Level 1 classification | Level 2 classification | References |
---|---|---|
Push-centric system | Manufacturer-based pick (manufacturer storage) | , (2006), , (2006), (2008), (2008), (2008), (2016), (2017) |
Distribution centre (DC)-based pick (distributor storage) | (2001), , , , , , , , , (2009), (2010), , (2013), (2014), , (2014), , , (2016), (2017), Yang and Strauss (2017) | |
Local brick-and-mortar (B&M) store-based pick (retailer storage) | , , , , , , (2006), (2008), (2008), (2009), (2010), , (2016), (2017) | |
Pull-centric system | Local B&M store | , , , (2009), , , , (2015) |
Information store (dematerialisation) | ||
Hybrid system | Attended collection delivery point (CDP-A) (click-and-collect/pick-up centre/clicks-and-mortar/GRP) | (2001), , , , , (2006), , , (2010), (2014), , (2014), , , (2016), , (2017) |
Unattended collection delivery point (CDP-U) (RB/ULB) | , (2001), (2001), , , , , (2010), (2014), , |
Variable | Commentary and discussion on contingency variables |
---|---|
Consumer geographical density | Consumer geographical density is closely related to modes of delivery. When consumer geographical density is high, a merchant’s own fleet can be effectively utilised; when consumer geographical density is low, companies use 3PLs to consolidate orders to increase fleet utilisation |
Consumer physical convenience | Consumer physical convenience is higher for LML models using direct-to-home delivery since almost no consumer physical movement is needed. By contrast, consumer physical convenience is lower for models featuring consumer-pickup, since these models require consumers to physically travel to the pickup sites. However, physical inconvenience for order pickup may be offset under situations where a consumer’s commute route overlaps with the pickup route |
Consumer time convenience | Consumer-pickup models are most suited for consumers with higher availability of time for order pickup; with direct-to-home delivery preferred for time-poor consumers; models offering longer time windows for AHD are suitable for consumers with time flexibility |
Demand volume | High demand products are typically sourced locally and in closer proximity to the consumer to reduce transport costs and fast response times. By contrast, low demand products are stored centrally to gain benefits of aggregation and concomitantly, to allow for extension of geographical coverage. It is possible for low demand and high margin products to be sourced locally, since the benefit gained through higher margins may potentially offset the loss incurred through localised storage structures |
Order response time | Short response time can be achieved by reducing transport time by localising operations. Furthermore, response time increases as the number of additional nodes in an LML network increases. As products are being processed at a node, their movement discontinues. Models based on in-transit merge lead to a longer response time in comparison with, for example, a model that features uninterrupted drop-shipping |
Order visibility | Visibility is easiest when an LML model is simplified as merely two connected nodes, with one being the product source point and the other being the final consignee’s preferred destination point. For instance, an LML model featured with distributor source and 3PL delivery can be simplified as a two-node network comprised of a distributor and a consumer’s home. This two-node network has the potential to provide the highest order visibility since it is necessary for information systems of all nodes to be integrated. In a multiple-node with more complex network, order visibility decreases. Moreover, for LML models with consumer-pickup to be operational, high visibility via advance consumer notification must be provided |
Product availability and product variety | These variables share a single variation pattern. A manufacturer holds an inventory of greater variety and quantity than a distributor does, since the former occupies a more central position in an LML network and serves a wider consumer base. Correspondingly, a distributor has a greater variety of inventory than a retailer. Therefore, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, respectively, provide product variety and product availability in descending order. Moreover, LML models based on 3PL delivery provide greater variety given the specialist role of 3PL, which is capable of carrying more differentiated products |
Product customisability | Because customisation processes typically involve physical alteration of product and/or product packaging, the product manufacturer, by default, has the highest control over customisation; with the distributor and retailer having decreasing amounts of customisation control (e.g. Dell’s ability to customise-to-order) |
Product freshness | This variable is governed by two factors: first, the shipping distance separating the manufacturer and consumer’s home, and second, the shipping “directness” (whether the product is shipped to the destination point directly or through one or more “stops” for additional processing). The longer the shipping distance or the higher the shipping indirectness, the lower the level of product freshness |
Product margin | LML models with a central product sourcing point, such as the in-transit merge and drop-shipping models, are more compatible with higher margin products because the benefits of inventory aggregation are high and consumers are more willing to tolerate a longer response time. By comparison, LML models with local product sourcing points are more compatible with higher revenue products, offsetting the lower aggregation benefits. These products are either associated with high margin and low demand volume, or with low margin and high demand volume. Additionally, consumer-pickup models are most suitable for higher margin products |
Product returnability | Costs of processing returns increases as a function of the distance separating a product source point and the end consumer; more distance and higher cost result in low returnability. Typically, a manufacturer is located the farthest from a consumer segment, followed by the distance of a distributor and a retailer. LML models that source products from retailers, distributors, and manufacturers, respectively, provide returnability in descending order. Additionally, self-delivery and consumer-pickup models typically provide higher returnability since consumers can return products directly |
Service capacity | Service capacity varies by delivery type; 3PL delivery is more likely to be susceptible to certain external disruptions such as seasonal bottlenecks compared to self-delivery. Self-delivery models are thus more likely to provide higher service capacity than 3PL delivery |
LML design framework
Structural variable | |||||
Product source | Geographical scope | ||||
Contingency variable | Manufacturer | Distributor | Retailer | Locally based | Centrally based |
Consumer geographical density | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Consumer physical convenience | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Consumer time convenience | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Demand volume | Low | Medium | High/low | High/low | Low |
Order response time | n/a | n/a | n/a | Short | Long |
Order visibility | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Product availability | High | Medium | Low | n/a | n/a |
Product variety | High | Medium | Low | n/a | n/a |
Product customisability | High | Medium | Low | n/a | n/a |
Product freshness | n/a | n/a | n/a | High | Low |
Product margin | High | Medium | Low/high | Low/high | High |
Product returnability | n/a | n/a | n/a | High | Low |
Service capacity | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Structural variable | |||||
Mode of distribution | Number of nodes | ||||
Contingency variable | Self-delivery | Consumer-pickup | 3PL delivery | Two-node | Multiple-node |
Consumer geographical density | High | n/a | Low | n/a | n/a |
Consumer physical convenience | High | Low | High | n/a | n/a |
Consumer time convenience | High | Low | High | n/a | n/a |
Demand volume | n/a | n/a | – | n/a | n/a |
Order response time | n/a | n/a | – | Short | Long |
Order visibility | Low | High | Low | High | Low |
Product availability | n/a | n/a | – | n/a | n/a |
Product variety | Low | n/a | High | n/a | n/a |
Product customisability | n/a | n/a | – | n/a | n/a |
Product freshness | n/a | n/a | – | High | Low |
Product margin | Low | High | Low | n/a | n/a |
Product returnability | High | High | Low | n/a | n/a |
Service capacity | Full | n/a | Fluctuated | n/a | n/a |
Consumer time convenience | High | Low | High | n/a | n/a |
Mode of knowledge and formula | Science-mode knowledge: | Design mode knowledge: | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Structural variable | General formula | Example | General formula | Example |
Product source | If (a particular conceptual variable) delivered by an LML network is (a particular contingency variation), then the product of the LML network should be sourced from (a particular structural variation) | If (product customizability) delivered by an LML network is (high), then the product of the LML network should be sourced from (manufacturer) | To achieve (a particular variation of a conceptual variable), the product should be sourced from (a particular variation of the structural variable) | For an LML network to achieve (high product customizability), the product should be sourced from (manufacturer) |
Geographical scope | If (a particular contingency variable) delivered by an LML network is (a particular contingency variation), then the geographical scope of the LML network should be (a particular structural variation) | If (order response time) delivered by an LML network is (short), then the geographical scope of the LML network should be (localised) | For an LML network to achieve (a particular contingency variation), the geographical scope should be (a particular structural variation) | For an LML network to achieve (short order response time), the geographical scope should be (localised) |
Mode of distribution | If (a particular conceptual variable) delivered by an LML network is (a particular variation of the contingency variable), then the mode of distribution should be (a particular variation of the structural variable) | If (product variety) delivered by an LML network is (high), then the mode of distribution should be (3PL delivery) | To achieve (a particular variation of a conceptual variable), the mode of distribution should be (a particular variation of the structural variable) | To achieve (high product variety), the mode of distribution should be (3PL delivery) |
Number of nodes | If (a particular conceptual variable) delivered by an LML network is (a particular contingency variation), then the number of nodes should be (a particular structural variation) | If (order response time) delivered by an LML network is (short), then the number of nodes present in the LML network should be (two) | To achieve (a particular conceptual variation), the number of nodes present in the LML network should be (a particular structural variation) | To achieve (short order response time), the number of nodes present in the LML network should be (two) |
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A comprehensive review on e-commerce research, e-commerce adoption research: a review of literature, the mediating role of intention to use e-commerce adoption in msmes, challenges and obstacles facing smes in the adoption of e-commerce in developing countries; a case of saudi arabia, bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on major e-commerce journals using citespace, sustainability of rural agribusiness through e-commerce information systems, digital responses of smes to the covid-19 crisis, factors affecting big data adoption: an empirical study in small and medium enterprises in vietnam, digitalization in b2b marketing: omnichannel management from a pls-sem approach, an integrated multi-criteria decision analysis and structural equation modeling application for the attributes influencing the customer’s satisfaction and trust in e-commerce applications, 42 references, effect of implementation reasons, implementation plans and system modifications on e-commerce outcomes: a structural equation approach, the evaluation of e‐commerce impact on business efficiency, csfs of e-commerce admission in small and medium size enterprises (smes), b2b e-commerce implementation: the case of bhp steel, an exploratory investigation of factors shaping electronic commerce practices in iran, success in electronic commerce implementation: a cross-country study of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Analysis of the driving path of e-commerce to high-quality agricultural development in china: empirical evidence from mediating effect models.
