essay about muhammad ali jinnah

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Early years

Entry into politics, political unity, creator of pakistan.

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah

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What is Mohammed Ali Jinnah known for?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan. He is revered as the father of Pakistan. He also sought the political union of Hindus and Muslims, which earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.”

Where was Mohammed Ali Jinnah born?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi in what is today Pakistan in 1876 or 1875.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah die?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah died on September 11, 1948, in Karachi, Pakistan.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was sent to England by his father to acquire business experience, but he was interested in becoming a barrister. In London, he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah join the Muslim League?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League in 1913. He did so only when he was assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India.

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah (born December 25, 1876?, Karachi, India [now in Pakistan]—died September 11, 1948, Karachi) was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan .

Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a prosperous merchant , and his wife, Mithibai. His family was a member of the Khoja caste, Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier and who were followers of the Aga Khan . There is some question about Jinnah’s date of birth: although he maintained that it was December 25, 1876, school records from Karachi (Pakistan) give a date of October 20, 1875.

After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent in 1887 to the Sind Madrasat al-Islam (now Sindh Madressatul Islam University) in Karachi. Later he attended the Christian Missionary Society High School (also in Karachi), where at the age of 16 he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai , in Mumbai , India ). On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister . In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England .

In London he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements—the deaths of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study of the British political system , frequently visiting the House of Commons . He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone , who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah’s arrival in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian students. When the Parsi leader Dadabhai Naoroji , a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the British Parliament , Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success: Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.

When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father’s business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.

It was nearly 10 years later that he turned actively toward politics. A man without hobbies, he divided his interest between law and politics. Nor was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do with sects. His interest in women was also limited, to Rattenbai (Rutti)—the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire—whom he married in 1918 over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The couple had one daughter, Dina, but the marriage proved an unhappy one, and Jinnah and Rutti soon separated. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.

Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) held at Calcutta (now Kolkata ), in which the party began to split between those calling for dominion status and those advocating independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council—the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress Party personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale , the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly influenced by those nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early part of his political life to become “a Muslim Gokhale.” Admiration for British political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism .

But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it. Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league. When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.

Jinnah’s endeavours to bring about the political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity,” an epithet coined by Gokhale. It was largely through his efforts that the Congress Party and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow , where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but hitherto resisted by Congress.

Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi . Both the Home Rule League and the Congress Party had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi’s noncooperation movement and his essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the league and the Congress Party in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his withdrawal from Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah, had been overshadowed by Congress and the religiously oriented Muslim Khilafat movement .

When the failure of the noncooperation movement and the emergence of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League began to lose strength and cohesion, and provincial Muslim leaders formed their own parties to serve their needs. Thus, Jinnah’s problem during the following years was to convert the Muslim League into an enlightened , unified political body prepared to cooperate with other organizations working for the good of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress Party, as a prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah’s chief purpose during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conference in London (1930–32), and through his “14 points,” which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province, and introduction of reforms in the North-West Frontier Province . His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found himself in a peculiar position at that time: many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands, while the Congress Party would not even meet the moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah’s leadership and organized itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy Council . But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.

Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of cooperation between the Muslim League and the Hindu-controlled Congress Party and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between the two organizations. Congress obtained an absolute majority in six provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress Party decided not to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive all-Congress governments were the result. Relations between Hindus and Muslims started to deteriorate, and soon Muslim discontent became boundless.

Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930, but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India, as soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against that danger, he carried out a nationwide campaign to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.

At that point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events began to move fast. On March 22–23, 1940, in Lahore , the league adopted a resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The Pakistan idea was at first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress Party. But it captured the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were many influential Hindus, including Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru . And the British government seemed to be intent on maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress Party and the British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 1947.

Jinnah became the first head of the new state. Faced with the serious problems of a young country , he tackled Pakistan’s problems with authority. He was not regarded as merely the governor-general. He was revered as the father of the nation. He worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi, the place of his birth, in 1948.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

(1876-1948)

Who Was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. Seven years later, he joined the India Muslim League. The independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had envisioned came to be on August 14, 1947. The following day, he was sworn in as Pakistan’s first governor-general. On September 11, 1948, he died near Karachi, Pakistan.

Jinnah was born in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Pakistan (then part of India), on December 25, 1876. At the time of his birth, Jinnah’s official name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai. The eldest of his parents’ seven children, Jinnah was underweight and appeared fragile at the time of his birth. But Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, was convinced her delicate infant would one day achieve great things. Jinnah’s father, Jinnahbhai Poonja, was a merchant and exporter of cotton, wool, grain and range of other goods. As a whole, the family belonged to the Khoja Muslim sect.

When Jinnah was 6 years old, his father placed him in the Sindh Madrasatul-Islam School. Jinnah was far from a model student. He was more interested in playing outside with his friends than focusing on his studies. As the proprietor of a thriving trade business, Jinnah’s father emphasized the importance of studying mathematics, but, ironically, arithmetic was among Jinnah’s most hated subjects.

When Jinnah was nearly 11 years old, his only paternal aunt came to visit from Bombay, India. Jinnah and his aunt were very close. The aunt suggested that Jinnah return with her to Bombay; she believed the big city would provide him with a better education than Karachi could. Despite his mother’s resistance, Jinnah accompanied his aunt back to Bombay, where she enrolled him in the Gokal Das Tej Primary School. Despite the change of scenery, Jinnah continued to prove himself a restless and unruly student. Within just six months he was sent back to Karachi. His mother insisted he attend Sind Madrassa, but Jinnah was expelled for cutting classes to go horseback riding.

Jinnah’s parents then enrolled him in the Christian Missionary Society High School, hoping he would be better able to concentrate on his studies there. As a teen, Jinnah developed an admiration for his father’s business colleague, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft. When Croft offered Jinnah an internship in London, Jinnah jumped at the chance, but Jinnah’s mother was not so eager for him to accept the offer. Fearful of being separated from her son, she persuaded him to marry before leaving for his trip. Presumably she believed his marriage would ensure his eventual return.

At his mother’s urging, the 15-year-old Jinnah entered into an arranged marriage with his 14-year-old bride, Emibai, in February 1892. Emibai was from the village of Paneli in India, and the wedding took place in her hometown. Following the marriage, Jinnah continued attending the Christian Missionary Society High School until he left for London. He departed Karachi in January of 1893. Jinnah would never see his wife or his mother again. Emibai died a few months after Jinnah’s departure. Devastatingly, Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, also passed away during his stay in London.

After disembarking at Southampton and taking the boat train to Victoria Station, Jinnah rented a hotel room in London. He would eventually, however, settle at the home of Mrs. F.E. Page-Drake of Kensington, who had invited Jinnah to stay as a guest.

After a few months of serving his internship, in June of 1893 Jinnah left the position to join Lincoln’s Inn, a renowned legal association that helped law students study for the bar. Over the next few years, Jinnah prepared for the legal exam by studying biographies and political texts that he borrowed from the British Museum Library and read in the barristers’ chambers. While studying for the bar, Jinnah heard the terrible news of his wife and mother’s deaths, but he managed to forge on with his education. In addition to fulfilling his formal studies, Jinnah made frequent visits to the House of Commons, where he could observe the powerful British government in action firsthand. When Jinnah passed his legal exam in May of 1896, he was the youngest ever to have been accepted to the bar.

With his law degree in hand, in August 1896 Jinnah moved to Bombay and set up a law practice as a barrister in Bombay’s high court. Jinnah would continue to practice as a barrister up through the mid-1940s. Jinnah’s most famous successes as a lawyer included the Bawla murder trial of 1925 and Jinnah’s 1945 defense of Bishen Lal at Agra, which marked the final case of Jinnah’s legal career.

During Jinnah’s visits to the House of Commons, he had developed a growing interest in politics, deeming it a more glamorous field than law. Now in Bombay, Jinnah began his foray into politics as a liberal nationalist. When Jinnah’s father joined him there, he was deeply disappointed in his son’s decision to change career paths and, out of anger, withdrew his financial support. Fortunately, the two had mended fences by the time Jinnah’s father died in April 1902.

Jinnah was particularly interested in the politics of India and its lack of strong representation in British Parliament. He was inspired when he saw Dadabhai Naoroji become the first Indian to earn a seat in the House of Commons. In 1904, Jinnah attended a meeting of the Indian National Congress. In 1906 he joined the congress himself. In 1912, Jinnah attended a meeting of the All India Muslim League, prompting him to join the league the following year. Jinnah would later join yet another political party, the Home Rule League, which was dedicated to the cause of a state’s right to self-government.

In the midst of Jinnah’s thriving political career, he met a 16-year-old named Ratanbai while on vacation in Darjeeling. After "Rutti" turned 18 and converted to Islam, the two were married on April 19, 1918. Rutti gave birth to Jinnah’s first and only child, a daughter named Dina, in 1919.

As a member of Congress, Jinnah at first collaborated with Hindu leaders as their Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity, while working with the Muslim League simultaneously. Gradually, Jinnah realized that the Hindu leaders of Congress held a political agenda that was incongruent with his own. Earlier he had been aligned with their opposition to separate electorates meant to guarantee a fixed percentage of legislative representation for Muslims and Hindus. But in 1926, Jinnah shifted to the opposite view and began supporting separate electorates. Still, overall, he retained the belief that the rights of Muslims could be protected in a united India. At that stage of his political career, Jinnah left Congress and dedicated himself more fully to the Muslim League.

