How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing
2-minute read
24th March 2021
Did you know you can cite someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work? In this post, we’ll explain how this works in IEEE referencing .
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing
In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets:
Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1].
These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second is [2], and so on).
For more on citing sources IEEE style, see our blog post on the subject .
Adding a Thesis or Dissertation in an IEEE Reference List
In an IEEE reference list, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:
[#] INITIAL (S). Surname, “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Qualification Type, Department Name, University Name, City of University, State/Country, Year.
If possible, you should abbreviate any commonly used terms from this list in the entry (e.g., “University” is usually abbreviated to just “Univ.”).
You can see how this might look in practice below:
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[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020.
Make sure to include the hanging indent in all references as well.
Theses and Dissertations Accessed Online
If you accessed a thesis or dissertation online, give either a URL or DOI at the end of the reference. The exact format depends on which you give:
For a URL (i.e., a regular web address), include “[Online]” and the URL itself with no final punctuation at the end of the reference.
For a DOI , add the DOI after a comma and end the reference with a period.
You can see examples of both styles below:
[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1923/
[2] B. S. Bello, “Reverse engineering the behaviour of Twitter bots,” PhD Thesis, School of Informatics, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Year, doi: 10.25392/leicester.data.12662456.v1.
Otherwise, though, the reference format is the same as shown above.
Expert IEEE Proofreading
Hopefully, you now feel confident citing a thesis or a dissertation in IEEE style. If you’d like further help checking your references, why not submit a free sample document and select IEEE referencing on upload to see how our experts work?
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Library Guides
IEEE Referencing
Theses & dissertations
IEEE Referencing: Theses & dissertations
Citing sources in the text
Quotes & Paraphrasing
Page numbers & Abbreviations
Place of publication
Books & e-books
Journal and magazine articles
Web-based document or source
Handbooks and manuals
Standards and patents
Conference papers & proceedings
Technical/company reports
Workshop/lecture notes
Audio-visual media
Unpublished material
Figures, tables and equations
Generative AI
Sample Reference List
Sample in-text reference
Theses & dissertations
Connect through to format examples which provide a review of each component that needs to be included in a reference.
s
Then move to the FURTHER EXAMPLES table with many examples of book and e-book format types.
Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis
[#] Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation, or M.S. thesis), Abbrev . Dept., Abbrev . Univ ., City of University , (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known'), Year of Publication. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file
Referencing elements to cite:
[#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
Ph.D. dissertation, or a M.S. thesis
Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D. or the M.S. thesis
Abbreviation of the University
City of University
State Abbreviation
Year of Publication
Type of medium
Available: site/path/file
[1] K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/25679/
[2] M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles," M.S. thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne , Mar. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/32281/1/LONG% 20Michael %20-%20Thesis.pdf
Basic format to reference a Bachelor thesis
[#] Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known''), Year of Publication.
Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree
[2] J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and Appl . Sciences., Harvard Univ ., Cambridge, MA, 2013.
Material type
In-text example
Reference List example
As shown by Willsky in [3], the various ...
[3] E. R. Willsky, “Nanomaterials for electronic and sensing applications,” Ph.D. dissertation, School of Elect. and Inform. Eng., Univ. Sydney, Sydney, 2012.
For more details see [1].
[1] Z. Shen, “Colour differentiation in digital images,” M.S. Thesis, Sch. of Comp. Science and Maths., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2003. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/15529/1/zhenliang_shen.pdf
As in [2], the quality of the sound ...
[2] J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and Appl. Sciences., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 2013.
This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE – pronounced “I-triple-E” – is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.
Though the OWL’s section on IEEE is sufficient for quick reference, if you are writing a lengthy manuscript or dissertation, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, available as a PDF through the organization’s website . Alternately, if you are formatting a paper for submission to a specific organization, publication, or event, refer to the formatting guidelines provided by said organization / publication / event and privilege those guidelines over any found here.
The IEEE section contains the following pages:
General Format
Basic formatting and page layout
Abstracts, index terms, and other front matter
Section headings, appendix headings, and similar
Appendices, acknowledgements and other back matter
In-Text Citation
Formatting in-text citations
Citing within a reference
Citing multiple references at once
Reference List
Formatting reference page entries
General principles for formatting references
Specific instructions for formatting references to various media
Tables, Figures, and Equations
Distinguishing between tables, figures, and equations
Formatting tables appropriately
Formatting labels, titles, captions, etc. appropriately
Referring to tables, figures, and equations in text.
IEEE Style Guide
General Style Guidelines
IEEE Standard Abbreviations
Citation Style Overview
Using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Audiovisual Resources
Conferences
Reports and Technical Reports
Theses and Dissertations
Ieee resources.
IEEE Citation Guidelines Give information on "How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style"
IEEE Editorial Style Manual This style manual provides general editing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. Updated 2016.
CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Another tool to find bibliographic information for journals and abbreviated journal titles.
The IEEE Communications Society Publications Department Style Guide Updated 2018.
Thank you to the librarians of Monash University and the American University of Sharja for allowing us to reuse and remix content from their IEEE guides.
Citing Theses and Dissertations in IEEE
Theses or dissertations (print)
Citation Elements
Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication.
Examples
Masters thesis showing department abbreviations
[1]
X. Zha, "Robust fault estimator design for a class of uncertain linear time invariant systems," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. and Comput. Syst. Eng., Monash Univ., Victoria, Australia, 2008.
Example where standard words abbrevate the name of the "Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering" become "Dept. Elect. and Comput. Syst. Eng.,"
See also that you are using the standard abbreviations for theses and dissertations
Ph.D. dissertation (Australian origin)
[2]
S. Birch, "Dolphin-human interaction effects: frequency mediated psychophysiological responses in biological systems," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comput. Syst. Eng., Monash Univ., Victoria, Australia, 1997.
[3]
L. Chen, “Distortion management in intensity modulated optical OFDM systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Melbourne, Australia, 2012.
Note: City and Country details are needed for theses authored outside of the United States.
Ph.D. dissertation (US origin)
[4]
S. K. Singh, "Information, incentives, and the Internet," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., University of California, Los Angeles, 2008.
Note: City only is required if dissertation or theses is authored within United States.
Online thesis with a DOI
This is the preferred method for referencing an online thesis or dissertation over the online thesis with a URL. You can only use this method if you have a DOI.
Citation Elements
Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication.
Examples
Masters thesis with a DOI
[1]
L. R. Varshney, "Optimal information storage: Nonsequential sources and neural channels," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. and Comput. Sci., M.I.T., Cambridge, 2006. DOI: 1721.1/37851
As MIT stands for Massachusetts Institute of Technology the location details Cambridge, Massachusetts, is simplified to Cambridge.
Online thesis with a URL
Only use this method if your online thesis does not have a DOI
Citation Elements
Author(s) First name or initials. Surname, "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University, Place, State, Country, Year of Publication.
Examples
Masters thesis with a permanent URL
[4]
J. S. Evans, "Studies in nonlinear filtering theory: random parameter linear systems, target tracking and communication constrained estimation," Ph.D. dissertation, Elect. and Electron. Eng., Univ. of Melbourne, Australia, 1998. [Online]. Available: http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/8844
IEEE has not provided guidelines for theses which have a full text online version with a URL. Recently published theses may have a print copy as well as an online version. In most cases, Universities are making recently published theses publicly available online from University repositories. The elements from the example for "world wide web" publications was followed, so the details were added to the end of the citation: [Type of medium]. Available: http://www.(URL).
