critical thinking is a skill that contributes to effective

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Working with sources
• What Is Critical Thinking? | Definition & Examples

What Is Critical Thinking? | Definition & Examples

Published on May 30, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on May 31, 2023.

Critical thinking is the ability to effectively analyze information and form a judgment .

To think critically, you must be aware of your own biases and assumptions when encountering information, and apply consistent standards when evaluating sources .

Critical thinking skills help you to:

• Identify credible sources
• Evaluate and respond to arguments
• Assess alternative viewpoints
• Test hypotheses against relevant criteria

Table of contents

Why is critical thinking important, critical thinking examples, how to think critically, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about critical thinking.

Critical thinking is important for making judgments about sources of information and forming your own arguments. It emphasizes a rational, objective, and self-aware approach that can help you to identify credible sources and strengthen your conclusions.

Critical thinking is important in all disciplines and throughout all stages of the research process . The types of evidence used in the sciences and in the humanities may differ, but critical thinking skills are relevant to both.

In academic writing , critical thinking can help you to determine whether a source:

• Is free from research bias
• Provides evidence to support its research findings
• Considers alternative viewpoints

Outside of academia, critical thinking goes hand in hand with information literacy to help you form opinions rationally and engage independently and critically with popular media.

Don't submit your assignments before you do this

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.

Try for free

Critical thinking can help you to identify reliable sources of information that you can cite in your research paper . It can also guide your own research methods and inform your own arguments.

Outside of academia, critical thinking can help you to be aware of both your own and others’ biases and assumptions.

Academic examples

However, when you compare the findings of the study with other current research, you determine that the results seem improbable. You analyze the paper again, consulting the sources it cites.

You notice that the research was funded by the pharmaceutical company that created the treatment. Because of this, you view its results skeptically and determine that more independent research is necessary to confirm or refute them. Example: Poor critical thinking in an academic context You’re researching a paper on the impact wireless technology has had on developing countries that previously did not have large-scale communications infrastructure. You read an article that seems to confirm your hypothesis: the impact is mainly positive. Rather than evaluating the research methodology, you accept the findings uncritically.

Nonacademic examples

However, you decide to compare this review article with consumer reviews on a different site. You find that these reviews are not as positive. Some customers have had problems installing the alarm, and some have noted that it activates for no apparent reason.

You revisit the original review article. You notice that the words “sponsored content” appear in small print under the article title. Based on this, you conclude that the review is advertising and is therefore not an unbiased source. Example: Poor critical thinking in a nonacademic context You support a candidate in an upcoming election. You visit an online news site affiliated with their political party and read an article that criticizes their opponent. The article claims that the opponent is inexperienced in politics. You accept this without evidence, because it fits your preconceptions about the opponent.

There is no single way to think critically. How you engage with information will depend on the type of source you’re using and the information you need.

However, you can engage with sources in a systematic and critical way by asking certain questions when you encounter information. Like the CRAAP test , these questions focus on the currency , relevance , authority , accuracy , and purpose of a source of information.

When encountering information, ask:

• Who is the author? Are they an expert in their field?
• What do they say? Is their argument clear? Can you summarize it?
• When did they say this? Is the source current?
• Where is the information published? Is it an academic article? Is it peer-reviewed ?
• Why did the author publish it? What is their motivation?
• How do they make their argument? Is it backed up by evidence? Does it rely on opinion, speculation, or appeals to emotion ? Do they address alternative arguments?

Critical thinking also involves being aware of your own biases, not only those of others. When you make an argument or draw your own conclusions, you can ask similar questions about your own writing:

• Am I only considering evidence that supports my preconceptions?
• Is my argument expressed clearly and backed up with credible sources?
• Would I be convinced by this argument coming from someone else?

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?
• Chicago style
• Paraphrasing

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.

Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.

Critical thinking skills include the ability to:

You can assess information and arguments critically by asking certain questions about the source. You can use the CRAAP test , focusing on the currency , relevance , authority , accuracy , and purpose of a source of information.

Ask questions such as:

• Who is the author? Are they an expert?
• How do they make their argument? Is it backed up by evidence?

A credible source should pass the CRAAP test  and follow these guidelines:

• The information should be up to date and current.
• The author and publication should be a trusted authority on the subject you are researching.
• The sources the author cited should be easy to find, clear, and unbiased.
• For a web source, the URL and layout should signify that it is trustworthy.

Information literacy refers to a broad range of skills, including the ability to find, evaluate, and use sources of information effectively.

Being information literate means that you:

• Know how to find credible sources
• Use relevant sources to inform your research
• Understand what constitutes plagiarism
• Know how to cite your sources correctly

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search, interpret, and recall information in a way that aligns with our pre-existing values, opinions, or beliefs. It refers to the ability to recollect information best when it amplifies what we already believe. Relatedly, we tend to forget information that contradicts our opinions.

Although selective recall is a component of confirmation bias, it should not be confused with recall bias.

On the other hand, recall bias refers to the differences in the ability between study participants to recall past events when self-reporting is used. This difference in accuracy or completeness of recollection is not related to beliefs or opinions. Rather, recall bias relates to other factors, such as the length of the recall period, age, and the characteristics of the disease under investigation.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Ryan, E. (2023, May 31). What Is Critical Thinking? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 8, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/critical-thinking/

Is this article helpful?

Eoghan Ryan

Other students also liked, student guide: information literacy | meaning & examples, what are credible sources & how to spot them | examples, applying the craap test & evaluating sources, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

• Get started with computers
• Learn Microsoft Office
• Apply for a job
• Improve my work skills
• Design nice-looking docs
• Getting Started
• Smartphones & Tablets
• Typing Tutorial
• Online Learning
• Basic Internet Skills
• Online Safety
• Social Media
• Zoom Basics
• Google Docs
• Google Sheets
• Career Planning
• Resume Writing
• Cover Letters
• Job Search and Networking
• Business Communication
• Entrepreneurship 101
• Careers without College
• Job Hunt for Today
• 3D Printing
• Freelancing 101
• Personal Finance
• Sharing Economy
• Decision-Making
• Graphic Design
• Photography
• Image Editing
• Learning WordPress
• Language Learning
• Critical Thinking
• For Educators
• Translations
• Staff Picks
• English expand_more expand_less

Critical Thinking and Decision-Making  - What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking and decision-making  -, what is critical thinking, critical thinking and decision-making what is critical thinking.

Critical Thinking and Decision-Making: What is Critical Thinking?

Lesson 1: what is critical thinking, what is critical thinking.

Critical thinking is a term that gets thrown around a lot. You've probably heard it used often throughout the years whether it was in school, at work, or in everyday conversation. But when you stop to think about it, what exactly is critical thinking and how do you do it ?

Watch the video below to learn more about critical thinking.

Simply put, critical thinking is the act of deliberately analyzing information so that you can make better judgements and decisions . It involves using things like logic, reasoning, and creativity, to draw conclusions and generally understand things better.

This may sound like a pretty broad definition, and that's because critical thinking is a broad skill that can be applied to so many different situations. You can use it to prepare for a job interview, manage your time better, make decisions about purchasing things, and so much more.

The process

As humans, we are constantly thinking . It's something we can't turn off. But not all of it is critical thinking. No one thinks critically 100% of the time... that would be pretty exhausting! Instead, it's an intentional process , something that we consciously use when we're presented with difficult problems or important decisions.

Improving your critical thinking

In order to become a better critical thinker, it's important to ask questions when you're presented with a problem or decision, before jumping to any conclusions. You can start with simple ones like What do I currently know? and How do I know this? These can help to give you a better idea of what you're working with and, in some cases, simplify more complex issues.  

Real-world applications

Let's take a look at how we can use critical thinking to evaluate online information . Say a friend of yours posts a news article on social media and you're drawn to its headline. If you were to use your everyday automatic thinking, you might accept it as fact and move on. But if you were thinking critically, you would first analyze the available information and ask some questions :

• What's the source of this article?
• Is the headline potentially misleading?
• What are my friend's general beliefs?
• Do their beliefs inform why they might have shared this?

After analyzing all of this information, you can draw a conclusion about whether or not you think the article is trustworthy.

Critical thinking has a wide range of real-world applications . It can help you to make better decisions, become more hireable, and generally better understand the world around you.

/en/problem-solving-and-decision-making/why-is-it-so-hard-to-make-decisions/content/

How it works

Transform your enterprise with the scalable mindsets, skills, & behavior change that drive performance.

Explore how BetterUp connects to your core business systems.

We pair AI with the latest in human-centered coaching to drive powerful, lasting learning and behavior change.

Build leaders that accelerate team performance and engagement.

Unlock performance potential at scale with AI-powered curated growth journeys.

Build resilience, well-being and agility to drive performance across your entire enterprise.

Transform your business, starting with your sales leaders.

Unlock business impact from the top with executive coaching.

Foster a culture of inclusion and belonging.

Accelerate the performance and potential of your agencies and employees.

See how innovative organizations use BetterUp to build a thriving workforce.

Discover how BetterUp measurably impacts key business outcomes for organizations like yours.

A demo is the first step to transforming your business. Meet with us to develop a plan for attaining your goals.

• What is coaching?

Learn how 1:1 coaching works, who its for, and if it's right for you.

Accelerate your personal and professional growth with the expert guidance of a BetterUp Coach.

Types of Coaching

Navigate career transitions, accelerate your professional growth, and achieve your career goals with expert coaching.

Enhance your communication skills for better personal and professional relationships, with tailored coaching that focuses on your needs.

Find balance, resilience, and well-being in all areas of your life with holistic coaching designed to empower you.

Discover your perfect match : Take our 5-minute assessment and let us pair you with one of our top Coaches tailored just for you.

Research, expert insights, and resources to develop courageous leaders within your organization.

Best practices, research, and tools to fuel individual and business growth.

View on-demand BetterUp events and learn about upcoming live discussions.

The latest insights and ideas for building a high-performing workplace.

• BetterUp Briefing

The online magazine that helps you understand tomorrow's workforce trends, today.

Innovative research featured in peer-reviewed journals, press, and more.

Founded in 2022 to deepen the understanding of the intersection of well-being, purpose, and performance

We're on a mission to help everyone live with clarity, purpose, and passion.

Join us and create impactful change.

Read the buzz about BetterUp.

Meet the leadership that's passionate about empowering your workforce.

For Business

For Individuals

Critical thinking is the one skillset you can't afford not to master

Jump to section

What is critical thinking?

5 characteristics of critical thinking, what are critical thinking skills, and why are they important, 6 key critical thinking skills, critical thinking example in real-life, 13 ways to start thinking critically.