By 1928 Jinnah’s busy political career had taken a toll on his marriage. He and his second wife separated. Rutti lived as a recluse at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay for the next year, until she died on her 29th birthday.

During the 1930s Jinnah attended the Anglo-Indian Round Table Conferences in London, and led the reorganization of the All India Muslim League.

Independent Pakistan

By 1939 Jinnah came to believe in a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent. He was convinced that this was the only way to preserve Muslims’ traditions and protect their political interests. His former vision of Hindu-Muslim unity no longer seemed realistic to him at this time.

During a 1940 meeting of the Muslim League at Lahore, Jinnah proposed the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, in the area where Muslims constitute a majority. At this juncture, Jinnah was both displeased with Mohandas Gandhi's stance at the London Round Table Conference in 1939, and frustrated with the Muslim League. Much to Jinnah’s chagrin, the Muslim League was on the verge of merging with the National League, with the goal of participating in provincial elections and potentially conceding to the establishment of a united India with majority Hindu rule.

To Jinnah’s relief, in 1942 the Muslim League adopted the Pakistan Resolution to partition India into states. Four years later, Britain sent a cabinet mission to India to outline a constitution for transfer of power to India. India was then divided into three territories. The first was a Hindu majority, which makes up present-day India. The second was a Muslim area in the northwest, to be designated as Pakistan. The third was made up of Bengal and Assam, with a narrow Muslim majority. After a decade, the provinces would have the choice of opting out on the formation of a new federation. But when the Congress president expressed objections to implementing the plan, Jinnah also voted against it. The independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had envisioned came to be on August 14, 1947. The following day, Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan’s first governor-general. He was also made president of Pakistan's constituent assembly shortly before his death.

Death and Legacy

On September 11, 1948, just a little over a year after he became governor-general, Jinnah died of tuberculosis near Karachi, Pakistan — the place where he was born.

Today, Jinnah is credited with having altered the destiny of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. According to Richard Symons, Muhammad Ali Jinnah "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan’s survival." Jinnah’s dream for Pakistan was based on the principles of social justice, brotherhood and equality, which he aimed to achieve under his motto of "Faith, Unity, and Discipline." In the wake of his death, Jinnah’s successors were tasked with consolidating the nation of Pakistan that Jinnah had so determinedly established.

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Birth Year: 1876
• Birth date: December 25, 1876
• Birth City: Karachi
• Birth Country: Pakistan
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Muslim statesman Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Pakistan’s independence from British-controlled India and was its first governor-general and president of its constituent assembly.
• World Politics
• Astrological Sign: Capricorn
• Sindh Madrasatul-Islam
• Lincoln’s Inn
• Sind Madrassa
• University of Bombay
• Gokal Das Tej Primary School
• Christian Missionary Society High School
• Nacionalities
• Death Year: 1948
• Death date: September 11, 1948
• Death City: Karachi
• Death Country: Pakistan

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CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Muhammad Ali Jinnah Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/muhammad-ali-jinnah
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: May 18, 2021
• Original Published Date: April 2, 2014
• There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan.
• My message to you all is of hope, courage and confidence.

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Pakistan National Hero: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is the Pakistan National Hero who played a significant role in the independence movement of Pakistan. He was a visionary leader who fought for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent and eventually succeeded in creating a separate homeland for them. In this article, we will discuss the life, achievements, and legacy of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Pakistan’s history is incomplete without mentioning the name of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a lawyer, politician, and statesman who dedicated his entire life to the cause of Pakistan’s independence. Born in Karachi on December 25, 1876, Jinnah was the eldest child of his parents. He received his early education in Karachi and went to England to study law.

Table of Contents

Early Life and Education of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah was a brilliant student and excelled in his studies. After completing his education, he started his legal practice in Bombay and soon became a prominent lawyer. He was a man of principles and never compromised on his beliefs. He was deeply influenced by the teachings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal, who were prominent Muslim leaders of the time.

Political Career of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah’s political career started when he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He believed that the Indian National Congress was the best platform to fight for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent. However, he soon realized that the Congress was dominated by Hindus and that the interests of Muslims were not being protected. He, therefore, resigned from the Congress in 1920 and joined the All India Muslim League, which was formed to protect the rights of Muslims.

Struggle for Pakistan

Jinnah’s struggle for Pakistan started in the 1930s when he demanded a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent. He believed that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in a united India and that the only solution to the Hindu-Muslim problem was the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims. He worked tirelessly to convince Muslims of the need for a separate homeland and finally succeeded in achieving his goal in 1947 when Pakistan was created.

Achievements of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah’s achievements are numerous. He was the architect of Pakistan and played a crucial role in the creation of the country. He was also the first Governor-General of Pakistan and worked tirelessly to establish the country’s political, economic, and social institutions. He was a strong advocate of democracy, human rights, and equality and believed that these were the foundation stones of a progressive and prosperous society.

Legacy of the Pakistan National Hero

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s legacy is immense. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire generations of Pakistanis to this day. His legacy is a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles of the people who fought for Pakistan’s independence and the need to uphold the principles of democracy, human rights, and equality.

• Who was Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

Answer: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan and a national hero who fought for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent.

• What were Jinnah’s achievements?

Answer: Jinnah’s achievements are numerous. He was the architect of Pakistan and played a crucial role in the country’s creation. He was also the first Governor-General of Pakistan and worked tirelessly to establish the country’s political, economic, and social institutions.

• What was Jinnah’s political career?

Answer: Jinnah’s political career started when he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He later resigned from the Congress and joined the All India Muslim League, which was formed to protect the rights of Muslims.

• What was Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan?

Answer: Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan was to create a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent. He believed that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in a united India and that the only solution to the Hindu-Muslim problem was the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims.

• What is Jinnah’s legacy?

Answer: Jinnah’s legacy is immense. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire generations of Pakistanis to this day.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is a national hero and a symbol of hope and inspiration for millions of Pakistanis. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire people around the world, and his legacy is a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles of those who fought for Pakistan’s independence. We should strive to uphold his principles of democracy, human rights, and equality and work towards a more prosperous and progressive Pakistan.

• “Muhammad Ali Jinnah” by Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Ali-Jinnah
• “Muhammad Ali Jinnah” by History.com: https://www.history.com/topics/india/muhammad-ali-jinnah
• “Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Father of the Nation” by Government of Pakistan: https://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid-e-Azam-Muhammad-Ali-Jinnah-Profile

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The Charismatic Leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: His Vision and Constitutionalism

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This is a review of SIkandar Hayat's awarding winning study of charismatic leadership and the rise and realization of the Pakistan Movement. The latest revised edition has been recently published by Oxford University Press.

Pakistan Journal of Social Research

Azmatullah Wazir

Like most charismatic leaders Jinnah was an exceptionally gifted discrete who had the competency to pass out of his nation from solitude. It was his collective understanding of the obligation and the prominence of contribution to his nation. After the self-exile in England, his re-entry into the Indian politics strengthened the strategy of his future’s politics. The instantaneous difficulty for him was how to formulate a stratagem that could form the conditional dynamism in such a way that it generates opportunities for the Muslims to understand their determinations. This study has analysed his task management tactics and goal orientation strategies during the Freedom Movement. This is archival based research, and the argument is developed through the historical, descriptive, and analytical methods. Key Words: Jinnah, Gandhi, Nehru, Congress Ministries, Quit India Movement, Jinnah-Gandhi Talks, Cabinet Mission Plan

Nadeem Yousaf

Jinnah was, to some extent, a successful leader in obtaining his goals of becoming the only spokesperson for Muslims in India and gaining a piece of land for Pakistan but the main question is whether these achievements can be attributed to transactional or transformational strategies. Has he managed transactional or transformational change in terms of political culture? This point has been discussed in the paper.

Muhammad Iqbal Chawla

It is a review of Dr Sikandar Hayat's book on Jinnah

FINDING JINNAH: Contemporary Art from Pakistan

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Iis Farida zein

Research on charismatic leadership KH. Zezen Zainal Abidin Bazul Asyhab in building the Qoryah Mubarokah Association (IQOMAH) association is a research related to the ability of leaders to influence others towards a better and life. Based on the data obtained, the focus of the Iqomah program is the enforcement of Islamic law in the field of Worship, named as the practice of the Islamic Pillars correctly and earnestly. The research includes the type of field research (field research) with qualitative methods. Based on this method, facts were found in the field, using observational data collection techniques, interviews and documentation of Iqomah's programs and policies. The first conclusion is that charismatic leadership is the ability of leaders to influence members in particular and society in general to achieve the vision and mission of a leader. Second, based on the study’s results, there are characteristics and indicators of charitable leadership in the figure of KH. Zezen ...

abid hussain

Anil Nauriya

This essay, published in 1999, deals mainly with politics in colonial India in the period from the late 1920s till independence in 1947. It is argued that, as with V D Savarkar, few of Jinnah's political positions till the partition of India and formation of Pakistan can find a natural place in a secular constitution. Some of these might even serve to legitimize a Hindutva framework. It is therefore not logically possible to counter Hindutva from a Jinnahesque political stance.

