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Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Sports: Fostering Unity and Individual Growth

Table of contents, advantages of team sports, disadvantages of team sports, striking a balance, 1. teamwork and collaboration, 2. social interaction and camaraderie, 3. discipline and time management, 4. physical fitness and health, 1. pressure and performance stress, 2. conflict and team dynamics, 3. time commitment, 4. injury risk.

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 98.
Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., & Tamminen, K. A. (2020). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 223-245.
Lucas-Carrasco, R., & Skevington, S. M. (2011). Cultural issues in quality of life measurement: The role of personal values, relatives' values and cultural values among three cultural groups. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 6(3), 261-281.
Parnell, D., Curran, K., & Philpott, M. (2015). The health and well-being of young people in the Republic of Ireland: A review of the literature. Health Education, 115(5), 420-436.
Vella, S. A., Oades, L. G., & Crowe, T. P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(5), 549-561.

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The Social and Academic Benefits of Team Sports

Team sports are about so much more than their physical benefits. This is especially so when group sports activities are incorporated into a young person ’s life. Studies have shown a direct correlation between physical activity and academic p erformance. A University of Kansas study looking at the performance of students in grades 9 to 12 showed that more than 97% of student athletes graduated high school, 10% higher than those students who had never participated in sports. Athletes were also shown to have better G.P.A. outcomes than non-athletes.

This might have to do with the increased cognitive ability that comes from playing sports. Physical activity naturally increases blood flow to the brain and activates endorphins, chemicals that are released when you exercise. Endorphins can impact your mood and work performance, meaning athletes may be more willing and capable of tackling that next big problem.

Team sports can also help with emotional development. Research published by the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute states that exercise can lead to a unique state of short-term relaxation. That relaxation can promote increased concentration, better memory, enhanced creativity, more effective problem solving, and an improved mood — all benefits that will extend into the classroom.

Team athletes are constantly working with a slate of other people, many of whom can become positive role models along the way. Team sports foster mentorship between older players and younger players, coaches and athletes, and more. Coaches in particular can play an important role in a young athlete ’s life. Players who have positive sports mentors when they’re young are also more likely to seek effective role models throughout their life.

Soft skills are personal attributes that allow people to build positive social relationships. Team sports are an excellent source of soft skills development, as they allow athletes to grow within a supportive environment. Here are just a few of the soft skills fostered through team sports:

Communication Skills

While it might not be as obvious as sitting down and discussing a group project, team sports take a lot of communication — both spoken and unspoken. Communication skills are key in maintaining a functioning sports team, whether it’s listening to locker room pep talk, picking up on nonverbal cues given by other players, or expressing a thought during a post-game debrief.

As Jill Prudden said in her book "Coaching Girl’s Basketball Successfully ,” players are expected to express their concerns, hopes, and disappointments to their coaches and their teammates. She also encourages her players to seek feedback from coaches as well as their classroom teachers, as a result fostering communications skills that will help them succeed in their academic endeavors.

Decisive Action

Sports plays happen fast, and athletes develop the skills needed to make effective snap decisions. Whether it ’s a basketball player deciding to shoot or a soccer player realizing his best move is to pass to a teammate for the assist, athletes learn critical decision-making skills that will benefit them both during and after game time.

Any athlete who has played in a championship game knows the meaning of pressure. Sports create an environment where athletes learn to conquer their natural “fight or flight” instinct to make consistent and difficult decisions under high pressure situations. This ability to function under pressure translates to person who is better at making deadlines and working in stressful situations in the future.

This is an obvious one. Teamwork is all about collaborating with others to reach a common goal. The diverse pairing of personalities and scenarios will help your athlete become adaptable, persistent, and patient. Team sports also teach a sense of group and individual responsibility.

Being on a team with a dozen or more of your peers is an excellent way to recognize the individual talents each person brings to the table. As the Janssen Sports Leadership Center says, working with teammates teaches athletes important life skills such as to respect one another, act in unselfish ways, make good decisions on behalf of the team, and not cut corners.

Time Management

The time commitment required by athletes can be comparable to that of a full-time job. Think of all the different commitments an athlete needs to juggle: competitions, strength and conditioning, team meetings, sports physiotherapy — and these are just the sports-related obligations!

Necessity demands that athletes learn valuable time management skills, otherwise they would never be able to keep up with academics and sport. Effective time management planning is part of why a recent article published by Fast Company argues employers should consider hiring a former student athlete.

Team athletes know that every second counts, and this value of time will translate to their everyday life. As Shannon Miller, a member of the 1992 and 1996 United States Olympic women ’s gymnastics team told Forbes , she kept a schedule that was almost minute by minute when she was an athlete. This careful planning and precision helps athletes focus on reaching their goals sooner than non-athletes.

Build Self-Esteem and a Sense of Community

Team sports are said to bolster the five C’s: competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring. At the heart of this is self-esteem – an increased sense of self as a result of better social interactions, stronger relationships, and higher academic performance.

Team sports provide athletes with a natural community. A report from True Sport says that youth who play sports have higher levels of social support, and that the sense of community created with teammates, coaches, and family members incubates the perfect setting for critical self-esteem development.

In the end, the opportunity to participate in team sports provides athletes with valuable skills that will take them beyond the field, pitch, and court.

This piece was originally submitted to our community forums by a reader. Due to audience interest, we’ve preserved it. The opinions expressed here are the writer’s own.

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Beyond Physical Fitness: The Benefits of Playing Team Sports

Team sports have many benefits and have a positive impact on the body, mind, and spirit. When you consider the benefits of team sports, the chances are your first thoughts will have to do with the physical fitness benefits.

While it’s true that regular physical activity is essential in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, research has also shown that participating in exercise and team sports may positively affect your mental, social, and spiritual health, alongside the body.

As cited by Edutopia, “team sports are said to bolster the five C’s: competence, confidence, connections, character , and caring. At the heart of this is self-esteem – an increased sense of self as a result of better social interactions, stronger relationships, and higher academic performance.”

Benefits of Team Sports

The following list includes team sport benefits, as well as advantages of incorporating regular physical activity and fitness into your daily schedule. Whether you are in elementary school, middle school, high school or college, these benefits will help you live more fully.

Spiritual Health – Create a spiritual path and sense of purpose
Establish Values – Put your core values and principles into practice
Personal Growth – Keep learning, developing, and growing as a person
Lower Stress – Create more calm in your life and lower your stress
Academic Performance – Improve your focus and grades
Achieve More in Life – Set goals, aim high, and feel more confident
Leadership Skills – Learn how to lead as well as work within a team
Social development – Expand your circle of friends and build bonds
Mentorship – Receive mentorship from coaches and teammates
Health Benefits – Improve your overall long-term health and fitness

If you’re interested in how this all plays out in team sports in high school, you may be interested in checking out this all-boys schoo l for grades 7-12 in Carlsbad (San Diego County), California. This is a private college prep school located on a historic beachfront campus, where athletics is integral to academic excellence, leadership, and character development.

Team Sports Build Spiritual Health

Curious about how team sports tie in with spiritual health? For a burst of relaxation and happiness, few things are more effective than exercise.

Team sports help you lower your stress level and stimulate a positive outlook and improve your overall spiritual health and feeling of well-being.

In an article by The Sport Journal, they speak to the spiritual aspects of connecting to self, others, and a higher purpose that can stem from participation in team sports.

On a scientific note, physical activity actually stimulates chemicals in the brain that help you feel happier and more relaxed. Regular fitness activities, exercise and playing team sports reduces the levels of cortisol and adrenaline in your body. This in turn, stimulates the production of endorphins and leads you to feel more “centered” as a person.

Incorporate spirituality and purpose into your life
Connect with nature by being outdoors
Learn how to “get outside yourself” and work within a team
Practice respect, integrity, compassion, and gratitude
Gain self-acceptance and push your full potential

Team Sports and Academic Performance

Want to improve your grades? Studies frequently demonstrate the positive impact that playing a team sport can have on academic achievement.

Research conducted by various fitness institutes indicates that physical exercise leads to enhanced creativity, better memory, and concentration, and even maximized problem-solving skills. This set of cognitive benefits contributes significantly to strong academic performance, all real advantages of playing team sports.

Students who play team sports often experience these benefits:

Learn how to focus and be self-disciplined
Know how to seek support and mentorship
More likely to graduate high school with higher grades
More likely to go to college and graduate school
Develop a passion for learning and improving

Team Sports Build Strong Individuals

Interested in becoming a stronger person? Almost every study reveals benefits in competence, character, confidence, and other critical components of positive personal growth and development.

Because of this, it’s clear that the various facets of playing team sports, from the discipline of training to the balance provided by teamwork, provides a foundation for character development and core competencies.

Develop confidence and motivation
Develop resilience and discipline
Practice accountability and personal responsibility
Increase tenacity, perseverance and resilience
Set goals and achieve them

Team Sports Create Social Connections

Interested in making new friends or expanding your social circle? Team sport advantages include: increased opportunities for social interactions and the development of strong friendships centered around common goals.

Playing a sport as part of a team requires persistence, patience, and practice with yourself and others. Working within a team can help you improve your communication skills and much more.

Expand your circle of friends
Learn valuable leadership skills
Play a vital role on a team
Enjoy fun, laughter, and camaraderie
Create a context for social interactions

Team Sports Impact Health

Perhaps it goes without saying that you will improve your overall physical health. As a result of team sports and fitness participation, you will probably also begin to monitor your sleep and nutrition to optimize athletic performance. Here are some direct outcomes of staying physically active in team sports or other types of fitness programs.

Improve cardiovascular health
Strengthen muscles
Increase strength and flexibility
Lower illness and disease
Live longer and more productively

Team Sports and their Impact on Society

Want to make an impact on society? Research into careers and the people who achieve greater success in their chosen occupation have found that 95% of individuals at the level of executive vice president in 75 Fortune 500 companies played sports during their school years. This really underscores the importance of team sports in high school and college.

What’s more, research cited by the University of Oregon from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that 32-year-old men who played sports in school were paid wages 31% higher than those who hadn’t played sports.

Though it’s impossible to guarantee that playing team sports will help you generate a higher income, it is possible to suggest that the development of hard work, discipline, determination, and leadership skills can help you achieve more in life and have a greater impact on society.

Find your passion and achieve your life goals
Develop life skills in leadership and management
Develop a work ethic and see outcomes directly
Achieve high-level career positions and top wages
Give back to society through skills learned in playing team sports

Athletic and Sports Programs at Private High Schools

Are you checking out team sports at private schools near you? If you are currently looking for a private school, consider all the athletic options.

There is a whole world of private schools out there with different approaches to athletics. While some public and private schools offer a traditional array of team sports, some boarding schools in the U.S., for instance, have a long list of athletic choices for each season.

There is even an all-boys boarding school on the beachfront with a surf team ! Private school team sports often include: baseball, basketball, football, lacrosse, soccer, water polo, and hockey.

Tips to Find the Best Private School for Team Sports

Check out team sport offerings on private school websites
Look for a history of high school athletic championships
Check out the college planning services (e.g. athletic scholarships)
Speak to school coaches when you go on private school tours
Attend live games and athletic events on their campus

Now that we have reviewed the many benefits and advantages of team sports, hopefully, you will be more informed in making sports and fitness choices. Get involved early by playing team sports from elementary school through high school. It will pay off when you go off to college and need to navigate mental, physical, social, and spiritual pursuits. Guaranteed, you will feel better, do better, and live a happier life!

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The Physical and Mental Health Benefit of Team Sports

You gain the most as an individual when youre in it together as a team..

It turns out that generation after generation of parents, coaches, and gym teachers alike have been right all along: playing team sports really is good for you, and especially when you’re at a young age. These are the key findings of a major study that, through meta-analysis and systematic review of multiple previous studies, has drawn clear conclusions about the benefits of playing team sports, and especially when the athletes in question are young.