For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.
The official IEEE style guide contains some inconsistencies and discrepancies. The Thesis Processing Office will continue to accept the BibTeX IEEE format embedded in the NPS LaTeX thesis template.
Essential Rules
IEEE Example List of References
Citation Examples
and DKL's .
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
T = See also
GenAI
[#]
Include the prompt and the relevant portion of the response.
[25] SandwichAI. ver. 1.89236483065380. Accessed: June 24, 2024. Available: https://nocrust.sandwichai.com/
As part of our methodology, we asked ChatBLT to "Calculate the ratio of mayonnaise to bread as
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
arXiv
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of work in sentence case," arXiv, year. Available: DOI URL
[1] K. Barterra, "Great grapes throughout history," arXiv, 2023. Available: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.24681012
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Blog
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of blog post in sentence case,” Title of Blog in Title Case, blog, full date of publication or modification. Available: URL
[1] J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html
Chapter in Edited Book
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
One author, two editors
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in B. B. Editor and C. C. Editor, Eds. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.
[1] P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in D. Moran and J. A. Russell, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–74.
Three authors, one editor
From the introduction, forward, preface, etc.
[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in , D. D. Editor, Ed. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.
[2] A. H. Cordesman, A. Mausner, and D. Kasten, Introduction, in , J. Smith, Ed. Washington, DC, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009, pp. 4–5.
Electronic Book
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
With Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or URL, from a book provider or library database
[#] A. A. Author, Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Available: DOI URL Book Provider Name of Database in Title Case
[1] M. E. Bonds, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004
[2] A. Krishnan, . Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Available: Kindle
[3] J. Crabtree and A. Chaplin, . London, England: Zed Books, 2013. Available: ProQuest
Print Book
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
One author
[#] A. A. Author, Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
[1] M. Pollan, New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006.
Two authors with edition number
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
[2] A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.
Three authors
[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
[3] A. H. Cordesman, A. Mausner, and D. Kasten, Washington, DC, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.
Series or Volume
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
In a series
[#] A. A. Editor and B. B. Editor, Eds., (Title of Series volume number). Place of Publication: Publisher, year.
[1] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., (Applied Mathematics Series 55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964.
Volume
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in vol. xxx, B. B. Editor and C. C. Editor, Eds. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.
[3] R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 47–160.
using professor's/lecturer's name and "class notes."
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Class Notes / Lecture
Published
[#] “Title of lecture in sentence case,” class notes for Title of Class in Title Case, Abbreviated Name of Department, Institution, Location of Institution, academic quarter year. Available: URL
[1] “Python NumPy tutorial,” class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, spring 2017. Available: https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/
[2] B. B. Horse, “Horseshoes and hand grenades: On the joys of approximation,” lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, USA, 2017. Available: https://horse.com/
Class Notes / Lecture
Unpublished
[#] “Title of lecture in sentence case,” class notes for Title of Class in Title Case, Abbreviated Name of Department, Institution, Location of Institution, academic quarter year.
[3] “Formatting a thesis,” class notes for Adventures in Academic Writing, Dept. of Dragon Husbandry, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2017.
Presentation or Workshop
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of speech/presentation/brief in sentence case,” presented at Abbreviated Venue, Location of Presentation, Month and day of Presentation (if available), year. Available: DOI URL
[4] L. Randall, “Unification in warped extra dimensions and bulk holography,” presented at Cavendish Lab., Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, Jul. 19, 2002. Available: https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/events/strings02/avt/randall/
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Computer Program / Software
[#] Company or A. A. Creator, Place of Publication. Year published. , ver. xx. Available: URL
[1] M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: https://www.meta-analysis.com/
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Conference Proceedings
(online)
[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, C. C. Author, D. D. Author, and E. E. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” in , (location is optional), year published (if not present in the conference title). Available:
DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[2] J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032
Conference Proceedings
(print)
[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in , (location is optional), year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.
[3] I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203.
Paper Presented at Conference
Unpublished
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of paper in sentence case,” presented at , Location of Conference, Month and day, year, paper number.
[1] K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the ., Big Sky, MT, USA, Mar. 2, 2013, Paper 24 DKL 138.
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Data Set
Published
[#] A. A. Author, "Title of Data Set in Title Case," Organization, year published. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[1] R. Suro, "Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media," Pew Research Center, 2004. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/
Database
Published
[#] "Name of Database." Object name xxxxxxx. Accessed: abbreviated date. Available: DOI URL
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Directive
[#] , document identification number, Name of Issuing Organization. Place of Publication, year. Available: URL
[1] DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L). Washington, DC, USA, 2020. Available: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/500001p.pdf?ver=2020-09-09-160307-310
Doctrine
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Doctrine
[#] document identification number, Department. Place of Publication, year. Available: URL
[1] JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington, DC, USA, 2017. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Field Manual / Military Regulation
[#] , document identification number, Department. Place of Publication, year. Available: URL
[1] FM 23-10, Department of the Army. Washington, DC, USA, 1995. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf
Government Report
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Government Report
CRS Report
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of CRS report in sentence case,” Institution, Place of Publication, Report Number, year. Available: URL
[1] M. C. Erwin, "Intelligence issues for Congress," Congressional Research Service, Washington DC, USA, CRS Report No. RL33539, 2013. Available: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf
GAO Report
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of GAO report in sentence case,” Institution, Place of Publication, Report Number, year.
[2] C. A. Berrick, "Homeland security: DHS’s progress and challenges in key areas of maritime, aviation, and cybersecurity," Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, USA, GAO Report No. GAO-10-106, 2009.
Strategy Document / Other Government Report
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, year. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
In the actual examples given here, the names of the strategies are treated as proper nouns and therefore capitalized.
[3] J. Biden, "National Security Strategy of the United States of America," Washington, DC, USA, 2022. Available: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf
Instruction
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Instruction
[#] , document identification number, Name of Issuing Organization. Place of Publication, year.
[2] , DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense. Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
Memorandum
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Memorandum
[#] A. A. Author, "Title of memorandum in sentence case," official memorandum, Name of Issuing Organization, Place of Publication, year. Available: URL
[1] T. M. Takai, "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense," official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Available: https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Online
Author given
[#] A. Author, , Abbreviated Name of Company. Place of Publication, year. Available: DOI URL
[1] P. Potatohead, , 168th ed., Western Spud Co. Kinston-Slalom, ID, USA, 1972. Available: https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html
Print
Organization as author
[#] Abbreviated Name of Company. Place of Publication, year.
[2] 3rd ed., Western Electric Co. Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985.
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Online
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” , vol. xxx, no. xxx, pp. starting page of article–ending page of article, Abbreviated Month and year published. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[1] G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 153–167, Apr. 2008. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419
[2] W. W. Newmann, “Reorganizing for national security and homeland security,” vol. 62, no. S1, pp. 126–137, Sep. 2002, Available: ProQuest
Print
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” , vol. xxx, no. xxx, pp. starting page of article–ending page of article, Abbreviated Month and day published, year.
[4] W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 12–17, May 2014.
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Court Case Decisions
Lower Court
[#] Party Names in Title Case, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision] (Court Abbreviation and year). Available: URL
[22] U.S. v. Councilman, 245 F. Supp. 2d 319 (D. Mass. 2003).