Global political review

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Making affordable housing a reality through Naya Pakistan Housing initiative to enable low and middle income people to own their houses..

Furthering pm’s vision of digitisation and skill development for youth, we are launching pm’s digital media development program., undp has lauded pakistan’s role in the fight against climate change and multiple initiatives taken by the present government aimed at safeguarding the environment, protecting biodiversity and creating nature-based jobs.., under the visionary leadership of prime minister imran khan, pakistan is stepping towards a greener future.., message of sapm on climate change malik amin aslam on the labour day. #labourday2021., follow the sops to prevent and minimize the spread of coronavirus. #covid_19 ., pakistan has joined the pioneering digital cooperation organization (dco) as a founding member as announced by foreign minister makhdoom shah mahmood qureshi at the official launch of the #dco today ., prime minister imran khan called climate change a "defining global challenge" of our time. pakistan is the fifth most climate-impacted country in the world. pm khan is committed to a "clean and green" pakistan., cabinet approves a draft law stipulating harsh punishments, including chemical castration for rape offenders, in order to curb growing incidence of sexual violence against women & children in the country., the darkest day in the history of kashmir is 27th oct when indian forces in total contrast to kashmiri’s aspirations, disregarded indian independence act & partition plan by invading kashmir. #kashmirblackday ., a government’s initiative to ensure that no student should be deprived of education because of financial need. apply online: http://ehsaas.hec.gov.pk last date to apply online: 30th october 2020 ., october 9 is celebrated as world post day every year. the purpose to celebrate this day is to bring awareness to the post’s role in the everyday lives of people and businesses, as well as its contribution to global, social and economic development. #worldpostday ., government of pakistan achieved a critical milestone towards protecting the rights of the differently-abled. ict rights of persons with disabilities bill passed by the parliament., int'l literacy day is being observed today with the theme “literacy teaching and learning in the covid-19 crisis and beyond”. the day is celebrated to advance the literacy agenda towards a more literate and sustainable society. #internationalliteracyday2020., ”today, reminds us of the heroic deeds & daring achievements of our ghazis & shuhadas who fought gallantly & humbled a much bigger adversary with their absolute faith in allah & profound self-belief.” admiral zafar mahmood abbasi ..

Making affordable housing a reality through Naya Pakistan Housing initiative to enable low and middle income people to own their houses.

Furthering pm’s vision of digitisation and skill development for youth, we are launching pm’s digital media development program, under the visionary leadership of prime minister imran khan, pakistan is stepping towards a greener future., pakistan has achieved the target of 1 million vaccinations in a day. the target set by ncoc for 1 million vaccinations in a day has crossed on monday with 10 lakh 72 thousand vaccinations, the largest and longest military siege in modern history #kashmirilivesmatter #iiojkundersiege, islam teaches fulfilling the rights of everyone including workers and labourers. the prophet muhammad (pbuh) is reported to have said: “pay the worker his wages before his sweat has dried.” (sunan ibn ma¯jah 2443) #laborday2021, not all disabilities are visible, international day of persons with disabilities is being observed today. the day re-affirms and draws attention to the rights of people who live with disabilities. #disabilityday, mr phillip joeining, chairman of john menzies called on prime minister imran khan at islamabad today., follow the sops to prevent and minimize the spread of coronavirus. #covid_19, pakistan has joined the pioneering digital cooperation organization (dco) as a founding member as announced by foreign minister makhdoom shah mahmood qureshi at the official launch of the #dco today., prime minister imran khan writes letter to leaders of muslim states asking them to act collectively to counter the growing islamophobia., the darkest day in the history of kashmir is 27th oct when indian forces in total contrast to kashmiri’s aspirations, disregarded indian independence act & partition plan by invading kashmir. #kashmirblackday, muhammad ali jinnah, father of nation.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a 20th century lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (“Great Leader”) and Baba-e-Qaum (“Father of the Nation”). Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 till Pakistan’s independence on August 14, 1947 and Pakistan’s first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 till his death on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Luck now Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India. Jinnah later advocated the Two-Nation Theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state as per the Lahore Resolution. The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnah called for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. The direct action by the Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps, resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus/Sikhs. As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. There are many few Personalities in this world that helps their nation to achieve their goals. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is one of the great personality of the Pakistan and The Muslims of the Subcontinents who change the life of the Muslims in Subcontinents and Make a Separate homeland for them. He is also known as the Baba-e-Qaum (The Father of the Nation). The first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation’s government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim refugees who had emigrated from India. He also called for minority rights in Pakistan and personally supervised the establishment of refugee camps for those who had fled the new nation of India after the separation. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, though he is less well thought of in India. According to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistan’s greatest leader.

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah

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Mahomedali Jinnabhai

1893-6, 1913, 1914, 1930-4

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the founding father of Pakistan. He was the eldest of seven children born to Jinnabhai Poonja, a merchant, and his wife Mithibhai, and attended the Sind Madrassa then the Christian Mission High School, Karachi, where he failed to excel. He first travelled to Britain when just seventeen years old to take up an apprenticeship with the British managing agency Douglas Graham and Company, marrying his first wife Emibhai shortly before he set sail. Emibhai died just a few months later. Jinnah worked in accounts at the firm’s head office in the City of London, and lived in various lodgings including at 35 Russell Road, Kensington, the home of Mrs F. E. Page-Drake and her daughter. Once in London, he shortened his surname from Jinnahbhai and took to wearing tailored suits and silk ties. Just two or three months after his arrival in England, Jinnah left his apprenticeship to train as a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn. Fascinated by politics, he frequently viewed parliamentary debates from the visitor’s gallery at the House of Commons, and was present there to witness Dadabhai Naoroji ’s maiden speech in 1893. He studied at the Reading Room of the British Museum , listened to speeches at Hyde Park Corner, visited friends at Oxford, and developed a keen interest in the theatre, even considering a stage career. He was called to the Bar in 1895 and returned to Bombay, India, the following year.

In Bombay, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress and began to practice law, attaining a position in the chambers of the acting advocate-general, John Macpherson. He first attended the Indian National Congress in 1904, and in 1906 served as secretary to the Congress President, Naoroji , in the Calcutta sessions. In 1909 he was elected to the Muslim seat on the Bombay Legislative Council, and he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913, becoming its President in 1916 and playing a key role in the Lucknow Pact which brought the Congress and League together on issues of self-government to make a united stand to the British. Jinnah made trips to London in 1913 and 1914 – the latter as chair of the Congress deputation to lobby parliament over their proposed Council of India bill. He also helped to found the All-India Home Rule League in 1916. In 1918, he married his second wife, the Parsee Rattanbai Petit, with whom he had a daughter, Dina, born in 1919.

The next few years saw a decline in Jinnah’s political influence and success. In 1919 he resigned from the legislative council in protest against the Rowlatt Acts, and in 1920 he broke with Congress and resigned from the Home Rule League because he disagreed with the increasingly popular Gandhi ’s policy of non-cooperation with the British and aim of complete swaraj or self-rule. He remained active with the Muslim League throughout the 1920s, however, and in 1927 negotiated with Hindu and Muslim leaders on constitutional reform in the wake of the Simon Report . In 1930, Jinnah returned to London to participate in the first, abortive Round Table Conference . In his short speech, he represented Indian Muslims as a distinct ‘party’ with their own demands and needs, and warned of the urgent need for a settlement that satisfied all of India, including its minorities. At the close of the conference, he decided to remain in England, calling for his sister Fatima and daughter Dina to join him. Despairing of the settlement of Hindu-Muslim conflict, he immersed himself in law, securing chambers at London’s Inner Temple. Jinnah lived in Hampstead during this period. He tried to enter parliament, first as a Labour Party candidate, joining the Fabian Society in an attempt to gain credibility, and then as a Conservative candidate – but he failed on both counts. He also failed to achieve his ambition of practising in the Privy Council Bar. He was invited by Wedgewood Benn to sit on the Federal Structure Committee of the second Round Table Conference, but played a very minor role there, with Gandhi , as the voice of Congress , taking centre stage. During his years in London, Jinnah received persuasive requests from prominent leaders for his return to India to assume leadership of the newly formed Muslim League, including a visit to his Hampstead home by Liaquat Ali Khan and his wife. In 1934, he succumbed to these demands, and returned to Bombay.

Back in India, Jinnah struggled to strengthen the League’s position. In the 1940 League sessions, the Pakistan resolution was adopted by the party. In 1941, he founded the newspaper Dawn which increased support for the League, and in the 1945-6 elections the League was successful in securing the vast majority of Muslim electorate seats. Jinnah’s concern now was to ensure the best possible outcome for Indian Muslims after independence . He assented to the British Cabinet Mission’s proposals of June 1946 for groupings of Muslim- and Hindu-majority provinces under a weak Indian union government, but later rejected it when Congress refused the idea of parity with the League, and advocated instead the formation of the separate state of Pakistan. On 3 June 1947, Jinnah accepted the Mountbatten plan to transfer power to two separate states. On 14 August 1947, he was appointed as governor-general of Pakistan and set to work establishing a government and restoring order after the horrific communal violence that had accompanied the partition of India. Already suffering from tuberculosis, Jinnah succumbed to the strain of this enormous task and died at home in Karachi just a year the creation of Pakistan. He is remembered by Pakistanis as Quaid-i-Azam, or Great Leader.