Purpose: This study investigates the impact of e-commerce on high-quality agricultural development (HQAD) in China. As the agricultural sector transitions towards higher quality production in the digital era, understanding the influence pathways and mechanisms of e-commerce becomes crucial. We aim to quantify this influence through a hierarchical approach.
Methods: Utilizing provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021, we construct a comprehensive HQAD evaluation system using the entropy method. Parallel mediating effect models are employed to empirically assess the multi-level effects of e-commerce on HQAD.
Results: Benchmark regression analyzes reveal a significant positive effect of e-commerce on HQAD, indicating its role as a key driver in China’s agricultural advancement. Mechanism tests identify several intermediary pathways through which e-commerce indirectly promotes HQAD, including market expansion, agricultural value chain optimization, enhanced social services, and improved infrastructure. Notably, market expansion and value chain optimization demonstrate the most substantial mediation effects, accounting for 43.27 and 14.18% of the total effect, respectively.
Discussion: This research contributes to the literature by establishing a comprehensive HQAD evaluation framework, providing a theoretical foundation for future studies. By incorporating circulation factors into the production system, we elucidate the complex influence mechanisms of e-commerce on agricultural production, addressing a significant research gap. Furthermore, we propose a novel “demand-driven supply optimization” paradigm, offering valuable insights for policy formulation aimed at fostering HQAD in China.
China, a developing nation with a population of 1.4 billion, heavily relies on its agricultural sector to ensure food safety and ecological stability. The agricultural sector, a cornerstone of the national economy, has undergone significant transformations driven by industrialization. Grain production has increased dramatically from 304.77 million tons in 1978 to 686.53 million tons in 2022, successfully meeting the nutritional needs of the population. However, this progress has been accompanied by environmental degradation, food safety concerns, climate change impacts, and biological invasions. As living standards improve, consumer preferences are shifting towards healthier and safer food products. Consequently, enhancing agricultural quality has become crucial for ensuring global food security, promoting human well-being, and supporting robust economic development ( Garibaldi et al., 2011 ).
The concept of high-quality development, introduced by the Chinese government in October 2017, has emerged as a new imperative for the agricultural sector ( Wang D. et al., 2022 ; Wang G. et al., 2022 ). While HQAD has garnered global attention, it remains in its nascent stages. Traditional approaches to promoting HQAD have focused on input factors such as land, labor, capital, fertilizer, and irrigation, as well as their allocation efficiency ( Chi et al., 2022 ). However, in the absence of technological advancements, the law of diminishing returns limits the sustainability of this approach. Recent scholarly attention has shifted towards digital and biotechnologies ( Tang and Chen, 2022 ), yet these predominantly address production efficiency through altered input combinations, often neglecting the crucial aspect of market circulation – a significant obstacle to HQAD, given the perishable nature of most agricultural products ( Ashokkumar et al., 2019 ).
The emergence of “Internet +” as a new economic paradigm since the 1990s has given rise to e-commerce, an advanced business model leveraging computer networks. E-commerce, underpinned by internet infrastructure and information technology, offers advantages such as high efficiency and strong profitability ( Gai, 2023 ). Its integration with agriculture encompasses various aspects, including industrial layout, value chain development, logistics optimization, product sales and service, and brand management. This convergence applies modern information technology and management methods to agricultural product sales, revolutionizing both production methods ( Tang, 2022 ) and consumption patterns. The rise of online retail, booking, purchasing, and payment reflects a shift towards a “customer-centric” approach ( Zhang and Berghäll, 2021 ), transforming the traditional supply-driven agricultural development model into a demand-driven paradigm ( Nosratabadi et al., 2020 ). At the micro level, agricultural producers’ organizations are deepening vertical cooperation within the industry through increased consolidation to access larger markets and higher economic profits. The application of internet-based remote planning and monitoring facilitates the optimization of procedures and decision-making, ultimately improving agricultural product quality ( Nosratabadi et al., 2020 ). At the macro level, the reduction in fertilizer use, improvements in technical efficiency, increased farmland utilization, and enhanced farmer welfare ( Twumasi et al., 2021 ; Zhang and Berghäll, 2021 ; Zhu et al., 2021 ) reflect the intrinsic demands of high-quality agriculture. The deep integration of e-commerce and agriculture provides new avenues for agricultural transformation and upgrading.
This study investigates the driving pathways through which e-commerce contributes to HQAD. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a theoretical discussion on the action mechanism, elucidating the internal processes by which e-commerce promotes HQAD. Section 3 employs the entropy method to establish an evaluation system for HQAD and quantifies China’s development index based on provincial data. Section 4 decomposes and measures the driving impact of e-commerce through an empirical analysis of mediating effects. Finally, Section 5 offers conclusions and policy recommendations.
2.1 literature review.
The evolution of modern agriculture has witnessed a paradigm shift from “efficiency pursuit” to “green production” and, more recently, to “high-quality development” ( Wang D. et al., 2022 ; Wang Z. et al., 2022 ). Contemporary scholarly discourse on HQAD primarily focuses on four key aspects: conceptual definition, characteristic identification, measurement methodologies, and influencing factors.
HQAD emerges as a product of China’s economic development trajectory, signifying a transition from a quantitative “having or not” paradigm to a qualitative “good or bad” evaluation of agricultural production. As a nascent concept, recent scholarly endeavors have explored its multifaceted connotations, broadly categorized into three perspectives. (1) Development concept-based approach. In contrast to traditional agriculture, HQAD is guided by principles of “innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing” ( Cui et al., 2022 ), reflecting the extent to which these five concepts are operationalized in the production process. (2) Production efficiency perspective. The crux of HQAD lies in the adoption of resource-efficient technologies, optimal allocation of production factors, and enhancement of total factor productivity, epitomizing an intensive mode of production ( Baráth et al., 2020 ). This approach emphasizes not only the scale and speed of agricultural product supply but also quality and efficiency ( Tang and Chen, 2022 ). (3) Agricultural function-based view. The evolutionary trajectory of agriculture has seen an expansion from its primary food provision function to encompassing industrial raw material supply, labor provision, and more recently, services such as leisure tourism, cultural preservation and innovation, and environmental stewardship ( Pang et al., 2016 ). Consequently, HQAD emphasizes the synergy between economic functions and environmental protection, as well as human social development ( Chi et al., 2022 ). HQAD thus emerges as a multidimensional construct necessitating a comprehensive examination of its conceptual, production, and social systems. Current scholarly efforts, while valuable, remain fragmented, lacking a cohesive theoretical framework.
While the HQAD concept originated in Chinese academia, parallel global discourses on sustainable and smart agriculture reflect similar aspirations. Measurement methodologies have evolved from singular indicators to comprehensive evaluation systems ( Bao et al., 2021 ), primarily focusing on: (1) Agricultural production efficiency. Scholars employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have identified that non-agricultural employment negatively impacts agricultural production efficiency ( Chang et al., 2022 ). Conversely, enhanced land tenure rights both directly and indirectly improve efficiency through increased agricultural investment ( Zhang and Chen, 2022 ). (2) Green ecological efficiency. The approach to measuring green ecological efficiency in agriculture has developed along two main streams. The first stream focuses on constructing comprehensive green agriculture evaluation systems. For instance, Bergius et al. (2018) assessed green agriculture development in Tanzania’s Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor (SAGCOT) across dimensions such as resource utilization efficiency and ecological stability. Similarly, Yao and Sun (2023) employed indicators including agricultural resource input, total agricultural output value, and carbon emissions to gauge green agriculture development in China. The second stream concentrates on measuring agricultural green total factor productivity. Scholars in this area have employed various methods, including Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) ( Orea and Wall, 2017 ), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) ( Suzigan et al., 2020 ), and Undesirable Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) ( Guo et al., 2015 ) to quantify and analyze the agricultural green total factor productivity. (3) Quality evaluation systems. Recent scholarship has reconstructed HQAD evaluation systems based on the five development concepts: green, innovation, opening, coordination, and sharing ( Liu et al., 2020 ; Wang H. et al., 2022 ). Findings suggest that in China, the green dimension exhibits the most rapid development, followed by innovation and sharing ( Cui et al., 2022 ). Scholars have also developed evaluation systems for green agriculture, high-quality agriculture, and brand agriculture ( Lu et al., 2022 ). Prevalent methodologies include the entropy method ( Wang S. et al., 2021 ; Wang G. et al., 2022 ; Yang et al., 2023 ), TOPSIS ( Li et al., 2023 ), and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Despite these advancements, research on HQAD measurement remains limited, with significant variations in results due to disparities in indicator selection and calculation methodologies.