Playing team sports is shown to be good for physical health, for improving social skills, and also to provide myriad mental and emotional health benefits for each person on the team.

The Scope of the Team Sports Benefits Study

The scientific study in question, shared by the National Institutes of Health and titled “The behavioral, psychological, and social impacts of team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” was audacious indeed. The researchers and looked at approximately three dozen studies sourced from 10 nations spread across four continents and spanning many decades. The timeframe of the studies considered dates all the way back to 1950 and ran up until as recently as the year 2020, and the subjects in question were athletes under the age of 25.

Such a truly longitudinal study allowed for the control of many factors, thus the data gleaned is more reliable. And indeed, many of the findings were pleasantly surprising, as well.

Playing team sports improves mental health

The researchers found, unequivocally, that involvement in team sports is a net positive for mental and emotional well-being for young people.

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Those youths who were involved in team sports were found to have lower instances of depression and anxiety, they showed fewer instances of anorexia, and the team sport athletes expressed lower rates of suicidal ideation than peers who did not participate in team sporting activities.

Team sports involvement reduces the likelihood of self-destructive behaviors

Young athletes who are regularly involved in team sports tend to be more averse to risky, potentially dangerous or damaging behaviors than those of similar ages who were unaffiliated with any teams. The study found young team players (so to speak) were less likely to use tobacco, were less prone to use alcohol or illicit drugs, and were less likely to engage in delinquent or even criminal behavior.

Team sports can motivate you to get (and stay) fit

Playing team sports can do wonders for motivation, which is for many people the hardest part of physical fitness writ large. Someone who may loathe the idea of heading out for a run on their own or may have trouble sticking with it through a solo workout at the gym may find it easy to power through a game or even to run laps and execute drills during practice because of the motivation of camaraderie.

When you share common goals with you teammates and go through shared experiences, you will work harder in the moment and you will take more away from a game or a practice than you would from a solo experience, which leads to positive reinforcement associated with exercise.

In other words, if playing team sports is the best way for you to find the motivation to stay fit, then by all means join (or stick with) that team – your body will thank you.

Team sports are good for individual fitness

You know how listening to great “pump up” music seems to help you push harder and longer when you’re working out? That’s not just an illusion, it’s a physiological reality: the right kind of music can, according to Scientific American , genuinely help you get in more intensive and more productive exercise sessions because workout music can distract you from pain, elevate your mood and motivation, and even set goals for you – think: “I’ll sprint at the chorus” or “I’ll keep doing reps until the song ends” for example.

Now, if a song piping through a pair of earbuds or over a gym speaker system can help you feel better and work harder, just imagine the benefits to individual fitness when sporting activities are shared with other people. When you’re pulling not just for a lively chorus or powerful guitar riff but for your entire team’s victory, you’ll find you have more to give and, therefore, more to gain.

The (Few) Disadvantages of Team Sports for Youths

All told, the net benefits to physical and mental health that team sports can foster for youngsters far outweigh the few drawbacks, but there are indeed a few drawbacks to team sports for some people, according to Psychology Today , and these deserve noting.

First and foremost, note that young athletes compelled to play a sport against their will are extremely unlikely to enjoy any of the benefits enumerated above and may indeed end up suffering more anxiety and depression and may be more prone to harmful behaviors for the experience. So too can a glut of pressure put on a young athlete, whether by coaches, parents, or fellow players take the fun and the benefits out of team sports, and that’s true whether or not the player is a fully willing participant or they have been pressured to play.

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Even for the most committed, driven athletes, team sports can cause both physical and mental harm. A player who plays or trains too hard puts herself or himself at heightened risk of injury, which can be detrimental physically and emotionally. So too can a young athlete who strives too hard at their sport end up suffering mental anguish at losses or at missed opportunities, such as a failure to be selected for a more elite program or a missed scholarship program, for example.

And in those cases where a young athlete excels in his or her sport, there can still be a problem: achievements on the field or court can create a false (and unpleasant) sense of superiority in a young athlete, and that can end up damaging their relationships with teammates, peers in school, and friends, and it can create a complex that lasts into later life.

Team sports for young players are about fitness, camaraderie, learning about winning and losing with grace, and of course about fun. When playing on a team is proving a net positive experience for a young athlete, it should be encouraged and facilitated; when team sports seem to simply not be the right fit for a given youngster, pushing the reticent athlete to participate anyway can be the exact wrong approach.

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Dwayne Johnson Serenades 4-Year-Old Girl in Home Hospice Care With Her Favorite Song

Dwayne Johnson Serenades 4-Year-Old With Favorite Moana Song

Dwayne "the Rock" Johnson surprised us all with his singing chops as the lovable, shapeshifting demi-god Maui in the Disney smash hit, Moana .

But it's his performance off-screen for one very special 4-year-old girl that's currently making waves on social media.

Maui's Biggest Fan

Johnson may play some of the toughest guys on the planet, but he has proven time and again that underneath that incredibly buff Herculean exterior, he has the heart of a sweet little ol' teddy bear.

When he's not busy crushing iron at the gym, drinking tequila, or making serious bank on the next big Hollywood blockbuster, he's making miracles happen for children with critical illnesses.

As a frequent wish granter with the Make-A-Wish Foundation, he's no stranger to making dreams come true sometimes granting upwards of one wish PER DAY.

So when he received an urgent request from a little girl on home hospice who loves Maui he immediately dropped everything to make it happen.

Lily Guerrero is four years old. Her favorite treats are Outshine Purple Popsicles and Watermelon Blowpops. She loves pink and playing peek-a-boo and watching Moana "every day, all day." And heartbreakingly, she's now on home hospice, no longer able to verbally communicate because of a feeding tube.

But she can still "see and hear and react" and wanted nothing more than to have Maui sing her You're Welcome and record it so she could listen to it "over and over and over" again. Johnson, despite being a little rusty on vocals, happily obliged.

Dwayne Johnson Makes A Little Girl's Wish Come True

See on Instagram

At the request of Lily's parents, Johnson shared his good deed, worthy of a demigod, on Instagram , captioning the emotional video in part: "Needed to share this “rush” wish with all of you ❤️🌎✨"

"This is a special Make-A-Wish request and it’s called a rush wish," Johnson told the camera. "And a rush wish means, what the implication sounds like, which is time is just not on our side.”

He continued, "Of course, Mom and Dad have asked that I share this wish on social media to share Lily's spirit and strength and her mana, and of course we take that energy and we send it right back to Lily."

He then revealed that he was sitting at a piano but jokingly shared, "I actually stink at piano” and instead opted for a recording of the music.

"I'll try not to screw this up," he quipped before launching into a heartfelt rendition of the Lin-Manuel Miranda-penned song, You're Welcome.

Following his performance he directly addressed Lily, saying:

“Thank you so much for allowing me the privilege of making your Make-a-Wish come true. That was me singing ‘You’re Welcome’ in probably a few keys that don’t exist. I hope you enjoyed it and Lily, you are so special.”

Using His Fame For Good

In addition to being a global phenomenon, Johnson has made it a habit to use his celebrity status for good. His philanthropic efforts are widespread and he works with a number of different charities, including his own, The Dwayne Johnson Rock Foundation — aimed at helping families and children in need.

As for his work with the Make-a-Wish Foundation? It runs in his blood. His father, former WWE tag-team champion, Rocky Johnson, became one of the first wish-granters of the New Jersey chapter when he visited a 10-year-old boy named Bobby Macaluso, who had Lou Gehrig’s disease in 1983.

Johnson never forgot it.

“I remember my Dad telling me and Mom, ‘There’s a little boy, and he wants to meet me, and he’s really challenged right now, and he’s fighting hard, and his one wish is to meet me,’ and I was blown away,” Johnson said . “And I remember meeting Bobby and his family, and my Dad was holding him, and it was a very special moment and time in our lives.”

“It moved me,” he added. “It changed my life even then as an 11-year-old.”

And now, 41 years later, he's the one granting wishes and making a profound impact in people's lives.

But you don't have to be a megastar with megabucks to make a difference. As Johnson says, it starts with being nice and recognizing the importance of serving others.

"Service to others is the rent you pay for the room you have here on earth. It's nice to be important but it's more important to be nice." Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson - 2021 People's Champion Awards

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Strangers Raise $85K For Homeless Elderly Kroger Cashier

As the cost of living continues to skyrocket, more and more people are finding it increasingly difficult to make ends meet, never mind retire. Affordable housing is woefully lacking and homelessness has reached epidemic proportions.

For years, Sonja has been working as a cashier at Kroger, the largest supermarket operator in the U.S. But despite her job, she is homeless and currently sleeping on the floor in a shelter.

However, thanks to the goodness of strangers (with a not-so-little boost from philanthropist and entrepreneur Charlie Rocket) that's all about to change.

Elderly Kroger Employee is Sleeping on the Floor

@charlie Link in bio to donate 🥹 We talked to miss Sonja for an hour and she said it was okay for our foundation to launch her a fundraiser. 100% of the donations go directly to her 🙏🏻❤️ #elderly #homeless #fypp #kindness

Charlie Rocket, known as @charlie on TikTok, met Sonja just a few days ago. He was shopping in a Kroger in Nashville when he noticed her working at the till.

"I saw this elderly woman working at Kroger," he captioned a now-viral video with over 4.4 million views.

"The manager told me she's living in a homeless shelter. Life shouldn't be this hard." — Charlie Rocket

He spent the next hour talking to her and getting to know her story. He shared a bit of it in a follow-up TikTok , revealing that Sonja works 4 days a week and sleeps on a small mat on the floor of a nearby women's shelter.

"Can you tell me what your dream is in life?" Charlie asks her in the video that has been viewed more than 1 million times.

Unable to hold back tears, she tells him her dream is affordable housing. Not a million dollars or luxury travel or even retirement. She merely wants a basic necessity and something that should be universally available — a roof over her head she can call home.

"My dream? I need some housing...affordable housing. I'm staying at the women's shelter."

When he asks her what she prays for she simply and heartbreakingly answers, "Strength."

Charlie Rocket Raises 7X the Original Goal

@charlie Link in bio to donate. My heart broke to pieces when she told me she was sleeping on the floor some nights at the homeless shelter 💔😔 Miss Sonja needs our help! Let’s get her into a house and retire her 🙏🏻 #elderly #fypp #viral #homeless

Appalled by her situation, Charlie immediately launched a fundraiser through his nonprofit — the Dream Machine Foundation. According to the nonprofit's website , he founded it in 2018 after he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and hit "rock bottom."

He credits holding on to his dream of becoming an athlete for saving his life. Over the next 12 months, he ran 4 marathons, completed an ironman, dropped 125 pounds, and reversed his brain tumor.

"His dream saved his life, and he is now dedicating the rest of his life to making dreams come true for others in need of a miracle," the website reads.

Charlie set the goal at $12,000 hoping to raise funds to secure a safe and comfortable living situation for Sonja for one year. The fundraiser took off, blowing past the original goal in LESS THAN ONE HOUR.

Six days later, it has amassed an incredible $85,000. Enough to keep Sonja in her own home for the next seven years. The fundraiser is ongoing.

Homelessness is a Growing Problem

Philanthropist Charlie Rocket raises more than $85,000 for elderly Kroger cashier experiencing homelessness.

https://www.dreammachineusa.org/fundraiser-for-sonja/

Sonja is just one of thousands of Kroger employees across the country who have had trouble feeding themselves or paying for housing. The Economic Roundtable (a nonprofit research group) surveyed 10,000 unionized workers in the U.S. and found that 1 in 7 Kroger workers faced homelessness in 2022.

In response, Kroger developed an improvement plan which included increasing wages and steps to improve tuition assistance and retirement benefits. But the reality is that it's still not enough to combat our grueling economic conditions.