Ayub Ali , Choudhary Rahmat Ali , M. Asaf Ali , Surendranath Banerjea , Wedgewood Benn, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya , M. C. Chagla , Stafford Cripps , Lawrence John Lumley Dundas , M. K. Gandhi , G. K. Gokhale, Mohammad Iqbal , M. R. Jayakar , Dosabhai Framji Karaka , Liaquat Ali Khan , Ramsay MacDonald, Pherozesha Mehta, Sarojini Naidu , Dadabhai Naoroji , Jawaharlal Nehru , Pulin Behari Seal , B. G. Tilak.

Simon Report , 1930

British Commonwealth of Nations , 1931

Round Table Conferences , 1930-31

Cripps Mission , 1942

Quit India Movement , 1942

Independence and Partition , 1947

Congress Leaders’ Correspondence with Quaid-i-Azam (Lahore: Aziz Publishers, nd)

(with M. A. H. Ispahani and Z. H. Zaidi) M. A. Jinnah-Ispahani Correspondence, 1936-1948 (Karachi: Forward Publications Trust, 1976)

The Collected Works of Quai-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah , compiled by Syed Sarifuddin Pirzada (Karachi: East and West Publishing Company, 1984-6)

Ahmed, Akbar, Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (London: Routlege, 1997)

Ahmad, Riaz, Jinnah and Jauhar: Points of Contact and Divergence (Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University, 1979) 

Ahmad, Ziauddin, Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Founder of Pakistan (Karachi: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 1976)

Jalal, Ayesha,  The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, The Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)

Jinnah, F., 'A Sister's Recollections', in Hamid Jalal (ed.) Pakistan Past & Present: A Comprehensive Study Published in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of the Founder of Pakistan (London: Stacey International, 1977)

Khan, Aga, The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time (London: Cassell & Co. Ltd, 1952)

Khurshid, K. H., and Hasan, Khalid, Memories of Jinnah (Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)

Montagu, Edwin Samuel, and Montagu, Venetia, An Indian Diary (London: Heinemann, 1930)

Mujahid, Sharif Al, Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) (Islamabad: National Committee for Birth Centenary Celebrations of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammed Ali Jinnah, 1976)

Mujahid, Sharif Al, Quaid-I-Azam Jinnah: Studies in Interpretation (Karachi: Quaid-I-Azam Academy, 1981)

Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, Foundations of Pakistan: All India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947 (Karachi: National Pub. House, 1969)

Robinson, Francis, ' Jinnah, Mohamed Ali (1876–1948)' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34191]

Roy, A., 'The High Politics of India's Partition: The Revisionist Perspective', Modern Asian Studies 24 (1990), pp. 385-415

Wolpert, Stanley A., Jinnah of Pakistan (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)

Zaidi, Z. H., Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series (Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, 1993)

Quaid-i-Azam Papers, National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

Archives of the Freedom Movement, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Syed Shamsul Hasan Collection, National Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan

Quaid-i-Azam Academy, Karachi, Pakistan

India: The War Series, L/PJ/8/524, India Office Records, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Mountbatten ‘Top Secret’ Personal Reports as Viceroy, L/PO/433, India Office Records, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Private Secretary to the Viceroy on the Transfer of Power, R/3/1, India Office Records, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Rahmat Ali pamphlets, L/PJ/8/689, India Office Records, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Brabourne Collection, Mss Eur F 97, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Chelmsford Papers, Mss Eur E 264, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Christie Collection, Mss Eur D 718, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Cunningham Collection, Mss Eur D 670, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Fleetwood Wilson Papers, Mss Eur F 111 & 112, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Hailey Collection, Mss Eur E 220, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Halifax Collection (Irwin Papers), Mss Eur C 152, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Hallett Collection, Mss Eur E 251, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Hamilton Papers, Mss Eur D 510, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Linlithgow Collection, Mss Eur F 125, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Montagu Papers, Mss Eur D 523, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Mudie Diary, Mss Eur 28-34, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Reading (Lady) Collection, Mss Eur E 316, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Templewood (Hoare Papers) Collection, Mss Eur E 240, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Zetland (Lawrence Papers) Collection, Mss Eur D 609, Asian and African Studies Reading Room, British Library St Pancras

Cripps Collection, CAB 127/57-154, National Archives, Kew

Ramsay MacDonald Papers, PRO 30/69, National Archives, Kew

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Baldwin Papers, University of Cambridge

Hardinge Papers, University of Cambridge

Essay on Qaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah With Quotations

by Pakiology | Aug 19, 2024 | Essay | 0 comments

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a prominent political leader and the founder of Pakistan. Born in Karachi in 1876, Jinnah studied law and became a successful lawyer before entering politics. Over the course of his career, he played a pivotal role in the creation of the country of Pakistan and served as its first Governor-General.

Jinnah’s political career began in 1906 when he joined the Indian National Congress, a political party that sought greater autonomy for India within the British Empire. However, Jinnah quickly became disillusioned with Congress and its leadership, and he left the party in 1913.

In 1919, Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League, a political party that represented the interests of India’s Muslim population. At the time, many Muslims felt that their rights and interests were not being adequately protected by Congress, and they saw the Muslim League as a way to promote their own political agenda.

Jinnah was a strong advocate for the rights of Muslims in India. In a speech to the All India Muslim League in 1943, he said,

“I have always maintained that the Muslims are a nation apart. The Hindu and the Muslim are two major nations by any definition or test of a nation. We are a nation of a hundred million, and what is more, we are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions.”

In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution, which called for the creation of a separate Muslim state in the northwestern and northeastern regions of India. This marked the beginning of the movement for the creation of Pakistan. Jinnah worked tirelessly to achieve this goal, negotiating with the British government and other political parties to secure support for the creation of Pakistan.

In a speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1947, Jinnah said,

“You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State.”

Jinnah’s efforts finally paid off in 1947 when the British government agreed to partition India and create the independent state of Pakistan. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan, and he worked to establish the country’s government and institutions. However, he faced numerous challenges, including a refugee crisis, economic instability, and tensions with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir.

In a speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1948, Jinnah said,

“We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one state. Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”

Despite these challenges, Jinnah remained committed to building a strong and prosperous Pakistan, and he worked tirelessly to lay the foundations for the country’s future success. He believed that Pakistan should be a country where all citizens, regardless of their gender, religion, or ethnicity, were treated equally and had equal opportunities.

“I have full faith in the future of Pakistan and the destiny of our people. You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice, and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.”

Jinnah’s legacy as the founder of Pakistan is undeniable. He was a visionary leader who saw the potential for a separate Muslim state and worked tirelessly to achieve it. His efforts were instrumental in the creation of Pakistan, and he remains an important figure in the country’s history. He will always be remembered as the father of the nation.

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Essay On Quaid-e-Azam 200 & 500 Words For Students

200 Words Essay On Quaid E Azam

Introduction.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the esteemed founder of Pakistan, was a charismatic leader whose pivotal role in the creation of an independent nation for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent remains indelible. His exceptional qualities and unwavering determination continue to inspire individuals to this day. This essay sheds light on the unique and captivating attributes of Quaid-e-Azam that made him an iconic figure in Pakistan’s history.

Visionary Leadership

Quaid-e-Azam’s visionary leadership served as a beacon of hope for millions. With resolute conviction, he envisioned a separate homeland where Muslims could live with dignity and freedom. His farsightedness, coupled with his ability to articulate the aspirations of the people, inspired a sense of unity and purpose among his followers.

Unyielding Determination

Quaid-e-Azam’s determination knew no bounds. Despite facing formidable challenges, he remained steadfast in his pursuit of a separate nation. His resolute stance during negotiations with the British and his unwavering commitment to the cause of independence were instrumental in realizing the dream of Pakistan.

Charismatic Persona

Quaid-e-Azam possessed a magnetic personality that captivated the masses. His eloquence, grace, and dignified demeanor left an indelible impression on all who encountered him. His ability to connect with people from all walks of life made him an influential leader and an inspiration for generations to come.

Defender of Rights

Quaid-e-Azam was a staunch advocate for the rights of all individuals. He firmly believed in upholding justice, equality, and freedom for every citizen. His tireless efforts to protect the rights of minorities and marginalized communities showcased his unwavering commitment to building a just and inclusive society.

Quaid-e-Azam’s visionary leadership, indomitable spirit, and commitment to justice continue to inspire and guide Pakistan toward a brighter future. His legacy remains a testament to his remarkable character and enduring impact.

500 Words Essay On Quaid E Azam

Introduction:.

Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, stands as the eminent founding father of Pakistan. His influential role in the creation of Pakistan and his exceptional leadership during the independence movement has shaped the destiny of the nation. This essay delves into the remarkable life and achievements of Quaid-e-Azam, presenting a captivating account of his invaluable contributions to the birth of Pakistan.

Early Life and Education

Born into a privileged family on December 25, 1876, Quaid-e-Azam hailed from Karachi, which was then part of British India. His family background instilled in him a sense of dignity and honor. With a strong educational foundation, he pursued his studies in Karachi and later moved to England to refine his legal education at Lincoln’s Inn. Quaid-e-Azam’s unwavering dedication and commitment to his work as a lawyer earned him immense respect among his peers.