HQAD is a complex, multifaceted endeavor influenced by numerous factors. Current scholarly discourse primarily analyzes these influencing factors through the lenses of agricultural industrial agglomeration, technological innovation, and market conditions. (1) Industrial agglomeration. The concentration of agricultural industries has facilitated economies of scale and improved infrastructure utilization ( Guo et al., 2020 ). This agglomeration fosters resource sharing and technology diffusion, attracting key factors such as scientific personnel and green mechanization, thereby enhancing green total factor productivity (GTFP) ( Li et al., 2017 ). However, excessive agglomeration can lead to crowding effects, potentially impeding agricultural development ( Yin and Wu, 2021 ). Xu et al. (2022) employed Moran’s I index and the spatial Durbin model (SDM), revealing a U-shaped relationship between the degree of agricultural industrial agglomeration and green development. (2) Technological innovation. Innovation plays a pivotal role in the evolution of traditional agriculture in China. Advancements in cultivation techniques, efficient resource utilization, and pollution mitigation are key drivers of progress ( Chandio et al., 2023 ). HQAD is characterized by digitalization and informatization, propelled by technologies such as robotic systems and smart machines (RSSM), and farm management information systems ( Schwering et al., 2022 ). Precision and smart agriculture represent the primary developmental trajectories. Higgins et al. (2017) posit that the adoption of precision agriculture technologies has reduced production and operational costs while augmenting the value of the agricultural industry chain. In China, a 1% increase in research and development investment correlates with a 1.79% improvement in HQAD levels ( Yang et al., 2023 ). (3) Market conditions. The degree of marketization, encompassing factors such as the business environment and agricultural openness, exerts a long-term positive influence on agricultural sector in China ( Wang D. et al., 2022 ; Wang H. et al., 2022 ). Enhanced market conditions facilitate the innovative application of new technologies and the modernization of agricultural operations, guiding the optimization of the agricultural industry chain ( Soegoto and Faridh, 2020 ; Molina et al., 2024 ). Within the market sphere, financial product innovations, such as digital inclusive finance, have provided accessible financial services ( Li et al., 2023 ).
Among the myriad factors influencing agricultural development, scholars have increasingly recognized the significance of e-commerce. The research in this domain can be categorized into the following aspects. (1) Impact on green agricultural development. Studies have focused on whether e-commerce mitigates agricultural pollution. Evidence suggests that e-commerce promotes green agriculture by catalyzing industrial restructuring and facilitating green technology innovation ( Han et al., 2023 ). (2) Influence on consumer behavior. Bai et al. (2024) investigated emerging e-commerce modalities, finding that live-streaming e-commerce significantly enhances consumer purchase intention due to its real-time experiential advantages. However, purchase intention and satisfaction are influenced by multiple factors, including consumer expectations, product quality, brand image, e-commerce platform characteristics, and logistics efficiency ( Liu and Kao, 2022 ). Maintaining consumer satisfaction has emerged as a critical challenge for agricultural product suppliers ( Zaghloul et al., 2024 ). (3) Impact on agricultural product sales efficiency. E-commerce connects global internet platforms, generating powerful resource integration effects and information resource advantages. This integration encompasses previously dispersed supply chain resources and information and communication technology infrastructure ( Farid and Riaz, 2023 ). Additionally, vast amounts of agricultural data are collected and utilized in information dissemination systems ( Kinsey and Buhr, 2003 ). To leverage the positive impact of e-commerce on agriculture, website functionalities and communication strategies should be tailored to different farmer typologies, such as professional operators, online hesitators, offline loyalists, and online enthusiasts, based on their distinct characteristics. While these studies do not directly examine the impact of e-commerce on HQAD, they collectively indicate that e-commerce is an essential factor promoting agricultural modernization from various perspectives.
Extant literature has made substantial contributions to our understanding of agricultural development. Scholars have elucidated various factors influencing agricultural productivity and sustainability (e.g., Guo et al., 2020 ; Wang Z. et al., 2022 ). Nevertheless, several limitations persist in the current body of research. First, studies predominantly emphasize supply-side factors, often neglecting demand-side drivers such as e-commerce ( Li et al., 2023 ). Second, there is a dearth of comprehensive frameworks that simultaneously explore multiple pathways of influence, limiting our understanding of the complex interplay between e-commerce and various aspects of agricultural development ( Zhang and Berghäll, 2021 ). Third, existing evaluation systems for HQAD frequently omit the social contribution dimension, resulting in an incomplete assessment of agriculture’s multifaceted impact ( Chi et al., 2022 ). These gaps in the literature underscore the necessity for a more holistic approach to studying HQAD, one that incorporates demand-side factors, examines multiple pathways, and encompasses a broader spectrum of evaluation criteria.
This study makes several significant contributions to the existing literature on HQAD. Firstly, unlike previous research focusing on supply-side factors ( Guo et al., 2020 ; Chandio et al., 2023 ), we identify e-commerce as a key driver from the demand side, offering fresh insights into agricultural advancement mechanisms. Secondly, we propose and empirically test multiple pathways through which e-commerce influences HQAD, including market expansion, agricultural industry chain optimization, social service improvement, and infrastructure supply enhancement. This comprehensive framework provides a more nuanced understanding of e-commerce’s role. Lastly, we improve upon existing assessment models by incorporating agricultural social contribution as a new dimension, alongside agricultural quality and efficiency, innovation capability, and green development. This enhanced evaluation system offers a more holistic view of agricultural development’s impact.
HQAD represents an innovative approach to sustainable development, with e-commerce serving as a crucial component within the “Internet+” framework. The integration of e-commerce signifies market convergence and a customer-centric paradigm ( Schwering et al., 2023 ), offering substantial benefits in resource integration and information accessibility. By leveraging the “power source,” “supply chain,” and “guarantee chain,” e-commerce facilitates a seamless connection between circulation and production, thereby fostering HQAD. These impact mechanisms are illustrated in Figure 1 .
Figure 1 . The mechanism of e-commerce affecting the HQAD.
HQAD epitomizes the optimization of production methods under market forces, with sustained market demand serving as the “power source.” Agricultural producer organizations, as profit-driven entities, aim to maximize economic returns ( Pendyala et al., 2022 ). Their investment decisions and production practices are influenced by market price signals. However, the fragmentation of agricultural product markets across regions disrupts the efficient transmission of price signals, resulting in reduced income. Traditional offline distribution of agricultural products heavily relies on intermediaries, and information asymmetry limits farmers’ ability to influence market prices, leading to lower farmgate prices ( Ashokkumar et al., 2019 ). Consequently, intermediaries capture a significant portion of agricultural profits. Compared to non-agricultural sectors, agricultural production is characterized by high risks, labor intensity, and low returns. This economic disparity has led to substantial rural–urban migration and impeded the qualitative improvement of agricultural practices. The critical challenge lies in eliminating information barriers between farmers and broader markets.
Concurrently, the disintermediation effect of e-commerce provides farmers with alternative marketing channels and access to a wider consumer base, thereby enhancing distribution efficiency. Farmers can directly engage with larger markets and increase their share of the final product value ( Kumar et al., 2023 ). Recently, established e-commerce platforms such as Taobao and JD.com have introduced innovative “live+e-commerce” models. The integration of technologies like Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) offers consumers an immersive 3D shopping experience that stimulates multiple senses, including visual, auditory, and tactile, thus enhancing consumer engagement ( Ricci et al., 2023 ). These technologies not only excel in product visualization ( Chen et al., 2024 ) but also enable more robust interactions, increased transparency, higher conversion rates, and stronger customer loyalty. The emergence of new market segments such as contract farming, agritourism, and rural tourism has propelled agriculture from low value-added activities to medium and high-end market tiers. E-commerce model innovations have enhanced information accessibility and logistics efficiency, expanded the market reach of agricultural products, and generated a significant market discovery effect. Simultaneously, e-commerce demonstrates a substantial market integration effect. Agricultural e-commerce platforms like Taobao, JD.com , and Pinduoduo not only extend online markets but also integrate offline markets. Information disclosure, product standardization, logistics, and services in agricultural markets nationwide are increasingly harmonized. In 2021, rural online retail sales in China reached 2.17 trillion yuan, accounting for 14.8% of total agricultural product sales ( Feng, 2023 ), with the market size of live e-commerce surpassing 1.2 trillion yuan by 2022. Based on these observations, we propose the following hypothesis:
H1: E-commerce facilitates market expansion both online and offline, thereby providing a stronger “power source” for HQAD.