Whether you’re aiming to improve your performance at work or simply trying to live a more fulfilling life , you’ll need a variety of hard and soft skills to move the needle. Some skills come naturally to some people, while others need to develop them actively.

One of these skills is critical thinking. But critical thinking itself is made up of several types of skills that contribute to solving problems more effectively.

Let’s explore the different types of critical thinking skills and how you can start improving them to level up your career.

Critical thinking is the ability to analyze facts objectively and form a judgment. It is a form of emotional intelligence .

Someone with critical thinking skills can think clearly and rationally when the situation demands it. It allows them to perform problem-solving and decision-making more effectively. 

As a result, you can look further than what you see at face value. You’re able to analyze what you see from a situation and gain some insight that goes further than what’s obvious to anyone from the outside.

Critical thinking also requires being able to understand the logical connection between two or more ideas or concepts. For example, a team working on a company’s pricing strategy needs to think critically about several concepts. 

Both the marketing and sales teams must work together. They need to analyze how to maximize sales. But they need to do so while also meeting profit goals. It’s important to understand the logical connection between sales strategy and marketing logistics. It’s the only way to get a good outcome.

Critical thinking is different from creative thinking . Creative thinking is the ability to generate brand new, innovative ideas. On the other hand, critical thinking requires you to carefully and logically analyze what information is given to you. Both are important to maximize results in any given situation.

What defines critical thinking? How does it affect the decision-making process? Here are five characteristics that make up the ability to think critically.

1. Dispositions

Critical thinkers have specific traits that allow them to think the way they do. Some people are predisposed to these traits, while others need to develop them actively.

Some of these dispositions include:

• Open-mindedness
• Respecting evidence and reasoning
• Being able to consider different perspectives and points of view: in other words, having cognitive flexibility
• Not being stuck in one position
• Clarity and precision

2. Argument

Good critical thinkers need to make solid arguments. 

An argument is making a statement aided by supporting evidence. It’s important to use well thought-out arguments when you’re in a constructive conflict . When analyzing a situation critically, you’ll need to make several arguments in your own mind to come to a judgment. 

3. Reasoning

In addition to arguments, critical thinking also requires inferring conclusions. From the facts and arguments presented to you, you need to use reasoning skills to come to a logical conclusion. 

This conclusion will determine the best course of action to take.

4. Criteria

Critical thinking is sometimes a matter of discerning truth from fiction. Not all facts presented to you may have the same level of truth. Certain conditions need to be met for something to be considered believable, and a critical thinker needs to be able to understand that.

5. Metacognition

Metacognition is the ability to think about your own thinking. Critical thinkers should be able to analyze their thoughts so that they can judge whether or not they’ve thought everything through. This helps them come up with better hypotheses.

The critical thinking skills definition is: soft skills that help you in the critical thinking process. Developing these skills can improve your ability to think critically.

Critical thinking skills are considered one of many durable skills in the workplace . Many of these are soft skills that are also useful in other situations.

According to research by America Succeeds, critical thinking is in the top five most requested durable skills in job postings. Those top five durable skills get requested 2.6x more often than the top five hard skills. This goes to show that soft skills like critical thinking skills are in demand in the workplace.

Critical thinking skills are important for several reasons. These include helping you work independently and solve problems . Not all positions require ongoing critical thinking. But, those skills definitely matter to anyone who wants to uplevel their career. And even the most easygoing positions require at least some level of critical thinking skills.

For example, working as an accountant can be straightforward in most cases. But it may require critical thinking skills. For instance, what if certain expenses aren’t easily distributed in simple categories? Without critical thinking skills, an accountant will struggle to work independently and solve problems on their own.

Critical thinking abilities also matter in everyday life. Having a foundation for critical thinking can help you analyze several possible solutions for problems that pop up in the home. It can also help you:

• Analyze different viewpoints
• Come up with the best solution for complex problems
• Become a better learner

The key critical thinking skills are identifying biases, inference, research, identification, curiosity, and judging relevance.

Let’s explore these six critical thinking skills you should learn and why they’re so important to the critical thinking process.

1. Identifying biases

This critical thinking skill is necessary for metacognition, which is the fifth characteristic of critical thinking. It involves knowing when others have a cognitive bias and when you have one yourself.

Biases can influence how someone understands the facts presented to them. But when you’re aware of those biases, you can question yourself on those biases and consider other points of view.

Identifying biases is especially important for people who make hiring decisions. That’s because biases against groups of minorities can lead to inequalities in the workplace when not identified. 

For example, imagine a hiring manager comparing two resumes. Their gut feeling could guide them to discount one of the resumes due to a bias against the opposite gender. But let’s say this hiring manager realizes they have this bias. They can then question themselves on whether or not this bias is influencing their judgment. 

2. Inference

Inference is the ability to draw conclusions based on the information you have. Without inference, it can be difficult to take action once you’ve analyzed the facts presented to you. Processing information is key to coming up with a reasoned judgment.

For example, let’s go back to the accountant struggling to assign the correct category to a business expense. They can analyze other similar situations and infer the most logical category based on that information.

3. Research

Before you analyze facts and infer a conclusion, you need to find out what those facts are. Researching skills allow you to discover facts and figures to make an argument.

Not all situations will have the required information available to you. Researching skills are necessary to dig into a situation and gather the information you need to think critically.

Some situations don’t require further research. For example, a first responder who arrives on the scene of an automobile accident won’t perform further research. They’ll have to analyze what they see in front of them and decide which injuries are the most urgent to care for. 

On the other hand, someone performing a market analysis will need to research competitors and gather information before coming up with an opinion. 

4. Identification

Identification is different from inference and research. It involves being able to identify a problem but also what’s influencing that problem.

In short, identification is necessary for someone to realize that they need to think critically about something. Without proper identification skills, it will be difficult for someone to know when it’s time to analyze a situation. 

For example, let’s say you’re entering numbers in a spreadsheet. The numbers aren’t coming out as they usually do. Without identification skills, you could easily keep going without realizing there’s an issue. But when you identify what’s going on, you can see that something is broken in the spreadsheet’s formula.

Only once you identify the fact that the formula is broken can you start analyzing what’s going on to solve the issue.

5. Curiosity

Don’t be afraid to question everything and explore what you’re curious about. That’s because intellectual curiosity is a valuable skill, especially when it comes to critical thinking.

One way to practice curiosity is to adopt a beginner’s mindset . When you come into every situation with the mindset of a beginner, you’re able to keep an open mind. You’ll be able to perceive things you may not have noticed when keeping your mind closed.

6. Judging relevance

Not all information is equally pertinent. In order to make a critical judgment, it’s important to be able to judge the relevance of the information you have.

Take, for instance, basic online researching skills. You have access to a plethora of information on virtually every topic imaginable. But performing online research requires you to constantly judge the relevance of what you see. 

Without judging relevance, you’d spend too much time on details that don’t matter as much for the final desired outcome. But when you’re able to discern what’s most pertinent, you can give that information more weight as you’re thinking critically.

So what would critical thinking skills look like in a real-life situation?

Let’s imagine you’re working in software quality assurance (QA) as a team lead. But every time your team needs to enter bug regression, everyone gets bottlenecked because you must manually populate the spreadsheet used for the regression. While you do this task, your team cannot be productive without you.

This process happens once a week and easily wastes half an hour for each team member.

First, you must identify what’s going on. The team gets bottlenecked because only you, as the team lead, can access the information required to fill in the regression spreadsheet.

Next, you can research information. You can inquire to higher-ups about the reason why only you have access to this information. You can also speak to other teams about what potential solutions they’ve come up with to solve this problem.

Once you’ve done your research, it’s time to analyze the information and judge relevance. Some teams have solutions that don’t apply to you, so that information isn’t relevant anymore. 

Figure out if there are any personal biases before you analyze your information. 

For example, it’s possible that you don’t get along with one of the other team leads. As a result, you could discount the information they’ve given you. But by identifying this bias, you can look past your personal opinion of this person and see how valuable their solution is.

Based on what you’ve analyzed, it’s time to brainstorm and come up with a solution. You realize that creating a simple, automated script will save your team’s time. And it will do so without consuming too many resources from the engineering department.

Next, present your solution to your manager. Explain how you came to this conclusion. 

Now, let’s say your spreadsheet automation solution is approved. It’s important to go back and analyze what happens after implementing the solution. But only do this once the spreadsheet has been in place for long enough to gather plenty of information. 

Here’s an example. You could realize that the solution did solve the bottleneck. But, the script also slows down the spreadsheet and makes it difficult to work with. This would require you to go back to the drawing board and start the process all over again.

Want to start improving your own critical thinking skill sets? Here’s how you can improve critical thinking skills using 13 techniques:

• Play games that require critical thinking skills
• Ask more questions, even basic ones
• Question your assumptions
• Develop your technical skills so that you can identify problems more easily
• Find ways to solve more problems (at work and at home)
• Become aware of your mental processes, like the availability heuristic
• Think for yourself: don’t adopt other people’s opinions without questioning them first
• Seek out diversity of thought
• Start developing foresight
• Try active listening
• Weigh the consequences of different actions before you act
• Seek a mentor who can help you develop these skills
• Get professional coaching

How to improve your critical thinking skills 

Critical thinking skills aren’t always easy to develop. But it’s much easier to start thinking critically when you have someone to work with. Try a custom BetterUp demo to see how a coach can help you develop your critical thinking skills today.

Transform your life

Make meaningful changes and become the best version of yourself. BetterUp's professional Coaches are here to support your personal growth journey.

Maggie Wooll, MBA

Maggie Wooll is a researcher, author, and speaker focused on the evolving future of work. Formerly the lead researcher at the Deloitte Center for the Edge, she holds a Bachelor of Science in Education from Princeton University and an MBA from the University of Virginia Darden School of Business. Maggie is passionate about creating better work and greater opportunities for all.

Thinking outside the box: 8 ways to become a creative problem solver

Adjusting your vision for 2024, what’s convergent thinking how to be a better problem-solver, how to develop critical thinking skills, building strength for tomorrow: new president of betterup care™ on extending proactive mental health across the enterprise, what is social well-being definition, types, and how to achieve it, what are metacognitive skills examples in everyday life, how to do inner work® (even if you're way too busy), world mental health day highlights the pervasive, and personal, need for mental health support, a coach's perspective on inner work®, how to increase your personal well-being ... at work, how to be optimistic, mental fitness routines to unlock your best with tara lipinski, johnny wier, and ali cupito, mental fitness tips from nba all-star, pau gasol, looking inward can make you a better leader, sara blakely on how mindset shapes, lifts, and empowers, the special grief of the holiday season, discover an enfp personality’s strengths and weaknesses, stay connected with betterup, get our newsletter, event invites, plus product insights and research..