Court Case Decisions
Supreme Court
[#] Party Names in Title Case, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision] (year). Available: URL
[7] United States v. Ninety-Five Barrels Alleged Apple Cider Vinegar, 265 U.S. 438 (1924).
Legislative Document
[#] Legislative body, xxx Congress, Session. (year, Abbreviated Month and day). Number of Bill or Resolution, . Available: URL
[1] U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Available: https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/1?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22h.+con.+res.+1% 22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1
Public Law
Published in the
[#] Title of Act in Title Case, title number U.S.C. § section number. Year published.
[2] Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991.
Public Law
Published in the
[#] Title of Act in Title Case, Pub. L. No. xxx, volume Source page number. Year published. Available: URL
[3] Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327. 1990. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-104/STATUTE-104-Pg327
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Google Map
[#] Google, “Title of map in sentence case.” Accessed: abbreviated date. Available: URL
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Online
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” , Abbreviated Month and day, year. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case
[1] L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/
Print
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” Abbreviated Month and day, year.
[2] J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” Jul. 15, 2016.
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
[#] A. A. Rightsholder, “Title of patent in sentence case,” U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, Abbreviated Month and day of issuance, year of issuance. Available: URL
[1] A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
[#] A. A. Interlocutor, private communication or interview or email, Abbreviated Month of communication year.
[1] J. Jojo, email, Sep. 2009.
[2] L. Chukwuemeka, interview, Sep. 2009.
[3] R. Ajanlekoko, personal communication, Sep. 2009.
.
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of report in sentence case,” Abbreviated Company, Place of Publication, Report Number, year. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
Use et al. when three or more names are given.
[1] L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html
Dixon et al. [1] extended the work . . .
Technical Report
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Technical Report
Author given
(online)
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Abbrev. Name of Company, Place of Publication, Rep. xxxxxxx, year. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[1] S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html
Technical Report
Author given
(print)
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Abbrev. name of company, Place of Publication, Rep. xxxxxxx, year.
[2] K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012.
Technical Report
Organization as author
(online)
[#] Organization Name, “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, Rep. xxxxxxx, year. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[3] National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Secondary / Indirect Source
[#] List the that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)
See example.
[1] I. A. M. Nicholson, Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association, 2003.
We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Allport’s diary, quoted in [1].
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Standard
[#] Standard Number. Date. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[1] , ANSI Standard Y10.5. 1968. Available: https://standards.globalspec.com/std/1713423/asme-ansi-y10-5
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Dissertation
(print)
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case,” M.S. thesis or Ph.D. dissertation, Abbreviated Department, Abbreviated Institution, Location of Institution, year published.
[1] J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.
Thesis
From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case,” M.S. thesis or Ph.D. dissertation, Abbreviated Department, Abbreviated Institution, Location of Institution, year published. Available: DOI URL Name of Database in Title Case
[2] T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 2009. Available: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Forthcoming / Work to Be Published
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” , to be published.
[1] R. Crisco, “Benefits of lard from a lapsed vegetarian,” to be published.
Unpublished Work
Submitted for publication
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” submitted for publication.
[1] R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” submitted for publication.
, not Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, etc. These news organizations only have an online presence, whereas has both an online and print counterpart.
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Author and date given
[#] A. A. Author, “Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” Name of Website in Title Case, full date of publication or modification. Available: URL
[1] R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, April 18, 2017. Available: https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html
Organization as author
[#] Name of Website inTitle Case,“Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” full date of publication or modification. Available: URL
[3] Federal Bureau of Investigation,“Forging papers to sell fake art,” April 6, 2017. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art
Organization as author, no date given
[#] Name of Website in Title Case, “Title, section, or page name in sentence case.” Accessed: abbreviated date. Available: URL
[2] Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed: Apr. 18, 2017. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/
Janes example
[#] “Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” Janes, Full date of publication or modification. Available: URL
[4] “Mali: Country overview,” Janes, May 31, 2017. Available: https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Wikipedia
[#] “Title of entry in sentence case,” Accessed: Abbreviated Date. Available: URL
[1] “Psychology,” Accessed: May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology
Source Type
Generic Example
Actual Example
For , put just the number in brackets: [1], [2], [3], etc. See also
Working Paper / Occasional Paper
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of working paper in sentence case,” working paper, Abbreviated Institution Company, Place of Publication, year. Available: URL
[1] U. Q. Sushi, "Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space," working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html
Essential Rules
Abbreviations.
IEEE List of Acronyms and Abbreviations from IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2016
Accessed Dates
Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.
Author Names: Honorifics
Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.
Identifying Authors of Official Documents
For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.
For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.
In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:
Chief of Naval Operations
Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
W. F. Moran
Department of Defense
Navy Pentagon
R. P. Burke
United States of America
Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:
YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
NO: CNO or OCNO.
Bibliography vs. List of References
What is the difference between them.
A List of References includes all works cited in a text
A Bibliography lists all works cited and consulted
The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following:
Capstone project report
Dissertation
For papers, check with your professors for their preference.
Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case
Capitalize everything
Capitalize
Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.
Country Names with Government Organizations
When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.
Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. You may weave the source into the narrative:
The author applied the X method [4] to describe ...
The derivation that follows is summarized from [4].
Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Note the period after the equation; the equation must function grammatically as part of the text:
And here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:
Citing Equations in IEEE Look under the "Citing Responsibly" heading
Figures / Images / Graphs
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.
See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.
Put a period and a space after the title.
If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].
Figure 1. A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].
For more details, see the Thesis Template .
Thesis Template
How Often to Cite?
Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.
Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.
Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.
In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases
Citation order .
IEEE strongly prefers that bracketed in-text citations appear sequentially, beginning with [1], within the body of the text; it does not matter in what order they appear in the List of Tables and the List of Figures.
Where in the sentence does my bracketed citation go?
If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a bracketed citation follows immediately after mentioning the source. Example: Rejecting Abbott and Costello’s method [1], Laurel and Hardy [2] propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density.
Note: Do not, however, begin a sentence with a bracketed citation.
If the sentence ends with a quotation, "close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” [6].
Do not insert spaces between a bracketed citation and the punctuation that follows it.
In the paragraph below, citations are highlighted in yellow and signal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.
Using Signal Phrases Effectively
Missing Info
If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information. For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest.
Multiple Authors, et al.
In the List of References , if a source has more than six authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. (in italics)
In the body of the text , if a source has three or more authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …
Rules for the MAE Department:
In the List of References , list all the authors.
Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …
Multiple Sources Bracketing Format
Correct format: [23], [34], [77]
Incorrect format: [23, 34, 77]
Online Sources: Links
When listing an online document (for example, a thesis, report, or journal article) in the references, if possible, provide a DOI. If the source does not have a DOI, link to the document itself (PDF, etc.) or to the landing page that directs the reader to the full text.
Do not insert a hard or soft return within the URL string: doing so breaks the link.
A DOI or URL does not belong in an in-text citation. Ever.
Page Numbers
It is not necessary to include page numbers in bracketed citations.
For a portion in a book, journal, or other volume, include page-number range in List of References/Bibliography.
Example: [7] P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management, D. Moran and J. A. Russell, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–74.
Print vs. Online Sources
When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.
Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.
Secondary / Indirect Sources
An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.
Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigating the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.
How to Incorporate Indirect Sources
The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source . The indirect source information is highlighted in yellow; the primary source information is highlighted in blue.
Walker describes Miguel Roig’s 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that “students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text” [1] .
Note: Include only the indirect source (the source you consulted) in your reference list.
For more information
See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.
A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.
See Table 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.
If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”
Table 1. A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].
Table 1. A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].
For more details, including on table notes, see the Thesis Template .
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IEEE Citation Guide
Ieee referencing - the basics, ieee referencing, citing sources in the text, the reference list, single citation in the text, multiple citations in the text, how to use quotes in ieee, paraphrasing in ieee, secondary sources, abbreviated month, page numbers, citing the same source multiple times, place of publication, doi in ieee, resources used in the creation of this guide, the transcript for the 'ieee referencing: the basics' video.
Books & e-books
Journal articles
Web-based document or source
Handbooks and manuals
Standards and patents
Conference proceedings
Technical/company reports
Lecture notes
Audio-visual material
Personal communication
Figures, tables and equations
Sample Reference List
Sample in-text reference
Need help? Ask a librarian
View the transcript for the 'IEEE Referencing: the basics' video
All sources of information, such as quotes or borrowed ideas, must be acknowledged in your writing.
In the IEEE referencing style, a number [X] is inserted at the point in your writing where you cite another author's work. At the end of your work, the full reference [X] of the work is provided. Citations and their corresponding references are provided in the order they appear throughout your writing.
IEEE in-text citations consist of numbers provided in square brackets, which correspond to the appropriate sources in the reference list at the end of the paper.
The in-text citations numbers start at [1], and continue in ascending order throughout the paper – unless you are referring to a source you have already cited in your text, in which case you can use the previously assigned number.
Each in-text citation number should be enclosed by square brackets and appear on the text line, inside sentence punctuation, with a space before the bracket, e.g.
“Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems are widely used for circuit analysis simplification [13].”
Citations of references may be given simply as “in [1]...”, rather than as “in reference [1] ...”.
Furthermore, citations may be grammatically treated either as if they were:
footnote numbers, e.g.
As shown by Jones [4] …
For more details, see [1], [3], [7].
as mentioned earlier [3], [4]–[6], [8] …
Taylor et al. [5] have noted …
As seen in [2] …
According to [4] and [6]–[8] …
In contrast to [5, p. 7], it is evident that…
As demonstrated in [4] …
When authors are mentioned, they may be treated in the following way:
Rickard [5] has shown …
Jones [6], and Zheng and Rogers [7] have stated …
Azzarello et al. [3] stated that they were unable to determine why …
If there are more than three authors, provide et al. (meaning ‘and others’) after the first author in the text of the paper. Note that et al. is not italicised in the in-text citations. In the reference list, however, list all the authors for up to six authors– use et al. only if the names are not given. Also use et al. in the reference list for more than 6 authors, e.g.:
[8] J. D. Bellamy et al. , Computer Telephony Integration , New York: Wiley, 2010.
Do not mention authors of a source or provide date of publication within the text (e.g. “in Jones [1]” should be changed to “in [1]”) except in such cases where the author’s name is integral to the understanding of the sentence (e.g. “Jones [1] proposed a new approach for sensor and actuator selection problems).
Editing the in-text citation numbers may require renumbering the whole reference list. Please check that the in-text citation numbers match the reference list numbers.
A numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the paper. The reference list contains full details of all sources cited in-text. Reference list entries should appear in the order the sources are cited in the text of the paper, beginning with [1], and continuing in consecutive numerical order, from the lowest number to the highest. Reference list entries do not follow an alphabetical order by author or title of sources.
Refer to the information on the Sample Reference List tab of this guide.
Various approaches have been followed in the design of microwave circuits [7].
According to [5], there is a little evidence that …
In [3], the resulting composite video signal was presented …
… as previously shown [7].
… as shown by Jones [6].
The preferred method of citing more than one source at a time is listing each citation number separately with a comma or dash between each citation:
[1], [3], [7]
[6]–[8]
It is noted that multiple sources can also be provided in the following way as seen in some literature:
Considerable body of work on electrical circuits [ 1, 3, 7], [6–8], [10, 1 4–16] defines .. .
Direct quotes are used to support an argument showing the exact words and phrases of an author according to the original source. Enclose quotes in single quotation marks and provide the citation in square brackets after the quotation or after the author’s name along with the page number(s).
An example of a short direct quote:
Baez et al. have noted that ‘full 3D stacking can potentially offer additional advantages for memory and processor applications’ [7, p. 14].
An example of a longer direct quote:
If you use longer quotations (of three lines and more), use a block quotation by setting the block of quoted text as a paragraph. Use smaller font size for block quotations, and also indent them from both margins, for example:
As Abad notes:
It is also desirable to minimize the parasitic capacitance of electronic packages because it is another source of signal delay. Consequently, a very low relative dielectric constant insulating material should be used whenever possible, since the relative dielectric constant is a measure of a material's total polarizability and determines its charge storage capacity with respect to a vacuum [7, p. 63].
Provide the in-text citation in square brackets after the quotation, along with the page number(s) of the source where the quoted words or phrases are taken from.
Reference list
In the Reference list, provide page numbers if you are referencing a section or chapter of the source:
[7] W. Brown, "Electrical Design Considerations," in Advanced Electronic Packaging: With Emphasis on Multichip Modules : Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013, pp. 51-74.
When you are paraphrasing, that is, expressing an idea or a fact found in a source using different words, a reference citing the source should always be given. Provide your citation number directly after the reference - this is not necessarily at the end of the sentence, unless it is where the reference occurs:
In contrast to ‘data partitioning’ structures [13], the ‘space partitioning’ structures show better performance for dynamic memory resident data [14]–[15].
Page numbers are generally not given for paraphrases, but can still be given along with the citation number within the main text of the paper if you are referring to a specific theory or idea in a source, or alternatively in the reference list. This enables the reader to locate the specific information you are referring to. Longer sections of an article, book or another source, do not require a page number. For example:
These media have been used in many communication system applications, such as linearising high power amplifiers [8, p. 18], phased array antennas [9, pp. 15–17], and phase shifters [10].
The IEEE style does not allow for the use of secondary sources.
If you want to refer to the ideas or words of an author found in a source that you have not read yourself, but have read about it in another source (for example if you want to refer to William’s work found in Taylor’s), then you must locate the original source of this information (William’s) and cite the original source. If the original source cannot be located, it should not be cited.
Use the following formats for month abbreviations:
Formats for Month abbreviations is Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec.
Note that some months are not abbreviated.
Use a slash for a bimonthly issue (June/July 2014) or an en dash for a quarterly (Oct.–Dec. 2013).
Always provide page number(s) in the in-text citation when quoting directly (refer to How to use quotes in IEEE section). It is not necessary to provide page number(s): (1) if you are referring to an entire work, (2) if you are paraphrasing or summarising a longer section, or (3) if the work is only one page long. However, if you are paraphrasing, summarising or referring to a specific theory or idea in a text, you may still provide a page number, a page range or the paragraph number along with the in-text citation, as this helps the reader locate the relevant passage, especially if it is in a long or complex text, or if you need to refer to the same source on a number of occasions. If not already provided along with the in-text citation, the page number, or a range of page numbers may alternatively be provided in the reference list to help identify the relevant place in a source where the information is found. Also keep in mind that pagination may not be present for many electronic sources.