Traditional small-scale agriculture is characterized by decentralization and limited scope. In the context of large-scale and high-end agricultural development trends, small-scale production faces challenges such as insufficient scientific and technological expertise and inadequate investment capital ( Lin and Wang, 2014 ). The lag in organizational structure remains a primary barrier to HQAD. The agricultural industry chain comprises various organizational elements, including upstream (agriculture), midstream (agricultural product processing enterprises), and downstream (service industry) sectors. To achieve HQAD, it is crucial to vertically integrate resources across the entire industrial chain and align with advanced organizational modes and management practices. E-commerce, as an innovative technology leveraging the Internet for trade, offers key functionalities in vertical integration and efficient supply chain management. The synergy between e-commerce and agriculture presents promising prospects, attracting leading e-commerce enterprises, network anchors, and social capital. The traditional “farmers + wholesalers + retailers” supply chain model has evolved into a multi-agent chain involving “e-commerce enterprises + production bases + professional cooperatives + social capital.” E-commerce platforms facilitate the transformation of agricultural products into standardized logistics systems, establishing various quality control measures such as product standards, supply assurance, organic traceability, and premium brand development. Within the virtual supply chain, order-based and contract-based systems assist farmers in adopting market-oriented mindsets. The vertical integration of the supply chain system shifts the mode of operation from individual independence to cooperative multi-agent approaches.
Customer retention is a critical factor in the development of e-commerce and HQAD. E-commerce enterprises can leverage big data analytics to comprehensively understand consumer demand fluctuations and user feedback. The application of mathematical models enables effective differentiation of user interests, optimizing system recommendations and marketing strategies ( Ma and Wang, 2024 ). Concurrently, agricultural product quality plays a pivotal role in influencing consumers’ purchasing decisions and satisfaction levels. Contemporary consumers increasingly demand refined and high-end agricultural products. While common products struggle to find markets, premium and environmentally friendly products are in high demand, highlighting a misalignment in the supply structure of agricultural products ( Zhou et al., 2019 ). E-commerce facilitates the networking of information flow, capital flow, and logistics, emphasizing “wireless connectivity” and “information sharing.” The traditional “price-centered” market approach is being supplanted by a new “data-centric” model. Market demands and data signals are driving the need for branding, sustainability, and optimization of agricultural supply chains. Online platforms showcase the entire process of agricultural production and processing, allowing consumers to easily trace product origins through QR code scanning, thereby enhancing user loyalty. By 2021, 24.7% of Chinese agricultural products achieved quality and safety traceability. Data mining studies have demonstrated that the prediction accuracy of attribute analysis tools is 20.36% higher than that of general analysis tools ( Yang, 2022 ). Based on these observations, we propose the following hypothesis:
H2: The vertical synergy effect of e-commerce drives the industrialization of agricultural organizations. Through the mediation of the “industrial chain,” e-commerce promotes HQAD.
HQAD relies not only on technological innovation in production but also on the support of various social services, including operational management, financial insurance, information consulting, brand operation, and marketing circulation ( Chen et al., 2021 ). As agricultural technology advances, the level of division of labor and specialization in agriculture deepens, creating opportunities for market-oriented e-commerce operations in the service sector ( Zhong et al., 2022 ). Currently, e-commerce companies are evolving into service platforms, offering farmers modern service “tools” by integrating online and offline agricultural technologies, resources, financial services, and logistics solutions. International examples demonstrate the positive impact of e-commerce on agricultural development. For instance, e-wallet technology has enabled more than 50% of Nigerian farmers to access improved seeds and fertilizers ( Adebo, 2014 ). E-commerce has supported Bangladeshi farmers in enhancing their technologies and modernizing agriculture by facilitating access to funds from credit institutions ( Khandker and Koolwal, 2016 ). In Pakistan, crop yields have seen significant growth following the provision of agricultural consulting and financial services to farmers ( Elahi et al., 2018 ). In China, comprehensive e-commerce providers such as “JD Agricultural Materials” and “Rural Taobao” treat agricultural inputs like seeds, feed, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery as tradable commodities. They offer farmers online purchasing and machinery operation services, aiding in cost reduction and shortened procurement cycles. Service-oriented agricultural e-commerce providers such as “Nong Yi Sheng” and “Yi Nong Bao” promptly update agricultural technology and product information to offer farmers online consultation and diagnostic services, enhancing their knowledge and production skills ( Du et al., 2023 ). Vertical agricultural e-commerce platforms like “Feng Shou Xia” assist farmers in acquiring, storing, and transporting agricultural products through offline service stations and social networks, enabling them to effectively market their goods. Since its inception in 2018, “Feng Shou Xia” has served over 100,000 farmers, significantly boosting their income. Based on these observations, we propose the following hypothesis:
H3: E-commerce leads the modernization of agricultural social services. Through the mediation of social services, e-commerce strengthens the soft “security chain” for HQAD.
HQAD requires the implementation of a comprehensive quality control system that prioritizes green, organic, and pollution-free production methods to ensure the cultivation of nutritious, safe, and reliable agricultural products. This agricultural transformation is contingent upon the availability of critical infrastructure, including robust power supply networks, extensive telecommunications coverage, and efficient logistics systems, with a primary focus on modern facilities and advanced technological investments ( Usman et al., 2024 ). Since the early 21st century, the Chinese government has significantly increased investments in rural infrastructure to support the expansion of e-commerce into agrarian regions. A notable initiative is the “E-commerce into Village” project, launched in 2014, which aims to enhance rural e-commerce service points, establish comprehensive logistics networks, develop robust supply chains and regional brands, and improve farmer training programs ( Xin, 2021 ). By 2021, broadband coverage in China’s administrative villages had achieved full penetration, with optical fiber and 4G network coverage exceeding 99%. Furthermore, by the end of 2022, 5G network deployment had been completed in county and urban areas. The elimination of infrastructural barriers is crucial in enabling rural regions to establish self-sustaining e-commerce ecosystems ( Leong et al., 2016 ).
Concurrently, vendors on major e-commerce platforms such as Amazon, JD.com , and Suning are evolving beyond their traditional roles as intermediaries. These entities are increasingly establishing self-operated stores, engaging in logistics and warehousing operations, and providing specialized services such as cold chain logistics for agricultural products ( Han et al., 2023 ). This transformation has been conceptualized by scholars like Qin et al. (2021) as the “market-platform” model. According to Tosza (2021) , e-commerce can be categorized into rule-setter and infrastructure providers. In the current market landscape, the provision of efficient logistics services has become a critical determinant of e-commerce platforms’ competitive advantage. The infrastructural impact of e-commerce advancement extends to agricultural production methods. Modern logistics facilities, coupled with advanced equipment and technologies such as automated production management control systems and integrated water and fertilizer management, are being extensively utilized to facilitate the automation of farming, animal husbandry, and aquaculture practices. This technological integration addresses the “hardware” deficiencies in agricultural transformation and enhancement, fostering sustainable production practices such as ecological farming and circular agriculture ( Zheng and Zhou, 2023 ). Based on these observations, we propose the following hypothesis:
H4: The proliferation of e-commerce has catalyzed increased investment in rural infrastructure by both enterprises and government entities. Through the modernization of logistics and other critical infrastructure, e-commerce provides the hardware for HQAD.
3.1 construction of index system of hqad.
In recent years, HQAD has emerged as a significant focus in academic research, with numerous scholars assessing its developmental level. Baráth et al. (2020) utilized total factor productivity as a proxy variable to evaluate the level of HQAD in Slovenia. Concurrently, Chinese scholars have explored the construction of multidimensional index systems. For instance, Liu et al. (2020) established a comprehensive evaluation framework based on five new development concepts: innovation, coordination, green development, opening up, and sharing. Li et al. (2023) formulated an evaluation index system encompassing aspects such as farmer income, industrial efficiency, technological support, production efficiency, labor quality, and green production. Building upon existing research, this study has developed a comprehensive index system for HQAD, focusing on agricultural quality and efficiency enhancement, agricultural innovation capability, agricultural green development, and agricultural social contribution.
1. Agricultural quality and efficiency enhancement. The HQAD framework necessitates consistent productivity growth while emphasizing qualitative and efficiency improvements. This study incorporates five key indicators to comprehensively assess the enhancement of agricultural quality and efficiency: agricultural labor productivity, agricultural land yield, agricultural economic development, structural composition of the agricultural sector, and agricultural export competitiveness.
2. Agricultural innovation capability. Technological advancement is fundamental to HQAD. The integration of cutting-edge technologies and agricultural mechanization significantly influences production efficiency and product quality. Drawing from extant literature, this study employs indicators such as the degree of agricultural mechanization, agricultural financial allocation, research and development (R&D) investment intensity, proportion of R&D personnel, and shifts in the agricultural industrial structure to evaluate innovation capability.
3. Green agricultural development. HQAD prioritizes sustainable resource utilization, energy efficiency, and environmental stewardship throughout the production process. To gauge the level of green development, this study utilizes key indicators including the effective irrigation coefficient, agricultural fertilizer application intensity, pesticide utilization rate, and agricultural carbon emissions.
4. Agricultural social contribution. The primary objective of agricultural development is to meet societal needs. HQAD emphasizes the social benefits of agriculture and its active contribution to societal progress. Consequently, this study incorporates indicators such as the agricultural labor employment ratio, rural resident income levels, rural residents’ Engel coefficient, agricultural GDP contribution rate, and urbanization rate to assess the social impact of the agricultural sector.
This study examines different provinces in China (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2000 to 2021 as case studies. The data utilized primarily came from the China Statistical Yearbook, China Rural Statistical Yearbook, China Financial Statistical Yearbook, China Science and Technology Statistical Yearbook, China Environmental Statistical Yearbook, China Population and Employment Statistical Yearbook, and the statistical yearbook of each province.