Political Career

Quaid-e-Azam’s journey in politics commenced with his early association with the Indian National Congress, where he sought to advocate for the rights of all Indians. However, growing disillusionment with Congress’s inability to protect the interests of Muslims led Quaid-e-Azam to part ways and spearhead the All India Muslim League. Under his astute leadership, he aimed to unite the fragmented Muslim population and secure their rightful place in the Indian subcontinent.

Demand for Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam’s historic Fourteen Points and the Lahore Resolution are emblematic of his resolute determination to establish an independent Muslim state. He envisaged a land where Muslims could thrive and flourish without fear of marginalization. His unwavering commitment and persuasive negotiations with the British and Congress paved the way for the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.

Leadership during the Independence Movement

As the leader of the Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam emerged as a skilled diplomat and negotiator during the tumultuous partition process. Despite facing numerous challenges, he navigated the delicate political landscape with remarkable resilience, ensuring the rights and protection of minority communities. His indomitable spirit and steadfast leadership provided the strength needed to overcome the trials of independence.

Vision for Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam’s vision for Pakistan was rooted in democratic values, inclusivity, and social justice. He championed the cause of religious freedom and emphasized the importance of equality among all citizens. Through his impassioned speeches and addresses, he outlined his vision for a modern, progressive, and prosperous Pakistan, where every individual had the opportunity to succeed.

Quaid-e-Azam’s enduring legacy remains etched in the fabric of Pakistan’s history. His contributions to nation-building, such as the drafting of the country’s constitution, continue to shape the nation’s trajectory. As Pakistan’s first Governor-General, he nurtured unity and stability during the early years, setting a precedent for future leaders.

In conclusion, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s exceptional leadership and visionary guidance played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan. His unwavering commitment to the rights of Muslims and his relentless pursuit of a separate homeland have left an indelible mark on the nation. Today, Pakistan stands as a testament to Quaid-e-Azam’s principles, serving as a source of inspiration for generations to come. As we remember his illustrious legacy, we must strive to uphold the values of unity, equality, and progress that he ardently advocated.

QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's achievement as the founder  of Pakistan, dominates everything else he did in his long and crowded public life spanning some 42 years. Yet, by any  standard, his was an eventful life, his personality multidimensional and his achievements in other fields were many, if not  equally great. Indeed, several were the roles he had played with distinction: at one time or another, he was one of the  greatest legal luminaries India had produced during the first half of the century, an `ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, a  great constitutionalist, a distinguished parliamentarian, a top-notch politician, an indefatigable freedom-fighter, a dynamic  Muslim leader, a political strategist and, above all one of the great nation-builders of modern times. What, however,  makes him so remarkable is the fact that while similar other leaders assumed the leadership of traditionally well-defined  nations and espoused their cause, or led them to freedom, he created a nation out of an inchoate and down-trodden  minority and established a cultural and national home for it. And all that within a decade. For over three decades before  the successful culmination in 1947, of the Muslim struggle for freedom in the South-Asian subcontinent, Jinnah had  provided political leadership to the Indian Muslims: initially as one of the leaders, but later, since 1947, as the only  prominent leader- the Quaid-i-Azam . For over thirty years, he had guided their affairs; he had given expression,  coherence and direction to their legitimate aspirations and cherished dreams; he had formulated these into concrete  demands; and, above all, he had striven all the while to get them conceded by both the ruling British and the numerous  Hindus the dominant segment of India's population. And for over thirty years he had fought, relentlessly and inexorably,  for the inherent rights of the Muslims for an honorable existence in the subcontinent. Indeed, his life story constitutes, as it  were, the story of the rebirth of the Muslims of the subcontinent and their spectacular rise to nationhood, phoenixlike . phoenixlike .

Political Career

Three years later, in January 1910, Jinnah was elected  to the newly-constituted Imperial Legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four  decades, he was probably the most powerful voice in the cause of Indian freedom and Indian rights. Jinnah, who was also  the first Indian to pilot a private member's Bill through the Council, soon became a leader of a group inside the legislature.  Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the First World War, considered Jinnah "perfect  mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics..." Jinnah , he felt, "is a very clever man, and it is, of  course, an outrage that such a man should have no chance of running the affairs of his own country."

For about three decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah passionately believed in and assiduously worked for  Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale , the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once said of him, "He has the true stuff in  him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity: And,  to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim Unity: he was responsible for the Congress-League Pact of 1916,  known popularly as Luck now Pact- the only pact ever signed between the two political organizations, the Congress and  the All-India Muslim League, representing, as they did, the two major communities in the subcontinent.

The Congress-League scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, also  known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Luckhnow Pact represented a milestone in the evolution of Indian politics.  For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate electorate, reservation of seats in the legislatures and weightage  in representation both at the Centre and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of  reforms. For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League as the representative organization  of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individuality in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the  credit for all this. Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognized among both Hindus and Muslims as one of India's most  outstanding political leaders. Not only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also  the President of the All-India Muslim League and that of the Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League. More importantly,  because of his key-role in the Congress-League entente at L uckhnow , he was hailed as the ambassador, of Hindu-Muslim  unity.

Constitutional Struggle

In subsequent years, however, he felt dismayed at the injection of violence into politics. Since Jinnah stood for "ordered progress", moderation, gradualism and constitutionalism, he felt that political violence was not the pathway to national liberation but, the dark alley to disaster and destruction.

In the ever-growing frustration among the masses caused by colonial rule, there was ample cause for extremism. But, Gandhi's doctrine of non-cooperation, Jinnah felt, even as Rabindranath Tagore(1861-1941) did also feel, was at best one of negation and despair: it might lead to the building up of resentment, but nothing constructive. Hence, he opposed tooth and nail the tactics adopted by Gandhi to exploit the Khilafat and wrongful tactics in the Punjab in the early twenties. On the eve of its adoption of the Gandhian programmed, Jinnah warned the Nagpur Congress Session (1920): "you are making a declaration (of Swaraj within a year) and committing the Indian National Congress to a programme, which you will not be able to carry out". He felt that there was no short-cut to independence and that any extra-constitutional methods could only lead to political violence, lawlessness and chaos, without bringing India nearer to the threshold of freedom.

The future course of events was not only to confirm Jinnah's worst fears, but also to prove him right. Although Jinnah left the Congress soon thereafter, he continued his efforts towards bringing about a Hindu-Muslim entente, which he rightly considered "the most vital condition of Swaraj". However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities as evidenced by the country-wide communal riots, and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional plan, these proposals even waived the Muslim right to separate electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognized by the Congress in the Luckhnow Pact, had again become a source of friction between the two communities. surprisingly though, the Nehru Report (1928), which represented the Congress-sponsored proposals for the future constitution of India, negated the minimum Muslim demands embodied in the Delhi Muslim Proposals.

In vain Jinnah argued at the National Convention of Congress in 1928 that "What we want is that Hindus and Mussalmans should march together until our objective is achieved...These two communities have got to be reconciled and united and made to feel that their interests are common". The Convention's blank refusal to accept Muslim demands represented the most devastating setback to Jinnah's life-long efforts to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity, it meant "the last straw" for the Muslims, and "the parting of the ways" for him, as he confessed to a Parsee friend at that time. Jinnah's disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to migrate and settle down in London in the early thirties. He was, however, to return to India in 1934, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and assume their leadership. But, the Muslims presented a sad spectacle at that time. They were a mass of disgruntled and demoralized men and women, politically disorganized and destitute of a clear-cut political programme.

Muslim League Reorganized

Thus, the task that awaited Jinnah was anything but easy. The Muslim League was dormant: even its provincial organizations were, for the most part, ineffective and only nominally under the control of the central organization. Nor did the central body have any coherent policy of its own till the Bombay session (1936), which Jinnah organized. To make matters worse, the provincial scene presented a sort of a jigsaw puzzle: in the Punjab, Bengal, Sindh, the North West Frontier, Assam, Bihar and the United Provinces, various Muslim leaders had set up their own provincial parties to serve their personal ends. Extremely frustrating as the situation was, the only consolation Jinnah had at this juncture was in Allama Iqbal (1877-1938), the poet-philosopher, who stood steadfast by him and helped to chart the course of Indian politics from behind the scene.

Undismayed by this bleak situation, Jinnah devoted himself to the sole purpose of organizing the Muslims on one platform. He embarked upon country-wide tours. He pleaded with provincial Muslim leaders to sink their differences and make common cause with the League. He exhorted the Muslim masses to organize themselves and join the League. He gave coherence and direction to Muslim sentiments on the Government of India Act, 1935. He advocated that the Federal Scheme should be scrapped as it was subversive of India's cherished goal of complete responsible Government, while the provincial scheme, which conceded provincial autonomy for the first time, should be worked for what it was worth, despite its certain objectionable features. He also formulated a viable League manifesto for the election scheduled for early 1937. He was, it seemed, struggling against time to make Muslim India a power to be reckoned with.

Despite all the manifold odds stacked against it, the Muslim League won some 108 (about 23 per cent) seats out of a total of 485 Muslim seats in the various legislatures. Though not very impressive in itself, the League's partial success assumed added significance in view of the fact that the League won the largest number of Muslim seats and that it was the only all-India party of the Muslims in the country. Thus, the elections represented the first milestone on the long road to putting Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent. Congress in power with the year 1937 opened the most momentous decade in modern Indian history. In that year came into force the provincial part of the Government of India Act, 1935, granting autonomy to Indians for the first time, in the provinces.