3100 E 5th Street, Suite 350 Austin, TX 78702

• Platform Overview
• Integrations
• Powered by AI
• BetterUp Lead™
• BetterUp Manage™
• BetterUp Care®
• Sales Performance
• Diversity & Inclusion
• Case Studies
• Why BetterUp?
• About Coaching
• Find your Coach
• Career Coaching
• Communication Coaching
• Life Coaching
• News and Press
• Leadership Team
• Become a BetterUp Coach
• BetterUp Labs
• Center for Purpose & Performance
• Leadership Training
• Business Coaching
• Contact Support
• Contact Sales
• Privacy Policy
• Acceptable Use Policy
• Trust & Security
• Cookie Preferences

• LEARNING SKILLS
• Study Skills
• Critical Thinking

Search SkillsYouNeed:

Learning Skills:

• A - Z List of Learning Skills
• What is Learning?
• Learning Approaches
• Learning Styles
• 8 Types of Learning Styles
• Understanding Your Preferences to Aid Learning
• Lifelong Learning
• Decisions to Make Before Applying to University
• Top Tips for Surviving Student Life
• Living Online: Education and Learning
• 8 Ways to Embrace Technology-Based Learning Approaches

Critical Thinking Skills

• Critical Thinking and Fake News
• Understanding and Addressing Conspiracy Theories
• Critical Analysis
• Top Tips for Study
• Staying Motivated When Studying
• Student Budgeting and Economic Skills
• Getting Organised for Study
• Finding Time to Study
• Sources of Information
• Assessing Internet Information
• Using Apps to Support Study
• What is Theory?
• Styles of Writing
• Effective Reading
• Critical Reading
• Note-Taking from Reading
• Note-Taking for Verbal Exchanges
• Planning an Essay
• How to Write an Essay
• The Do’s and Don’ts of Essay Writing
• How to Write a Report
• Academic Referencing
• Assignment Finishing Touches
• Reflecting on Marked Work
• 6 Skills You Learn in School That You Use in Real Life
• Top 10 Tips on How to Study While Working
• Exam Skills
• Writing a Dissertation or Thesis
• Research Methods
• Teaching, Coaching, Mentoring and Counselling
• Employability Skills for Graduates

Subscribe to our FREE newsletter and start improving your life in just 5 minutes a day.

You'll get our 5 free 'One Minute Life Skills' and our weekly newsletter.

We'll never share your email address and you can unsubscribe at any time.

What is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical connection between ideas.  Critical thinking has been the subject of much debate and thought since the time of early Greek philosophers such as Plato and Socrates and has continued to be a subject of discussion into the modern age, for example the ability to recognise fake news .

Critical thinking might be described as the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking.

In essence, critical thinking requires you to use your ability to reason. It is about being an active learner rather than a passive recipient of information.

Critical thinkers rigorously question ideas and assumptions rather than accepting them at face value. They will always seek to determine whether the ideas, arguments and findings represent the entire picture and are open to finding that they do not.

Critical thinkers will identify, analyse and solve problems systematically rather than by intuition or instinct.

Someone with critical thinking skills can:

Understand the links between ideas.

Determine the importance and relevance of arguments and ideas.

Recognise, build and appraise arguments.

Identify inconsistencies and errors in reasoning.

Approach problems in a consistent and systematic way.

Reflect on the justification of their own assumptions, beliefs and values.

Critical thinking is thinking about things in certain ways so as to arrive at the best possible solution in the circumstances that the thinker is aware of. In more everyday language, it is a way of thinking about whatever is presently occupying your mind so that you come to the best possible conclusion.

Critical Thinking is:

A way of thinking about particular things at a particular time; it is not the accumulation of facts and knowledge or something that you can learn once and then use in that form forever, such as the nine times table you learn and use in school.

The Skills We Need for Critical Thinking

The skills that we need in order to be able to think critically are varied and include observation, analysis, interpretation, reflection, evaluation, inference, explanation, problem solving, and decision making.

Specifically we need to be able to:

Think about a topic or issue in an objective and critical way.

Identify the different arguments there are in relation to a particular issue.

Evaluate a point of view to determine how strong or valid it is.

Recognise any weaknesses or negative points that there are in the evidence or argument.

Notice what implications there might be behind a statement or argument.

Provide structured reasoning and support for an argument that we wish to make.

The Critical Thinking Process

You should be aware that none of us think critically all the time.

Sometimes we think in almost any way but critically, for example when our self-control is affected by anger, grief or joy or when we are feeling just plain ‘bloody minded’.

On the other hand, the good news is that, since our critical thinking ability varies according to our current mindset, most of the time we can learn to improve our critical thinking ability by developing certain routine activities and applying them to all problems that present themselves.

Once you understand the theory of critical thinking, improving your critical thinking skills takes persistence and practice.

Try this simple exercise to help you to start thinking critically.

Think of something that someone has recently told you. Then ask yourself the following questions:

Who said it?

Someone you know? Someone in a position of authority or power? Does it matter who told you this?

What did they say?

Did they give facts or opinions? Did they provide all the facts? Did they leave anything out?

Where did they say it?

Was it in public or in private? Did other people have a chance to respond an provide an alternative account?

When did they say it?

Was it before, during or after an important event? Is timing important?

Why did they say it?

Did they explain the reasoning behind their opinion? Were they trying to make someone look good or bad?

How did they say it?

Were they happy or sad, angry or indifferent? Did they write it or say it? Could you understand what was said?

What are you Aiming to Achieve?

One of the most important aspects of critical thinking is to decide what you are aiming to achieve and then make a decision based on a range of possibilities.

Once you have clarified that aim for yourself you should use it as the starting point in all future situations requiring thought and, possibly, further decision making. Where needed, make your workmates, family or those around you aware of your intention to pursue this goal. You must then discipline yourself to keep on track until changing circumstances mean you have to revisit the start of the decision making process.

However, there are things that get in the way of simple decision making. We all carry with us a range of likes and dislikes, learnt behaviours and personal preferences developed throughout our lives; they are the hallmarks of being human. A major contribution to ensuring we think critically is to be aware of these personal characteristics, preferences and biases and make allowance for them when considering possible next steps, whether they are at the pre-action consideration stage or as part of a rethink caused by unexpected or unforeseen impediments to continued progress.

The more clearly we are aware of ourselves, our strengths and weaknesses, the more likely our critical thinking will be productive.

The Benefit of Foresight

Perhaps the most important element of thinking critically is foresight.

Almost all decisions we make and implement don’t prove disastrous if we find reasons to abandon them. However, our decision making will be infinitely better and more likely to lead to success if, when we reach a tentative conclusion, we pause and consider the impact on the people and activities around us.

The elements needing consideration are generally numerous and varied. In many cases, consideration of one element from a different perspective will reveal potential dangers in pursuing our decision.

For instance, moving a business activity to a new location may improve potential output considerably but it may also lead to the loss of skilled workers if the distance moved is too great. Which of these is the more important consideration? Is there some way of lessening the conflict?

These are the sort of problems that may arise from incomplete critical thinking, a demonstration perhaps of the critical importance of good critical thinking.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students

Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

In Summary:

Critical thinking is aimed at achieving the best possible outcomes in any situation. In order to achieve this it must involve gathering and evaluating information from as many different sources possible.

Critical thinking requires a clear, often uncomfortable, assessment of your personal strengths, weaknesses and preferences and their possible impact on decisions you may make.

Critical thinking requires the development and use of foresight as far as this is possible. As Doris Day sang, “the future’s not ours to see”.

Implementing the decisions made arising from critical thinking must take into account an assessment of possible outcomes and ways of avoiding potentially negative outcomes, or at least lessening their impact.

• Critical thinking involves reviewing the results of the application of decisions made and implementing change where possible.

It might be thought that we are overextending our demands on critical thinking in expecting that it can help to construct focused meaning rather than examining the information given and the knowledge we have acquired to see if we can, if necessary, construct a meaning that will be acceptable and useful.

After all, almost no information we have available to us, either externally or internally, carries any guarantee of its life or appropriateness.  Neat step-by-step instructions may provide some sort of trellis on which our basic understanding of critical thinking can blossom but it doesn’t and cannot provide any assurance of certainty, utility or longevity.

Continue to: Critical Thinking and Fake News Critical Reading

See also: Analytical Skills Understanding and Addressing Conspiracy Theories Introduction to Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)

Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students

Why Is Critical Thinking Important and How to Improve It

Updated: July 8, 2024

Published: April 2, 2020

Why is critical thinking important? The decisions that you make affect your quality of life. And if you want to ensure that you live your best, most successful and happy life, you’re going to want to make conscious choices. That can be done with a simple thing known as critical thinking. Here’s how to improve your critical thinking skills and make decisions that you won’t regret.

What Is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the process of analyzing facts to form a judgment. Essentially, it involves thinking about thinking. Historically, it dates back to the teachings of Socrates , as documented by Plato.

Today, it is seen as a complex concept understood best by philosophers and psychologists. Modern definitions include “reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” and “deciding what’s true and what you should do.”

The Importance Of Critical Thinking

Why is critical thinking important? Good question! Here are a few undeniable reasons why it’s crucial to have these skills.

1. Critical Thinking Is Universal

Critical thinking is a domain-general thinking skill. What does this mean? It means that no matter what path or profession you pursue, these skills will always be relevant and will always be beneficial to your success. They are not specific to any field.

2. Crucial For The Economy

Our future depends on technology, information, and innovation. Critical thinking is needed for our fast-growing economies, to solve problems as quickly and as effectively as possible.

3. Improves Language & Presentation Skills

In order to best express ourselves, we need to know how to think clearly and systematically — meaning practice critical thinking! Critical thinking also means knowing how to break down texts, and in turn, improve our ability to comprehend.

4. Promotes Creativity

By practicing critical thinking, we are allowing ourselves not only to solve problems but also to come up with new and creative ideas to do so. Critical thinking allows us to analyze these ideas and adjust them accordingly.

5. Important For Self-Reflection

Without critical thinking, how can we really live a meaningful life? We need this skill to self-reflect and justify our ways of life and opinions. Critical thinking provides us with the tools to evaluate ourselves in the way that we need to.

Photo by Marcelo Chagas from Pexels

6. the basis of science & democracy.

In order to have a democracy and to prove scientific facts, we need critical thinking in the world. Theories must be backed up with knowledge. In order for a society to effectively function, its citizens need to establish opinions about what’s right and wrong (by using critical thinking!).

Benefits Of Critical Thinking

We know that critical thinking is good for society as a whole, but what are some benefits of critical thinking on an individual level? Why is critical thinking important for us?