And it isn't just Kroger. Other large companies, including Walmart and Fred Meyer, have been criticized for failing to provide adequate wages and benefits to their employees, leading to similar issues of food insecurity and homelessness among their workforce.

While there's clearly a need for systemic change, it's not going to change overnight. Meanwhile, community support and advocacy remain crucial in providing immediate relief and long-term solutions for those in need like Sonja.

We may not have the power or the funds to change the world, but we do have the power to make a difference in someone's life.

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Essay Service Examples Life Team

Why Team Sports Are Important

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Competitive Sports — Positive aspects of Sports and Games

Positive Aspects of Sports and Games

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Published: 15 August 2013

A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport

Rochelle M Eime 1 , 2 ,
Janet A Young 1 ,
Jack T Harvey 2 ,
Melanie J Charity 1 , 2 &
Warren R Payne 1

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity volume 10 , Article number: 98 ( 2013 ) Cite this article

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There are specific guidelines regarding the level of physical activity (PA) required to provide health benefits. However, the research underpinning these PA guidelines does not address the element of social health. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence about the levels or types of PA associated specifically with psychological health. This paper first presents the results of a systematic review of the psychological and social health benefits of participation in sport by children and adolescents. Secondly, the information arising from the systematic review has been used to develop a conceptual model.

A systematic review of 14 electronic databases was conducted in June 2012, and studies published since 1990 were considered for inclusion. Studies that addressed mental and/or social health benefits from participation in sport were included.

A total of 3668 publications were initially identified, of which 30 met the selection criteria. There were many different psychological and social health benefits reported, with the most commonly being improved self-esteem, social interaction followed by fewer depressive symptoms. Sport may be associated with improved psychosocial health above and beyond improvements attributable to participation in PA. Specifically, team sport seems to be associated with improved health outcomes compared to individual activities, due to the social nature of the participation. A conceptual model, Health through Sport, is proposed. The model depicts the relationship between psychological, psychosocial and social health domains, and their positive associations with sport participation, as reported in the literature. However, it is acknowledged that the capacity to determine the existence and direction of causal links between participation and health is limited by the fact that the majority of studies identified (n=21) were cross-sectional.

It is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time PA for children and adolescents, in an effort to not only improve physical health in relation to such matters as the obesity crisis, but also to enhance psychological and social health outcomes. It is also recommended that the causal link between participation in sport and psychosocial health be further investigated and the conceptual model of Health through Sport tested.

Regular participation in physical activity (PA) is imperative for good health. Active people benefit from higher levels of health-related fitness and are at lower risk of developing many different disabling medical conditions than inactive people [ 1 , 2 ]. It is widely acknowledged that the health benefits of participation in PA are not limited to physical health but also incorporate mental components [ 1 , 2 ].

Extensive research has resulted in clear recommendations of the level of PA required to produce health benefits [ 1 , 3 ]. There are specific health-related recommendations for children and adolescents distinct from those for adults. For people aged 5–17 years it is recommended that they undertake moderate or vigorous activities for at least 60 minutes per day [ 4 ]. Regular maintenance of this level of activity by children and adolescents can result in increased physical fitness, reduced body fat, favourable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles, enhanced bone health and reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety [ 1 ]. Whilst many different health benefits of participation in PA are acknowledged, the vast majority of research has focused on the physical health benefits of participation in PA, with less research focused on the mental and social health aspects. Although mental health benefits have been referenced in recent guidelines, to date ”insufficient evidence precludes conclusions about the minimal or optimal types or amounts of physical activity for mental health” [ 1 ] (Part G Section 8 p39).

Even though the World Health Organisation definition of health (2006) incorporates physical, mental and social health domains, the research providing evidence to the PA guidelines does not specifically address social health. However, the literature informing PA guidelines does suggest that aspects such as social support may contribute to some of the explanations of mental health outcomes [ 1 ].

Leisure-time PA is one domain of PA. Sport is one type of leisure-time PA which is organised and usually competitive and played in a team or as an individual [ 5 ]. Participation in sport is very popular among children. However there is evidence that participation in sport peaks at around 11–13 years before declining through adolescence [ 6 , 7 ]. Conversely, there is research indicating that children who are active through sport are more likely to be physically active in adulthood than those who do not participate in childhood sport [ 8 , 9 ]. Further, substantial public investment in sport development has been justified in terms of a range of health benefits [ 10 ], but without a clear understanding of the best way to achieve maximum health benefits - both mental and physical.

Extensive research has been conducted on the determinants of participation in PA [ 6 , 11 ] and on interventions that attempt to increase PA participation [ 12 ], with relatively little research focusing more specifically on sport [ 9 , 13 ]. Also, with regard to the health benefits of PA, the research has generally not extended to the mental and social health benefits of sport participation in particular.

A conceptual model in the public health area has been defined as “diagram of proposed causal linkages among a set of concepts believed to be related to a specific public health problem” [ 14 ] (p163). Determinants of PA are increasingly being understood using socio-ecological models, whereby intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational, environmental and policy variables are identified as influences on participation [ 15 – 18 ]. As Earp and Ennett (1991) explain, conceptual models in health do take an ecological perspective, implying that behaviours or health outcomes result from the interaction of both individual and environmental determinants [ 14 , 19 ]. In terms of the sport and health nexus, we are not aware of a conceptual model that depicts the specific mental and social health outcomes of sport participation. Conceptual models have been developed which show the relationship between different types of PA, including sport, and the intensity and context of participation [ 20 ], however they do not extend to the health benefits of participation. In one systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity, a conceptual model of the relationship between interventions, modifiable determinants, immediate outcomes and health outcomes was developed [ 21 ]. However, this study did not specifically identify sport. Furthermore, there are many clinical conceptual models depicting health outcomes of clinical conditions, however they do not focus on the general population or on preventive health or health promotion [ 22 ].

Firstly, this paper presents the results of a systematic review investigating the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents. Secondly, the information obtained in the systematic review has been used to develop a conceptual model: the conceptual model of Health through Sport, for children and adolescents.

The criteria for considering studies for this review were as follows.

Inclusion criteria were:

Studies published in English between Jan 1990 and May 2012 inclusive.

Original research or reports published in peer review journals or government or other organisational publications which reported primary data.

Studies that presented data that addressed mental and/or social health benefits from participation in sport. In this context, the following definitions were adopted: ‘sport’ - “a human activity of achieving a result requiring physical exertion and/or physical skill which, by its nature and organisation, is competitive and is generally accepted as being a sport” [ 23 ]. ‘health’ – “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity” [ 24 ]; ‘mental’ - “of or referring to the mind or to the processes of the mind, such as thinking, feeling, sensing, and the like” [ 25 ] (p475) ‘mental health’ – "Mental Health refers to a broad array of activities directly or indirectly related to the mental well-being component included in the WHO's definition of health…It is related to the promotion of well-being, the prevention of mental disorders, and the treatment and rehabilitation of people affected by mental disorders” [ 26 , 27 ] ‘social’: “Relating to the interactions of individuals, particularly as members of a group or a community ” [ 25 ] (p475); ‘social health’: “That dimension of an individual’s well-being that concerns how he gets along with other people, how other people react to him, and how he interacts with social institutions and societal mores.” [ 28 ] (p 152). In this study, we also used the following terms: ‘psychological’ – as a synonym for ‘mental’; and ‘psychosocial’ - “…any situation in which both psychological and social factors are assumed to play a role” [ 29 ] (p638).

Studies where the data pertained to the individual level (i.e. for persons versus communal or national level).

Exclusion criteria were:

Studies or reports that addressed ‘exercise’ , ‘physical activity’ , ‘physical education’ , or ‘recreation’ , and not sport. Definitions of these terms are: ‘Exercise’ –“physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is an objective” [ 27 ] (p128); ‘Physical activity’ - “bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure” [ 27 ] (p126); ‘Physical education’ - “a sequential, developmentally appropriate educational experience that engages students in learning and understanding movement activities that are personally and socially meaningful, with the goal of promoting healthy living” [ 30 ] (p8); ‘Recreation’ – “pleasurable activity” [ 31 ] (p. 915).

Research/reports that addressed participation in ‘adapted’ sports (i.e. sport participation for persons with a physical and/or intellectual disability, such as wheelchair tennis).

Research/reports that addressed sub-populations subject to specific risks (i.e. studies with heroin users, ‘at risk’ individuals etc.).

Research/reports that addressed rehabilitation from, or management of, injury or illness.

Research/reports that addressed spectators, coaches or sports administrators.

Research/reports that addressed elite sports participants

Research/reports that addressed ‘sport development’ programs that have an educational objective.

Book chapters, abstracts, dissertations and conference proceedings.

Search methods for identification of studies, reports and publications

A systematic search of 14 electronic databases (AUSPORT, AusportMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EBSCHOHost Research Databases, Health Collection, Informit, Medline Fulltext, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus Fulltext) was conducted in June 2012. We also consulted with the Australian Sports Commission to search the National Sports Information Centre records in order to identify relevant reports, publications and research not located through the search of the electronic databases cited above. Further, we conducted an internet search using the Google Scholar search engine ( http://www.googlescholar.com ) to locate studies in the Medicine, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities subject areas. The Google Scholar search engine was also used to search for recognised International, National and State reports and publications that directly addressed the topic under consideration.

To search the electronic databases a combination of keywords and search terms was adopted. These key words and search terms were formulated by the authors of this systematic review as those they considered directly addressed the topic under consideration. These keywords and search terms constituted four groups, namely:

Group 1: sport

Group 2: health

Group 3: value, benefit, effect, outcome

Group 4: psychology, depression, stress, anxiety, happiness, mood, quality of life, social health, social relations, well, social connect, social functioning, life satisfaction, mental health, sociology, social.

Accordingly where possible, the database searches consisted of key words from Group 1 AND Group 2 AND Group 3 AND Group 4. The truncation symbol was added to the most basic word stem for each keyword to ensure all associated terms were included in the search.

Study selection

Figure 1 provides a summary of the stages of study selection. Titles and abstracts of potentially relevant articles were screened by JY. Authors, JY and RE examined all full-text articles, and assessed the studies to ensure that they met the inclusion criteria. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion between the two reviewers. Consensus was obtained for all included articles. After reviewing the selected studies it was decided, given the breadth and complexity of the research domain, that studies focusing on children and adolescents should be reviewed separately from studies focusing on adults, This review focuses on children and adolescents only; studies that stated that they specifically investigated children and/or adolescents, but not adults (18 or above), were included.

Stages of study selection.

Data collection and analysis

Data extracted from each of the studies included: study design and methodology; sample size; country of origin; age of participants; cohort of participants; gender of participants; study aim; sport variable; other PA variables; theoretical construct; key findings in relation to psychological and social health outcomes.

Assessment of study quality

Study quality was objectively appraised using the Downs and Black checklist [ 32 ]. This checklist has been used in other systematic reviews within the physical activity and health field [ 33 , 34 ]. This checklist includes 27 items grouped into categories: reporting (10), external validity (3), internal validity - bias (7), internal validity – confounding (6), and power (1). Twenty five items are scored as 1 (compliance) or 0 (non-compliance or inability to determine compliance); one item about confounding is scored as 2 (full compliance), 1 (partial compliance) or 0 (non-compliance or inability to determine compliance); and the item concerning power is scored (via a more complex algorithm) on a scale of 0–5.

Because most of the studies we reviewed did not involve interventions, a number of the items on the Downs and Black checklist were not generally applicable. We substituted a simpler power item (presence or absence of reference to a power analysis), and scored all items as 0, 1 or NA (not applicable). We calculated a summary quality score for each paper (except the two qualitative papers for which only five items were applicable) by expressing the number of compliant items as a percentage of the number of applicable items. We included these scores (ranging from 33% to 88%) in Table 1 , and used the insights we gained through the scoring process in our discussion of study quality.