The Congress, having become the dominant party in Indian politics, came to power in seven provinces exclusively, spurning the League's offer of cooperation, turning its back finally on the coalition idea and excluding Muslims as a political entity from the portals of power. In that year, also, the Muslim League, under Jinnah's dynamic leadership, was reorganized de novo, transformed into a mass organization, and made the spokesman of Indian Muslims as never before. Above all, in that momentous year were initiated certain trends in Indian politics, the crystallization of which in subsequent years made the partition of the subcontinent inevitable. The practical manifestation of the policy of the Congress which took office in July, 1937, in seven out of eleven provinces, convinced Muslims that, in the Congress scheme of things, they could live only on sufferance of Hindus and as "second class" citizens. The Congress provincial governments, it may be remembered, had embarked upon a policy and launched a programme in which Muslims felt that their religion, language and culture were not safe. This blatantly aggressive Congress policy was seized upon by Jinnah to awaken the Muslims to a new consciousness, organize them on all-India platform, and make them a power to be reckoned with. He also gave coherence, direction and articulation to their innermost, yet vague, urges and aspirations. Above all, he filled them with his indomitable will, his own unflinching faith in their destiny.

The New Awakening

As a result of Jinnah's ceaseless efforts, the Muslims awakened from what Professor Baker calls (their) "unreflective silence" (in which they had so complacently basked for long decades), and to "the spiritual essence of nationality" that had existed among them for a pretty long time. Roused by the impact of successive Congress hammerings, the Muslims, as Ambedkar (principal author of independent India's Constitution) says, "searched their social consciousness in a desperate attempt to find coherent and meaningful articulation to their cherished yearnings. To their great relief, they discovered that their sentiments of nationality had flamed into nationalism". In addition, not only had they developed" the will to live as a "nation", had also endowed them with a territory which they could occupy and make a State as well as a cultural home for the newly discovered nation. These two pre-requisites provided the Muslims with the intellectual justification for claiming a distinct nationalism (apart from Indian or Hindu nationalism) for themselves. So that when, after their long pause, the Muslims gave expression to their innermost yearnings, these turned out to be in favour of a separate Muslim nationhood and of a separate Muslim state.

Demand for Pakistan

"We are a nation", they claimed in the ever eloquent words of the Quaid-i-Azam- "We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation". The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in 1940 had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it shattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu empire on British exit from India: on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, and malicious.

Equally hostile were the British to the Muslim demand, their hostility having stemmed from their belief that the unity of India was their main achievement and their foremost contribution. The irony was that both the Hindus and the British had not anticipated the astonishingly tremendous response that the Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim masses. Above all, they failed to realize how a hundred million people had suddenly become supremely conscious of their distinct nationhood and their high destiny. In channeling the course of Muslim politics towards Pakistan, no less than in directing it towards its consummation in the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, none played a more decisive role than did Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was his powerful advocacy of the case of Pakistan and his remarkable strategy in the delicate negotiations that followed the formulation of the Pakistan demand, particularly in the post-war period, that made Pakistan inevitable.

Cripps Scheme

While the British reaction to the Pakistan demand came in the form of the Cripps offer of April, 1942, which conceded the principle of self-determination to provinces on a territorial basis, the Rajaji Formula (called after the eminent Congress leader C.Rajagopalacharia, which became the basis of prolonged Jinnah-Gandhi talks in September, 1944), represented the Congress alternative to Pakistan. The Cripps offer was rejected because it did not concede the Muslim demand the whole way, while the Rajaji Formula was found unacceptable since it offered a "moth-eaten, mutilated" Pakistan and the too appended with a plethora of pre-conditions which made its emergence in any shape remote, if not altogether impossible. Cabinet Mission, the most delicate as well as the most tortuous negotiations, however, took place during 1946-47, after the elections which showed that the country was sharply and somewhat evenly divided between two parties- the Congress and the League- and that the central issue in Indian politics was Pakistan.

These negotiations began with the arrival, in March 1946, of a three-member British Cabinet Mission. The crucial task with which the Cabinet Mission was entrusted was that of devising in consultation with the various political parties, constitution-making machinery, and of setting up a popular interim government. But, because the Congress-League gulf could not be bridged, despite the Mission's (and the Viceroy's) prolonged efforts, the Mission had to make its own proposals in May, 1946. Known as the Cabinet Mission Plan, these proposals stipulated a limited centre, supreme only in foreign affairs, defense and communications and three autonomous groups of provinces. Two of these groups were to have Muslim majorities in the north-west and the north-east of the subcontinent, while the third one, comprising the Indian mainland, was to have a Hindu majority. A consummate statesman that he was, Jinnah saw his chance. He interpreted the clauses relating to a limited centre and the grouping as "the foundation of Pakistan", and induced the Muslim League Council to accept the Plan in June 1946; and this he did much against the calculations of the Congress and to its utter dismay.

Tragically though, the League's acceptance was put down to its supposed weakness and the Congress put up a posture of defiance, designed to swamp the League into submitting to its dictates and its interpretations of the plan. Faced thus, what alternative had Jinnah and the League but to rescind their earlier acceptance, reiterate and reaffirm their original stance, and decide to launch direct action (if need be) to wrest Pakistan. The way Jinnah maneuvered to turn the tide of events at a time when all seemed lost indicated, above all, his masterly grasp of the situation and his adeptness at making strategic and tactical moves.

Partition Plan

Partition Plan By the close of 1946, the communal riots had flared up to murderous heights, engulfing almost the entire subcontinent. The two peoples, it seemed, were engaged in a fight to the finish. The time for a peaceful transfer of power was fast running out. Realizing the gravity of the situation. His Majesty's Government sent down to India a new Viceroy- Lord Mountbatten. His protracted negotiations with the various political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Plan by which the British decided to partition the subcontinent, and hand over power to two successor States on 15 August, 1947. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian parties to the dispute- the Congress the League and the Akali Dal (representing the Sikhs).

Leader of a Free Nation

In recognition of his singular contribution, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed Mountbatten as India's first Governor-General. Pakistan, it has been truly said, was born in virtual chaos. Indeed, few nations in the world have started on their career with less resources and in more treacherous circumstances. The new nation did not inherit a central government, a capital, an administrative core, or an organized defence force. The Punjab holocaust had left vast areas in a shambles with communications disrupted. This, alongwith the en masse migration of the Hindu and Sikh business and managerial classes, left the economy almost shattered.

The treasury was empty, India having denied Pakistan the major share of its cash balances. On top of all this, the still unorganized nation was called upon to feed some eight million refugees who had fled the insecurities and barbarities of the north Indian plains that long, hot summer. If all this was symptomatic of Pakistan's administrative and economic weakness, the Indian annexation, through military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which had originally acceded to Pakistan) and the Kashmir war over the State's accession (October 1947-December 1948) exposed her military weakness. In the circumstances, therefore, it was nothing short of a miracle that Pakistan survived at all. That it survived and forged ahead was mainly due to one man-Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The nation desperately needed a charismatic leader at that critical juncture in the nation's history, and he fulfilled that need profoundly. After all, he was more than a mere Governor-General: he was the Quaid-i-Azam who had brought the State into being.

In the ultimate analysis, his very presence at the helm of affairs was responsible for enabling the newly born nation to overcome the terrible crisis on the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and the unquestioning loyalty he commanded among the people to energize them, to raise their morale, to raise the profound feelings of patriotism that the freedom had generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in poor health, Jinnah yet carried the heaviest part of the burden in that first crucial year. He laid down the policies of the new state, called attention to the immediate problems confronting the nation and told the members of the Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed Forces what to do and what the nation expected of them. He saw to it that law and order was maintained at all costs, despite the provocation that the large-scale riots in north India had provided. He moved from Karachi to Lahore for a while and supervised the immediate refugee problem in the Punjab. In a time of fierce excitement, he remained sober, cool and steady. He advised his excited audience in Lahore to concentrate on helping the refugees, to avoid retaliation, exercise restraint and protect the minorities. He assured the minorities of a fair deal, assuaged their inured sentiments, and gave them hope and comfort. He toured the various provinces, attended to their particular problems and instilled in the people a sense of belonging. He reversed the British policy in the North-West Frontier and ordered the withdrawal of the troops from the tribal territory of Waziristan, thereby making the Pathans feel themselves an integral part of Pakistan's body-politics. He created a new Ministry of States and Frontier Regions, and assumed responsibility for ushering in a new era in Balochistan. He settled the controversial question of the states of Karachi, secured the accession of States, especially of Kalat which seemed problematical and carried on negotiations with Lord Mountbatten for the settlement of the Kashmir Issue.

The Quaid's last Message

It was, therefore, with a sense of supreme satisfaction at the fulfillment of his mission that Jinnah told the nation in his last message on 14 August, 1948: "The foundations of your State have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can". In accomplishing the task he had taken upon himself on the morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had worked himself to death, but he had, to quote Richard Symons, "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan's survival". He died on 11 September, 1948.