1. Key For Career Success

Critical thinking is crucial for many career paths. Not just for scientists, but lawyers , doctors, reporters, engineers , accountants, and analysts (among many others) all have to use critical thinking in their positions. In fact, according to the World Economic Forum, critical thinking is one of the most desirable skills to have in the workforce, as it helps analyze information, think outside the box, solve problems with innovative solutions, and plan systematically.

2. Better Decision Making

There’s no doubt about it — critical thinkers make the best choices. Critical thinking helps us deal with everyday problems as they come our way, and very often this thought process is even done subconsciously. It helps us think independently and trust our gut feeling.

3. Can Make You Happier!

While this often goes unnoticed, being in touch with yourself and having a deep understanding of why you think the way you think can really make you happier. Critical thinking can help you better understand yourself, and in turn, help you avoid any kind of negative or limiting beliefs, and focus more on your strengths. Being able to share your thoughts can increase your quality of life.

4. Form Well-Informed Opinions

There is no shortage of information coming at us from all angles. And that’s exactly why we need to use our critical thinking skills and decide for ourselves what to believe. Critical thinking allows us to ensure that our opinions are based on the facts, and help us sort through all that extra noise.

5. Better Citizens

One of the most inspiring critical thinking quotes is by former US president Thomas Jefferson: “An educated citizenry is a vital requisite for our survival as a free people.” What Jefferson is stressing to us here is that critical thinkers make better citizens, as they are able to see the entire picture without getting sucked into biases and propaganda.

6. Improves Relationships

While you may be convinced that being a critical thinker is bound to cause you problems in relationships, this really couldn’t be less true! Being a critical thinker can allow you to better understand the perspective of others, and can help you become more open-minded towards different views.

7. Promotes Curiosity

Critical thinkers are constantly curious about all kinds of things in life, and tend to have a wide range of interests. Critical thinking means constantly asking questions and wanting to know more, about why, what, who, where, when, and everything else that can help them make sense of a situation or concept, never taking anything at face value.

8. Allows For Creativity

Critical thinkers are also highly creative thinkers, and see themselves as limitless when it comes to possibilities. They are constantly looking to take things further, which is crucial in the workforce.

9. Enhances Problem Solving Skills

Those with critical thinking skills tend to solve problems as part of their natural instinct. Critical thinkers are patient and committed to solving the problem, similar to Albert Einstein, one of the best critical thinking examples, who said “It’s not that I’m so smart; it’s just that I stay with problems longer.” Critical thinkers’ enhanced problem-solving skills makes them better at their jobs and better at solving the world’s biggest problems. Like Einstein, they have the potential to literally change the world.

10. An Activity For The Mind

Just like our muscles, in order for them to be strong, our mind also needs to be exercised and challenged. It’s safe to say that critical thinking is almost like an activity for the mind — and it needs to be practiced. Critical thinking encourages the development of many crucial skills such as logical thinking, decision making, and open-mindness.

11. Creates Independence

When we think critically, we think on our own as we trust ourselves more. Critical thinking is key to creating independence, and encouraging students to make their own decisions and form their own opinions.

12. Crucial Life Skill

Critical thinking is crucial not just for learning, but for life overall! Education isn’t just a way to prepare ourselves for life, but it’s pretty much life itself. Learning is a lifelong process that we go through each and every day.

How To Improve Your Critical Thinking

Now that you know the benefits of thinking critically, how do you actually do it?

• Define Your Question: When it comes to critical thinking, it’s important to always keep your goal in mind. Know what you’re trying to achieve, and then figure out how to best get there.
• Gather Reliable Information: Make sure that you’re using sources you can trust — biases aside. That’s how a real critical thinker operates!
• Ask The Right Questions: We all know the importance of questions, but be sure that you’re asking the right questions that are going to get you to your answer.
• Look Short & Long Term: When coming up with solutions, think about both the short- and long-term consequences. Both of them are significant in the equation.
• Explore All Sides: There is never just one simple answer, and nothing is black or white. Explore all options and think outside of the box before you come to any conclusions.

How Is Critical Thinking Developed At School?

Critical thinking is developed in nearly everything we do, but much of this essential skill is encouraged and practiced in school. Fostering a culture of inquiry is crucial, encouraging students to ask questions, analyze information, and evaluate evidence.

Teaching strategies like Socratic questioning, problem-based learning, and collaborative discussions help students think for themselves. When teachers ask questions, students can respond critically and reflect on their learning. Group discussions also expand their thinking, making them independent thinkers and effective problem solvers.

How Does Critical Thinking Apply To Your Career?

Critical thinking is a valuable asset in any career. Employers value employees who can think critically, ask insightful questions, and offer creative solutions. Demonstrating critical thinking skills can set you apart in the workplace, showing your ability to tackle complex problems and make informed decisions.

In many careers, from law and medicine to business and engineering, critical thinking is essential. Lawyers analyze cases, doctors diagnose patients, business analysts evaluate market trends, and engineers solve technical issues—all requiring strong critical thinking skills.

Critical thinking also enhances your ability to communicate effectively, making you a better team member and leader. By analyzing and evaluating information, you can present clear, logical arguments and make persuasive presentations.

Incorporating critical thinking into your career helps you stay adaptable and innovative. It encourages continuous learning and improvement, which are crucial for professional growth and success in a rapidly changing job market.

Photo by Oladimeji Ajegbile from Pexels

Critical thinking is a vital skill with far-reaching benefits for personal and professional success. It involves systematic skills such as analysis, evaluation, inference, interpretation, and explanation to assess information and arguments.

By gathering relevant data, considering alternative perspectives, and using logical reasoning, critical thinking enables informed decision-making. Reflecting on and refining these processes further enhances their effectiveness.

The future of critical thinking holds significant importance as it remains essential for adapting to evolving challenges and making sound decisions in various aspects of life.

What are the benefits of developing critical thinking skills?

Critical thinking enhances decision-making, problem-solving, and the ability to evaluate information critically. It helps in making informed decisions, understanding others’ perspectives, and improving overall cognitive abilities.

How does critical thinking contribute to problem-solving abilities?

Critical thinking enables you to analyze problems thoroughly, consider multiple solutions, and choose the most effective approach. It fosters creativity and innovative thinking in finding solutions.

What role does critical thinking play in academic success?

Critical thinking is crucial in academics as it allows you to analyze texts, evaluate evidence, construct logical arguments, and understand complex concepts, leading to better academic performance.

How does critical thinking promote effective communication skills?

Critical thinking helps you articulate thoughts clearly, listen actively, and engage in meaningful discussions. It improves your ability to argue logically and understand different viewpoints.

How can critical thinking skills be applied in everyday situations?

You can use critical thinking to make better personal and professional decisions, solve everyday problems efficiently, and understand the world around you more deeply.

What role does skepticism play in critical thinking?

Skepticism encourages questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and distinguishing between facts and opinions. It helps in developing a more rigorous and open-minded approach to thinking.

What strategies can enhance critical thinking?

Strategies include asking probing questions, engaging in reflective thinking, practicing problem-solving, seeking diverse perspectives, and analyzing information critically and logically.

In this article

At UoPeople, our blog writers are thinkers, researchers, and experts dedicated to curating articles relevant to our mission: making higher education accessible to everyone.

• SUGGESTED TOPICS
• The Magazine
• Newsletters
• Managing Yourself
• Managing Teams
• Work-life Balance
• The Big Idea
• Data & Visuals
• Reading Lists
• Case Selections
• HBR Learning
• Topic Feeds
• Account Settings
• Email Preferences

Critical Thinking Is About Asking Better Questions

• John Coleman

Six practices to sharpen your inquiry.

Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and effectively break down an issue in order to make a decision or find a solution. At the heart of critical thinking is the ability to formulate deep, different, and effective questions. For effective questioning, start by holding your hypotheses loosely. Be willing to fundamentally reconsider your initial conclusions — and do so without defensiveness. Second, listen more than you talk through active listening. Third, leave your queries open-ended, and avoid yes-or-no questions. Fourth, consider the counterintuitive to avoid falling into groupthink. Fifth, take the time to stew in a problem, rather than making decisions unnecessarily quickly. Last, ask thoughtful, even difficult, follow-ups.

Are you tackling a new and difficult problem at work? Recently promoted and trying to both understand your new role and bring a fresh perspective? Or are you new to the workforce and seeking ways to meaningfully contribute alongside your more experienced colleagues? If so, critical thinking — the ability to analyze and effectively break down an issue in order to make a decision or find a solution — will be core to your success. And at the heart of critical thinking is the ability to formulate deep, different, and effective questions.

• JC John Coleman is the author of the HBR Guide to Crafting Your Purpose . Subscribe to his free newsletter, On Purpose , follow him on Twitter @johnwcoleman, or contact him at johnwilliamcoleman.com.

Partner Center

• Skip to main content
• Skip to secondary menu
• Skip to primary sidebar
• Skip to footer

Enfoque Educación

The ABCs of Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Matters

January 10, 2024 por Valentina Gimenez Leave a Comment

Thinking is a natural act for human beings. Every day, we have thousands of thoughts. However, just because we are thinking does not mean we are doing it well or that all our thoughts require critical reasoning because doing so would be too exhausting. Critical thinking becomes a core skill in a world that is changing so dynamically. Thinking critically not only helps with generating a well-founded personal opinion but also helps solve complex problems in many ways.

Given the importance of this skill, the good news is that critical thinking can be exercised and trained. In other words, this 21st-century skill can be intentionally taught. Below, we will explain how.

What Is Critical Thinking?

According to the publication of the brief series Life Skills. Fostering Critical Thinking by the 21st Century Skills Initiative, “critical thinking mainly aims at assessing the strength and appropriateness of a statement, theory, or idea through a questioning  and  perspective-taking  process, which  may  or  may  not  in  turn  result in a possibly novel statement or  theory.”

Furthermore, in this publication by Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin , it is argued that “critical thinking need not lead to an original position to a problem. The most conventional one may be the most appropriate. However, it typically involves examining and evaluating different possible positions”.

In other words, it is not limited to solving problems after a reflection. It is also about being able and willing to challenge the core assumptions of accepted theories, paradigms, or knowledge.

Critical thinking implies recognizing that other perspectives may also have merit and, therefore, evaluating each argument or theory’s possible strengths, weaknesses, and biases is possible, no matter how unaligned they are with what we think.

Critical thinking involves using logic, reasoning, and creativity to reach conclusions.

Why Is Critical Thinking Important?

Critical thinking is a skill that has applications in practically all aspects of daily life. It can help you make better decisions, improve employability, and better understand the world. In other words, critical thinking is a fundamental skill for being a 21st-century citizen.