Conceptual model development

Based upon the literature presented in this review, a conceptual model of Health through Sport has been developed (Figure 2 ). The model depicts the relationship between determinants driving sport participation and the reported psychological and social health benefits of participation. The terminology used in this conceptual model is as defined in the inclusion criterion 3 above. The determinants are represented as per the Socio-Ecological Model [ 19 , 65 ]. Upon reviewing the studies, two dimensions of sport participation were identified, and it became evident that some reported health benefits were more likely to be associated with some contexts of sport participation than others. Therefore, a model was developed to represent the two contextual dimensions of sport participation and the different strengths of association between different contexts of sport participation and the three health aspects (physical, psychological and social).

Health through Sport conceptual model.

With regard to causality, we note that most studies have been cross-sectional and observational in nature, and hence do not provide strong evidence of causality. The literature suggests that sport can have positive health benefits; however it is also the case that better health may predispose people to initiate and maintain participation in sport. A few longitudinal studies provide stronger evidence of causality. However, in the absence of randomised and controlled experimental studies, which are challenging to implement in this domain, it will remain difficult to unequivocally determine the nature and direction of causality. Notwithstanding this, terms like ‘outcome’ and ‘benefit’ of sport participation have been used to describe the results of many of the studies reviewed, and we have used the same terminology in reviewing these studies.

Results and discussion

A total of 3668 publications were initially identified. Table 1 provides a summary of the 30 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Since the studies were generally conducted within schools, they included school age children and adolescents, generally 18 years or less. Most studies were quantitative (n=26) rather than qualitative (n=3), with one study incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods. There were no randomised controlled trials, and the majority of studies were cross-sectional and observational (n=21). Of the longitudinal studies (n=9), the time between data collection was generally between 1 and 3 years (n=7), with one study reporting 12 years between data collection periods. The sample sizes ranged considerably, from 22 participants to large national surveys of over 50,000 participants. The United States of America was the country where most studies were conducted (n=21), followed by Canada (n=4), Switzerland (n=3), and Germany, United Kingdom and Puerto Rica (n=1). One study was conducted with participants across two countries, the USA and Puerto Rica. The age ranges of the children and adolescents differed considerably across studies. Six studies incorporated data from both the child or adolescent and their parent(s).

Most studies scored highly on the modified Downs and Black scale of study quality (median 75 percent; range 33–88 percent). Those studies within the highest tertile score range were all cross-sectional quantitative studies [ 39 , 41 – 43 , 46 , 49 , 51 – 53 , 62 ]. Only one of the 10 studies in the highest tertile score range incorporated a theoretical approach - the Theory of Youth Development [ 41 ]. Half of these 10 studies investigated differences in health measures between participants in sport/club sport and either other organised activities or no sport [ 41 , 43 , 49 , 53 , 62 ]; the other half more specifically investigated team sport participation in comparison to less or no team sport [ 39 , 42 , 46 , 51 , 52 ]. There was no clear distinction between the key findings of higher and lower ranked studies; both high and lower quality studies reported similar associations between sport participation and the psychological and social health domains.

Prima facie, longitudinal studies can provide greater strength of evidence regarding causality than can cross-sectional research. However, all of the longitudinal studies reviewed [ 35 , 40 , 44 , 50 , 58 ] had other methodological limitations, and as a consequence were not represented in the highest tertile of study quality scores. The results of these studies were consistent with those of the cross-sectional studies.

There were few (n=2) qualitative studies, and similar health benefits of participation in sport were also reported in the quantitative studies. The study by Holt et al., (2011) provided more depth than was captured in the other studies reviewed. Interviews with parents and children unearthed a wide range of developmental benefits, both personal and social benefits [ 36 ]. Psychological aspects of emotional control and exploration were reportedly related to sport participation. In addition, social benefits of relationships with coaches and friends were reported in this study [ 36 ].

The investigation of health benefits through participation in physical activity mainly involved cross-sectional surveys conducted through schools. In most cases the students were not allocated to a participation group prior to the study, and as such there were no control groups. This limits the capacity to attribute causality of participation on health outcomes.

The psychological and social health measures in each study were diverse (Tables 1 and 2 ). The most common variables related to psychosocial functioning and emotional wellbeing (n=6), followed by risk of depression and mental ill health (n=5), developmental aspects/behaviour (n=4), social anxiety and shyness (n=3), self-esteem (n=3) and suicidal behaviour (n=3). Some studies (n=15) investigated the differences between sports and non-sports participants, but many did not distinguish between sport and other categories of PA. In the studies involving adolescents, it was common to investigate differences in youth behaviour and development according to their participation (or not) in out-of-school extracurricular activities. Sport was sometimes defined as ‘school sport’ , ‘club sport’ or ‘team sport’; however no studies investigated associations between specific types of sport and psychological or social health domains.

Table 2 provides a broad overview of the health outcomes found to be significantly and positively associated with sports participation, and lists the studies that reported each health outcome. The most common positive outcomes were higher self-esteem (n=6 studies), better social skills (n=5 studies), fewer depressive symptoms (n=4 studies), higher confidence (n=3 studies) and higher competence (n=3 studies) amongst sport participants than non-sport participants. In total 40 different psychological and social health factors were reportedly associated with participation in sport.

In general, there were few theoretical constructs used to frame or explain the research findings. Only six studies (20%) incorporated theoretical or conceptual constructs. The most frequently adopted construct (n=3) was the theory of Positive Youth Development [ 36 , 40 , 41 ], which propounds the notion that children are ‘resources to be developed’ rather than ‘problems to be solved’, and that all youth have the potential for positive development [ 66 ].

One study that incorporated the theory of Positive Youth Development [ 36 ] also utilised an ecological approach, whereby the study was exploratory and not guided by one specific theory. In this case these researchers investigated the intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of participation in sport. Similarly, an ecological approach has been combined with other theories such as the Socialisation Theory [ 57 ]. Brettschneider (2001) proposed that there are many contributing factors to the relationship between sports club participation and adolescent development [ 57 ]. As such, a multivariate structure, as well as cumulative and interactive effects, needs to be taken into account. Secondly, within his theoretical framework Brettschneider proposes that each individual is assumed to be the creator of his/her development. Whilst studies often discussed theories underpinning the research, it was not always clear how particular theories were incorporated into the methodology. For example Holt et al., introduced the Positive Youth Development theory in their introduction, but there was no mention of how this was applied in the methodology of data collection or in the analysis and interpretation [ 36 ]. On the other hand, Zarrett et al. clearly defined how they measured and indexed Positive Youth Development [ 40 ].

A recent study [ 37 ] incorporated Antonovsky’s Salutogenesis model [ 67 ] and Bandura’s theory of Social Learning [ 68 ]. The foundation of Antonovsky’s model is that heterostasis, ageing and progressive entropy are core characteristics of all living organisms. The model focuses on what makes a person maintain good health rather than focusing on the aetiology of sickness. In terms of the Social Learning theory, it is suggested that organised sport, particularly in teams, could be an important factor in a child’s social development [ 37 ]. However, this was a general discussion comment, and it is not clear how the Social Learning Theory was applied in the methodology of this study [ 43 ].

The theoretical perspective of Marsh [ 64 ] was adopted from Coleman’s [ 69 ] seminal work which “implies a zero-sum model in which greater involvement in extracurricular activities necessitates a decreased involvement in more narrowly defined academic pursuits” (p.19) in a way that is complementary rather than multiple roles being in conflict [ 64 ]. Stemming from Coleman’s earlier work, Marsh discussed Snyder et al. (1995) Multiple Role theory [ 70 ] which proposes that adolescents take on multiple roles as both a student and an athlete. Marsh suggests that “multiple roles may create psychological stress based in part on time and energy limitations, multiple roles may be complementary and may lead to energy expansion” (p19). In essence Marsh attempts to capsulate the perspective that sport participation as an additional extracurricular activity can have positive outcomes, rather than sport being seen, as depicted in earlier theoretical perspectives, as a burden, taking time away from academic pursuits. However, as with a number of other studies reviewed, it was not clear how the particular behavioural theory was applied in the study [ 64 ].

Few differences were evident between the conclusions of studies of higher and lower quality or of different study design. There were however, clear differences in the reported health outcomes associated with different contexts of participation. Therefore the following presents and discusses the reported psychological and social health benefits of participation in sport in the different contexts of: extracurricular activities; team sport; school or club sport; and sport in general. These categories, which are not mutually exclusive, were based upon the definitions or categorisation made within each individual study. Furthermore, the health benefits according to different types of participation are discussed. Lastly, given the greater strength of evidence regarding causality in longitudinal versus cross-sectional research, the key findings from the longitudinal studies are summarised.

Extracurricular activities

Several studies have investigated the influence of sport, as one type of extracurricular activity, on positive youth development [ 36 , 40 , 41 ] general behaviours [ 39 ] and personal development [ 53 ]. Other extracurricular activity categories considered were school-based activities, religious activities, youth groups, performing arts, volunteering, paid work, band and music lessons [ 40 , 41 , 52 ]. The definition of ‘sport’ as an extracurricular activity varied considerably. Sport was sometimes defined as including both team and individual sports [ 40 , 53 ] or encompassing different categorical groups for both team and individual sports participants [ 37 ], whilst others categorised groups as structured versus unstructured activities [ 55 ]. Howie et al. (2010) investigated extracurricular (outside school) activities - sports teams/lessons, sports clubs/organisations, or both - in the previous year [ 39 ].

While the qualitative study of Holt et al. (2011) did not compare sports participation with other activities, parents reported benefits for their children in personal and social development from sport participation. Social benefits included positive relationships with coaches, making new friends, and developing teamwork and social skills. Personal benefits included children being emotionally controlled, enjoying exploration, having confidence and discipline, performing well academically, managing their weight and being ‘kept busy’ [ 36 ].

Similarly, Bartko and Eccles (2003) reported that structured activities (sport being one of them) led to higher positive functioning for participants [ 55 ]. Howie et al. (2010) reported that children participating in both sports and clubs had higher social skill scores compared with children who did not participate in any outside-school activity [ 39 ]. Concurring with these findings, Linver et al. (2009) found that participation in sport and other organised activities had the greatest youth development outcomes, and low involvement in organised activities outside school was associated with less positive development across the board [ 41 ]. Sports participation alone had more developmental benefits than non-participation or other types of extracurricular activities, however the greatest benefits were seen for those involved with both sport and other activities [ 39 , 41 ].

Whilst positive social aspects of participation in sport have been consistently reported, it has also been found that young people involved with sport had higher rates of negative peer interaction [ 53 ]. These researchers concluded that this may be due to the competitive nature of sports activities compared to other activities. Even so, they found that, in addition to physical benefits, those involved with sport had higher rates of self-knowledge and emotional regulation than those involved with other activities [ 53 ]. While Harrison et al. (2003) defined team sport separately from other activities, their results were collated as sports only, activities only and sports and activities [ 52 ]. Contrary to some other findings, they found that sports alone (and also in combination with other activities) were associated with significantly better health outcomes, including higher healthy self-image and lower risk of emotional distress, suicidal behaviour and substance abuse.

Two longitudinal studies, one with a year between measurements and another three years, investigated the effects of participation in extracurricular activity on youth development [ 40 ] and social anxiety [ 37 ]. Dimech and Seiler (2011) investigated sport only, categorised as non-participation, individual or team involvement [ 37 ], whereas Zarrett et al. (2009) investigated team or individual sport participation in comparison to participation in development programs, performing arts, arts and crafts, school clubs, volunteering, religious groups, and paid work [ 40 ]. Consistent with the cross-sectional results of Linver et al. (2009) and Howie et al. (2010), Zarrett et al. (2009) concluded that a combination of sport plus other youth development programs was related to positive youth development, even after controlling for total time spent in the activities and the duration of sport participation.

