong feelings. Phrases like I “have million or “This bag times” told you weighs a ton” is taken under attention, to be taken word for word but distinguish a value or intensity of situation. Then created from an artistic language can add a humour, drama, whether accent to limning, doing then memorable and effective.
An artistic language is unreserved a poetry and prose; he also penetrates daily language and different created from communication. Idioms, general phrases with artistic values, demonstrate, how deeply ingrained artistic language is in our daily conversations. Expressions for example “stretch out feet” for death or “pour out bobs” for the exposure of secret show, how an artistic language adds a color and nuance to our communication.
In literature, the strategic use of artistic language forms tone and humour of piece, influences on perception of reader of characters and settlements, and distinguishes themes and leit-motifs. For example, in works of William of Shakespeare, an artistic language enriches text and emotions of conveys complex and idea. In “Romeo and Yuliya,” metaphor of Yuliya, as a sun lifts her status on eyes Romeo, illuminating her importance and his intensity of love.
An artistic language is also critical in a poetry, where the economy of words requires, that every phrase had substantial influence. Poets like Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost use an artistic language, to make more compact the complicated emotions and ideas in a few words, creating a powerful vividness and emotional resonance. Dickinson “Nadzieja of line – a thing with a feather” personifikuje a hope how a bird, taking his delicate yet patient nature in an only, memorable picture.
In summary, figurative language is an essential tool for writers, poets, and speakers. It enhances the expressiveness and depth of language, allowing for more creative and impactful communication. By understanding and appreciating the various forms of figurative language, readers can gain deeper insights into texts, enriching their reading experience. Whether in literature or everyday conversations, figurative language continues to shape and color our understanding of the world, making it a vital aspect of effective communication.
![related research literature sample owl](https://papersowl.com/examples/wp-content/themes/papersowl/assets/img/paperowl-s.png)
Cite this page
The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature. (2024, Jul 21). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/
"The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature." PapersOwl.com , 21 Jul 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/
PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/ [Accessed: 22 Jul. 2024]
"The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature." PapersOwl.com, Jul 21, 2024. Accessed July 22, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/
"The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature," PapersOwl.com , 21-Jul-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/. [Accessed: 22-Jul-2024]
PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Importance and Effect of Figurative Language in Literature . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-importance-and-effect-of-figurative-language-in-literature/ [Accessed: 22-Jul-2024]
Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade
Hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs.
![image owl](https://papersowl.com/examples/wp-content/uploads/cache/thumb/3b/f5fc338141cf43b_350x350.png)
Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!
Please check your inbox.
You can order an original essay written according to your instructions.
Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide
1. Tell Us Your Requirements
2. Pick your perfect writer
3. Get Your Paper and Pay
Hi! I'm Amy, your personal assistant!
Don't know where to start? Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert.
short deadlines
100% Plagiarism-Free
Certified writers
![related research literature sample Cart](https://hbr.org/resources/css/images/cart-icon.png)
- SUGGESTED TOPICS
- The Magazine
- Newsletters
- Managing Yourself
- Managing Teams
- Work-life Balance
- The Big Idea
- Data & Visuals
- Reading Lists
- Case Selections
- HBR Learning
- Topic Feeds
- Account Settings
- Email Preferences
Research: People Still Want to Work. They Just Want Control Over Their Time.
- Stephanie Tepper
- Neil Lewis, Jr.
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2024/07/Jul24_18_1419556699.jpg)
It’s a strong predictor for how satisfied they are with their work — and their lives.
To better understand the role that control over one’s time plays in job and life satisfaction, the authors analyzed survey data from a nationally representative sample. They found: 1) People who had greater control over their time had the highest job satisfaction and overall satisfaction with their lives, 2) Those who felt a sense of time scarcity had less satisfaction with their jobs and were less satisfied with their lives, 3) The number of hours people worked was not related to how satisfied people were with their jobs, and 4) For those who had more control over their time, feeling time scarcity did not undermine their job satisfaction as much as it did for those who had less control over their time. Employers should therefore create and tailor flexible work policies to meet diverse employee needs, fostering satisfaction and retention.