What Is Critical Thinking Used For?

Critical thinking has various functionalities in everyday life, whether in fulfilling professional obligations or carrying out personal activities. Thinking critically is used to:

• Make good decisions : it is important as an exercise to analyze and evaluate sources of information based on their truthfulness, relevance, and reasoning, which leads to better decision-making. Ask or question before blindly accepting things as they appear, and form your judgment based on the facts, information, and knowledge available.
• Solve problems: use logic and reasoning to analyze and deconstruct problems and choose the best solutions considering the weaknesses and strengths of each alternative solution.
• Promote creativity : this is one of the main characteristics of critical thinking and is associated with the previous point, by questioning facts, theories, or concepts, space is also opened up which is very useful for developing new solutions to problems.
• Improve employability: especially in the digital age, where many jobs are being automated, there is consensus that critical thinking and creativity are two fundamental skills for improving people’s employment prospects.
• Digital and global citizenship : Critical thinking plays a role in individual well-being, but above all, it is considered an essential pillar of the functioning of modern democracies. The ability to voice an independent and well-founded opinion to vote and weigh the quality of arguments presented in the media and other sources of information. In addition, when misinformation, fallacies, and fake news can be a problem for democratic systems, critical thinking helps prevent the spread of false information. It contributes verified, respectful, and ethical content to digital communities and social networks.

4 Steps to Exercise Critical Thinking

According to the publication on critical thinking, there are four key cognitive processes involved in exercising critical thinking:

Determining and understanding the problem is an important first dimension of a critical thinking inquisitive process. This sometimes includes asking why the problem is posed in a certain way, examining whether associated solutions or claims can be based on inaccurate facts or reasoning, and identifying knowledge gaps. This inquiry process partly concerns rational thinking (checking facts, observing, and analyzing reasoning). Still, it includes a more ‘critical’ dimension when identifying possible limitations of the solution and questioning some of the underlying assumptions and interpretations, even when the facts are accurate.

In critical thinking, imagination plays an important role in the mental elaboration of an idea, but all thinking involves some level of imagination. At a higher level, imagination also consists of identifying and reviewing alternative or competing worldviews and theories with an open mind to consider the problem from multiple perspectives.

This allows for a better identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed evidence, arguments, and assumptions, although this evaluation also belongs to the inquisitive process.

The product of critical thinking is one’s position or solution to a problem or judgment about others’ positions or solutions. This mainly involves good inference, a balance between different ways of looking at the problem, and, therefore, recognition of its possible complexities.

As with good thinking, critical thinking involves the ability to argue and justify one’s position rationally, with relevant information, under existing perspectives and socially recognized forms of reasoning, or possibly some new ones.

4. Reflect or evaluate

Finally, although one may consider their stance or way of thinking to be superior to some alternatives, perhaps because it encompasses a broader view or is better supported by existing evidence, critical thinking involves some process of self-reflection on the perspective one espouses, It is possible limitations, and uncertainties. Therefore, this type of thinking implies a certain level of humility, as thinking critically also involves openness to competing ideas.

While one should not adopt ancient skepticism and suspend judgment in all cases, sometimes this may be the most appropriate position.

You may also be interested: 4 Benefits of Developing Listening Skills and the Steps to Achieve It

How to Be a Critical Thinker?

Being a critical thinker brings enormous benefits that go beyond the workplace. It is also good for personal development and daily life in the community. So how do you achieve it?

To be a critical thinker you have to exercise other habits and skills, such as fostering curiosity, questioning the established, improving analysis and communication skills, maintaining self-discipline and being alert to cognitive biases.

Let’s review some of the key skills acquired by great critical thinkers:

• Identify relationships between variables and hypothesis testing.
• Master systemic thinking and scientific reasoning.
• Understand the underlying social, natural, and technological relationships in a system.
• Exercise informational literacy, which includes understanding, finding, and obtaining data, reading, interpreting, evaluating, and handling data.
• Avoid cognitive biases; consider all available information, not just what aligns with your point of view.
• Create a strategy, theory, method, or argument based on evidence synthesis.
• Create an argument that goes beyond the available information.
• Computational thinking: for example, abstractions and generalizations of patterns, structured problem decomposition, and iterative thinking.
• Be able to criticize a work product regarding its credibility, relevance, and bias using a set of standards or a specific framework.

These activities to promote critical thinking can be driven at home, at school, or individually.

Teaching Critical Thinking

Although education systems do not usually have a subject specifically dedicated to developing critical thinking, this skill can be developed as part of other learning. Therefore, the publication “Life Skills: Fostering Critical Thinking” develops some strategies for teaching this skill in schools.

Including Critical Thinking in Education

• Use conceptual rubrics that clarify the skills involved.
• Include critical thinking as a learning objective in lesson plans.
• Provide students with tasks and problems that encourage them to question their cognitive abilities and assumptions and explore multiple perspectives.
• Generate an environment in which students feel safe to take risks expressing their thoughts and expressions that arise from their reasoning.
• Assess critical thinking by including it in exams and national assessments.

By fostering these strategies at all educational levels, students can be better prepared for the future with critical thinking skills and improve the quality of their education.

And you, do you consider yourself a critical thinker? How has exercising critical thinking helped you in your life? Check out our blog and discover more content to boost your critical thinking!

Valentina Gimenez

Valentina Giménez es coordinadora de comunicación de la División de Educación en el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Es uruguaya. Fue periodista y productora de contenidos, especializada en temas políticos. Ha trabajado para televisión y prensa escrita. Tiene un MBA por la UCU Business School y es Licenciada en Comunicación Social por la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. Fue consultora en asuntos públicos y comunicación estratégica en su país.

Reader Interactions

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Your Name (required)

Your Email (required)

Your Message

Blog posts written by Bank employees:

Copyright © Inter-American Development Bank ("IDB"). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives. (CC-IGO 3.0 BY-NC-ND) license and may be reproduced with attribution to the IDB and for any non-commercial purpose. No derivative work is allowed. Any dispute related to the use of the works of the IDB that cannot be settled amicably shall be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the UNCITRAL rules. The use of the IDB's name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IDB's logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between the IDB and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC- IGO license. Note that link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license.

For blogs written by external parties:

For questions concerning copyright for authors that are not IADB employees please complete the contact form for this blog.

The opinions expressed in this blog are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IDB, its Board of Directors, or the countries they represent.

Attribution: in addition to giving attribution to the respective author and copyright owner, as appropriate, we would appreciate if you could include a link that remits back the IDB Blogs website.

Privacy Policy

Privacy Overview

Critical Thinking & Why It’s So Important

Critical thinking is a cognitive skill with the power to unlock the full potential of your mind. In today’s rapidly evolving society, where information is abundant but discerning its validity is becoming increasingly challenging, the art of critical thinking has never been more crucial.

At Nichols College, we believe that cultivating strong critical thinking abilities is not just a pursuit for the academically inclined, but a fundamental necessity for individuals across all walks of life. Join us as we explore the significance of critical thinking and the remarkable impact it can have on your decision-making, problem-solving, and overall cognitive prowess.

Discover why our Graduate Certificate program in Advanced Critical Thinking and Decision Making is your gateway to becoming a perceptive and adept thinker, ready to tackle the complex challenges of today’s world with confidence and ingenuity.

What is critical thinking?

Critical thinking is a fundamental skill that allows individuals to analyze, evaluate, and interpret information objectively and rationally. It goes beyond merely accepting information at face value; instead, critical thinkers are equipped to delve deeper, question assumptions, and explore various perspectives before arriving at well-informed conclusions. This ability to think critically is highly valued across various domains, including education, business, and everyday life.

Benefits of using critical thinking

The countless advantages of critical thinking extend far beyond the realms of academia. For starters, critical thinking fosters superior decision-making by equipping individuals with the tools to weigh options, assess consequences, and arrive at better choices. Critical thinkers also benefit from heightened self-reflection, gaining a profound understanding of their own biases and areas for improvement.

Critical thinkers become well-informed individuals who can navigate the sea of information with discernment, adeptly identifying misinformation and unreliable sources. Furthermore, this invaluable skill enables creative problem-solving, allowing thinkers to craft innovative solutions to intricate challenges. Some of the most important benefits of using critical thinking include:

Better decision making

Critical thinkers excel at weighing pros and cons, considering alternatives, and anticipating potential consequences. This leads to more informed and effective decision-making processes, both in personal and professional realms.

Better self-reflection

By fostering a habit of introspection, critical thinkers become more self-aware, recognizing their own biases and limitations. This heightened self-awareness allows them to continually improve and adapt their thinking patterns.

Being well-informed

Critical thinkers actively seek out diverse sources of information, ensuring they have a comprehensive understanding of complex issues. This empowers them to engage in meaningful discussions and contribute constructively to their communities.

The ability to identify misinformation

In a world filled with misinformation, critical thinkers possess the skills to discern fact from fiction. They scrutinize sources, verify information, and avoid being misled by deceptive content.

Building creative problem solving skills

Critical thinking encourages innovative and outside-the-box problem-solving approaches. By considering multiple angles and challenging conventional ideas, critical thinkers arrive at inventive solutions to complex challenges.

What skills do critical thinkers have?

Critical thinkers possess a remarkable set of skills that elevate their cognitive abilities and enable them to approach complex issues with acuity. Embracing these skills empowers them to tackle challenges, unravel complexities, and make meaningful insights and well-informed decisions. Some of the most valuable skills critical thinkers have include:

Critical thinkers have a natural inclination to ask questions and explore topics in-depth. Their thirst for knowledge drives them to seek out answers and continually expand their understanding.

Proficient in conducting thorough research, critical thinkers gather information from reliable sources and assess its validity. They are skilled at distinguishing credible data from biased or unsubstantiated claims.

Pattern recognition

Critical thinkers recognize recurring patterns and connections between seemingly unrelated pieces of information. This allows them to draw meaningful insights and make well-founded predictions.

Bias identification

Having honed the ability to identify biases, critical thinkers remain open-minded and impartial in their assessments. They acknowledge their own biases and strive to approach each situation objectively.

How to use critical thinking skills in the workplace

In any work environment, critical thinking is a valuable asset that can enhance productivity and foster a more innovative and collaborative workplace. Employees with strong critical thinking skills contribute to problem-solving sessions, provide constructive feedback, and make informed decisions based on thorough analysis. By promoting critical thinking, organizations encourage employees to challenge assumptions, seek out novel solutions, and contribute to the overall growth and success of the company.