Dimech and Seiler (2011) measured the effects of extracurricular participation in sport on social anxiety [ 37 ]. Comparing team sport, individual sport and no sport, they reported an interaction between sport mode and time, with team sport participants having reductions in social anxiety scores over time, whilst anxiety scores in the no-sport and individual-sport groups actually increased. Dimech and Seiler concluded that sport practice had a positive effect as a buffer against anxiety, but only team sport and not individual sport.

Whilst some studies highlighted the benefits of extracurricular sport, the focus was more commonly on ‘team sport’ in general, without distinguishing between in-school and out-of-school settings [ 42 , 43 , 46 , 50 , 51 , 58 , 59 , 61 ].

The psychological and social health aspects measured included mental health benefits [ 61 ], social isolation [ 59 ], depressed mood and symptoms of depression [ 46 , 58 ], self-esteem [ 50 ], life satisfaction [ 51 ], hopelessness and suicidality [ 42 ] and emotional self-efficacy [ 43 ].

Cross-sectional studies included a survey of US high school students, in which participation in team sport was associated with lower general risk-taking and fewer mental health and general health problems compared with non-participation [ 61 ]. In another cross-sectional survey, team sport involvement was positively associated with social acceptance and negatively associated with depressive symptoms [ 46 ]. Boone and Leadbeater concluded that benefits from team sport may be related to the effect of positive experiences (in coaching, skill development, peer support) in enhancing perceived social acceptance and reducing body dissatisfaction [ 46 ]. Team sport participation has also been reported to protect against feelings of hopelessness and suicidality, even after controlling for levels of physical activity [ 42 ]. Another reported health benefit of participation in team sport (both school and extracurricular participation) is life satisfaction [ 51 ]. A study investigated the relationship between different physical activity behaviours, distinguishing between vigorous and moderate levels as well as strength/toning and team participation contexts, and found that meeting recommended levels of PA and participation in sports teams was significantly associated with better emotional self-efficacy [ 43 ].

In a longitudinal study of adolescents with measurements one year apart, team sport participation was found to be protective against depressed mood associated with school performance levels [ 58 ]. In a longitudinal study of females, team sport achievement experiences in early adolescence were positively associated with self-esteem three years later in middle adolescence [ 50 ]. Another longitudinal study spanning 12 years found that participation in team sport (specifically school teams) was associated with lower social isolation later in life, compared with other activities categorised as pro-social, arts, and school-based [ 59 ].

School and/or club sport

Some studies distinguished between participation in ‘school sport’ and ‘club sport’ [ 38 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 62 ]. Snyder et al. (2010) while reporting school and club participation, then combined them into a single ‘athletes’ category and compared them to non-athletes on health-related quality of life measures. The athletes reported higher scores on physical functioning, general health, social functioning and mental health scales and a mental composite score, and lower on a bodily pain scale, than non-athletes [ 38 ]. Similarly, in a Swiss study, Ferron and colleagues classified adolescents as ‘athletes’ or ‘non-athletic’ on the basis of sports club participation. The athletes had superior well-being, including being better adjusted, feeling less nervous or anxious, being more often full or energy and happy about their life, feeling sad or depressed less often and having higher body image and fewer suicide attempts [ 62 ].

One longitudinal study of club sport participation over a three year period during adolescence in Germany, as well as identifying physical benefits, showed that sport club activities had a positive influence on the development of self-esteem, with girls discovering sports as a source of self-esteem earlier than boys [ 57 ]. In terms of relationships with peers and parents, club sport members did not differ significantly from non-members. Brettschneider and colleagues concluded that although sports club participants had better health outcomes, these benefits were due to self-selection bias rather than a sport club effect [ 57 ]. These researchers also acknowledged that research into the impact of sports by discipline, and studies of longer duration, are required.

In relation to school sport specifically, participation was found to be significantly associated with self-esteem in Latino subgroups of students living in the United States of America [ 56 ]. This was true for Mexican girls and boys, Puerto Rican girls and Cuban boys but not Puerto Rican boys and Cuban girls. Pyle and colleagues investigated participation in school sports defined as being high or low intensity. Participation in competitive sports was found to be associated with lower frequency of mental health problems [ 54 ].

Level of sport involvement

Most studies defined sport participation as a binary categorical variable without further information regarding level of involvement. However, a few studies have investigated psychological and social health outcomes in relation to different levels of intensity of sport activities (low, moderate, vigorous, or high) [ 60 , 63 ] or frequency of participation and number of sport activities [ 48 ].

Steptoe and Butler (1996) assessed the association between extent of participation in sport or vigorous recreational PA and emotional wellbeing in adolescents [ 63 ]. Without distinguishing between sport and other vigorous PA, Steptoe and Butler reported that greater participation in vigorous activities was associated with lower risk of emotional distress [ 63 ]. Sanders and colleagues found that for high school senior students moderate sport participation (3–6 hours per week) was associated with lower depression scores than low sport involvement (0–2 hours) [ 60 ]. Donaldson and Ronan (2006) investigated participation in both “formal” and “informal” sports and reported that greater participation was related to enhanced emotional and behavioural well-being. Those participating in more formal sports reported significantly lower levels of emotional and social problems compared to those participating in fewer formal sports [ 47 ]. Another study investigated frequency of extracurricular sport and perceived health, health attitudes and behaviour [ 49 ]. Those with greater frequency of participation (at least twice per week) had better feelings of well-being compared to those who participated less than once per week [ 49 ]. One study looked at number of sports, type of sport, and years participating in sport, and found that sport participation was positively related to self-assessments of physical appearance and physical competence, physical self-esteem and general self-esteem [ 48 ]. Furthermore, these researchers found that differences between competitive and non-competitive sports was minimal, and suggested that for young adolescents, it is more important to consider the total number of sports and total number of years in sports-related activities [ 48 ].

Sport in general

A few studies used a broad definition of sport without providing further context of participation [ 35 , 44 , 64 ]. Sport participation versus no sport participation was found to be significantly associated with enhanced self-concept [ 64 ]. A longitudinal study also reported benefits of participation in sport compared to no participation, in relation to lower rates of suicidal ideation including both thoughts and intentions [ 35 ]. In terms of the effect of sport participation on shyness, a longitudinal study with measurement at baseline and one year later found that sport was positively associated with positive adjustment (e.g. social skills and self-esteem) and that sport played a uniquely protective role for shy children, with shy children who participated in sport over time reporting significant decreases in anxiety [ 44 ]. Similarly, in a qualitative study of focus groups of parents of young people participating in sport, social factors as well as life skills and self-concept were stated as benefits of participation [ 45 ].

Longitudinal studies

Longitudinal studies can provide stronger evidence of causality than cross-sectional studies. However, the longitudinal studies reviewed were generally short in duration, usually with only two measurement points, one or two years apart [ 35 , 40 , 44 , 50 , 58 ]. They were all observational in nature, with no control groups, and with limited measurement of the level of participation and frequency or duration of sport activities. All studies were based on surveys conducted through schools, with participation in sport and other extracurricular activities reported mainly in binary categories.

The main findings were that, after controlling for factors such as income, parents’ education, age and ethnicity, compared to no participation or participation in individual sports, participation in team sport had resulted in benefits such as lower social anxiety [ 37 ], lower social isolation [ 59 ], better social self-concept [ 64 ], and improved self-esteem [ 50 ]. Sport in general has also been associated with positive youth development [ 40 ]; the young people who were highly engaged in general, and those who participated primarily in sports and youth development programs, had the highest positive youth development scores.

In a recent study undertaken longitudinally over a one-year period, where sport participation was generally reported to be of 1–2 hour duration per week, there was no effect of weekly hours of sport on social anxiety [ 37 ]. Similarly, Findlay and Coplan (2008) in a longitudinal analysis over a one-year period, did not find significant effects of sport participation over the year (neither main effects of time or participation-time interactions) on social skills, self-esteem, positive adjustment or externalising problem behaviours [ 44 ]. However, shy children who participated in sport over a one-year period demonstrated a decrease in anxiety over time. Sport was associated with positive psychological and social outcomes, including higher positive affect and well-being and greater social skills. Shy and aggressive children who participated in sport reported higher self-esteem [ 44 ]. A study of club sport members compared to non-club members also did not show a systematic effect of club membership on most measures of psychological and social health in adolescents over three years [ 57 ]. Notwithstanding, clubs had a positive effect on adolescent self-esteem and were reported, on the basis of high membership rates, to be a highly integrative social force [ 57 ].

A US study in which high school students were interviewed at two time points one year apart, showed that for females, but not for males, team sport involvement was protective against depressed mood state associated with poor school performance [ 58 ]. Another US study of female adolescents over three years found that sports achievement experiences in early adolescence were positively associated with self-esteem in middle adolescence [ 50 ]. Team sports achievements, team sports self-evaluations and individual sports self-evaluations tended to be significantly and positively associated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Team sport achievement in early adolescence was related to girls’ global self-esteem in middle adolescence, and team sport self-evaluations mediated the relation between achievement and self-esteem. In addition, the relationship between achievement and self-esteem was partially mediated by girls’ perceptions of competence and interest in team sport, and mastery in team sport contributed to global self-esteem development [ 50 ].

Another longitudinal study showed that adolescents involved with team sport had lower suicide ideation with regard to both contemplation and intention [ 35 ]. These researchers suggested that when young people discontinue playing sport they lose the protective social networks, as well as connections to caring adults and pro-social peers, that help to promote healthy youth development and reduce the risk of suicide.

Conceptual model

A conceptual model of Health through Sport is proposed that is based on three primary categories of outcome: physical, psychological and social, and two secondary categories: physical/psychological – aspects involving both the physical and psychological elements, and psychosocial – aspects involving both psychological and social elements.

While our model incorporates all five categories and thus depicts the full range of health aspects, the ‘physical’ aspects have been well reviewed elsewhere [ 1 ], and so this paper in focused on the psychological and social aspects, as defined above. Furthermore, while the present review was limited to research into children and adolescents, the general form of the Health through Sport model is believed to also apply to adults, although it is likely there would be some change in the specific elements of each component.

The model includes three major elements: determinants of sports participation, sport itself, and health outcomes of sport participation. The ‘determinants’ element is based on the well-established social ecological model [ 19 , 65 ] and is represented as concentric rings spreading out from the individual’s intrapersonal characteristics to widening spheres of influence. The sport element incorporates two dimensions of context: individual – team, and informal – organised, each of which is almost dichotomous, but also has some intermediate variants (e.g. running alone, running in an informal group, running for a club team, running in a club relay team). The three types of health outcomes - physical, psychological and social, are shown as overlapping, representing the fact that there may be interactions and interrelationships between physical and psychological aspects and between psychological and social health aspects. For example, there are relationships between physical fitness and mental state; and interpersonal relationships may satisfy needs for belongingness and, as such, influence psychological health. Another example is resilience, whereby psychological health may influence an individual’s capacity to engage in interpersonal relationships.

The different strengths of the various linkages between the sport element and the health outcomes represent the notion that all forms of sport contribute strongly to physical health, but that while organised and/or team forms also contribute strongly to psychological and social outcomes, informal and/or individual forms contribute somewhat less to psychological outcomes and relatively little to social outcomes. Finally, we have noted the limited evidence of causality in the literature reviewed. This ambiguity or reciprocity could perhaps be represented by double-headed arrows linking the physical, psychological and social elements to the sport element, but we have represented it by ‘feedback loops’ from the three outputs to the intrapersonal and interpersonal determinants.

Limitations

This systematic review has some limitations. Whilst the search strategy, based on a-priori inclusion and exclusion criteria, was comprehensive and encompassed grey literature which reported primary data, conference proceedings were not included. Nor were non-English language articles included. The studies reviewed included a wide range of aims, focuses, measurement tools and indicators of both sport participation and health outcomes. This diversity of focus and methodology limited the extent of synthesis and precluded meta-analysis. Most studies were cross-sectional and used self-report measures. Therefore results should be interpreted with caution, and any conclusions regarding causation are conjectural.