This study employs the entropy method to evaluate the target layer and each criterion layer by analyzing data index fluctuations. The methodological approach comprises three main stages. First, the extreme value method is applied to normalize the original data and compute the relative weights of individual indices. Second, the entropy, difference coefficient, and weight of each index are calculated to assess the information content and discriminatory power of the indicators. Third, the indices for the four dimensions are computed, and subsequently, a comprehensive development index is derived using an objective linear weighting function. The detailed procedural steps for this analysis are as follows.
1. Data standardization processing. For positive indicators, the data are standardized using Equation (1) as shown below:
For negative indicators, Equation (2) is applied for standardization:
where, x i j represents the original data of j indicator of i region, min x i j is the minimum value of the indicator, max x i j is the maximum value of the indicator, and x i j ∗ is the result after standardization of the indicator x i j .
1. Normalize the indicators and calculate the proportion of the J th indicator in the region i , as shown in Equation (3) :
1. Calculate the information entropy of the index e j , as indicated by Equation (4) :
where e j is the information entropy of the J th index, n is the number of provinces to be evaluated, n = 31.
1. Calculate the difference coefficient g j and weight w j of the J th index using Equations (5 , 6) , respectively, as follows:
where g j is the difference coefficient of the J th index, and the larger the coefficient, the greater the effect of this index on the object of study, and the more important this economic index.
1. According to the weights calculated in (4), the standardized indicators in (1) is weighted and summarized to obtain the comprehensive indicator of HQAD.
2. Repeat steps (1) to (5) by different years. The construction of evaluation system of HQAD index is shown in Table 1 .
Table 1 . Construction of evaluation system of HQAD index.
The assessment of e-commerce development employs various methodologies, including the e-commerce readiness framework developed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the life cycle model proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In the Chinese context, the China Internet Research and Development Center (CIRC) has formulated a comprehensive e-commerce index comprising 32 indicators, tailored to the nation’s specific circumstances. This study builds upon existing research by synthesizing multiple sources to construct a robust index system. Primary references include the E-commerce Development Index in China published by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the index system released by the CIRC. The selection of indicators was further refined based on the availability of relevant data across various provinces. The index system is presented in Table 2 .
Table 2 . Construction of index system of e-commerce development level.
4.1 basic model setting.
Drawing upon the aforementioned theoretical framework, this study proposes a basic econometric model to empirically examine the impact of e-commerce on HQAD. The model is specified as follows.
where quality it represents the HQAD index provinces i in the year t ; e c it stands for the e-commerce development index; X stands for the other possible control variable and ε it is the error perturbation term. If α 1 is significantly positive, that means the e-commerce has boosted HQAD.
To enhance the robustness of our analysis on the impact of e-commerce, this study incorporates several potential confounding factors as control variables. (1) Crop disaster rate, measured as the ratio of disaster-affected crop area to total planted area in each region. (2) Foreign direct investment (FDI) level, calculated as the ratio of FDI (converted to Chinese yuan using the annual average exchange rate) to GDP. (3) Financial development level, represented by the ratio of outstanding financial credits to total regional output. (4) Macroeconomic environment, indicated by the proportion of secondary and tertiary industry output to total regional output. (5) Whether to cancel agricultural tax or not. Considering the policy factor that China completely abolished agricultural tax on January 1, 2006, a dummy variable is set for the cancellation of agricultural tax, with a value of 0 before 2006 and 1 after 2006. (6) The density of rural roads. Following Tian and Xiong (2023) , the density of rural roads is calculated as (regional highway mileage – regional first-class highway mileage – regional second-class highway mileage + out-of-region highway mileage) / (regional area – regional construction area). The descriptive analysis of the relevant variables is presented in Table 3 .
Table 3 . Descriptive analysis of relevant variables.
The benchmark regression analysis, aimed at evaluating the impact of e-commerce on HQAD, yielded a statistically significant coefficient of 0.147. This finding underscores the substantial influence of e-commerce on agricultural sector in China. The proliferation of e-commerce platforms in recent years has revolutionized the distribution channels for agricultural products in China, offering a more efficient and accessible marketplace. By streamlining processes across the agricultural supply chain, including procurement, storage, and delivery, e-commerce has effectively mitigated costs and enhanced operational efficiency. These improvements have, in turn, contributed significantly to the advancement of China’s HQAD. Table 4 presents a comprehensive breakdown of our regression results, providing further insights into the magnitude and nature of this relationship.
Table 4 . Benchmark regression of e-commerce impact effects.
To further validate the robustness of our findings regarding the impact of e-commerce, we employed several alternative methodologies, with results presented in Table 5 . Firstly, we conducted new our explanatory and dependent variables, utilizing principal component analysis to reconstruct both the e-commerce and HQAD indices for regression analysis. As evidenced in column (1) of Table 5 , the newly constructed e-commerce development index continues to exhibit a significant positive effect on the revised HQAD index. Secondly, we incorporated a joint fixed effect model, accounting for both control area and year, which reaffirmed the conclusions drawn from our baseline regression. Lastly, to mitigate the potential influence of outliers, we applied a winsorization technique at the 1% level for all variables. The results of this analysis, presented in column (3), demonstrate a high degree of consistency with our benchmark regression outcomes. These comprehensive robustness checks collectively reinforce the stability and reliability of our primary findings, providing strong support for the significant impact of e-commerce on HQAD.
Table 5 . Robustness test results.
To address potential endogeneity issues in our regression analysis, we employed a series of instrumental variables (IVs). Our IVs included the lagged e-commerce index, an interaction term between a historical variable and the 1987 time trend of telephone ownership per 100 residents ( Huang et al., 2019 ), and the mean e-commerce development level of neighboring provinces. The validity of these IVs was rigorously tested. Wald statistic results rejected the null hypothesis of “no correlation with endogenous variables” at the 10% significance level, indicating our IVs are not weak. Additionally, the overidentification test failed to reject the null hypothesis of “exogenous instrumental variables” at the 10% level, satisfying the exogeneity condition. Upon addressing potential bidirectional causality through our IV approach, we observed a substantial increase in the e-commerce impact coefficient. The results of this instrumental variable regression analysis, presented in columns 1, 2, and 3 of Table 6 , provide robust evidence for the causal relationship between e-commerce and our dependent variable.
Table 6 . Regression results of endogenous processing.
The spatial heterogeneity of agricultural development, intrinsically linked to geographical location and natural resource endowments, suggests potential regional variations in the impact of e-commerce on HQAD across China’s diverse landscape. Our econometric analysis, presented in columns (1)–(4) of Table 7 , provides empirical evidence of these regional disparities. The results indicate that the Central region of China experiences the most pronounced effect of e-commerce on HQAD, with the largest coefficient of 1.064, significant at the 1% level. Similarly, the Northeastern and Western regions demonstrate substantial impacts, with coefficients of 0.466 and 0.153, significant at the 1 and 5% levels, respectively. In contrast, the Eastern region exhibits a comparatively smaller, albeit still significant, impact with a coefficient of 0.024. These regional disparities may be attributed to the varying degrees of constraints faced by different areas in terms of geographical conditions, infrastructure development, and access to consumer markets. The Central, Western, and Northeastern regions, which traditionally face more significant barriers in these aspects compared to the more developed Eastern region, appear to benefit more substantially from e-commerce. This technology effectively mitigates geographical limitations by facilitating cross-regional flows of agricultural products and production factors, consequently emerging as a particularly potent driver of HQAD in these regions. This finding corroborates the recent work of Yang et al. (2023) , who similarly observed differential impacts of e-commerce across China’s diverse geographical landscape.
Table 7 . Regional heterogeneity in the impact of e-commerce on HQAD.
Drawing upon our theoretical framework, we developed four mediating indicators to investigate the potential pathways through which e-commerce influences HQAD. (1) Online trading volume of agricultural products (TVAP), derived by multiplying the scale of annual agricultural product transactions by the provincial ratio of e-commerce transactions to the national total, with logarithmic transformation applied to mitigate heteroscedasticity; (2) Modernization degree of agricultural industry chain (MDAIC), constructed using a five-dimensional indicator system encompassing integrated development, innovation and upgrading, global cohesion, policy coordination, and stable operation; (3) Socialized service level (SSL), computed from the input index of the service industry in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery as reported in provincial input–output tables, with linear interpolation employed to address missing data; and (4) Supply degree of agricultural infrastructure (SDAI), utilizing the length of long-distance fiber optic cable lines in rural and urban areas as a proxy for digital infrastructure supply, given its critical role in e-commerce development and fundamental importance to HQAD.
To empirically examine the hypothesized mediating pathways, we employed a parallel mediation effect model framework. This approach extends the baseline model ( Equation 7 ) to incorporate the potential mediating variables, allowing for a more nuanced analysis of the mechanisms through which e-commerce influences HQAD. The expanded model is specified as follows.
Equations 8–11 measure the relationship between explanatory variables and mediating variables. Equation 12 examines the relationship among explanatory variables, mediating variables, and the explained variable.