Examples of good critical thinking in action

The real-world application of critical thinking can be awe-inspiring, as it empowers individuals to approach various scenarios with astute judgment and creativity. In the business realm and with regard to project management, critical thinkers demonstrate their prowess by:

• Analyzing Market Trends : A marketing professional employs critical thinking skills to assess market trends, consumer behavior, and competitor strategies before devising a successful marketing campaign that aligns with the target audience’s needs.
• Problem-Solving in Project Management : A project manager utilizes critical thinking to identify potential roadblocks, consider alternative approaches, and ensure projects are executed efficiently and within budget.

Furthermore, critical thinkers shine in scientific research, meticulously evaluating data, and drawing evidence-based conclusions that contribute to groundbreaking discoveries. In everyday life, they navigate the digital landscape with discernment, identifying misinformation and making informed decisions about their health, finances, and general well-being. These examples illustrate the power of critical thinking to transform not only individual lives but also entire industries, making it an indispensable skill in the pursuit of success and progress.

Get a critical thinking graduate certificate from Nichols College

If you are eager to enhance your problem-solving abilities, decision-making processes, and overall cognitive skills, the Nichols College graduate certificate in critical thinking may be right for you. Designed to equip individuals with the necessary tools to excel in today’s complex world, this program will empower you to think critically, analyze data effectively, and approach challenges with creativity and confidence. Elevate your potential and join Nichols College in cultivating a new generation of sharp-minded leaders, ready to make a positive impact on the world. Enroll in the Advanced Critical Thinking and Decision Making certificate program today and unlock a brighter future for yourself and your community.

• Master of Science in Counterterrorism
• Critical Thinking Certificate
• Career Paths
• Financial Aid
• Request Information

Chapter 8: Thinking & Analysis

Critical thinking skills, assess your critical thinking strategies.

• Visit the Quia Critical Thinking Quiz page and click on Start Now (you don’t need to enter your name).
• Select the best answer for each question, and then click on Submit Answers. A score of 70 percent or better on this quiz is considered passing.
• Based on the content of the questions, do you feel you use good critical thinking strategies in college? In what ways could you improve as a critical thinker?

The essence of the independent mind lies not in what it thinks, but in how it thinks. —Christopher Hitchens, author and journalist

Critical Thinking

As a college student, you are tasked with engaging and expanding your thinking skills. One of the most important of these skills is critical thinking. Critical thinking is important because it relates to nearly all tasks, situations, topics, careers, environments, challenges, and opportunities. It’s a discipline-general thinking skill, not a thinking skill that’s reserved for a one subject alone or restricted to a particular content area. Of all your thinking skills, critical thinking may have the greatest value.

What Is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is clear, reasonable, reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. It means asking probing questions like, “How do we know?” or “Is this true in every case or just in this instance?” It involves being skeptical and challenging assumptions, rather than simply memorizing facts or blindly accepting what you hear or read. Critical thinking skills will help you in any profession or any circumstance of life, from science to art to business to teaching.

Critical thinkers are curious and reflective people. They explore and probe new areas and seek knowledge, clarification, and solutions. They ask pertinent questions, evaluate statements and arguments, and distinguish between facts and opinion. They are also willing to examine their own beliefs, possessing a manner of humility that allows them to admit lack of knowledge or understanding when needed. Critical thinkers are open to changing their mind. Perhaps most of all, they actively enjoy learning and view seeking new knowledge as a lifelong pursuit.

Thinking critically will help you develop more balanced arguments, express yourself clearly, read more critically, and glean important information efficiently. With critical thinking, you become a clearer thinker and problem solver.

The following video, from Lawrence Bland, presents the major concepts and benefits of critical thinking.

The Role of Logic in Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is fundamentally a process of questioning information and data. You may question the information you read in a textbook, or you may question what a politician or a professor or a classmate says. You can also question a commonly-held belief or a new idea. With critical thinking, anything and everything is subject to question and examination for the purpose of logically constructing reasoned perspectives.

The word logic comes from the Ancient Greek logike , referring to the science or art of reasoning. Using logic, a person evaluates arguments and reasoning and strives to distinguish between good and bad reasoning or between truth and falsehood. Using logic, you can evaluate ideas or claims people make, make good decisions, and form sound beliefs about the world. [1] . Logical thinkers provide reasonable and appropriate evidence to support their claims, acknowledge the strengths of the opposing side’s position, actively investigate a variety of possible outcomes or new solutions, and use measured and objective language to present their positions.

Clarify Thinking

When you use critical thinking to evaluate information, you need to clarify your thinking to yourself and likely to others. Doing this well is mainly a process of asking and answering logical, probing questions. Design your questions to fit your needs, but be sure to cover adequate ground.

• What is the purpose?
• What question are we trying to answer?
• What point of view is being expressed?
• What assumptions are we or others making?
• What are the facts and data we know, and how do we know them?
• What are the concepts we’re working with?
• What are the conclusions, and do they make sense?
• What are the implications?

Avoid Fallacies

You’ll also want to make sure you can avoid and spot logical fallacies. Fallacies are faults in thinking or illogical approaches used to persuade the other side. Statements such as, everyone else is doing it ca n be very persuasive even though they demonstrate faulty logic, in this case, the bandwagon appeal. These fallacies can undermine your authority and weaken your position. Students shouldn’t park in the faculty lot because that lot is for faculty is another example of a logical fallacy, this time circular reasoning.

Consult the two websites below to identify and avoid some of the many kinds of logical fallacies:

• Fallacies Files—Home
• Logical Fallacies Jeopardy

Applying critical thinking

The following questions may apply to formulating a logical, reasoned perspective in the scenario below or any other situation:

• What is happening? Gather the basic information and begin to think of questions.
• Why is it important? Ask yourself why it’s significant and whether or not you agree.
• What don’t I see? Is there anything important missing?
• How do I know? Ask yourself where the information came from and how it was constructed.
• Who is saying it? What’s the position of the speaker and what is influencing them?
• What else? What if? What other ideas exist and are there other possibilities?

A man has a Ph.D. in political science, and he works as a professor at a local college. His wife works at the college, too. They have three young children in the local school system, and their family is well known in the community. The man is now running for political office.

Are his credentials and experience sufficient for entering public office? Will he be effective in political office? Some voters might believe that his personal life and current job, on the surface, suggest he will do well in the position, and they will vote for him. In truth, the characteristics described don’t guarantee that the man will do a good job. The information is somewhat irrelevant.

What else might you want to know? How about whether the man had already held a political office and done a good job? In this case, we want to ask, How much information is adequate in order to make a decision based on logic instead of assumptions?

Problem-Solving with Critical Thinking

For most people, a typical day is filled with critical thinking and problem-solving challenges. In fact, critical thinking and problem-solving go hand-in-hand. They both refer to using knowledge, facts, and data to solve problems effectively, but with problem-solving, you are specifically identifying, selecting, and defending your solution.

Applying the strategies described in the action checklist below can help you utilize critical thinking skills to solve problems.

Problem-solving can be an efficient and rewarding process, especially if you are organized and mindful of critical steps and strategies. Remember, too, to assume the attributes of a good critical thinker. If you are curious, reflective, knowledge-seeking, open to change, probing, organized, and ethical, your challenge or problem will be less of a hurdle, and you’ll be in a good position to find intelligent solutions.

 Developing Yourself As a Critical Thinker and Problem-Solver

Critical thinking is a fundamental skill for college students, but it should also be a lifelong pursuit that we continually refine. Below are additional strategies to develop yourself as a critical thinker in college and in everyday life:

• Reflect and practice : Always reflect on what you’ve learned. Is it true all the time? How did you arrive at your conclusions?
• Use wasted time : It’s certainly important to make time for relaxing, but if you find you are indulging in too much of a good thing, think about using your time more constructively. Determine when you do your best thinking and try to learn something new during that part of the day.
• Redefine the way you see things : It can be very uninteresting to always think the same way. Challenge yourself to see familiar things in new ways. Put yourself in someone else’s shoes and consider a certain situation from a different angle or perspective. If you’re trying to solve a problem, list all your concerns, such as what you need in order to solve it, who can help, and what some possible barriers might be. It’s often possible to reframe a problem as an opportunity. Try to find a solution where there seems to be none.
• Analyze the influences on your thinking and in your life : Why do you think or feel the way you do? Analyze your influences. Think about who in your life influences you. Do you feel or react a certain way because of social convention or because you believe it is what is expected of you? Try to break out of any molds that may be constricting you.
• Express yourself : Critical thinking also involves being able to express yourself clearly. Most important in expressing yourself clearly is stating one point at a time. You might be inclined to argue every thought, but you might have greater impact if you focus only on your main arguments. This will help others to follow your thinking clearly. For more abstract ideas, assume that your audience may not understand. Provide examples, analogies, or metaphors where you can.
• Enhance your wellness : It’s easier to think critically when you take care of your mental and physical health. Try taking 10-minute activity breaks to reach 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity each day . Try taking a break between classes and walk to the coffee shop that’s farthest away. Scheduling physical activity into your day can help lower stress and increase mental alertness.
• Do your most difficult work when you have the most energy: Think about the time of day you are most effective and have the most energy. Plan to do your most difficult thinking during these times.

Reflect on Critical Thinking

• Think about someone whom you consider to be a critical thinker (friend, professor, historical figure, etc). What qualities does he/she have?
• Review some of the critical thinking strategies discussed on this page. Choose one strategy that makes sense to you. How can you apply this critical thinking technique to your academic work?
• Habits of mind are attitudes and beliefs that influence how you approach the world (inquiring attitude, open mind, respect for truth, etc.). What is one habit of mind you would like to actively develop over the next year? How will you develop a daily practice to cultivate this habit?

Cultivate Critical Habits of Mind

Earlier in this text we discussed, “habits of mind,” the personal commitments, values, and standards people have about the principle of good thinking. Consider your intellectual commitments, values, and standards. Do you approach problems with an open mind, a respect for truth, and an inquiring attitude? Some good habits to have when thinking critically are being receptive to having your opinions changed, having respect for others, being independent and not accepting something is true until you’ve had the time to examine the available evidence. Other important habits of mind include being fair-minded, having respect for a reason, having an inquiring mind, not making assumptions, and always, especially, questioning your own conclusions. In their quest towards developing an intellectual work ethic, critical thinkers constantly try to work these qualities into their daily lives.

 problem-solving with critical thinking

Below are some examples of using critical thinking to problem-solve. Can you think of additional action steps to apply to the following situations? You may want to look back to Chapter 2 “Defining Goals” to utilize the five step problem solving strategy described there.