A man such as Jinnah, who had fought for the inherent rights of his people all through his life and who had taken up the somewhat unconventional and the largely misinterpreted cause of Pakistan, was bound to generate violent opposition and excite implacable hostility and was likely to be largely misunderstood. But what is most remarkable about Jinnah is that he was the recipient of some of the greatest tributes paid to any one in modern times, some of them even from those who held a diametrically opposed viewpoint.

The Aga Khan considered him "the greatest man he ever met", Beverley Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', called him "the most important man in Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West Bengal Governor in 1948, thought of him as "an outstanding figure of this century not only in India, but in the whole world". While Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab League, called him "one of the greatest leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand Mufti of Palestine considered his death as a "great loss" to the entire world of Islam. It was, however, given to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc wing of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his personal and political achievements. "Mr Jinnah" he said on his death in 1948, "was great as a lawyer, once great as a Congressman, great as a leader of Muslims, great as a world politician and diplomat, and greatest of all as a man of action. By Mr. Jinnah's passing away, the world has lost one of the greatest statesmen and Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide". Such was Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, such the range of his accomplishments and achievements.

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Jinnah Papers (Quaid-I-Azam)

This collection reflects a period of momentous change in South Asia that culminated in the emergence of two independent states. It is a unique source for the study of the Muslim Freedom Movement in South Asia and of the political and personal life of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan.

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• Region: Asia and the Pacific
• Submitted by: Pakistan

Essay On Quaid E Azam 2023 Urdu/English (200 & 500 Words)

Quaid-e-Azam is the most outstanding leader of our history. During the establishment of Pakistan, he was remembered as an influential leader who brought Islam from slumber by calling for Muslims to live according to Islam’s teachings without Hindu influence.

His real name was Muhammad Ali Jinnah; he was born into wealth on 25th December 1876 near Karachi, where he spent most days reading books about law at home. He collected all the Muslims on one platform. He created a spirit of unity and fought against Hindus and the British.

His battle was peaceful, but his enemies tried to purchase him with money instead of asking for peace or any other form of negotiation that would have ended in compromise rather than bloodshed; he remained unyielding when faced by these offers, which often included large sums from wealthy merchants as well as promises from higher officials who Britain himself had appointed.

A man filled with great determination , Jinnah worked very hard for Pakistan despite his failing health – even making numberless speeches demanding separation into an independent state where Islam could be practiced freely without fear under appropriate legislation guided not only towards Muslims but also their Hindu counterparts too according to equality before the law itself.

Essay on Quaid e Azam – 500 Words

Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of Pakistan. He was a great leader with an ambitious vision for his people and their land, which he never stopped fighting to make happen – even from behind prison bars in London during WWII! Born on December 25th, 1876, in Karachi.

Mr. Poonja Jinnah ‘s eldest son grew up being groomed as heir apparent by both parents; though it would be ultimately his father who sent him off at age 16 to study law abroad- first England, then later Lincoln Inn where Muhammad passed Bar-at-Law before returning home only two years later feeling fully qualified to take over managing family business interests when necessary but also ready open own legal practice if desired upon return Muhammad Ali Jinnah became one of. After four years of exile in London, Muhammad Ali Jinnah returned to his Bombay law firm.

He quickly became a successful lawyer and by 1900 was appointed magistrate for the region’s presidency. During this time, he noticed that while both Hindus and Muslims were united against England, it seemed like Hindu leaders had their interests at heart rather than those of India as a whole.

To join with other Indian groups who shared similar beliefs about British colonization – namely Muslim ones – Quaid-e-Azam left behind practicing law on behalf of Indians living abroad (a job which would be crucial later) so that he could take up leadership positions among organizations whose goals aligned more closely with what came to form Pakistan’s identity.

The Quaid-e-Azam , or “Great Leader,” was a human rights activist who dedicated his life to the liberation of Pakistan. He worked for Muslims in India and presented their concerns with fourteen eloquent points rejected by Congress.

His efforts did not go unrewarded; after enduring many hardships, he remained steadfast in achieving freedom for Muslim people, known as East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). During this time, Quaid’s speeches affirmed all aspects of what would become an independent state: its culture, language, economy – everything from top to bottom.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a thin and lean man but he had great qualities of head and heart. He overcame his frail body with determination, courage, faithfulness to the cause for which Pakistan would be created- namely that there should never again exist in this world any discrimination against Muslims on account of their being followers of Islam or because they live in a part of the world called Asia; nor will anyone have power evermore to humiliate them as long as they preserve these cardinal principles: Unity – Discipline – Faith.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah possessed all three attributes–unity, discipline, and faith. This drove him day after day towards achieving his goal-a a Muslim country where people are treated equally regardless if they were religious or not. 

He had a powerful, resolute voice and an unshakable sense of conviction. “An impossible man,” Gandhi called him. Then the Pakistan Resolution was drafted at Minar e Pakistan in Lahore in 1934, which was the backbone for Pakistan’s freedom struggle. He died on September 11, 1948.

Essay on Quaid e Azam – 850 Words

In Karachi, the great leader & founder of Pakistan, Quaid e Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, was born on December 25, 1876. 

Quaid-e-Azam was a great politician and well-known lawyer of his time. He was the son of a wealthy Gujarati merchant named Jinnahbhai Poonja. Before Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born, Poonja Jinnah moved to Karachi.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah fought for the freedom of the Muslims of the sub-continent. His achievements were recognized by the title “Quaid-e-Azam” (the father of the nation) by Maulana Mazharuddin.

Jinnah lived in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the GokalDas Tej Primary School before going to the Cathedral and John Connon School. He participated at the Sindh-Madrasa-Tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School.

After completing his higher education in England, he was admitted to the Lincoln’s Inn law school in London.

His mother passed away during his stay in England. Within three years

He was invited by the advocate general of Bombay to join his bar and offered him 1500 rupees a month, which was a substantial sum a decade ago. 

Still, he refused this offer and stated that he would earn 1500 per day through his impeccable efforts. However, he set 1 rupee as his monthly salary as governor-general of a newly declared Pakistan. His character was sensible and reasonable.

As a member of the largest Indian political organization, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He then joined the Muslim League seven years later.

He tried hard to bring Congress and the Muslim League together, but he realized that under the British and Hindus, the Muslims of the subcontinent were losing their cultural and social freedoms.

To create a state where Muslims could feel a sense of freedom, he began fighting for the independence of Muslims in British India.

In this freedom war, unity among Muslim organizations was the most critical factor, and we enjoy a state of independence and are free to practice our religion as we wish.

Pakistan was established due to the bloodshed of thousands of freedom fighters and Jinnah’s leadership. The country wouldn’t have existed without him.

A man of his words, he was always as firm as a rock in the face of enemies and never faltered. Gandhi’s title “Impossible Man” was given to Gandhi due to his determination over his policies.

In 1930, he became the authoritative leader of all the Muslims in the subcontinent, and he led the Muslim League from 1933 to 1935.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah founded Dawn , a newspaper significant for delivering the League’s perspective, in 1941. 

After becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into a conflict between a pro-Congress and a pro-British faction. Jinnah believed the state of Pakistan should be based on authentic Islamic culture, civilization, and national identity rather than a theocratic interpretation of Islam.

Independence & Resolution:

The Muslim League wrote the Pakistan Resolution in Lahore in 1940, which was declared the backbone of the struggle for an independent Pakistan.

He sacrificed not for his business for the entire Muslim Nation but the Pakistan Resolution. His health was deteriorating day by day as he worked day and night.

His aggressive leadership and vigorous efforts resulted in Pakistan’s creation on August 14, 1947.

August 15, 1947, marked the first day of the rise of the independent state of Pakistan under Quaid-e-Azam. The new responsibilities were like a bed of thrones to him.

Jinnah is regarded as Pakistan’s founding father, a man devoted to safeguarding Muslim interests during the dying days of the British Raj. Most of the Pakistanis take Jinnah as a hero and an inspiration.

A Statesman:

If Jinnah’s stay in London was the sowing phase, the first decade in Bombay after returning from England was the germination stage, and the next decade (1906-1916) was the vintage stage; this was also the period of ideological thinking, as he was a romantic both in personal and political life. Jinnah came out of his shell. 

The limelight shone on him; he was blossoming as a lawyer and a politician. As a political child during the first decade of the century, Jinnah had become a political giant when Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. 

Since his early years in London, Jinnah has been fascinated by the world of politics. He was deeply impressed by Dadabhai, a Parsi from Bombay. 

When Jinnah returned to India, he entered the world of politics as a Liberal nationalist and joined the Congress Party despite his father’s anger at him leaving the family business. 

Jinnah attended the 20th annual session of the Congress in Bombay for the first time in December 1904. 

It was presided over by Pherozshah Mehta, a great admirer of Jinnah. Mehta suggested that two of his disciples be sent to London as Congress deputies at that time to observe the political arena there. 

A. Jinnah and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, whose wisdom and moderation he also admired, were his choices for the job.

Although he struggled with tuberculosis over the years, he never let it become a vulnerability, and he died on September 11, 1948, just 13 months after our motherland was created.