Adopting Hayes (2013) approach, this study utilized 5,000 bootstrap samples and the PROCESS macro model 4 in SPSS, with a 95% bias-corrected confidence interval (CI) to analyze the parallel mediating effects of e-commerce on HQAD. Bootstrap sampling, not relying on assumptions about the sampling distribution, is the most effective method for assessing mediating effects. A statistically significant indirect effect is indicated if the CI range excludes zero, suggesting the presence of a mediating effect ( Wang, 2024 ). Table 8 presents the coefficients of multiple parallel mediating regressions, examining the direct and indirect effects of e-commerce on HQAD through various mediators. The results indicate a significant direct positive effect of e-commerce on HQAD, with a coefficient of 0.2173 at the 1% significance level, suggesting that e-commerce contributes to HQAD even when considering mediating factors. Furthermore, we found there exist significant positive relationships between e-commerce and four mediating variables at the 1% significance level. This implies that e-commerce development enhances these aspects of the agricultural sector. Additionally, all four mediating variables demonstrate positive effects on HQAD. These findings suggest that each mediator plays a role in transmitting e-commerce’s effects on HQAD. Table 9 reveals the parallel mediating effects of e-commerce on HQAD, with all variables showing significant indirect effects. Market expansion (TVAP) demonstrates the strongest mediating effect, accounting for 43.27% of the total effect, highlighting its crucial role in fostering HQAD through e-commerce. The modernization of the agricultural industry chain (MDAIC) follows, contributing 14.18% to the total effect, emphasizing the importance of industry chain upgrades. The socialized service level (SSL) also plays a notable role, accounting for 3.31% of the total effect, underscoring the significance of improved agricultural services. The supply of agricultural infrastructure (SDAI) shows the smallest mediating effect, suggesting that while important, it may have less immediate impact on HQAD compared to other factors. Significant differences are observed between the mediating effect of TVAP and those of SSL, MDAIC, and SDAI, providing a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships within this e-commerce-driven developmental process.
Table 8 . Regression coefficients of E-commerce and mediating variables on HQAD.
Table 9 . Parallel mediating effects of e-commerce on HQAD.
This study’s key findings reveal that e-commerce significantly promotes HQAD in China through four pathways: market expansion, agricultural industry chain modernization, social service optimization, and infrastructure supply. Notably, market expansion exhibits the strongest mediating effect (43.27%), followed by industry chain modernization (14.18%). These results extend previous research by Han et al. (2023) on e-commerce’s role in green agriculture and Bai et al. (2024) on consumer behavior, while challenging traditional supply-side dominant perspectives by emphasizing demand-side factors in driving HQAD. Theoretically, this study advances existing frameworks by proposing a “demand-driven supply adjustment” model, integrating both demand and supply-side factors, and employing a multi-pathway analysis to uncover the complex mechanisms of e-commerce’s impact on HQAD. This approach not only enriches agricultural economics theory but also provides a new paradigm for studying digital transformation in other economic sectors. Practically, these findings offer valuable insights for agricultural policy-making and e-commerce development strategies. They suggest the need for policies supporting rural digital infrastructure, e-commerce training, and the optimization of industry chain integration and social services. Furthermore, the comprehensive framework developed for assessing agricultural development quality can aid governments and relevant institutions in more accurately monitoring and evaluating agricultural progress, thereby informing more targeted development strategies.
This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation system for HQAD in China and investigates the impact of e-commerce on HQAD using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2021. By employing mediating effect models, we examine the multiple pathways through which e-commerce influences HQAD. Our findings contribute to the existing literature and offer important policy implications. The main conclusions are as follows: Firstly, e-commerce significantly promotes HQAD in China, with a positive impact coefficient of 0.147. This finding aligns with Chen et al. (2022) , who reported that e-commerce adoption enhances technical efficiency in wheat production. However, our study extends beyond a single crop to encompass overall agricultural development. Secondly, the impact of e-commerce on HQAD varies across regions. The Central region of China experiences the largest impact (coefficient: 1.064), followed by the Northeastern (0.466) and Western (0.153) regions, while the Eastern region shows the smallest impact (0.024). This regional heterogeneity adds nuance to the findings of Yang et al. (2023) , who focused on the national-level impact of agricultural R&D on HQAD. Lastly, e-commerce drives HQAD through four main pathways: market expansion (43.27% of total effect), modernization of the agricultural industry chain (14.18%), optimization of agricultural social services (3.31%), and supply of agricultural infrastructure (1.50%). This multi-pathway analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding compared to previous studies like Zhong et al. (2022) , which primarily focused on the digital economy’s impact on agricultural technological progress. The market expansion effect of e-commerce is the most prominent, highlighting the crucial role of demand-side factors in driving HQAD. This finding challenges the traditional supply-side dominant perspectives in agricultural development research.
Based on these findings, several policy implications are derived. As a developing country with a large agricultural sector, (1) Given that the impact of e-commerce on HQAD shows significant heterogeneity across different regions, policymakers should formulate differentiated e-commerce development strategies based on the specific conditions and characteristics of each region. This approach aims to fully leverage the potential of e-commerce in promoting HQAD and ensure that each region can maximize the benefits brought by e-commerce according to its own circumstances. (2) The study indicates that market expansion is the primary pathway through which e-commerce promotes HQAD. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize supporting the construction and optimization of agricultural e-commerce platforms, encourage the development of diverse e-commerce models such as live-streaming sales and community marketing. Simultaneously, the rural logistics system should be improved to reduce agricultural product circulation costs. Furthermore, policies should support cross-regional e-commerce cooperation, breaking geographical limitations to achieve nationwide and even international sales of agricultural products. (3) This research finds that agricultural industry chain modernization is the second most significant pathway through which e-commerce impacts HQAD. Therefore, policies should encourage vertical integration of the agricultural industry chain, support the development of agricultural cooperatives, and promote the application of digital technologies throughout the supply chain. Specific measures may include providing tax incentives to support agricultural industry chain integration, establishing special funds to support agricultural cooperatives in developing e-commerce, and organizing training programs to enhance farmers’ digital skills. (4) Although this study shows that agricultural socialized services and infrastructure demonstrated smaller mediating effects, they are crucial for long-term agricultural development. Therefore, policies should focus on improving rural digital infrastructure, such as accelerating 5G network coverage in rural areas and providing inclusive internet access services. Concurrently, e-commerce training for farmers should be strengthened, and the digitalization level of agricultural extension services should be enhanced. Additionally, policies should support the development of smart agriculture, such as promoting the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and big data technologies in agricultural production.
Through mediation analysis, this study contributes to establishing a comprehensive “demand-driven supply adjustment” framework, offering valuable insights for future researchers. However, the research has some limitations. Firstly, due to data constraints, the HQAD evaluation system may not fully capture all dimensions, suggesting that future studies could incorporate more comprehensive indicators. Secondly, this paper extensively explores the impact of e-commerce development, with future research delving into new transformations brought by next-generation digital technologies like the Internet of Things and blockchain, deepening the understanding of e-commerce impact. Lastly, the mediating effect model may not encompass all influencing paths of e-commerce. Subsequent research should integrate theoretical analysis with China’s specific conditions, considering regional development disparities to further investigate other potential mechanisms and various adaptation scenarios.
The data analyzed in this study is subject to the following licenses/restrictions: the datasets used during the current study are available from the first author on reasonable request. Requests to access these datasets should be directed to YK, [email protected] .
YK: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. XZ: Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing. XL: Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. PP: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. JL: Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing. CF: Investigation, Validation, Writing – review & editing.
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study is supported by the Social Science Planning Project of Shandong Province (grant number 21DTJJ01) and the Key Soft Science Research Project of Shandong Province (grant number 2023RZB06050).
This work was assisted by the Faculty of Economics and the Centre of Excellence in Econometrics at Chiang Mai University, the China–ASEAN High-Quality Development Research Center and International Exchange and Cooperation Office at Shandong University of Finance and Economics.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: e-commerce, high-quality agricultural development, mediation effect, agricultural economic growth, green agricultural development
Citation: Kong Y, Zhang X, Li X, Pastpipatkul P, Liu J and Feng C (2024) Analysis of the driving path of e-commerce to high-quality agricultural development in China: empirical evidence from mediating effect models. Front. Sustain. Food Syst . 8:1371254. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2024.1371254
Received: 16 January 2024; Accepted: 04 July 2024; Published: 26 July 2024.
Reviewed by:
Copyright © 2024 Kong, Zhang, Li, Pastpipatkul, Liu and Feng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Pathairat Pastpipatkul, [email protected]
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Business & Management Studies: An International Journal
In parallel with the increasing e-commerce usage rates worldwide, academic papers on e-commerce have increased in the last decade. In this regard, in this study, the papers on e-commerce indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) database between 2010 and 2020 are examined and discussed by journals, published years, countries, sample size, main purposes, theories, variables and main findings. Therefore, 70 selected research articles were examined. The selection criteria of these articles are to be research articles and to collect data from consumers using e-commerce websites. Therefore, 70 selected articles were examined and evaluated by using the content analysis method. As a result of the analysis, selected articles are summarised in Appendix 1. The selected articles have some common inferences: the reputation of websites, size of websites, familiarity, perceived ease of use, recommendations, design, convenience, perceived usefulness, system quality, service quality and information quali...