• Your roommate was upset and said some unkind words to you, which has put a crimp in the relationship. You try to see through the angry behaviors to determine how you might best support your roommate and help bring the relationship back to a comfortable spot.
• Your campus club has been languishing on account of lack of participation and funds. The new club president, though, is a marketing major and has identified some strategies to interest students in joining and supporting the club. Implementation is forthcoming.
• Your final art class project challenges you to conceptualize form in new ways. On the last day of class when students present their projects, you describe the techniques you used to fulfill the assignment. You explain why and how you selected that approach.
• Your math teacher sees that the class is not quite grasping a concept. She uses clever questioning to dispel anxiety and guide you to new understanding of the concept.
• You have a job interview for a position that you feel you are only partially qualified for, although you really want the job and you are excited about the prospects. You analyze how you will explain your skills and experiences in a way to show that you are a good match for the prospective employer.
• You are doing well in college, and most of your college and living expenses are covered. But there are some gaps between what you want and what you feel you can afford. You analyze your income, savings, and budget to better calculate what you will need to stay in college and maintain your desired level of spending.
• "logike." Wordnik. n.d. Web. 16 Feb 2016. ↵
• "Student Success-Thinking Critically In Class and Online."  Critical Thinking Gateway . St Petersburg College, n.d. Web. 16 Feb 2016. ↵
• Critical Thinking Skills. Authored by : Linda Bruce. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Critical Thinking. Provided by : Critical and Creative Thinking Program. Located at : http://cct.wikispaces.umb.edu/Critical+Thinking . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Thinking Critically. Authored by : UBC Learning Commons. Provided by : The University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus. Located at : http://www.oercommons.org/courses/learning-toolkit-critical-thinking/view . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Critical Thinking 101: Spectrum of Authority. Authored by : UBC Leap. Located at : https://youtu.be/9G5xooMN2_c . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Image of students putting post-its on wall. Authored by : Hector Alejandro. Located at : https://flic.kr/p/7b2Ax2 . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Foundations of Academic Success. Authored by : Thomas C. Priester, editor. Provided by : Open SUNY Textbooks. Located at : http://textbooks.opensuny.org/foundations-of-academic-success/ . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• Image of three students. Authored by : PopTech. Located at : https://flic.kr/p/8tXtQp . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Critical Thinking.wmv. Authored by : Lawrence Bland. Located at : https://youtu.be/WiSklIGUblo . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License

Privacy Policy

Professors say they teach critical thinking. But is that what students are learning?

Suzanne Cooper. " Do we teach critical thinking? A mixed methods study of faculty and student perceptions of teaching and learning critical thinking at three professional schools . February 21, 2024

Faculty Authors

Suzanne Cooper

What’s the issue.

The ability to think critically is an essential skill for professionals, including doctors, government officials, and educators. But are instructors at professional schools teaching it, or do they just think they are? Approaches to teaching and assessing critical thinking skills vary substantially across academic disciplines and are not standardized. And little data exists on how much students are learning—or even whether they know their instructors are trying to teach them critical thinking. 

What does the research say? 

The researchers, including Suzanne Cooper, the Edith M. Stokey Senior Lecturer in Public Policy at HKS, compared instructors’ approaches to teaching critical thinking with students’ perceptions of what they were being taught. They surveyed instructors and conducted focus groups with students at three professional schools (Harvard Medical School, Harvard Kennedy School, and the Harvard Graduate School of Education). 

The researchers found that more than half (54%) of faculty surveyed said they explicitly taught critical thinking in their courses (27% said they did not and 19% were unsure). When the researchers talked to students, however, the consensus was that critical thinking was primarily being taught implicitly. One student said discussions, debates, and case study analyses were viewed as opportunities “for critical thinking to emerge” but that methods and techniques were not a specific focus. The students were also generally unable to recall or define key terms, such as “metacognition” (an understanding of one’s own thought process) and “cognitive biases” (systematic deviations from norms or rationality in which individuals create their own subjective reality). 

Based on their findings, the researchers recommend that faculty should be required to teach critical thinking explicitly and be given specific approaches and definitions that are appropriate to their academic discipline. They also recommend that professional schools consider teaching core critical thinking skills, as well as skills specific to their area of study.   

More from HKS

Developing a rehabilitation program that works for incarcerated people, the link between poor housing conditions and covid-19 infection, parents play a role in leading boys and girls down different paths of study.

Get smart & reliable public policy insights right in your inbox. 

Critical Thinking and Intelligence Analysis: Improving Skills

By Dr. Charles M. Russo   |  06/28/2024

Intelligence analysts must be critical thinkers. They need to be able to synthesize contrasting information received from multiple sources and use that information to anticipate and prevent illicit activities, including terrorism, human trafficking, and organized crime. The entire intelligence process explores various facets of critical thinking and how it toughens the analytical skills of industry professionals.

Analysts must also be strong writers, able to share information both clearly and concisely. Ultimately, intelligence analysts are responsible for presenting data through comprehensive written reports, maps, or charts based on their research, collection, and analysis of intelligence data.

In my years of being an intelligence analyst for the U.S. federal government (civilian and contractor), active-duty military, and reserve, I have seen my share of analysts and their work, good and bad. Throughout my 26-year career, I cannot pretend that I was always a stellar analyst myself.

But as the years went by, I learned a lot and greatly improved my critical thinking and writing skills in regard to the art of intelligence analysis. How did I accomplish that? By adopting a reflective framework and proactively reading, writing, and thinking more.

Such a framework potentially influences the entire Intelligence Community by ensuring that analysts can effectively communicate their findings, positively influencing decision-making processes and operational outcomes. When analysts adopt a reflective framework, they not only improve their ability to analyze information, but also enhance their capacity to create intelligence products that are clear, concise, and actionable.

Improving Your Critical Thinking

When intelligence failures happen, the failures are often blamed on the lack of imagination by the analysts, as in the  9/11 Commission Report . The importance of critical thinking within the context of intelligence analysis has been heard again and again from:

• The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
• The U.S. Intelligence Community
• Many professional schools, such as the National Defense Intelligence College, National Intelligence University, Central Intelligence Agency University, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation Academy

The first thing analysts need to do to improve their critical thinking skills is to spend time thinking about how they think. Improving critical thinking skills requires one to be self-directed, self-monitored, self-disciplined, and self-corrective.

Practitioners must be mindful of commanding their thinking and adopting a critical thinking stand. Humans have biases, assumptions, and preconceptions that often distort the quality of thought. If the analyst understands what critical thinking is and how to think critically, their ability to process information should naturally and ultimately lead to improved analysis.

Like anything, improving how you think takes practice. Analysts should exercise their minds by reading and talking about what they’re learning.

There are a plethora of books, articles, and tips to help you improve your analytical thinking skills and to add structured reasoning to your repertoire. The majority of articles encourage active reading and playing brain games as a practical and fun way to improve cognitive functionality and intuitive thinking. Spending just 15 minutes a day on such activities has been shown to boost brain power.

Reading and comprehending materials meant specifically for those in the intelligence field will further advance your critical thinking skills. Here’s a list of resources to help an analyst improve critical thinking and analysis skills:

• Psychology of Intelligence Analysis
• A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis
• Thinking and Writing: Cognitive Science and Intelligence Analysis
• Critical Thinking and Intelligence Analysis
• How We Know What Isn’t So
• Critical Thinking about Research: Psychology and Related Fields
• Analyzing Intelligence: Origins, Obstacles, and Innovations by Roger Z. George
• An Introduction to Intelligence Research and Analysis by Jerome Clauser
• Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis by Henry W. Prunckun
• Structured Analytic Techniques for Intelligence Analysis

Ways to Improve Your Writing

In addition to critical thinking, it is vital for analysts to be effective writers. Being able to write well is something that can be taught and often improves with time and experience.

Author and historian David McCullough once stated: “Writing is thinking. To write well is to think clearly. That’s why it’s so hard.” That’s why critical thinking skills are so important and directly contributes to strong analytic writing skills.

Analytical writing is used to synthesize and interpret information, not to describe. An analyst renders what is complex and makes it simple to show relationships between pieces of information.

Since the analyst’s mission is to read, weigh, and assess fragmented information to determine its meaning, the analyst has to look for the “big picture.” The analyst has to be able to draw conclusions that are greater than the data they are based on.

Follow BLUF

When writing, an analyst should present conclusions first, also known as the “Bottom Line Up Front” (BLUF). Leading with an assessment and proceeding with supporting information allows a reader to immediately know the message.

Writing must exemplify clarity and brevity. An analyst writes primarily in an expository style, which requires the use of precise words and simple language. It cannot be stressed enough that when writing an intelligence document, the analyst must focus on clarity and structure.

A successful intelligence product is one that conveys the same message to all who read it. To ensure this, the analyst must write clearly and concisely in a way that is simple, yet succinct, so that any reader cannot misunderstand the message. Analysts should always be working to enhance their writing skills to improve clarity, brevity, precision, and structure.

Know Your Audience

Part of writing well is knowing your readers and what they need. As an analyst, you should be asking two questions:

• What is the message you are conveying?

Your audience is looking for insight into situations, and your judgments will help them make decisions. While you’re writing, visualize the client and pretend like you’re speaking directly to them. Play devil’s advocate and try to anticipate the questions readers may ask about your work.

Edit, Edit, Edit

Few analysts get it right on the first draft. Each analyst should take time to edit and further develop their intelligence products.

Too many times, individuals want to write something and immediately push it further up the chain without review. Unless there’s a strict timeline, this practice is often unwise.

Analysts must take the time to read, review, and revise their work. Proofread, check for grammar and punctuation, evaluate if your language can be more direct and simple, and continuously revise your writing to improve its clarity.

Read It Out Loud

It helps to read your work out loud to hear how it sounds. This practice can help you catch problems with sentence structure or word usage. While this suggestion may seem very basic, it is one often- overlooked way to improve your writing.

Ask Others to Review

Turn to others for insight about your writing by asking for feedback and suggestions. It’s often very beneficial to have a fresh set of eyes on an intelligence product since the author tends to become so engrossed in the material. When someone provides feedback, take the time to evaluate their suggestions or corrections so you can learn from it and avoid those mistakes in the future.

Enroll in Writing or Academic Courses

Look for opportunities to write more. If you’re pursuing a degree, get feedback from your professors on your papers. Many agencies within the U.S. Intelligence Community also offer writing courses.

For instance, the National Intelligence University and the Naval Postgraduate School offers writing courses to their students. In addition, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence offers  Analytic Tradecraft Standards  (ODNI Intel Community Directive 203), which provides a common foundation for developing analytic skills.

Analysts should check with each agency within the U.S. Intelligence Community from time to time to see if new writing courses are being offered.