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محمد علی جناح پاکستان کے بانی اور بابائے قوم تھے۔ انھوں نے اپنی زندگی کا بڑا حصہ ہندوستان کی آزادی اور مسلمانوں کے حقوق کی جدوجہد میں صرف کر دیا۔ وہ ایک ہمہ جہت شخص تھے جو سیاست، قانون اور قوم سازی میں کامیاب ہوئے تھے۔ وہ اپنی قوم کو اکٹھا کرنے اور پاکستان بنانے والے سب سے بڑے قائدین میں سے ایک تھے ۔

جناح 1876 میں کراچی میں پیدا ہوئے اور ابتدائی تعلیم وہیں سے حاصل کی۔ وہ لنکن کالج سے گریجوایشن کرنے والے سب سے کم عمر وکیل تھے۔ آپ نے اپنے پیشہ ورانہ کیرئیر کا آغاز بمبئ سے کیا۔ انہوں نے 1905 میں آل انڈیا کانگریس کے ساتھ سیاست میں قدم رکھا اور 1910 میں امپیریل لیجسلیٹو کونسل کا حصہ بنے۔ وہ 1916 میں مسلم لیگ میں شامل ہوئے اور جلد ہی اسکی قیادت کرنے لگے۔ وہ برطانیہ، ہندوستانی نیشنل کانگریس، ہندوستانی مسلم لیگ کی جانب سے تقریریں کرتے رہے۔ وہ ھندوستان کی آزادی کے لیے برطانیہ پر دباؤ ڈالتے رہے۔

 جناح نے ایک پلیٹ فارم پر مسلمانوں کو منظم کرنےکے لئے خود کو وقف کردیا۔ انہوں نے ملک گیر دوروں کا آغاز کیا اور صوبائی مسلم رہنماؤں سے التجا کی کہ وہ اپنے اختلافات کو ختم کریں اور لیگ میں شامل ہو جائیں ۔ انہوں نے مسلم عوام کو اپنے آپ کو منظم کرنے اور لیگ میں شامل ہونے کی تلقین کی۔ انہوں نے گورنمنٹ آف انڈیا ا یکٹ 1935 کے حوالے سے مسلمانوں کے سیاسی جذبات کو ہم آہنگ کیا اور واضح سمت فراہم کی ۔

قائداعظم نے ہمیشہ واضح الفاظ میں دعوی کیا کہ “ہم ا یک قوم ہیں”۔ ہم اپنی مخصوص ثقافت اور تہذیب ، زبان و ادب ، آرٹ اور فن تعمیر ، ناموراقدار کے احساس کی حامل ا یک قوم ہیں۔ قوانین اور اخلاقی ضابطہ ، تاریخ اور کیلنڈر ، رسم و رواج اور روایت ، قابلیت اور عزائم؛ مختصر یہ کہ زندگی اور زندگی کے بارے میں ہمارا اپنا مخصوص نظریہ ہے۔ بین االاقوامی قانون کے تمام اصولوں کے مطابق ، ہم ایک قوم ہیں۔ 1940 میں پاکستان کے لئے مسلم مطالبہ کی تشکیل نے ہندوستانی سیاست کی نوعیت اور اس کے طریق کار پر زبردست اثر ڈالا۔

آپ کی انتھک محنتوں سے مسلمان متحد ہوئے اور یک زبان ہو قائداعظم کی پکار پر لبیک کہا اور تمام تر مشکل حالات اور دشمن کی مکاریوں کے باوجود انہوں نے پاکستان کی بنیاد ۱۴اگست ۱۹۴۷ کو ڈال دی۔ اس ملک پر یہ انکا ایک انمول احسان ہے جو ہمیشہ یاد رکھا جائے گا۔ قائداعظم جانتے تھے کہ یہ ملک بن گیا ہے لیکن اسکو بہت سے مشکلات سے نبرد آزما ہونا ہے۔

قائد اعظم محمد علی جناح نے 14 اگست 1948 کو اپنے آخری پیغام میں قوم سے فرمایا؛

آپ کی ریاست کی بنیادیں رکھی جا چکی ہیں اب یہ آپ پر ہے کہ آپ اسکی جلد از جلد تعمیر کریں جتنی جلد ی آپ کر سکتے ہیں ۔ پاکستان کے وجود میں آنے کے بعد انہوں نے سارہ بوجھ اپنے اوپرلے لیا ۔ جناح نے اپنی آخری سانس تک کام کیا ۔ رچرڈ سیمنز نے کہا تھا “پاکستان کی بقا کے لئے سب سے بڑا کردار جناح نے ادا کیا تھا” ۔ ان کا انتقال 11 ستمبر 1948 کو ہوا۔

10 frequently asked questions about Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan:

• Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah? Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a barrister, politician and the founder of Pakistan. He served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, and then as the Dominion of Pakistan’s first governor-general until his death¹.
• When and where was Muhammad Ali Jinnah born? Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on December 25, 1876 in Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India (present-day Sindh, Pakistan)¹.
• What were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s political affiliations? Muhammad Ali Jinnah was affiliated with several political parties throughout his career. He was a member of the Indian National Congress from 1906 to 1920, the All-India Muslim League from 1913 to 1947, and the Muslim League from 1947 to 1948¹.
• What were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s political views? Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity in the early years of his political career and helped shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. However, by 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Muslims should have their own state to avoid possible marginalization in an independent Hindu-Muslim state¹.
• What is Muhammad Ali Jinnah known for? Muhammad Ali Jinnah is known for successfully campaigning for an independent Pakistan and becoming its first leader. He is known in Pakistan as ‘Quaid-I Azam’ or ‘Great Leader’³.
• When did Muhammad Ali Jinnah die? Muhammad Ali Jinnah died on September 11, 1948 in Karachi, Federal Capital Territory, Pakistan¹.
• Where is Muhammad Ali Jinnah buried? Muhammad Ali Jinnah is buried at Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi¹.
• What did Muhammad Ali Jinnah study? Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied law at Lincoln’s Inn in London, England and became a barrister¹.
• Did Muhammad Ali Jinnah have any children? Yes, Muhammad Ali Jinnah had one daughter named Dina Wadia¹.
• What is the significance of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Pakistani history? Muhammad Ali Jinnah is considered the founder of Pakistan and played a crucial role in its creation. He is revered as a national hero and his legacy continues to shape Pakistani politics and society.

(1) Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah . (2) Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) – BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml . (3) Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion …. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah .

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Sana Mursleen is a student studying English Literature at Lahore Garrison University (LGU). With her love for writing and humor, she writes essays for Top Study World. Sana is an avid reader and has a passion for history, politics, and social issues.

aaj ik aur baras biit gayā us ke baġhair

jis ke hote hue hote the zamāne mere

Mohammad Ali Jinnah

1876 - 1948

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Best Essay on Quaid-e-Azam

• by Academia Mag
• October 15, 2022
• 2 years ago

The great leader and founder of Pakistan. His real name is Mohammad Ali Jinnah but widely known as Quaid-e-Azam or Baba-e-Qoum which means the father of the nation. Quaid-e-Azam was born on the 25th of December in Karachi, in 1876. Quaid-e-Azam was a successful lawyer as well as a politician. Quaid-e-Azam’s father’s name was Jinnah Poonja and his mother’s name was Mithibai. Quaid-e-Azam belonged to a rich merchant family.

Quaid-e-Azam received his early education from Sindh Madrasa-ul-Islam and a Christian missionary school. He was sent to England at the mere age of 16 for higher education and later got admission to Lincoln’s Inn Law school to study Law. He returned home after studying abroad, then took over managing his family business.

A few years later, Quaid-e-Azam opened his law firm and became a successful lawyer and by 1900, he was appointed as a magistrate for the region’s presidency. During this time, Jinnah noticed that Hindus and Muslims were united against England, but the Hindu leaders had set their interests somewhere else. Soon after this Quaid-e-Azam left behind practicing law and went on to join political parties so he could take up leadership positions among organizations that planned to form Pakistan’s identity. He started his political career with Indian National Congress in 1906, then after a time span of 7 years, Jinnah joined the Muslim League.

He was a man with great qualities and leadership. He was a human rights activist who constantly fought for the rights of Muslims and dedicated his whole life to the liberation of Pakistan. He tirelessly worked for the Muslims struggling in India and presented their concerns in the 14 points which were rejected by Congress. He endured many hardships for the formation of Pakistan and the rights of Muslims, but he did not give up. However, his efforts did not go unrewarded.

He was a man of his word and one of the greatest spokesmen. Mahatma Gandhi called Quaid-e-Azam “an impossible man” due to his determinacy over his principles. Jinnah always stood like a rock in front of his enemies and never backed down. In 1933, Jinnah became the leader of the Muslim League. In 1940, the Pakistan resolution was drafted by The Muslim League at Minar-e-Pakistan.

After the Pakistan Resolution was passed, Quaid-e-Azam worked tirelessly day and night and did not care about his health at all, slowly his health started deteriorating but he never stopped working. It was due to Quaid-e-Azam’s tireless efforts that Pakistan came into being on the 1947, 14th of August. Quaid-e-Azam passed away on the 11th of September in 1948.

Some of the most famous quotes by Quaid-e-Azam are:

1. “Think a hundred times before you take a decision, but once that decision is taken, stand by it as one man.”

2. “Expect the best, prepare for the worst.”

3. “With faith, discipline, and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve.”

4. “I do not believe in taking the right decision, I take a decision and make it right.”

5. “Failure is a word unknown to me.”

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• Why Mr Jinnah Matters Today? - Dawn
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah Biography - ThoughtCo

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