International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)
Melinska Ayu Febrianti
The implementation of digitalization in industrial sector surely gives impact to several sectors, particularly in business. The development of information technology and rapid economic globalization have initiated the role of e-commerce in economic trading activities over the globe. It takes numerous of researches to initiate online new business. Therefore, it is important to reveal the existence of gap among previous researches. Systematic literature review method is applied to analyse the role of e-commerce in trading activity as well to provide the improvement for future researches. As many as 28 e-commerce related literatures are analysed comprehensively and systematically based on protocol review. The result of research confirms the opportunity for future research on e-commerce system that enables the integration on business processes. The supporting variables of e-commerce include business branding, social and economic development, efficient system e-commerce platform, framewo...
IAEME Publication
Digital marketing includes those marketing efforts that send a message from a source (company) to a receiver (customer) through digital platforms and the internet. Technology is opening up a world of possibilities previously unavailable to both marketers and consumers. Also, options and reach are hugely enhanced by international e-commerce. Electronic commerce, commonly written as e-commerce, is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. This study is to find the promotional activities and factors influence customer to E-Commerce sites. The sample size is of 120 respondents and simple random sampling method was used to data collection by using a self-administered questionnaire that was distributed through Google forms to respondents and sending mails to consumers through their past experience of purchasing in E-Commerce sites.
TEKNOSAINS: Jurnal Sains, Teknologi dan Informatika
William Widjaja
Along with the increasing popularity of online shopping in Indonesia, the E-retailing business has increased in recent years in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the trends and developments of e-retailing in Indonesia and globally. This research is a type of literature study research with a qualitative approach. The analysis process is divided into several stages: data set preparation, import, cleaning, and visualization. The data set of scientific articles is taken from the publication database of the Emerald publisher with the keyword e-retailing, which was published in the range of 2018-2023. The type of data is English-language journal articles that are open access and restricted access. The analysis technique used was bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review with multi-dimensional scaling method with VosViewer software tool with co-occurrence analysis type, all keywords, and binary counting method by determining the occurrence of keywords at least 7 times. The results showed seven main variables related to e-retailing: flow experience, chatbot, usefulness, artificial intelligence, online shopping, customer convenience, and customer satisfaction. It shows that flow experience, chatbot, usefulness, artificial intelligence, customer convenience, and customer satisfaction are important factors influencing the success of eretailing. This research also shows that e-retailing is still new and needs to be continuously developed. It can be seen from the low density of research related to this topic.
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (ICAST’18)
Based on the review on the available literature sources, this paper comprehensively discusses the identified studies which have been done in the context of e-commerce adoption. Seventy-three (73) papers have been extracted from Elsevier's Scopus database. Those papers were analyzed based on the distribution of publication, the scope demography, the research approach and research method and the adapted theory or conceptual framework. The result of the study found that publications in e-commerce research rose to peak year in 2015. Most of the e-commerce adoption studies were carried out in Southeast Asia (26%) and determining factors of e-commerce adoption was the most popular theme across region. Despite of its popularity, the findings were inconclusive in terms of specific determinants that significantly contributed towards e-commerce adoption. However, it is found that variables from the organizational context and external environment context significantly contributed towards e-commerce adoption. Most of the studies preferred quantitative approach (71.2%), especially in employing questionnaire methods. The result of the theory analysis reveals that the most frequently used conceptual framework was TOE framework, while many studies (24.7%) did not take into account of specific conceptual framework. Only a few researchers (11%) had used self-developed conceptual framework rather than existing framework. In term of scope, majority of the studies focused on the factors that encourage e-commerce adoption. Such limited scope of studies efforts could only provide a partial understanding of the diffusion process. Future research shall go further to investigate the post-adoption stages of e-commerce. The limitation of single database and keywords might fail to give more extensive retrieved number of articles in the study.
Economic and Social Development - Book of proceedings
Tomasz Parys , Witold Chmielarz
The main objective of this article is to identify changes with regard to factors which have a positive and negative influence on the possibilities of the use of e-commerce in Poland in 2017-2018. The findings contained in the study were based on the surveys conducted with the application of the CAWI method on a sample of individual, active Internet users. The structure of the work includes a presentation of the problem against the background of relevant literature output, methodological assumptions of the study, its findings, their interpretation and conclusions. The authors' contribution consists in the identification of factors affecting electronic business in recent years, specification and analysis of the changes, comparative analysis of the results of the study as well as the presentation of specific recommendations for web designers. Keywords: determinants of the use of e-commerce, dynamics of e-commerce changes electronic commerce, mobile commerce, online shops
This paper presents a literature review and classification for electronic commerce research. The authors examined 4,948 articles listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and 2,875 articles in the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) published from 1999 to 2008. The results revealed that electronic commerce literature can be classified into seven categories: business and management; computer and information science; industrial engineering and operation research; engineering; economics; law; and others. The study also examined the country distribution of authors. This literature review should serve as a supplemental resource for electronic commerce academics to formulate future research.
IRJET Journal
The Internet has been the greatest invention of mankind which has changed the life of every individual on this planet. Finally, long distances don't feel so long and everyone can keep in touch with anyone without any boundaries. Every app which is mostly used on the internet today is trying to reduce the distance from each other in one way or another. From social media to online shopping every app is trying to sell comfortableness to people from the convenience of their homes. One Particular sector in which players are working on this will always be e-commerce. The main purpose of e-commerce is certainly to sell products at very fair prices because the ease of doing business is certainly a blessing in this busy world. With greater penetration of smartphones and the internet growth of ecommerce has been like never before. Moreover, this business has contributed to the economy tremendously and provided thousands of jobs all over the world.
Contemporary Management Research
The current study aims to identify the recent research trend of electronic commerce research and report theoretical background used in the electronic commerce research articles. By searching the five electronic commerce research journals, including Electronic Commerce Research, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, and Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) database in a seventeen years period between January 2000 and December 2016, we found 1,205 electronic commerce research articles. By analyzing these articles, the current study maps the trend and reveals the highly influence research article. The current study also reveals theories that used in the electronic commerce research articles. The results provide fundamental insights on the recent research of electronic commerce. Keywords: Bibliometric, Literature R...
Acta Infologica
Berkay Alan
siddharth garaniya
"Over last few years the popularity of e-commerce has enormously increased due to its quick and easy way of exchanging goods and global services. India will be booming ground for e-commerce business models. The present study is conceptual and descriptive nature. It attempts to explain the concept of ecommerce, business models for e-commerce, merits and limitations of e-commerce. It concludes that e-commerce offers several benefits to the various stakeholders. However, at present time it has several limitations, legal and technical barriers in the development of e-commerce in India which could fade away in years to come. Hence we should equip ourselves to give worm welcome to e-commerce which is an obvious outcome of globalization and technological revolution around the globe. Ms. Ayushi Y. Vadwala | Ms. Maitri S. Vadwala""E-Commerce: Merits and Demerits A Review Paper"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd106.pdf Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/106/e-commerce-merits-and-demerits-a-review-paper/ms-ayushi-y-vadwala"
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AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON E-COMMERCE ADOPTION: FUTURE TRENDS
Malek Alsoud
INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND MARKET RESEARCHES
Kasim Baynal
mehrdad rahimian
International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies
Silvana Henao
Maureen Kabugumila
Amit Tharakan
Prof. Mahmoud Saleh
Granthaalayah Publication and Printers
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT RESEARCH I J E T M R JOURNAL , Tuneklao Sinhaseni
IAEME PUBLICATION
ebru onurlubas
hariramani seema
Abdulhakeem Idris , emmanuel esumeh
afzan baharum
QUEST JOURNALS , Neena Brar
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
shabnam narula
Former Departments, Centers, Institutes and Projects
Ahmed Saleh
BEZES christophe
International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning
YOSHIKI MATSUI
Prateek Kalia, Ph.D.
International Journal of Data and Network Science
Dr.Ibrahim Abu AlSondos
Halla Halla
International Review of Management and Marketing
Barnali Nandi
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Ultrasound and intrapleural enzymatic therapy for complicated pleural effusion: a case series with a literature review.