There is substantive evidence of many different psychological and social health benefits of participation in sport by children and adolescents. Furthermore, there is a general consensus that participation in sport for children and adolescence is associated with improved psychological and social health, above and beyond other forms of leisure-time PA. More specifically, there are reports that participation in team sports rather than individual activities is associated with better health. It is conjectured that this is due to the social nature of team sport, and that the health benefits are enhanced through positive involvement of peers and adults. However, the research is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies.

In light of the research evidence, acknowledging that research to date is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies, it is recommended that community sport participation is advocated as a form of leisure time PA for children and adolescents; in an effort to not only improve the obesity crisis associated with low PA levels, but to enhance other psychological and social health outcomes. It is also recommended that the causal link between participation in sport and health be further investigated and the conceptual model of health through sport tested. Furthermore, in light of the fact that our assessment of the quality of the studies to date has revealed considerable variation in study quality, it is recommended that researchers should give more attention to protocols such as CONSORT [ 71 ] and STROBE [ 72 ] in order to ensure high levels of methodological rigor in future studies.

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Eime, R.M., Young, J.A., Harvey, J.T. et al. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 10 , 98 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98

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benefits of team sports participation essay

Essay on Sports and Health

Students are often asked to write an essay on Sports and Health in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Sports and Health

Sports and health.

Sports play a crucial role in maintaining our health. They help in strengthening our muscles, improving endurance, and boosting our immune system.

Physical Benefits

Engaging in sports makes our heart and lungs stronger. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of obesity.

Mental Benefits

Sports not only improve our physical health, but also our mental health. They help in reducing stress and improving mood.

In conclusion, sports are essential for a healthy lifestyle. They keep us physically fit and mentally strong. So, let’s play sports and stay healthy.

250 Words Essay on Sports and Health

Introduction, the physical health benefits of sports.

Participation in sports promotes cardiovascular health, improves muscular strength and endurance, and enhances flexibility. Regular physical activity can help maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of obesity, diabetes, and other lifestyle diseases. Sports also stimulate the production of endorphins, the body’s natural mood lifters, promoting a sense of well-being.

Mental Health and Sports

Beyond physical health, sports contribute significantly to mental health. They serve as a natural antidote to stress, anxiety, and depression. The focus required in sports fosters mental agility, improving cognitive functions such as memory and concentration. Furthermore, the social interactions in team sports can foster a sense of belonging, boosting self-esteem and confidence.

Sports and Long-term Health

The health benefits of sports extend into long-term health outcomes. Regular physical activity slows the aging process, enhances the immune system, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Additionally, the discipline, time management, and goal-setting skills learned through sports can translate into healthier lifestyle choices.

In conclusion, sports offer a multifaceted approach to health, integrating physical, mental, and social aspects. Encouraging participation in sports from an early age can foster a lifelong commitment to health and wellness. As the adage goes, “A healthy mind in a healthy body” epitomizes the profound connection between sports and health.

500 Words Essay on Sports and Health

The interplay of sports and health.

Sports and health are two intertwined concepts, each influencing the other in profound ways. The relationship between these two entities goes beyond the surface-level understanding of physical fitness, delving into psychological and social aspects of health.

Physical Health and Sports

Sports also contribute to better sleep patterns. The physical exertion during sports activities enhances sleep quality by promoting deeper sleep cycles and helping in falling asleep faster. This is critical for body repair and regeneration, thereby improving overall health.

Sports and Mental Health

The benefits of sports extend to mental health as well. Participating in sports can help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. The physical activity stimulates the production of endorphins, the body’s natural mood lifters, leading to feelings of happiness and relaxation.

Social Health through Sports

Sports foster a sense of community and belonging, which are vital for social health. They promote teamwork, cooperation, and mutual respect, teaching valuable social skills like communication and conflict resolution. Participating in sports can lead to the development of lifelong friendships and a sense of shared identity, thereby enhancing social well-being.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite the numerous health benefits, sports also come with potential risks. These include physical injuries and the psychological pressure to perform, which can lead to stress and burnout. It’s essential to balance the competitive aspect of sports with the need for physical and mental well-being.

In conclusion, sports play a fundamental role in promoting physical, mental, and social health. They offer a holistic approach to health, addressing various aspects beyond mere physical fitness. However, it’s important to approach sports with a balanced perspective, considering the potential challenges and risks. With the right approach, sports can undoubtedly be a powerful tool for enhancing overall health.

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Does sports participation boom during (or before, or after) the Olympics?

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Hosting a major sporting event like the Olympic and Paralympic Games can deliver benefits to the host country, such as improved infrastructure (new sport facilities, better public transport, greater accessibility for people with disabilities), increased employment and tourism , environmental benefits and greater national pride .

While many of these benefits are mainly seen close to the host city, increased participation in sports and physical activity has the potential to have a positive impact on people throughout the host country and indeed all around the world.

But do major sports events like the Olympics actually improve participation?

In short, the research is currently unclear. While some studies have found increases, many others have not .

Increases are often a short-term spike, particularly in sports the country has been successful in, but these gains decrease over time.

Inspiration versus participation

Australians have always had a strong interest in sports, with many of us believing sport contributes to our national identity .

This passion is particularly evident during major international events like the Olympics – Sport Australia estimates 82% of Australians watched at least some of the Tokyo Olympics.

Around one in five Australians who watched those Olympic and Paralympic Games said they saw something that would encourage them to be more physically active. Parents also said they were thinking of enrolling their children in a new sport.

However, engagement and inspiration do not always lead to participation .

Why is this?

Researchers have noted two different potential relationships between major sporting events and community sport participation.

Firstly, elite athletes become role models who inspire us to become more active, by participating more in our current sport or trying a new one.

In contrast, the second is some of us feel watching elite athletes discourages us because we recognise the massive differences in our fitness, abilities and skills.

It is also important to recognise many other factors can influence participation, including costs and the availability of coaches, equipment and facilities.

The COVID pandemic and cost-of-living crisis are other key influences in recent years.

Read more: No cash, no play? Have cost-of-living pressures impacted sports participation in Australia?

Impacts of major Australian sporting events

While the Sydney Olympics did not significantly increase physical activity levels in Australia, other big events have been more successful.

The year after Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, junior registrations increased by 20%.

More recently, female soccer registrations have significantly increased following the Matildas’ performance in the 2023 Women’s World Cup.

These successes demonstrate a more direct link between major sports events and increased participation in the specific sport involved.

The pre-Olympics boost

Research has also noted sports participation can increase before an Olympics.

A decade-long survey in England revealed there were major sports participation spikes during the lead-up to the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics, rather than afterwards.

This could be due to increased media coverage, school engagement and programs organised by national sporting bodies and clubs.

Strategies to capitalise on post-Olympics interest

So, as the Paris Olympics approach, how can we convert our sports watching into participation?

National sport organisations need to help clubs promote themselves in their local communities and make their sport accessible. An online portal or app to find nearby sports clubs could be helpful.

Free trial days provide a risk-free way to try new sports. Clubs could schedule these regularly after events like the Olympics.

Scheduling activities at various times to accommodate different schedules may help, as might equipment loan programs that can make starting new sports easier, especially for those needing a lot of expensive gear.

Group activities can enhance enjoyment and reduce intimidation, so offering special group rates or buddy programs, particularly for beginners, can encourage participation.

Non-competitive skill development programs can attract those interested in sports for leisure and emphasise that sport is for everyone.

Advice and endorsements from local Olympic athletes can also be highly motivational. Partnering with athletes to create motivational content and provide advice can inspire greater participation, particularly for children .

Looking ahead to the Brisbane Olympics

Increased sports participation and higher levels of physical activity are some of the 2032 Brisbane Olympics’ desired legacy outcomes .

For this to be achieved, governments and sporting organisations will have to work together to develop a strategic approach. Paris 2024 has already used this approach to successfully increase physical activity through school programs and redesigned public spaces.

The impact of new Olympic sports also needs to be considered.

Skateboarding experienced increased interest following its Olympic debut in Tokyo.

Paris 2024 will include breaking as a new sport, while Los Angeles 2028 is adding baseball, softball, lacrosse, Twenty20 cricket, flag football and squash.

What about Brisbane?

While the new sports for 2032 have not yet been announced, these new, potentially less well known sports could experience a similar increase in popularity leading up to the Brisbane games.

Some sports such as gymnastics and basketball are already struggling to deal with increased demand in Queensland.

Local sports clubs will need assistance from government and national sporting organisations to be ready to deal with any increase in interest and help the Brisbane Olympics meet their legacy goals.

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Benefits of Team Sports Essay

Nowadays there is a wide range of sports to choose. There are many kinds of sports that are available for children to attend. Parents have to take into consideration the importance that sport has and the opportunities it gives. Parents definitely have to involve their children in sports, especially team sports. It has been proven by many experts and professionals that team sports develop different qualities in children and help them to adapt in the society. This is a considerable advantage and has to be taken into consideration by parents and teachers.

Today, any health organization and each doctor will recommend a child to get involved in some kind of sports that he is interested in. There are safe and dangerous sports that parents have to distinguish and to recommend to their children. In the era of multiculturalism sport has become an area of a great choice, when a person in any country can experience the culture of any other country with the help of sport.

In the modern society sport has become an indispensable component in people’s lives, as it offers many perspectives and gives many advantages to people. Children that do sports are several times healthier than their friends who do not do any sports. Those parents who take care of their children, always offer them doing different kinds of sports, to be able in the future to choose something peculiar for a child that will realize his potential, according to Jordan D. Metzl, M.D., Carol Shookhoff, Ph.D (2010).

Sport is very essential for children and has obvious benefits. It can be seen especially these days, when children spend more and more time in front of the computer and become lazier. Making sport almost obligatory will help to improve the situation and to make the entire nation healthier. There are a great percentage of children who have obesity in the young age and who already need specific treatment. That is why it is important to ensure that children are involved in sports, that they have their interests, that they are active and healthy.

Doing sports is easy and each person has to find time for it. Children, of course, have a very busy life nowadays, but despite that they manage to stay online hours a day and to become fatter and less healthy. Mind and body of children have to be healthy and that is why it is important to ensure the direction for them to move forward and to succeed.

Considering the article, “co-founder and medical director of The Sports Medicine Institute for Young Athletes and one of America’s premier pediatric sports physicians Jordan D. Metzl, M.D., explains: how to keep your child athlete healthy in mind and body, deal with the coach and other parents and help your child handle team pressure, to recognize and prevent injuries such as fractures, ligament tears, and repetitive stress injuries, and to recognize when your child is doing “too much””. These advices will be helpful for the parents and will help them to decide considering the choice of the sports for their children.

According to The benefits of team sports (2011), the benefits of the team sports are: social, physical and psychological. Pediatrics also recommends team sports for the children. Social skills of children become stronger, they start to cooperate with their teammates, they try to understand people and communicate with them. Sport educates children and teaches them to show their appreciation and respect. Is should be understood that the success is not the goal in sport, as the participation and the whole process means much more. Coping with the competition in a healthy way is also essential for children. As well, there are benefits of critical thinking, developing patience, solving problems, self-discipline and persistence. And moreover, children, with the help of sports can learn how to cope with disappointment. As well, considering the research, the girls who participate in team sports are less likely to have teenage pregnancies.

According to What are the benefits of team sports for kids? (2010), “the Centers for Disease Control indicates childhood obesity tripled between 1980 and 2010.” The cuts in education also influenced the physical education of children. As well, “The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that children who participate in regular physical activity have reduced risks of “many adult health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and heart disease”, according to What are the benefits of team sports for kids? (2010).