Workers — particularly those considered “ knowledge workers ” who are able to do most if not all of their work with a laptop and an internet connection — have been fighting for the right to maintain control over their time for years. While working from home in 2020 and 2021, they demonstrated to their bosses that they are able to maintain, or in some cases even increase , their productivity while working flexibly. Their bosses, on the other hand, have been pulling them in the opposite direction; executives and managers have been fighting to get workers back into the offices that companies are paying a lot of money to lease. This struggle has affected workers and companies alike. Workers quit en masse during a period that became known as “ the Great Resignation ,” and employers who instituted return-to-office mandates have struggled to hire and retain top talent . Now, especially with Gen Z making up an increasing share of the working population and the conversations around hybrid work and returning to the office stagnating, demands for increased flexibility in work arrangements are still top of mind for many employees and job seekers.
- ST Stephanie Tepper is a behavioral scientist who studies behavioral and policy interventions to reduce economic inequality and promote economic opportunity. She is an Associate Fellow at the U.S. Office of Evaluation Sciences and a Postdoctoral Scholar at Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy at Cornell University.
- NL Dr. Neil Lewis Jr is a behavioral scientist who studies the motivational, behavioral, and equity implications of social interventions and policies. He is a Nancy and Peter Meinig Family Investigator in the Life Sciences at Cornell University and Weill Cornell Medicine, where he is also associate professor of communication, medicine, and public policy.
Partner Center
Intolerance of Uncertainty, Drinking Motives, and Alcohol Consumption in a Community Sample of Emerging Adults
- original article
- Published: 17 July 2024
Cite this article
- Alyssa N. Gorkin 1 &
- Kristen G. Anderson 1
23 Accesses
3 Altmetric
Explore all metrics
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), a disposition to see uncertainty as negative, is a unique construct associated with a number of internalizing disorders and has been a target in cognitive behavioral interventions. Given the overlap between internalizing disorders and alcohol use, exploring IU in the context of drinking behavior provides a promising area of inquiry. Past work identified associations between IU and drinking motives, important predictors of alcohol-related outcomes, with less work examining drinking behavior.
We explored the role of IU and drinking motives on drinking patterns and potentially problematic drinking in a community sample of emerging adults (18–25 years).
Survey data was collected from 551 emerging adults ( Mage = 22.26, SD = 2.25; 42.50% cisgender women, 42.28% cisgender men, 9.44% gender diverse; 37.93% white; 16.18% Hispanic/Latine) using an online participant recruitment tool. Participants completed demographic questions, motivations for drinking (DMQ-R), quantity and frequency of alcohol use (DDQ-R), potentially problematic drinking behavior (AUDIT), and attitudes towards uncertainty with a two-factor and single factor operationalization (IUS-27 and IUS-12).
Across models, statistically significant indirect effects were found, such that greater IU was associated with higher coping and enhancement motives and increased average and maximum drinks per week and AUDIT scores.
While consistent with the prior literature, novel relations were found between IU and drinking indices via drinking motives. Future work should explore relations between IU and drinking outcomes longitudinally and whether interventions targeting IU have benefit in the prevention of maladaptive alcohol use.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Subscribe and save.
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)
Instant access to the full article PDF.
Rent this article via DeepDyve
Institutional subscriptions
![related research literature sample](https://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10608-024-10512-x/MediaObjects/10608_2024_10512_Fig1_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Drinking motives mediate the relationship between facets of mindfulness and problematic alcohol use.
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png)
Intolerance of Uncertainty in Relation to Motives for Alcohol Use
![related research literature sample related research literature sample](https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11121-019-0986-x/MediaObjects/11121_2019_986_Fig1_HTML.png)
Pathways from Positive, Negative, and Specific Alcohol Expectancies to Weekday and Weekend Drinking to Alcohol Problems
Allen, J. P., Litten, R. Z., Fertig, J. B., & Babor, T. (1997). A review of research on the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research , 21 (4), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03811.x .