2. case series, 2.1. chest us examination technique and surgical procedure, 2.2. case report 1, 2.3. case report 2, 2.4. case report 3, 2.5. case report 4, 2.6. case report 5, 3. materials and methods, search strategy, 4. pleural effusion: the role of chest ultrasound, 5. intrapleural enzyme therapy: state of the art, 6. discussion, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Case Number | Age | Sex | Chest US Appearance | Diagnosis | Intrapleural Enzymatic Therapy | Dose | Surgical Referral |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | 26 | Male | Multiloculated effusion | Empyema | Urokinase | 200,000 UI | No |
Case 2 | 76 | Male | Multiloculated effusion | CPE | Urokinase | 200,000 UI | VATS performed after IPET |
Case 3 | 60 | Male | Multiloculated effusion | Empyema | Urokinase | FD: 200,000 UI SD: 200,000 UI (72 h after the previous dose) TD: 200,000 UI (48 h after the previous dose) | No (refused by the patient) |
Case 4 | 61 | Female | Multiloculated effusion | Empyema | Urokinase | 100,000 UI | VATS performed after IPET |
Case 5 | 64 | Female | Multiloculated effusion | Empyema | Urokinase | FD: 200,000 UI SD: 100,000 UI (24 h after the previous dose) | No |
Trial | Study Design and Intervention | Patients | Primary End Point | Secondary End Points | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIST-1 2005 [ ] | Double-blind trial Intrapleural streptokinase (250,000 IU twice daily for three days) vs. placebo | 454 | Died or needed surgical drainage at three months | Rates of death and surgery, radiographic outcome, hospital LOS | Intrapleural streptokinase does not improve mortality, rate of surgery, or hospital LOS |
MIST-2 2011 [ ] | Blinded, 2-by-2 factorial trial Double placebo, intrapleural t-PA and DNase, t-PA and placebo, or DNase and placebo | 210 | Change in pleural opacity on chest-X-ray on day 7 | Referral for surgery, hospital LOS, adverse events | Intrapleural t-PA–DNase improved fluid drainage, reduced need for surgical referral, and shortened hospital LOS |
MIST-3 2023 [ ] | Prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial Standard care, early IET (t-PA–DNAse), or early VATS | 97 | Assessment of the feasibility of randomizing participants to the three arms of the study | Hospital LOS, frequency of readmission, requirement for repeat intervention, VAS scores of pain, QoL | Potential shortening of hospital LOS with early surgery; earlier resolution of pain and a shorter recovery time with IET |
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Inchingolo, R.; Ielo, S.; Barone, R.; Whalen, M.B.; Carriera, L.; Smargiassi, A.; Sorino, C.; Lococo, F.; Feller-Kopman, D. Ultrasound and Intrapleural Enzymatic Therapy for Complicated Pleural Effusion: A Case Series with a Literature Review. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 4346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154346
Inchingolo R, Ielo S, Barone R, Whalen MB, Carriera L, Smargiassi A, Sorino C, Lococo F, Feller-Kopman D. Ultrasound and Intrapleural Enzymatic Therapy for Complicated Pleural Effusion: A Case Series with a Literature Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(15):4346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154346
Inchingolo, Riccardo, Simone Ielo, Roberto Barone, Matteo Bernard Whalen, Lorenzo Carriera, Andrea Smargiassi, Claudio Sorino, Filippo Lococo, and David Feller-Kopman. 2024. "Ultrasound and Intrapleural Enzymatic Therapy for Complicated Pleural Effusion: A Case Series with a Literature Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 15: 4346. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154346
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COMMENTS
Searching the literature. The search was performed in both SCOPUS and Web of Science (WOS) databases, in favour of high-quality, peer-reviewed articles (Booth, Papaioannou, and Sutton Citation 2012; Gusenbauer and Haddaway Citation 2020).The search covers articles until the end of 2021 without limits on the publication date (beyond those already inherent in the databases used) considering an ...
Thus, through a systematic literature review this study suggests that more research is needed for understanding the complex process of e-Commerce implementation in a more holistic manner. In ...
Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to conduct a comprehensive literature review on consumer decision-making in the context of e-commerce, with a specific focus on identifying and ...
1. Introduction. The business market landscape has transformed from brick-and-mortar to digital-based competition due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) demand and the presence of new and advanced technologies (Koe & Sakir, 2020); a phenomenon referred to as digitalisation.Businesses and economies are now dependent on technology to survive and thrive due to this digitalisation (Mthembu ...
Systematic literature review method is applied to analyse the role of e-commerce in trading activity as well to provide the improvement for future researches. As many as 28 e-commerce related ...
Design/methodology/approach. The systematic literature review examines the interface between e-commerce and LML. Following a protocol-driven methodology, combined with a "snowballing" technique, a total of 47 articles form the basis of the review.
E-commerce websites are now an important platform for e-commerce companies to connect with their target audience and conduct online transactions. As e-commerce grows increasingly popular, the quality of a company's website has emerged as a key sign of success. This study focuses on a specific research question: How does website design affect customer trust? With that, an SLR is performed by ...
To conduct our Systematic Literature Review we use as the guidance proposed by Tranfield [ 3 ]. First, we plan the review by specifying the objectives of the research and the main data source of our review. Next, we conduct the review by setting the selection criteria, grouping the publication and classify the results.
Based on the literature review's findings, an integrated framework is proposed to explain how XR influences individual e-commerce consumers, and four avenues for future research are recommended. This study provides scholars with a holistic understanding of how XR affects consumers in B2C e-commerce at the individual level.
This study's objectives include reviewing the existing literature and studying e-commerce on startups. The PRISMA protocols for performing and reporting systematic reviews were implemented when conducting a systematic literature review. The Scopus database was thoroughly searched, and 22 peer-reviewed papers were found.
key points of the research, such as e-shop, electronic shop, online shop, electronic commerce, e-commerce combined with success factors or evaluation, quality. The above keywords led to a variety of results. In order to limit and identify the most suitable sources, the advanced search was made using combinations between the above terms and success.
Abstract Cross-border electronic commerce (CBEC) was developed from traditional e-commerce to cater to the growing demand for online transactions among global traders. ... In the present study, we conduct a systematic literature review based on 40 CBEC studies to present an overview of the current research status of the field. This study ...
Thus, through a systematic literature review this study suggests that more research is needed for understanding the complex process of e-Commerce implementation in a more holistic manner. In addition, there is a need for study to screen these factors to a particular and more accurately "map" in the process of e-Commerce implementation.
(1) Table 1 lists the journals with a relatively high number of publications and those that cited their literature, such as Sustainability, Electronic Commerce Research, and Electronic Commerce Research and Application. These journal publications have explored this emerging field from various perspectives, such as those of trading parties (e.g ...
2.1. E-commerce adoption. According to Kalakota and Whinston Citation 1997 from the B2C (Business to Consumer) perspective, e-commerce constitutes buying, selling, or advertising information, products, and services through computer networks. Currently, most available literature related to this technology's adoption in MSMEs focuses on factors affecting acceptance (Fomin et al. Citation 2005 ...
His research focuses on e-commerce, knowledge management, and human-computer interaction. He has published over 35 articles in the refereed journals and served as Program Co-Chair of AMCIS 2013. Contact: School of Accountancy and MIS, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, IL 60604, USA. Tel. Work: (312) 362-5487; Fax: (312) 362-6208.
More than 500 papers were reviewed from the Web of Science database. 118 papers published in the last five years were found using the key words "analytics + e-commerce". 487 papers were found using the keywords "mining + e-commerce". Firstly, the abstract of the papers were inspected.
This paper aims to identify research trends in the field through a Systematic Bibliometric Literature Review (LRSB) of research on marketing strategy for e-commerce. The review includes 66 ...
This paper provides a systematic literature review of existing research studies on e-Commerce implementation to discover the extent focus of work based on theme in the implementation phases: pre-implementation, during implementation and post implementation. Sixty five (65) selected primary research studies have been analysed on the basis of ...
Based on the literature review's findings, an integrated framework is proposed to explain how XR influences individual e-commerce consumers, and four avenues for future research are recommended. This study provides scholars with a holistic understanding of how XR affects consumers in B2C e-commerce at the individual level.
The literature search was based on four descriptors: "EDI", "Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)", "Electronic Business (E-Business)" and "Internet Commerce". The full text of each article was reviewed in order to eliminate those articles that were not really related to EC. Similarly, for those journals that did not have online ...
A notable initiative is the "E-commerce into Village" project, launched in 2014, which aims to enhance rural e-commerce service points, establish comprehensive logistics networks, develop robust supply chains and regional brands, and improve farmer training programs . By 2021, broadband coverage in China's administrative villages had ...
Search Strategy: A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching six electronic databases from their inception to January 2023. Selection Criteria: We included in our research all peer-reviewed studies which reported PSM in low- or intermediate-risk EC women. Data Collection and Analysis: Data on PSM were collected from the ...
In parallel with the increasing e-commerce usage rates worldwide, academic papers on e-commerce have increased in the last decade. In this regard, in this study, the papers on e-commerce indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) database between 2010 and 2020 are examined and discussed by journals, published years, countries, sample size, main purposes, theories, variables and main findings.
As a topic searc hed on the Web of Science, E commerce has 17.945 papers between 2010 and 2020. However, 8.482 (47,3%) of these papers are articles that constitute the sample of this study ...
Paul and Rachelle Baron were an Amazon success story. The washable swim diaper they designed for their infant son quickly became a best-selling product as the online retailer's algorithm worked ...
Electronic Commerce Research. Volumes and issues. Volume 24, Issue 2. Electronic Commerce Research. Publishing model: ... Beware of the Woozle effect and belief perseverance in the PLS-SEM literature! Jörg Henseler; Nick Lee; ... a multi-method review of online grocery shopping. Arvind Shroff; Satish Kumar;
Pleural effusion is the most common manifestation of pleural disease, and chest ultrasound is crucial for diagnostic workup and post-treatment monitoring. Ultrasound helps distinguish the various types of pleural effusion and enables the detection of typical manifestations of empyema, which presents as a complicated, septated effusion. This may benefit from drainage and the use of intrapleural ...
E-commerce is a boom in the modern business. E-commerce means electronic commerce. E-. commerce (Electronic commerce) involves buying and selling of g oods and services, or the. transmitting of ...