All in all, it can be said that there are many benefits of team sports for children nowadays. It has been proven by many experts and professionals that team sports develop different qualities in children and help them to adapt in the society. Communication is one of the factors that is extremely useful in life and indispensable in many life situations. References

Jordan D. Metzl, M.D., Carol Shookhoff, Ph.D (2010). The Benefits of Youth Sports. Retrieved February 21, 2011 from http://www.enotalone.com/article/5298.html The benefits of team sports (2011). Retrieved February 21, 2011 from http://www.education.com/magazine/article/Ed_Benefits_Team_Sports/ What are the benefits of team sports for kids? (2010). Retrieved February 21, 2011 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/174913-what-are-the-benefits-of-team-sports-for-kids/

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v.5(2); 2020 Jun

Benefits of team sport participation versus concerns of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: prioritizing the health of our youth

Scott l zuckerman.

1 Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA

2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA

Aaron M Yengo-Kahn

Benjamin l brett.

3 Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA

4 Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA

Andrew W Kuhn

Daniel i wolfson, zachary y kerr.

5 Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27154, USA

6 Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27154, USA

7 Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Over the last decade, discussion of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and the sport of American football have become inseparable. The presumed risk of CTE and resultant neurodegenerative changes from contact sport participation has been propelled into the minds of concerned parents and players at all levels. Currently, the literature is mixed on whether contact sport participation is associated with adverse long-term neurologic outcomes, including neurobehavioral changes such as depression and a range of neurodegenerative diseases (dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, etc.) [ 1–8 ]. Further, some suggest that the media may give disproportionate attention to research promoting a link between contact sport participation and adverse long-term neurologic outcomes [ 9 ].

It has been argued that the linkage of contact sport participation and adverse long-term neurologic outcomes has been prematurely reached without adequate assessment of the true degree of association [ 10 , 11 ]. The public and media may be unaware of the scientific controversy, as media reports sometimes fail to articulate the underlying strengths and limitations of published research [ 12 ]. Stewart and 60 experienced traumatic brain injury researchers emphasized concern that the many uncertainties surrounding CTE may lead individuals to mistakenly attribute treatable neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders to CTE, an incurable disease unable to be diagnosed definitively in living individuals [ 13 ]. These experts have advocated that a ‘first, do no harm’ philosophy is foremost and takes precedence over the need to resolve knowledge gaps surrounding CTE. Moreover, some have maintained that we must not only consider those cases that are considered ‘false positives’ (i.e., those who believe they have CTE, but in reality do not), but also the possible ‘false negatives’ (i.e., those who do not believe they have CTE, but may in fact do) [ 14 ].

Public concern has manifested in two ways. First, participation in youth and adolescent team sports has declined [ 15 ]. Second, efforts have been made to pass legislation that bans youth tackle football [ 16 ]. Legal interventions are created, passed and implemented with good intentions, yet they may cause unintended consequences [ 16 ], such as exacerbating the already declining physical and mental health of our youth [ 17 ].

We continue to encourage cordial dialogue about the potential association between contact sport participation and adverse long-term neurologic outcomes, with a focus on making informed decisions weighted in science and without overextension of what the research cannot tell us. Further, discussion of the ‘first, do no harm’ philosophy must consider numerous factors beyond both the diagnosis/misdiagnosis of CTE and purported adverse long-term neurologic outcomes associated with contact sport participation. We are concerned that clinicians may be inflicting unnecessary harm by discouraging healthful athletic activity through team sport participation altogether. A recent survey of pediatricians revealed that 52% would not allow their child to play contact sports, which is particularly concerning given the absence of reliable studies showing associations between youth contact sport participation and adverse long-term neurologic outcomes [ 18 ]. Based on this notion, our commentary aims to: 1) summarize the concerns related to reduced team sport participation and declining physical activity in our youth; 2) describe the benefits of team sports; and 3) offer recommendations regarding team sport participation that address both concerns over long-term adverse neurologic outcomes and our collective role to ensure safe sport settings.

For the first time in 30 years, the National Federation of State High School Associations (IN, USA) reported a decline in the number of high school students participating in school-sanctioned sports; in 2018–19, there were 43,495 fewer high school student-athletes compared with the year prior [ 15 ]. The two largest contributors to the decline were in football and basketball, with football at its lowest mark since the 1999–2000 season. The Aspen Institute (DC, USA) noted that a decade ago, 45% of children (aged 6–12 years) participated in a team sport, compared with 37% in 2020, with the biggest declines in football, ice hockey and soccer [ 19 ].

Concomitant with declines in team sport participation, the physical health of our youth has waned [ 17 , 20–25 ]. Recent projections suggest that 10 years from now, one of every two adults will be obese and one in four will be severely obese [ 26 ]. Simulation studies suggest that young adults who finish high school severely obese have a 95% chance of remaining that way through adulthood [ 17 ], substantially increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome [ 22 ]. Although a balanced diet is essential, vigorous physical activity is also a strong predictor of metabolic health [ 23 , 25 ].

Trends in the mental health of our youth warrant equal concern. Each year, nearly one in ten young adults experiences a major depressive event, with rates steadily increasing [ 27 ]. In particular, a strong relationship has been found between increased depressive symptoms and increased leisure screen time [ 20 ]. Screen time and video games have both been positively correlated with increased BMI in a study of 2930 adolescents [ 28 ]. Screen time not only displaces physical activity but increases energy intake in the form of high calorie snacks, drinks and fast food [ 29 , 30 ]. Excessive digital media use by youth and adolescents has also been suggested to hinder social coping, a focused mind and psychophysiological resilience [ 31 ]. Additionally, preliminary evidence has suggested that higher screen-based media use in younger children is associated with poorer literacy skill development and decreased microstructural integrity in select white matter tracts [ 32 ].

Benefits of team sports

Among potential activities that promote youth and adolescent health [ 33 ], team sport participation influences all dimensions of physical, mental and social development [ 34 ]. Adolescents who participate in organized sports are more likely to meet physical activity standards [ 21 ], excel at cardiovascular fitness and endurance [ 35 ] and demonstrate lower body fat percentage [ 36 ]. Psychosocially, organized sport participation has been positively associated with improved social competence [ 37 ] and receiving more social support from friends and family [ 36 ]. A study of over 10,000 middle- and high-school athletes showed that physically active adolescents and team sport participants had higher self-esteem, higher life satisfaction and decreased psychological distress [ 38 ]. A prospective study of over 1322 collegiate athletes concluded that increased physical activity and sport participation were associated with higher mental health scores [ 39 ]. As concluded by a systematic review, team sport participation promotes improved social and psychological health [ 24 ].

The field of medicine similarly touts the benefit of prior team sport experience. Otolaryngology residency applicants who excelled in team sports had higher faculty ratings throughout training [ 40 ], and team sport participation was associated with selection of chief resident status among radiologists [ 41 ]. Orthopedic surgery applicants with collegiate sport participation portrayed increased grit, perseverance and self-control throughout residency [ 42 ]. An additional study also found that orthopedic and neurosurgical department chairs played high school or collegiate football more often than the general population [ 43 ].

Communication, emotional intelligence and self-discipline are necessary skills for a leader, and all can be ingrained through team sports [ 44 ]. Behavioral studies have found that successful teams model shared leadership [ 45–47 ], indicating that all athletes on a team can and should develop leadership abilities regardless of ‘captain’ status. Be it a football team or crew boat, team sports teach accountability and reinforce the value of individuals working together in specific roles rather than attempting to ‘go it alone’ [ 46 ]. Few other activities during the formative years of young adulthood can impart these powerful life lessons.

Although there are numerous benefits of team sports participation, it should be said that individual sports (i.e., tennis, golf) may also reinforce certain leadership and perseverance qualities, albeit without the team-play aspect. It is also important to recognize that team sports cover the gamut of contact levels, from noncontact (i.e., cross country, swimming) to limited contact (i.e., baseball/softball, volleyball) to contact (i.e., football, soccer) [ 48 ]. With that said, options for sport may vary based on situational, personal and community factors. Given that children’s confidence and self-esteem have been associated with their decision to participate in physical activity/sport [ 49 ], limiting sport options may result in decreased participation [ 34 ]. Moreover, if few sports are available, an athlete may be forced to specialize early, which has been associated with overuse injuries and burnout [ 34 , 50–52 ]. Thus, it is important that as we argue for the benefits of team sport participation, we acknowledge the potential limitations in its availability and advocate for the equitable creation of a variety of team sport opportunities for boys and girls.

Parents, coaches, peers, teachers, school administrators, physicians, scientists and the media all play significant roles in shaping the youth sport experience [ 53 ]. Although there is still debate about the knowledge surrounding CTE and the risk of adverse long-term neurologic outcomes, there should nonetheless be a continued emphasis on creating positive experiences for youth sport participants [ 1–8 , 54 , 55 ]. We offer the following recommendations that consider both the benefit of team sport participation and the concerns over potential long-term neurologic consequences. The five recommendations below start granularly at the athlete level and expand thereafter to parents, community, stakeholders and society.

Children that receive appropriate concussion management should not discontinue sports due to fear of long-term neurologic consequences. Physical activity and team sport participation in combination with safe concussion management practices (immediate removal from play, prompt diagnosis and individualized recovery led by a knowledgeable healthcare professional) should be emphasized. Empowering and encouraging athletes without contraindications and no active concussion symptoms to continue the sport that is naturally most attractive to them fosters a positive, memorable and lasting team sport experience.
Parents should maximize the benefits of safe team sport participation to their children. Parents play a significant role in initiating childhood sport participation and maintaining it [ 44 ]. Active parents lead to active children [ 56 , 57 ], and having both parents and the entire family involved in physical activity has been associated with increased number of sports played and more sports practiced per week [ 57 ]. Parents are also encouraged to proactively ask coaches and administrators about the safety and preventive measures enacted in their children’s sports leagues.
Encouraging team sport and physical activity in children is a multitiered effort that involves local communities. Substantial evidence exists relating sedentary lifestyle choices to poor health outcomes [ 20 , 22 , 25 , 28–31 ], while little evidence exists demonstrating significant long-term risks of team sport participation in a safe setting [ 1–8 ]. Communities are encouraged to develop and support a variety of youth sport participation opportunities, such as recreational and travel leagues that allow youth to choose the team sport most attractive to them [ 58 ]. However, these sport opportunities must embrace a culture of safety that includes injury prevention and appropriate management for all potential injuries [ 58 ].
To better promote team sport participation, sports safety must include stakeholder buy-in, feasibility considerations and scientific evaluation. We encourage the development of rule variants, equipment changes and other creative approaches that promote safety and team sport participation. The scientific evaluation of these safety measures is critical to ensure they achieve their stated objective and are implemented appropriately.
Continue to bridge the disconnect between science and the media. The public should be well-informed about the benefits and risks of team sport participation stratified by overall sport and contact level. A collaborative relationship between scientists and the media is needed to ensure accurate information is disseminated. While strategies to bridge the disconnect have been previously recommended [ 59 ], it is important to seek guidance from both parties. Scientists and the media must maintain objectivity, strive for transparency and attempt to reduce biases and personal positions in pursuit of a common goal – health and safety in sport.

Team sport participation is an integral ingredient in promoting the physical and mental health development of our youth. The ‘first, do no harm’ approach of Stewart et al. [ 13 ], upon which we have expounded, blends three important notions that: first, we recognize that little evidence demonstrates significant adverse neurologic risk of safe team sport participation; second, team sport participation has an unequivocally positive impact on youth; and third, a prerequisite to any sport is a culture that prioritizes the health, safety and well-being of its athletes [ 60 ].