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bimstein, J. G., O’Bryan, E. M., Jean, A., & McLeish, A. C. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty, negative reinforcement alcohol use motives, and hazardous drinking in college students with clinically elevated worry. Substance Use & Misuse , 58 (10), 1254–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2215318 .
Article Google Scholar
Boelen, P. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2012). Intolerance of uncertainty, hypochondriacal concerns, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and worry. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 200 (3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318247cb17 .
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 23 (1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007 .
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty: A common factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 69 (6), 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21965 .
Bresin, K., & Mekawi, Y. (2021). The why of drinking matters: A meta-analysis of the association between drinking motives and drinking outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 45 (1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14518 .
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 39 , 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007 .
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 21 (1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 .
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 26 (3), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011 .
Collins, R. L., Parks, G. A., & Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Social determinants of alcohol consumption: The effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 (2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.53.2.189 .
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Collins, J. L., Link to external site, this link will open in a new window, Sherry, S. B., McKee, K., Thompson, K., & Stewart, S. H. (2021). Do drinking motives and drinking contexts mediate the relationship between social avoidance and alcohol problems? Evidence from two studies of undergraduate drinkers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction , 19 (2), 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00092-3 .
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment , 6 (2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.117 .
Dar, K. A., Iqbal, N., & Mushtaq, A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, depression, and anxiety: Examining the indirect and moderating effects of worry. Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 29 , 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.017 .
Embree, B. G., & Whitehead, P. C. (1993). Validity and reliability of self-reported drinking behavior: Dealing with the problem of response bias. Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 54 (3), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1993.54.334 .
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences , 17 (6), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5 .
Gilligan, C., Anderson, K. G., Ladd, B. O., Yong, Y. M., & David, M. (2019). Inaccuracies in survey reporting of alcohol consumption. BMC Public Health , 19 , 6139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7987-3 .
Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Hasin, D. S. (2015). Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on Alcohol and related conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry , 72 (8), 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584 .
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hartman, R., Moss, A. J., Jaffe, S. N., Rosenzweig, C., Litman, L., & Robinson, J. (2024). Introducing connect by CloudResearch: Advancing online participant recruitment in the digital age . https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ksgyr .
Hingson, R. W., Zha, W., & Weitzman, E. R. (2009). Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18–24, 1998–2005. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Supplement , 16 , 12–20.
Jackson, K. M. (2016). A developmental perspective on substance involvement from adolescence to emerging adulthood. In S. A. Brown, & R. Zucker (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Substance Abuse (pp. 37–74). Oxford University Press.
Khawaja, N. G., & Yu, L. N. H. (2010). A comparison of the 27-item and 12-item intolerance of uncertainty scales. Clinical Psychologist , 14 (3), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2010.502542 .
Kraemer, K. M., McLeish, A. C., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2015). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in terms of alcohol use motives among college students. Addictive Behaviors , 42 , 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.033 .
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Engels, R., & Gmel, G. (2007). Drinking motives as mediators of the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 68 (1), 76–85. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2007.68.76 .
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide, Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oglesby, M. E., Albanese, B. J., Chavarria, J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Intolerance of uncertainty in relation to motives for alcohol use. Cognitive Therapy and Research , 39 (3), 356–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9665-1 .
Paltell, K. C., Zakeri, E., Gorka, S., S. M., & Berenz, E. C. (2022). PTSD symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and alcohol-related outcomes among trauma-exposed college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research , 46 (4), 776–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10302-3 .
Patrick, M. E., Terry-McElrath, Y. M., Evans-Polce, R. J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2020). Negative alcohol-related consequences experienced by young adults in the past 12 months: Differences by college attendance, living situation, binge drinking, and sex. Addictive Behaviors , 105 , 106320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106320 .