Pagination is cited as p. for a single page or pp. for multiple pages.
Single page … as demonstrated in [5, p. 17]
Page range … as seen in [5, pp. 6-12]
Paragraph … as noted in [4, para. 4.2]
Chapter … as argued in [6, Ch. 2, pp. 7-13]
Example … as shown [13, Example 3]
Section … as suggested in [5, Sec. 2.3]
For referring to tables, figures, and equations, refer to more examples in Figures, tables and equations from another source .
If you want to refer to a previous reference, do not provide a new citation number, nor use ‘ibid.’ (meaning ‘the same’) or ‘op. cit.’ (meaning ‘the work cited’) terms. If you want to refer to the same source twice or multiple times, simply repeat the earlier citation number and then use that same number in all subsequent citations throughout the body of the paper.
The separate instances of referring to the same source should be made in text, for example, when referring to another fact, idea or an opinion found within the same source at different page numbers, use the following forms: [2, pp. 3-5], [5, eq. (2)] for referring to an equation, [5, Sec. IV] a section, [5, Tab. 3] a table, [1, Ch. 2] a chapter, etc.
The IEEE referencing style is U.S. based and as such has particular rules regarding the structure for the place of publication element in the reference list. Observe the following guidelines when referring to place of publication .
Rule
Structure for the name of the place of publication element within reference
Reference List example
Use abbreviations for U.S. states: NJ for New Jersey, CA for California, MA for Massachusetts, etc.
example:
Reston, NJ: Reston Pub. Co.
[2] W. Sinnema, . Reston, NJ: Reston Pub. Co., 2014.
Well-known cities do not require U.S. state or U.S. country statement
example:
New York: Nova Science Publishers
[3] B. M. Sze, , 2nd ed. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2014, p. 84.
[4] M. J. Smith, . Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2011.
example:
Amsterdam: IOS Press
[10] K. Capova , , Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2014.
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique identifier assigned to a journal article or an electronic book. It is a unique alphanumeric string indicating persistent link to its location on the Internet. It is preferable to provide DOI if available, in doi:xxxxx format. If a DOI of the e-book or journal article is not available, you may provide a database provider subscribed to by Victoria University through which the resource is accessed. It is acceptable to shorten e-book’s full URL to its abbreviated version to simply indicate the main database provider of the e-book. For example:
the full URL: http://0- site.ebrary.com.library.vu.edu.au/lib/victoriauni/detail.action?docID=XXXXXXX) can be abridged to just ebrary.com so that the URL statement will be: Available: http://ebrary.com
the full URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S_XXXXXXXXXXX can be abridged to just sciencedirect.com so that the URL statement will be: Available: http://sciencedirect.com
However, include the full URL if the electronic resource has been found on the Internet, along with the access date.
Sources used:
IEEE Editorial Style Manual ( PDF, 433 KB), published in 2016 (v9 7-22-2016). (Chapter 5, Editing references, pp. 34-48).
IEEE Digital Tools
Chicago Manual of Style
University guides accessed:
IEEE Style, Monash University
IEEE Style, Murdoch University
In this presentation, you will learn the basics of how to create an in-text reference and a reference list in IEEE style.
So, what is an IEEE style of referencing? “IEEE” stands for The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE style is a numbered referencing style that uses citation numbers in the text of the paper, provided in square brackets. A full corresponding reference is listed at the end of the paper, next to the respective citation number. The IEEE Style draws on the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, version 9 published in 2016.
All sources of information, such as quotes or borrowed ideas, must be acknowledged in your writing. In the IEEE referencing style, a citation number is inserted in square brackets on the same line as the text at the point in your writing where you cite another author's work. This is known as an in-text citation. At the end of your work, the full reference details of the work are provided.
The in-text citations numbers start at the number [1], and continue in the ascending order they appear throughout your writing, as in the example here. If you wish to refer to the same source several times, simply repeat the earlier citation number and then use the same number in all subsequent citations throughout the body of the paper.
So, how do I format an In-text citation? When formatting your in-text reference you need to consider the following: • Are you paraphrasing or summarising the words or ideas of others in your own words? • Or, are you quoting directly or copying “word-for-word” from a source?
If paraphrasing or summarising the ideas or opinions of others in your own words, include the citation number in square brackets within the text of your writing. Alternatively, a numerical citation may grammatically be treated as part of a sentence as if it were a noun.
If you wish to emphasise an author, your numerical citation may become author prominent. In this example, you can see that the numerical citation has been placed directly after the author’s surname.
Directly quoting from a source is similar to paraphrasing or summarising except you also need to include the page number or numbers directly after the quote and place single quotation marks around the direct quote.
When citing more than one source at a time, the preferable way is to list each citation number separately with a comma or a dash between each citation. Although, as seen in some literature, multiple sources can also be provided this way.
It is important to note that IEEE style does not allow for the use of secondary sources. If you want to use the ideas of an author referred to in another source, then you must locate the original source of this information and cite the original source.
The next component of IEEE Referencing is to compile a Reference List. A Reference list includes full details of all your in-text citations and is listed on a separate page at the end of your assignment. At the top of this page you must use the heading “References”.
The reference list is arranged in the order the in-text citations appear in your assignment, beginning with the number [1], and continuing in consecutive numerical order, from the lowest number to the highest. The text of the reference entry is indented two or three spaces, as in this example here.
For further assistance, follow the link to the IEEE referencing guide or contact us through ‘Ask a Librarian’.
[#] A. A. Author, "Title of thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, Abbrev, Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Abbrev. State, Country, Year.
[#] A. A. Author, . Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
From a full text database:
[#] A. A. Author, Thesis type [Format]. Location of University: Abbrev. Univ., Year. Available: Database Name.
Thesis in print: Unpublished
[1] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.
[2] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the routing problem in communication networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.
Thesis in print: Published
[3] M. Lehmann, Data Access in Workflow Management Systems . Berlin: Aka, 2006.
Thesis from a full text database
[4] F. Sudweeks, Development and Leadership in Computer-Mediated Collaborative Groups . PhD [Dissertation]. Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2007. [Online]. Available: Australasian Digital Theses Program.
See the All Examples page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, and web pages.
Reference list entries.
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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?
Create a spot-on reference in ieee, general rules.
In accordance with the requirements of IEEE Style, the following template should be used for referencing a PhD dissertation or a master’s thesis:
Author , “ Title ,” Work type , Faculty/Department , University , City , Country , year .
Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis , etc.) in the Work type element.
Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form.
Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
See more about the Country element here .
For the rules of giving authors’ names in IEEE Style, see this article .
For a dissertation published online, add the Internet source details to the reference:
Author , “ Title ,” Work type , Faculty/Department , University , City , Country , year . Accessed: date . [Online]. Available: URL
Examples of references
B. H. Reed, “The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster ,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992.
M. A. M. EI-Bayoumi, “Wheel speed distribution control and its effect on vehicle,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, U.K. 2007. Accessed: Feb. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/641/
Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style
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Archive material
Chapter of an edited book
Conference proceedings
Dictionary entry
Dissertation
DVD, video, or film
E-book or PDF
Edited book
Encyclopedia article
Government publication
Music or recording
Online image or video
Presentation
Press release
Religious text
Use the following template or our IEEE Citation Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .
Reference list
Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.
In-text citation
Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.
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Appendix: IEEE Style for References How to: Insert references in the text List references in your bibliography Cite periodicals, journals, books, reports, published conference proceedings, papers presented at conferences, patents, theses & dissertations, standards, U.S. government documents, and manuals/software.
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Introduction
In-text citation, reference list, citing journal articles, citing books and book chapters, citing conference proceedings, technical reports, and standards, citing web resources, theses/dissertations, and manuals/software.
MLA (Modern Language Association) 9th
Other Citation Styles
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IEEE citation style is usually used in the electronic and electrical engineering, computer science, and other technology fields. This quick guide presents some general citation guidelines and examples based on the IEEE Reference Guide .
[This page has detailed examples for IEEE citation style. For other citation style, check ACM Citation Style and Reference Format ]
In the main body of the text, use sequential numbers to note citations . The in-text citation numbers must correspond to the citations in the reference list at the end of your paper.
In-Text Citing Format:
Put reference (citation) number in square brackets (e.g., [1]), before any punctuation.
When a source has been cited, the same number should be used in all subsequent references (citations) throughout your paper.
When citing more than one reference, list each reference in brackets and separate the citations with commas, e.g., [1], [6], [10].
If a reference refers to three or more consecutively-numbered sources, include the first and last sources, separated by an en-dash, e.g., [6] – [8].
If there are three or more authors, cite using the first author's name plus et al. (italicised) in the text, e.g., "...as shown by Johnson et al. [15]
Various Examples:
"...end of the line for my research [13]." "This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that..." "For example, see [7]." "Several recent studies [3], [4], [22] have suggested that..." [The above examples are adopted from IEEE Documentation Style .]
The references should be arranged in the order of the in-text citations (not by alphabetical order), beginning with the number [1] and continuing in ascending order. Reference numbers aligned flush left form a column of their own. Single-space each reference, double-space between references.
Reference Format:
An author name should be provided using Initials + Family Name, e.g., "E. M. Armstrong". Suffixes such as Jr. or Sr. should also be included but separated by a comma, e.g., "R. D. Smith, Jr.".
All author names should be listed in the reference, but if there are more than six authors, use “et al” after the first author. (note: there is no comma before et al., e.g., "E. P. Wigner et al").
Books and journal titles should be capitalized and italicized.
Title of journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports should be put in double quotation marks and in lower case.
When citing IEEE journals, reference them by journal abbreviation. For a list of IEEE journal abbreviations, check here .
Include volume, issue (month), page numbers and publication year.
Names of months are shortened as Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
Basic Format:
A. B. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Name of Journal, vol. x, no. y (if this is non-IEEE journal), pp. 123-678, Month, year.
S. T. R. Rizvi, A. Dengel, and S. Ahmed, "A hybrid approach and unified framework for bibliographic reference extraction," IEEE Access , vol. 8, pp. 217231-217245, Dec. 2020.
P. Bernard, N. Mimmo, and L. Marconi, "On the semi-global stability of an EK-like filter," in IEEE Contr. Syst. Lett ., vol. 5, pp. 1771-1776, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3044030. (Note: When referencing IEEE Transactions, include DOIs if they are available.)
Basic Format:
Print book: A. B. Author, Title of Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year.
Chapter in an E-book: A. B. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year, ch. x, pp. 123–678. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.
Print book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. E-book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2009. [E-book] Available: EBSCO e-book.
Chapter in E-book: M. A. Iqbal, S. Hussain, H. Xing, and M. A. Imran, "IoT cloud and fog computing," in Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design and Applications , 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-IEEE, 2020, pp.127-145. [Online]. Available: enter web link here.
Article in Conference Proceedings:
A. B. Author, "Title of paper," in Title of Conference Proceedings: Proc of the Title of Conf.: Subtitle of conference, (Month and days if provided) , year, (Location is optional) , X and Y Eds. Place of publication: Publisher, year. pp. 1234-5678.
A. Ashraf and A. Nadeem, “Automating the generation of test cases from Object-Z specifications,” in Proc. of the Int. Computer Software and Applications Conf. , COMPSAC , Sept. 17-21, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 101–104, doi: 10.1109/COMPSAC.2006.120.
A. Lager, A. Papadopoulos, and T. Nolte, “IoT and Fog Analytics for Industrial Robot Applications,” in IEEE Symp. on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA , 2020, vol. 2020-Septe, pp. 1297–1300, doi: 10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212065.
Technical Reports:
Basic Format :
Print report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year.
Online report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.
R. R. Wagner and T. J. Weir, "Department of defense use of commercial cloud computing capabilities and services," DoD, Washington, DC., USA, Rep. 1002758, 2013.
B. Schoettle and M. Sivak, "Potential impact of self-driving vehicles on household vehicle demand and usage," The Univ. of Michigan Transportation Research Inst., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Rep. UMTRI-2015-3, Feb. 2015. Accessed on: Dec. 7, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cdn-advi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/UMTRI-2015-POTENTIAL-IMPACT-OF-SELF-DRIVING-VEHICLES-ON-HOUSEHOLD-VEHICLE-DAMAGE.pdf.
Print standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date.
Online standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.
IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks , IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011, 2011.
Frequency Response and Bias , NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf. ( Adopted from IEEE Reference Guide ).
Web Resources:
A. B. Author. “Web Page Title.” Website Title. Published date, year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.
Individual author: D. Garisto. " How Much Has Quantum Computing Actually Advanced? " IEEE Spectrum. Dec. 2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/quantum-computing-google-sycamore. (accessed Dec. 6, 2021).
Group author: Congressional Research Service. "Cloud Computing: Background, Status of Adoption by Federal Agencies, and Congressional Action." 2020. [Online] Available" https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R46119.pdf. (accessed Dec. 8, 2021).
Theses/Dissertations:
A. B. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year. A. B. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year.
Z. Chen, "Sparse activity detection for massive random access," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020.
D. D. Cherry, "Optimal placement of distributed generation on a power system using particle swarm optimization," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS, USA, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/20263.
Manuals/Software:
A. B. Author (or Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Software , x ed. (year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.
H. Ishwaran and U. B. Kogalur. Package ‘randomForestSRC' (2021). Assessed: Dec. 08, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/randomForestSRC/randomForestSRC.pdf.
Adobe Photoshop (21.1.0). Adobe Inc., 2021.
(If you have questions, you are welcome to contact Li Zhang for assistance.)
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IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples
IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples
Published on 3 September 2022 by Jack Caulfield .
An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets included in your sentence. This number corresponds to an entry on your IEEE reference page providing full information about the source.
Sources are numbered in the order they’re cited, so the first source you cite is [1], the second is [2], and so on. If you cite the same source again, it has the same number each time (don’t use ‘ ibid.’ ) and only one entry on the reference page.
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Table of contents
Where to place ieee in-text citations, page numbers in in-text citations, citing multiple sources in one place, frequently asked questions about ieee in-text citation.
You need an in-text citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarise a source.
In-text citations are usually just placed at a relevant point in the sentence—for example after the author’s name or the quote you’re citing, or just at the end of the sentence. It’s not required to mention the author’s name, but you can.
In-text citations can alternatively be treated as nouns in your sentence. In this case, you essentially use them in place of the author’s name (and therefore don’t mention the author’s name in your sentence). This is a more concise way of using in-text citations.