Endorsements:

The following researchers and medical professionals support and endorse the conclusions formed in this commentary:

John Amburgy (University of Alabama-Birmingham)
Julian E. Bailes (University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine)
Christopher M. Bonfield (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
Dennis A. Cardone (New York University Langone Health)
Rudolph J. Castellani (West Virginia University)
Peter Cummings (Veritas Sports Injury Research Network)
Gavin A. Davis (Cabrini Hospital)
Katherine Gifford (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
Andrew Gregory (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
Lili-Naz Hazrati (The Hospital for Sick Children)
Mark Herceg (Phelps Hospital Northwell Health)
Grant L. Iverson (Massachusetts General Hospital)
Aaron S. Jeckell (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
Tim Lee (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
Joseph C. Maroon (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center)
Uzma Samadani (University of Minnesota)
Douglas P. Terry (Harvard Medical School)

Supplementary data

A complete list of supporters and their affiliation can be found in supplementary data. To view the supplementary data that accompany this article please visit the journal website at: www.futuremedicine.com/doi/suppl/10.2217/cnc-2020-0006

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Open access

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Does sports participation boom during (or before, or after) the Olympics?

by Vaughan Cruickshank, Brendon Hyndman and Tom Hartley, The Conversation

While many of these benefits are mainly seen close to the host city , increased participation in sports and physical activity has the potential to have a positive impact on people throughout the host country and indeed all around the world.

But do major sports events like the Olympics actually improve participation?

In short, the research is currently unclear. While some studies have found increases, many others have not .

Increases are often a short-term spike, particularly in sports the country has been successful in, but these gains decrease over time.

Inspiration versus participation

Australians have always had a strong interest in sports, with many of us believing sport contributes to our national identity .

This passion is particularly evident during major international events like the Olympics—Sport Australia estimates 82% of Australians watched at least some of the Tokyo Olympics.

However, engagement and inspiration do not always lead to participation .

Why is this?

Researchers have noted two different potential relationships between major sporting events and community sport participation.

Firstly, elite athletes become role models who inspire us to become more active, by participating more in our current sport or trying a new one.

In contrast, the second is some of us feel watching elite athletes discourages us because we recognize the massive differences in our fitness, abilities and skills.

It is also important to recognize many other factors can influence participation, including costs and the availability of coaches, equipment and facilities.

The COVID pandemic and cost-of-living crisis are other key influences in recent years.

Impacts of major Australian sporting events

While the Sydney Olympics did not significantly increase physical activity levels in Australia, other big events have been more successful.

The year after Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, junior registrations increased by 20%.

More recently, female soccer registrations have significantly increased following the Matildas' performance in the 2023 Women's World Cup.

These successes demonstrate a more direct link between major sports events and increased participation in the specific sport involved.

The pre-Olympics boost

Research has also noted sports participation can increase before an Olympics.

A decade-long survey in England revealed there were major sports participation spikes during the lead-up to the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics, rather than afterwards.

This could be due to increased media coverage , school engagement and programs organized by national sporting bodies and clubs.

Strategies to capitalize on post-Olympics interest

So, as the Paris Olympics approach, how can we convert our sports watching into participation?

National sport organizations need to help clubs promote themselves in their local communities and make their sport accessible. An online portal or app to find nearby sports clubs could be helpful.

Free trial days provide a risk-free way to try new sports. Clubs could schedule these regularly after events like the Olympics.

Group activities can enhance enjoyment and reduce intimidation, so offering special group rates or buddy programs, particularly for beginners, can encourage participation.

Non-competitive skill development programs can attract those interested in sports for leisure and emphasize that sport is for everyone.

Looking ahead to the Brisbane Olympics

Increased sports participation and higher levels of physical activity are some of the 2032 Brisbane Olympics' desired legacy outcomes .

For this to be achieved, governments and sporting organizations will have to work together to develop a strategic approach. Paris 2024 has already used this approach to successfully increase physical activity through school programs and redesigned public spaces.

The impact of new Olympic sports also needs to be considered.

Skateboarding experienced increased interest following its Olympic debut in Tokyo.

Paris 2024 will include breaking as a new sport, while Los Angeles 2028 is adding baseball, softball, lacrosse, Twenty20 cricket, flag football and squash.

What about Brisbane?

While the new sports for 2032 have not yet been announced, these new, potentially less well known sports could experience a similar increase in popularity leading up to the Brisbane games.

Some sports such as gymnastics and basketball are already struggling to deal with increased demand in Queensland.

Local sports clubs will need assistance from government and national sporting organizations to be ready to deal with any increase in interest and help the Brisbane Olympics meet their legacy goals.

Provided by The Conversation

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COMMENTS

Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Sports: Fostering Unity and
While team sports promote teamwork, discipline, and physical fitness, they also come with a set of advantages and disadvantages that shape participants' personal and social development. In this essay, we will explore the benefits and drawbacks of team sports, shedding light on their role in fostering unity and individual growth.
Playing Sports: The Importance: [Essay Example], 657 words
Playing Sports: The Importance. Sports have always played a significant role in human society, from ancient civilizations to the modern world. The benefits of participating in sports go beyond physical health and fitness. Engaging in sports activities provides individuals with numerous mental, emotional, and social advantages.
Essay on Team Sports
Team sports require physical exertion and mental focus. Regular participation in team sports can help improve cardiovascular health, muscular strength and endurance. Sports also provide an outlet for stress and can contribute to better mental and emotional well-being. The discipline and perseverance learned through team sports can be valuable ...
The Social and Academic Benefits of Team Sports
Team sports are about so much more than their physical benefits. This is especially so when group sports activities are incorporated into a young person 's life. Studies have shown a direct correlation between physical activity and academic p erformance. A University of Kansas study looking at the performance of students in grades 9 to 12 showed that more than 97% of student athletes ...
The Benefits of Team Sports Participation Essay
There are many benefits gained from participating in team sports. Team participation can build self esteem, promote social interaction and help one gain a sense of responsibility. Being involved in a team sport can also help you to attain personal fitness goals and maintain wellness. The time spent practicing with a team, will improve your ...
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It is showing up consistently for training, no matter how good or bad of a day you've had. It is showing up for early call times for game days, and counting on every single person on the team to ...
PDF Benefits of Youth Sports
88 percent of parents believe that sports benefit their child's physical health.1 Indeed, participation is one way for youth to get the physical activity they need to be fit and healthy. Participating in physical activity is associated with: Improved bone health21. Improved weight status5,21. Increased cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness5,21.
Beyond Physical Fitness: Benefits Of Playing Team Sports
Regular fitness activities, exercise and playing team sports reduces the levels of cortisol and adrenaline in your body. This in turn, stimulates the production of endorphins and leads you to feel more "centered" as a person. Incorporate spirituality and purpose into your life. Connect with nature by being outdoors.
Is Team Sport the Key to Getting Everybody Active, Every Day? A
Evidence suggests that team sport may have the potential to provide greater mental and physical health benefits than other forms of physical activity, and participation in team sport has been linked with better mental health, more resilience to the stresses of modern living, increased life satisfaction , higher grades at school, and lower risk ...
Benefits Of Team Sports
The benefits of sports participation have been studied during the last few years. Sports participation has also long been thought to provide a social environment that fosters basic values such as fair play, competiveness, and achievement (Pate, Trost, Levin & Dowda, 2000). ... Essay on Team Player. 588 Words; 3 Pages;
The Physical and Mental Health Benefit of Team Sports
The Scope of the Team Sports Benefits Study (Photo by Lars Bo Nielsen on Unsplash). The scientific study in question, shared by the National Institutes of Health and titled "The behavioral, psychological, and social impacts of team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis," was audacious indeed. The researchers and looked at approximately three dozen studies sourced from 10 nations ...
Physical Activity and Sports—Real Health Benefits: A Review with
Sport can also be spontaneous [7,17] and defined as a subset of exercises undertaken individually or as a part of a team, ... Psychological benefits of sports participation of young people were compiled by Eime et al. , where the conclusion was that sporting children have better self-esteem, less depression, and better overall psychosocial ...
Essay on Benefits of Sports
Physical Health. Participation in sports contributes significantly to physical health. It helps maintain a healthy weight, combats health conditions and diseases, and promotes better sleep. Sports also enhance muscular strength, flexibility, and the efficiency of the heart and lungs, all contributing to improved physical health and well-being.
Essay on The Benefits of Participating in Team Sports
The outcome of participation in athletics may be different for men and women, since sports is a continuation of the previous socialization and friendship networks of boys, but diverges from the traditional socialization and friendship networks of many girls" (p. 97). Athletics can create multiple different interactions for young women in the ...
Why Team Sports Are Important
Team Sports help with mental health because they make you feel good about who you are. Team sports help against depression and anxiety because they make you feel good. Kids who play sports are more satisfied with life. Sport helps kids feel like they belong to a team. The third point I will talk about today is learning important life skills.
Sports and Its Importance in Society: [Essay Example], 639 words
Sports have been an integral part of human society for centuries. From ancient civilizations to modern times, sports have played a crucial role in promoting physical fitness, mental well-being, and social interaction.In contemporary society, sports have emerged as a multi-billion-dollar industry and a source of national pride, with major events such as the Olympics and the World Cup capturing ...
Positive aspects of Sports and Games: [Essay Example], 1076 words
Pros and Cons of Team Sports: Building Resilience Essay. Easterlin, M. C., Chung, P. J., & Leng, M. (2023). Association of Team Sports Participation With Long-term Mental Health Outcomes Among Individuals Exposed to Adverse Childhood Experiences. JAMA Pediatrics.National Public Radio.
Movement, Play, and Games—An Essay about Youth Sports and Its Benefits
Here, we aim to analyze the use of sports as a tool to foster child healthy development. To do so, we divided the positive outcomes of sports into three major categories: (1) assigning meaning to body movement, (2) corporeality, fantasy, and play, and (3) ethics: positive identifications and sense of belonging.
A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of
Regular participation in physical activity (PA) is imperative for good health. Active people benefit from higher levels of health-related fitness and are at lower risk of developing many different disabling medical conditions than inactive people [1, 2].It is widely acknowledged that the health benefits of participation in PA are not limited to physical health but also incorporate mental ...
Essay on Sports and Health
The benefits of sports extend to mental health as well. Participating in sports can help reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. The physical activity stimulates the production of endorphins, the body's natural mood lifters, leading to feelings of happiness and relaxation. Moreover, sports can enhance cognitive functions.
Positive Benefits Of Sports Participation
The benefits of sports participation have been studied during the last few years. Sports participation has also long been thought to provide a social environment that fosters basic values such as fair play, competiveness, and achievement (Pate, Trost, Levin & Dowda, 2000). Furthermore, Pate et al. (2000) conclude that in the most populous ...
Does sports participation boom during (or before, or after) the Olympics?
A decade-long survey in England revealed there were major sports participation spikes during the lead-up to the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics, rather than afterwards.
Benefits of Team Sports Essay
These advices will be helpful for the parents and will help them to decide considering the choice of the sports for their children. According to The benefits of team sports (2011), the benefits of the team sports are: social, physical and psychological. Pediatrics also recommends team sports for the children.
Benefits of team sport participation versus concerns of chronic
Benefits of team sports. Among potential activities that promote youth and adolescent health [], team sport participation influences all dimensions of physical, mental and social development [].Adolescents who participate in organized sports are more likely to meet physical activity standards [], excel at cardiovascular fitness and endurance [] and demonstrate lower body fat percentage [].
Does sports participation boom during (or before, or after) the Olympics?
Hosting a major sporting event like the Olympic and Paralympic Games can deliver benefits to the host country, such as improved infrastructure (new sport facilities, better public transport ...
Essay On Participation Trophies
In "In Youth Sports, Participation Trophies Send a Powerful Message" By Parker Abate, Abate emphasises that building self-esteem is extremely important in the youth. ... But when working a job that calls for team effort, one either works in the team or doesn't, a participation reward should not determine someone's work. Show More ...

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A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport

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