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Prousky, J. E. (2015). Intolerance of uncertainty: A cognitive vulnerability related to the etiology of social anxiety disorder. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry , 17 (3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.17.3.159 .
Qualtrics (2023). Qualtrics (Version 2023) [Computer software].
Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: Validating the factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Psychological Assessment , 21 (2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015827 .
Shaver, J. A., Veilleux, J. C., & Ham, L. S. (2013). Meta-emotions as predictors of drinking to cope: A comparison of competing models. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 27 (4), 1019–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033999 .
Stamates, A. L., Yang, M., & Lau-Barraco, C. (2023). Validation of the brief Young Adult Alcohol consequences Questionnaire among student and nonstudent young adults. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 31 (3), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000615 .
StataCorp. (2023). Stata statistical software: Release 18 . StataCorp LLC.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2023). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP23-07-01-006, NSDUH Series H-58). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2022-nsduh-annual-national-report .
Sudhinaraset, M., Wigglesworth, C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2016). Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews , 38 (1), 35–45.
PubMed Google Scholar
Download references
Reed College Science Research Fellowship Program (A. Gorkin).
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Department of Psychology, Adolescent Health Research Program, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
Alyssa N. Gorkin & Kristen G. Anderson
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Kristen G. Anderson .
Additional information
Publisher’s note.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Gorkin, A.N., Anderson, K.G. Intolerance of Uncertainty, Drinking Motives, and Alcohol Consumption in a Community Sample of Emerging Adults. Cogn Ther Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10512-x
Download citation
Accepted : 04 July 2024
Published : 17 July 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-024-10512-x
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
- Intolerance of uncertainty
- Drinking motives
- Emerging adults
- Alcohol use
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
A review of related literature (RRL) is a part of the research report that examines significant studies, theories, and concepts published in scholarly sources on a particular topic. An RRL includes 3 main components: A short overview and critique of the previous research.
Tips on how to write a review of related literature in research. Given that you will probably need to produce a number of these at some point, here are a few general tips on how to write an effective review of related literature 2. Define your topic, audience, and purpose: You will be spending a lot of time with this review, so choose a topic ...
INTRODUCTION. A review of literature is a classification and evaluation of what accredited scholars and. researchers have written on a topic, organized according to a guiding concept such as a ...
The literature review opening/introduction section; The theoretical framework (or foundation of theory) The empirical research; The research gap; The closing section; We then progress to the sample literature review (from an A-grade Master's-level dissertation) to show how these concepts are applied in the literature review chapter. You can ...
Quality research is about building onto the existing work of others, "standing on the shoulders of giants", as Newton put it.The literature review chapter of your dissertation, thesis or research project is where you synthesise this prior work and lay the theoretical foundation for your own research.. Long story short, this chapter is a pretty big deal, which is why you want to make sure ...
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research. There are five key steps to writing a literature review: Search for relevant literature. Evaluate sources. Identify themes, debates and gaps.
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that ...
Demonstrate your knowledge of the research topic. Identify the gaps in the literature and show how your research links to these. Provide the foundation for your conceptual framework (if you have one) Inform your own methodology and research design. To achieve this, your literature review needs a well-thought-out structure.
Answer: Conducting a review of related literature (RRL) is a crucial step in the process of writing an MBA dissertation. To perform a thorough RRL, start by identifying key themes and concepts relevant to your dissertation topic. Utilize academic databases and journals to search for scholarly articles, books, and other sources that provide ...
Definition. A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research. In a literature review, you're expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions. If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain: the objective ...
Links to sample Literature Reviews from other libraries. Sample literature reviews from University of West Florida. Standalone Literature Reviews. Attitudes towards the Disability in Ireland. Martin, A., O'Connor-Fenelon, M. and Lyons, R. (2010). Non-verbal communication between nurses and people with an intellectual disability: A review of the ...