In both cases, the bracketed number alone indicates a citation. You should never label the number with a word like “reference” or “citation.”
Reference [1]
[citation 4]
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When you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific part of a source with pages (e.g., an IEEE journal article citation or IEEE book citation ), you should include a page number to point the reader to that passage. Use ‘p.’ for a single page, ‘pp.’ for a range of pages (separating the two numbers with an en dash ).
If page numbers are not available in the source you’re citing, there may be other locators you can use to point the reader to the right part. These can also be used in combination with page numbers when necessary (e.g., ‘[1, Ch. 5, p. 10]’).
Locators in IEEE in-text citations
Algorithms
[1, Algorithm 2]
Appendices
[2, Appendix III]
Chapters
[3, Ch. 4]
Equations
[4, eq. (1)]
Examples
[5, Example 3]
Figures
[6, Fig. 1]
Lemmas
[7, Lemma 2]
Paragraphs
[8, para. 10]
Sections
[9, Sec. 1.4]
Tables
[10, Tab. 5]
Sometimes, you may need to cite more than one source at the same point in the text—for example, when you’re summarising several related sources.
To do so, write the source numbers in separate sets of brackets, separated by commas.
If you need to cite a range of three or more sources, you can do so using an en dash (which also appears outside the brackets, not inside them). For example, the sentence below cites sources [8], [9], [10], and [11].
An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets at the relevant point in the text, which points the reader to the right entry in the numbered reference list at the end of the paper. For example, ‘Smith [1] states that …’
A location marker such as a page number is also included within the brackets when needed: ‘Smith [1, p. 13] argues …’
You should include an IEEE in-text citation whenever you integrate a source into your text by quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing it. The citation appears in the sentence where the source is integrated, often after the author name or after any quoted text:
Narayana [15, p. 22] describes the trend as “ambiguous.”
In IEEE citation format , you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page . If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author’s name followed by ‘ et al.’ (in italics): ‘F. Gupta et al. , …’
In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use ‘et al.’: ‘Fowler et al. [11] argue that …’
Note that you’re not required to mention author names at all in the text though – just the IEEE in-text citation number is enough, in which case ‘et al.’ isn’t needed: ‘[11] argues that …’
If you cite the same source more than once in your writing, use the same number for all of the IEEE in-text citations for that source, and only include it on the IEEE reference page once. The source is numbered based on the first time you cite it.
For example, the fourth source you cite in your paper is numbered [4]. If you cite it again later, you still cite it as [4]. You can cite different parts of the source each time by adding page numbers [4, p. 15].
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, September 03). IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 30 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/ieee-referencing/ieee-in-text-citations/
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An IEEE citation generator is a tool that creates citations in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation style. It does this automatically by taking the identifier for an article or document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article ISSN (supplied by you), and detecting the remaining details. Then it formats all the details in the correct IEEE citation style.
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⚙️ How do I use MyBib's IEEE Citation Generator?
MyBib's IEEE citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:
Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
Make sure the details are all correct, and change any that aren't. Then click Generate!
The generator will produce a formatted IEEE citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography (which can be downloaded fully later!).
MyBib supports the following for IEEE style:
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Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.
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Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
Are there ads?
When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
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IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples
Published on August 12, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on June 1, 2023.
To write an IEEE reference for a website or webpage , include the name of the author, the page title, the name of the website, the URL, and the date when you accessed it. The access date is included in case the page is changed or removed in the future.
An IEEE in-text citation consists of the same number as the relevant reference. If appropriate, you can include a paragraph number to point the reader to a specific piece of text.
P. Bhandari. “Nominal data | Definition, examples, data collection & analysis.” Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/nominal-data/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022).
Bhandari [1, para. 3] explains that …
Table of contents
Citing a website with no author, citing a website with no title, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about ieee website citations.
Websites and webpages often don’t list a specific author. When this is the case, you can begin the citation on the IEEE reference page with the title of the page, omitting the author element.
“What is academic writing? | Dos and don’ts for students.” Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/category/academic-writing/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022).
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Some webpages and websites won’t have any clear title you can use in your reference. If this is the case, replace the missing element(s) with your own description of what the website is. This appears in brackets.
IEEE format
Author initials. Last name. [Description of the website/webpage]. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).
J. Caulfield. [Personal blog]. https://www.scribbr.com/not-a-real-url/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022).
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Common knowledge
The IEEE reference page consists of a list of references numbered in the order they were cited in the text. The title “References” appears in bold at the top, either left-aligned or centered.
The numbers appear in square brackets on the left-hand side of the page. The reference entries are indented consistently to separate them from the numbers. Entries are single-spaced, with a normal paragraph break between them.
If you cite the same source more than once in your writing, use the same number for all of the IEEE in-text citations for that source, and only include it on the IEEE reference page once. The source is numbered based on the first time you cite it.
For example, the fourth source you cite in your paper is numbered [4]. If you cite it again later, you still cite it as [4]. You can cite different parts of the source each time by adding page numbers [4, p. 15]. Don’t use “ ibid .”
When a webpage or website doesn’t list an author, you can usually just leave the author out of your IEEE website citation , starting with the page title instead.
When there’s no clear title, you can write your own description of the page or website in brackets in place of the title, e.g., “[Personal blog].”
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Caulfield, J. (2023, June 01). IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 30, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/ieee/ieee-website-citation/
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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing. In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets: Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1]. These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second ...
Referencing elements to cite: [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number) Author's first initial. Author's second initial, if provided. Author's last name(s) Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks; B.S. thesis for Bachelor's thesis; Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that ...
IEEE Overview
IEEE Overview. This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE - pronounced "I-triple-E" - is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.
LibGuides: IEEE Style Guide: Theses and Dissertations
Outline of the IEEE citation and reference style. IEEE Toggle Dropdown. General Style Guidelines ; IEEE Standard Abbreviations ; Citation Style Overview ; Using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) ... "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University ...
Theses
Referencing elements to cite: Author's first initial. Author's second initial, if provided. Author's last name (s) [2] M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles," Research Master thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb., Vic., 2016.
PDF IEEE Reference Style Guide for Authors
Guidelines for Breaking URLs: Break after slash, double slash, or period. Break "before" the hyphen that is part of an address, but do not break after; do not add hyphens or spaces; do not let addresses hyphenate. Break "before" a tilde (~), a hyphen, an underscore (_), a question mark, or a percent (%) symbol.
IEEE
For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules. The official IEEE style guide contains some inconsistencies and discrepancies. The Thesis Processing Office will continue to accept the BibTeX IEEE format embedded in the NPS LaTeX thesis template.
Getting started with IEEE referencing
A full corresponding reference is listed at the end of the paper, next to the respective citation number. The IEEE Style draws on the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, version 9 published in 2016. All sources of information, such as quotes or borrowed ideas, must be acknowledged in your writing. In the IEEE referencing style, a citation number is ...
Help and Support: IEEE
IEEE - Referencing Guide Theses. IEEE Style; In Text Citation Toggle Dropdown. ... "Title of thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, Abbrev, Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Abbrev. ... See the All Examples page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, and web pages ...
Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?