It is also recommended that you shortlist a good reference management software like Zotero to manage your bibliographic data and related research materials. During the literature review process and at the writing stage. 1. Identify relevant literature: The first and foremost step to conduct an RRL is to identify relevant literature. You can do ...
Themes or Topics: Organize the literature by themes or topics relevant to your research. Sub-theme 1: Summarize key studies, including methodologies, findings, and conclusions. Sub-theme 2: Continue summarizing studies, focusing on different aspects or variables. Sub-theme 3: Include any additional relevant studies.
A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship ...
A synthesis matrix helps you record the main points of each source and document how sources relate to each other. After summarizing and evaluating your sources, arrange them in a matrix or use a citation manager to help you see how they relate to each other and apply to each of your themes or variables. By arranging your sources by theme or ...
A Critical Paper: The Miseducation of the Filipinos. Ezekiel Succor. Download Free PDF. View PDF. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers.
1. Narrative Review Examples. Also known as a traditional literature review, the narrative review provides a broad overview of the studies done on a particular topic. It often includes both qualitative and quantitative studies and may cover a wide range of years. The narrative review's purpose is to identify commonalities, gaps, and ...
A literature review is a compilation of current knowledge on a particular topic derived from the critical evaluation of different scholarly sources such as books, articles, and publications, which is then presented in an organized manner to relate to a specific research problem being investigated. It highlights the methods, relevant theories, and gaps in existing research on a particular ...
A literature review is an integrated analysis of scholarly sources. You evaluate the existing literature on a similar topic as yours to understand the problem you are trying to solve. Your literature review should include all concepts, models, and frameworks associated with the topic under investigation. All the critical theories about the ...
Home; Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style; Chicago (Author-Date) Toggle Dropdown Turabian ; MLA Style; Sample Literature Reviews
This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature review assignment. Home; Steps for Conducting a Lit Review ... MLA Style This link opens in a new window; Sample Literature Reviews. Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts; Have an exemplary literature review? Get Help! Sample Lit Reviews from ...
Related Literature In this part of the research study, the researchers will include all the related literature and studies, providing five (5) literatures and five (5) studies. Peperomia pellucida, locally known as "ulasimang-bato" or "pansit-pansitan", has long been used in Philippine traditional medicine for its analgesic, anti ...
Literature reviews, research projects, case studies, and notes from the field are common examples. Primary vs. secondary sources: Primary sources are articles written by people directly involved in what they were writing about, including: News reports and photographs, diaries and novels, films and videos, speeches and autobiographies, as well ...
Discover the examples of research delimitations to use in your academic papers. ... focusing solely on work-related productivity factors. 2. Methodological delimitations. ... including literature reviews, lab reports, and thesis writing. With a sharp analytical mind and a deep understanding of academic standards, Stella offers invaluable advice ...
The current research revealed that the majority of recent publications (which were included in the literature analysis) offer a positive connotation regarding the disruptive influence of edge technologies, and the top five examples (based on sentiment analysis of titles and abstracts) of such edge technologies include AI, the IoT, blockchain ...
Standards are designed to ensure that accredited continuing education serves the needs of patients and the public, is based on valid content, and is free from commercial influence.
In literature, the strategic use of artistic language forms tone and humour of piece, influences on perception of reader of characters and settlements, and distinguishes themes and leit-motifs. For example, in works of William of Shakespeare, an artistic language enriches text and emotions of conveys complex and idea.
To better understand the role that control over one's time plays in job and life satisfaction, the authors analyzed survey data from a nationally representative sample. They found: 1) People who ...
Understanding why emerging adults choose to drink has implications for both prevention and treatment of alcohol-related problems. Drinking motives, or reasons for use, are believed to be the proximal cognitive antecedents to drinking behavior (Cooper, 1994; Kuntsche et al., 2007).Drinking motives are commonly divided into four factors: (1) social (drinking in social settings to be more ...