N.B.: Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis, etc.) in the Work type element. Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form. Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
IEEE Reference Page
It's where you list full information about all the sources you've cited, numbered to match your IEEE in-text citations, so that the reader can find and consult them. Follow these guidelines to format the reference page: Write the heading "References" in bold at the top, either left-aligned or centered. Write the reference numbers down ...
IEEE Citation
IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the association that created the guidelines. It is a commonly used citation style in electrical and electronic engineering, in computer science, and in other technical disciplines. It is also used in IEEE's own publications. IEEE citation format consists of: Numerical in ...
Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style
Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style. Use the following template or our IEEE Citation Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
*Engineering Research Guide: Cite Sources in IEEE Style
How to: Insert references in the text List references in your bibliography Cite periodicals, journals, books, reports, published conference proceedings, papers presented at conferences, patents, theses & dissertations, standards, U.S. government documents, and manuals/software.
IEEE Citation Style
In-Text Citing Format: Put reference (citation) number in square brackets (e.g., [1]), before any punctuation. When a source has been cited, the same number should be used in all subsequent references (citations) throughout your paper. When citing more than one reference, list each reference in brackets and separate the citations with commas, e ...
IEEE In-Text Citation
In-text citations are usually just placed at a relevant point in the sentence—for example after the author's name or the quote you're citing, or just at the end of the sentence. It's not required to mention the author's name, but you can. Example: Placement of IEEE in-text citations in sentences. Johannes [1] suggests that further ...
IEEE Style
Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list. Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the first bracket. Number your sources as you cite them in the paper.
Free IEEE Citation Generator
Enjoy the IEEE Citation Generator with minimal distraction. Staying focused is already challenging enough. You don't need video pop-ups and flickering banner ads slowing you down. At Scribbr, we keep distractions to a minimum while also keeping the IEEE Citation Generator free for everyone. Start citing.
IEEE In-Text Citation
In IEEE citation format, you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page.If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author's name followed by 'et al.' (in italics): 'F. Gupta et al., …'. In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use 'et al.': 'Fowler et al. [11] argue that …'
IEEE Journal Citation
In IEEE citation format, you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page.If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author's name followed by "et al." (in italics): "F. Gupta et al., …". In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use "et al.": "Fowler et al. [11] argue that …"
Free IEEE Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]
MyBib's IEEE citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps: Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page. Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work. Make sure the details are all correct, and change any ...
Free Citing a Thesis in IEEE
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper. Scan your paper for plagiarism mistakes. Get help for 7,000+ citation styles including APA 7. Check for 400+ advanced grammar errors. Create in-text citations and save them. Free 3-day trial. Cancel anytime.*️. Try Citation Machine® Plus! *See Terms and Conditions.
IEEE Website Citation
Revised on June 1, 2023. To write an IEEE reference for a website or webpage, include the name of the author, the page title, the name of the website, the URL, and the date when you accessed it. The access date is included in case the page is changed or removed in the future. An IEEE in-text citation consists of the same number as the relevant ...
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VIDEO
COMMENTS
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing. In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets: Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1]. These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second ...
Referencing elements to cite: [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number) Author's first initial. Author's second initial, if provided. Author's last name(s) Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks; B.S. thesis for Bachelor's thesis; Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that ...
IEEE Overview. This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE - pronounced "I-triple-E" - is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.
Outline of the IEEE citation and reference style. IEEE Toggle Dropdown. General Style Guidelines ; IEEE Standard Abbreviations ; Citation Style Overview ; Using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) ... "Title of thesis," Type of thesis Ph.D. dissertation [ie.doctoral dissertation] or M.S. thesis [ie. master's thesis], Department, University ...
Referencing elements to cite: Author's first initial. Author's second initial, if provided. Author's last name (s) [2] M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles," Research Master thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb., Vic., 2016.
Guidelines for Breaking URLs: Break after slash, double slash, or period. Break "before" the hyphen that is part of an address, but do not break after; do not add hyphens or spaces; do not let addresses hyphenate. Break "before" a tilde (~), a hyphen, an underscore (_), a question mark, or a percent (%) symbol.
For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules. The official IEEE style guide contains some inconsistencies and discrepancies. The Thesis Processing Office will continue to accept the BibTeX IEEE format embedded in the NPS LaTeX thesis template.
A full corresponding reference is listed at the end of the paper, next to the respective citation number. The IEEE Style draws on the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, version 9 published in 2016. All sources of information, such as quotes or borrowed ideas, must be acknowledged in your writing. In the IEEE referencing style, a citation number is ...
IEEE - Referencing Guide Theses. IEEE Style; In Text Citation Toggle Dropdown. ... "Title of thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, Abbrev, Dept., Abbrev. Univ., Location of University, Abbrev. ... See the All Examples page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, and web pages ...
N.B.: Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis, etc.) in the Work type element. Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form. Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
It's where you list full information about all the sources you've cited, numbered to match your IEEE in-text citations, so that the reader can find and consult them. Follow these guidelines to format the reference page: Write the heading "References" in bold at the top, either left-aligned or centered. Write the reference numbers down ...
IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the association that created the guidelines. It is a commonly used citation style in electrical and electronic engineering, in computer science, and in other technical disciplines. It is also used in IEEE's own publications. IEEE citation format consists of: Numerical in ...
Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style. Use the following template or our IEEE Citation Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
How to: Insert references in the text List references in your bibliography Cite periodicals, journals, books, reports, published conference proceedings, papers presented at conferences, patents, theses & dissertations, standards, U.S. government documents, and manuals/software.
In-Text Citing Format: Put reference (citation) number in square brackets (e.g., [1]), before any punctuation. When a source has been cited, the same number should be used in all subsequent references (citations) throughout your paper. When citing more than one reference, list each reference in brackets and separate the citations with commas, e ...
In-text citations are usually just placed at a relevant point in the sentence—for example after the author's name or the quote you're citing, or just at the end of the sentence. It's not required to mention the author's name, but you can. Example: Placement of IEEE in-text citations in sentences. Johannes [1] suggests that further ...
Instead, refer to the source with a number in a square bracket, e.g. [1], that will then correspond to the full citation in your reference list. Place bracketed citations within the line of text, before any punctuation, with a space before the first bracket. Number your sources as you cite them in the paper.
Enjoy the IEEE Citation Generator with minimal distraction. Staying focused is already challenging enough. You don't need video pop-ups and flickering banner ads slowing you down. At Scribbr, we keep distractions to a minimum while also keeping the IEEE Citation Generator free for everyone. Start citing.
In IEEE citation format, you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page.If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author's name followed by 'et al.' (in italics): 'F. Gupta et al., …'. In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use 'et al.': 'Fowler et al. [11] argue that …'
In IEEE citation format, you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page.If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author's name followed by "et al." (in italics): "F. Gupta et al., …". In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use "et al.": "Fowler et al. [11] argue that …"
MyBib's IEEE citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps: Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page. Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work. Make sure the details are all correct, and change any ...
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper. Scan your paper for plagiarism mistakes. Get help for 7,000+ citation styles including APA 7. Check for 400+ advanced grammar errors. Create in-text citations and save them. Free 3-day trial. Cancel anytime.*️. Try Citation Machine® Plus! *See Terms and Conditions.
Revised on June 1, 2023. To write an IEEE reference for a website or webpage, include the name of the author, the page title, the name of the website, the URL, and the date when you accessed it. The access date is included in case the page is changed or removed in the future. An IEEE in-text citation consists of the same number as the relevant ...