Other Resources to Improve Your Writing

One of the most authoritative books to help both the aspiring analyst and the seasoned veteran improve their writing is James S. Major’s “ Communicating with Intelligence: Writing and Briefing in the Intelligence and National Security Communities .” What makes this book significant is Major's inclusion of practical exercises to reinforce his key points at the end of each chapter.

This book focuses on “writing with intelligence.” It covers the value of reading intelligence publications, the basic tools of writing, critical drafting and polishing processes, and techniques for reviewing analytical papers.

The book also focuses on briefing techniques. It lays out the elements of a good briefing and the manner in which it should be delivered.

Other features included in the book are a glossary for writers, a briefing checklist, a sample briefing, and a self-evaluation form. This book should be in every intelligence analyst’s repertoire of intelligence literature for how to become a better analytic writer and briefer.

Becoming a better thinker and writer takes time, experience, and practice. Every analyst must be self-motivated to improve these skills to produce stronger, more thorough intelligence products.

Intelligence Studies Degrees at American Military University

American Military University (AMU) offers both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in intelligence studies. These programs are tailored for adult learners who plan to pursue job opportunities in the intelligence, national security, and corporate sectors or who are industry professionals seeking to upskill their knowledge and abilities.

With an online format and monthly course starts, these programs offer the flexibility needed for students balancing other commitments. The faculty comprises experienced professionals from the U.S. intelligence community and military, bringing real-world expertise to the curriculum.

Bachelor of Arts in Intelligence Studies

The objectives of AMU’s online bachelor's degree in intelligence studies include developing a thorough understanding of the entire intelligence analysis process, counterintelligence, and ethical considerations. Students will have the opportunity to research intelligence practices, integrate various intelligence disciplines, and evaluate intelligence activities within legal and ethical frameworks.

Master of Arts in Intelligence Studies

The online master's degree in intelligence studies at AMU offers a more advanced education in strategic intelligence, emphasizing analysis, collection, and operations shaped by defense sector experts. Students will have the chance to explore counterintelligence, international relations, and homeland security.

In addition, students will potentially learn to analyze the Intelligence Community's evolution, understand the intelligence cycle, investigate data sources, and assess security threats. They will examine national intelligence structures, study planning, collection, and analysis methods, and evaluate security threats.

For more details, visit our program page.

Dr. Charles M. Russo is an instructor in the School of Security and Global Studies at American Public University. He possesses a PhD in Public Safety Leadership from Capella University and an MA in Intelligence Studies from American Public University. Charles served in the US Navy for 17 years as an Intelligence Specialist and has taught Criminal Justice, Homeland Security and Intelligence at American Public University, Colorado Technical University and several other state universities. He is a retired US Intelligence Community Intelligence Analyst after serving over 26 years, which included the US Navy, US Air Force, Defense Intelligence Agency, Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He is the CEO of  Intelligence Career Services , a provider of mentoring and assisting individuals looking to become active in the IC. He is also a consultant supporting intelligence, law enforcement and emergency response training and education efforts across state and local government. He currently lives and works in Carson City, Nevada. To reach him, email  [email protected] .

• Call: 877-755-2787
• Email: [email protected]
• Chat: Live Chat

• February 12, 2024

The Vital Role of Critical Thinking in Knowledge Acquisition

In the ever-evolving landscape of education and professional development, the ability to sift through vast amounts of information and distil it into actionable knowledge is more critical than ever. At the heart of this transformation lies a skill often heralded yet not deeply explored: critical thinking.

It’s a term frequently mentioned in academic and professional circles, but what does it truly entail, and more importantly, why is it indispensable in our journey from gathering information to acquiring knowledge? 

Critical thinking is not just a supplementary skill; it’s the linchpin that converts raw data and facts into meaningful understanding and insight. It’s the process of actively analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information gathered from observation, experience, reflection, or communication.

In an age where information is ubiquitous, the ability to critically examine this information and apply reasoned judgment is what distinguishes mere data holders from true knowledge seekers. 

This ability to think critically does not merely enhance knowledge acquisition; it fundamentally reshapes it. Instead of passively receiving information, critical thinkers engage actively with content, questioning assumptions, seeking evidence, and drawing connections. This dynamic interaction with information is what transforms it into knowledge – a process far more profound than simple memorization or passive consumption. 

Thus, the main argument of this discussion is clear: critical thinking is not just an adjunct but a central component of effective knowledge acquisition. It’s the bridge between having access to information and being able to understand, interpret, and apply that information effectively in various contexts – a skill crucial not only for academic success but also for navigating the complexities of today’s professional environments. 

In the following sections, we will delve deeper into the mechanics of critical thinking, explore its role in the process of learning, and provide practical insights on how to cultivate this essential skill, thus empowering our journey from information-rich environments to knowledge-empowered landscapes. 

Understanding Critical Thinking  

At its core, critical thinking is a disciplined process of thought that enhances our ability to interpret, analyze, and evaluate information and situations.

It’s a multifaceted skill, encompassing several key elements that are essential in various aspects of life, especially in the realm of knowledge acquisition. 

Definition and Key Elements  

Critical thinking involves a range of cognitive skills and dispositions.

Here are some of the pivotal elements: 

• Analysis : This involves breaking down complex pieces of information or problems into smaller, more manageable parts to understand them better.   
• Evaluation : Critical thinkers assess the credibility and logical strength of evidence, arguments, and claims. They discern bias, identify inconsistencies, and evaluate the validity of sources and content.   
• Inference : The ability to draw reasoned conclusions from the information at hand is a crucial aspect of critical thinking. It involves seeing beyond the obvious and making connections between seemingly unrelated pieces of information.   
• Problem-Solving : This skill is about using critical analysis, creative thinking, and logical reasoning to find solutions to complex problems. It’s about thinking beyond the standard approaches and considering a range of potential solutions.   
• Reflection : Critical thinking involves a degree of self-reflection, questioning one’s own assumptions, beliefs, and values, and considering how these might influence one’s interpretations and judgments. 

The Relationship Between Critical Thinking and Knowledge Acquisition

The relationship between critical thinking and knowledge acquisition is profound and integral.

Here’s how these skills contribute to effective knowledge acquisition: 

• Enhanced Comprehension : By analysing and breaking down information, critical thinkers gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter, moving beyond surface-level comprehension to a more nuanced grasp. 
• Effective Application : Evaluation and inference skills allow individuals to apply information in new and diverse contexts. Knowledge isn’t just about storing information; it’s about using it effectively to make decisions, solve problems, and generate new ideas. 
• Informed Decision-Making : Through critical evaluation, individuals can make well-informed decisions, discerning the most relevant and accurate information amidst a sea of data.
•   Continuous Learning : The reflective aspect of critical thinking fosters a mindset of continuous learning . Critical thinkers are always questioning, always learning, and perpetually refining their understanding of the world around them. 

In summary, critical thinking is not just a supplementary skill but a cornerstone in the process of transforming information into meaningful and applicable knowledge.

It is through these critical lenses that we not only view and interpret the world but also contribute to it with informed insights and innovative solutions. 

Chris Hutchinson

Share this post, more to explore.

Claned has been chosen one of the top edtech companies in the world

A fresh new look for the front page!

10 Effective Workplace Training Strategies to Boost Employee Performance

Read more news & insights, take a step towards delivering better online learning with claned.

Claned Group Oy Ab Konepajankuja 1 00510 Helsinki sales@claned.com

Business ID: 2422442-0

• Claned Platform
• Learning Design
• Learning Analytics
• Product Training
• HR Training
• Mandatory Training
• Training Companies
• Lessons On Learning
• Learning Clan Podcast
• Claned Academy

Register Description | Cookies & Personal Data | Privacy Policy | Terms  and Conditions

© 2023 Claned. All rights reserved.

More From Forbes

Seven critical thinking tactics high-performing leaders use to make informed decisions.

• Share to Facebook
• Share to Twitter
• Share to Linkedin

3x Best Selling Author, Executive Coach, Keynote Speaker, Podcast Host — focused on people, performance and potential  www.debrakasowski.com

Critical thinking is a skill that must be developed in leaders, particularly for leaders who might be lacking in this area. Critical thinking allows leaders at every level to evaluate their decision-making and how these decisions ultimately impact results.

What made a leader successful in the past is often not what will make them successful in the future. At each level, a leader must think like a leader at the next level above them to better understand the impact on the systems and people involved in their decisions. As leaders grow within the organization, they become more acutely aware of their priorities, available resources, and how they need to be accountable for their decisions. High performing leaders tend to be tactical in their approach.

Be open-minded and stay curious.  

High-performing leaders know they need to critically think through situations and draw on past experiences. However, do not let past experiences be the sole viewpoint from which you make decisions. Seasoned leaders know that the past is the past for a reason. You can pull valuable data and observations from what worked and what did not work in the past. 

Leaders ask questions. They know there has been progress in their company — new employees who bring their own diverse experiences, talent, skills and abilities into the workplace. New technology can also be incorporated to better manage processes and create new solutions. Success leaves clues. What information do you need to gather to be informed? What are you not seeing?

Best Travel Insurance Companies

Best covid-19 travel insurance plans.

Be an observer and listen carefully.  

Whenever possible, a leader should walk amongst their people and see them in action. Connect with individual team members regularly as well as together. Observe their interactions and listen to their questions, concerns and challenges. Challenges provide valuable information about what can be improved. A deeper exploration of the situations employees bring to your attention can result in a big win for your company.

Reflect on learning.  

Exceptional leaders reflect on their experiences and interactions with others. With every new experience, take time to reflect and journal out what was successful, what needs to be improved and what was learned. You can accept feedback that serves you and see how best to integrate it into your practice. Do not be afraid to ask your peers, colleagues or clients for feedback.

As an emerging leader, you may feel pressured to keep implementing without reflecting on your results. With every action made, the two questions that should be asked are: Is the step I am taking aligned with getting the results I want? And did the action I took get the results expected? If not, why? The next step is revealed by answering these questions.

Assimilate new knowledge and experiences.  

As you are exposed to new knowledge and experiences, you need to analyze, evaluate and reason with how this new information can be applied and integrated into what you already know. Dig deeper in your research by collecting facts, figures and statistics to inform your decisions and actions. Every advanced level a leader steps into comes with its own challenges. You may find you now need to adapt or flex to a new situation. What got you here does not always get you there!

Start conversations with others to gain a different perspective.  

For a new leader, it can be affirming and validating to have people agree with their ideas and actions. It can also be limiting to their growth as a leader. Although the old adage suggests you surround yourself with like-minded people, you may want to consider surrounding yourself with people who think and act differently than you. 

When you share stories and engage in conversations with others who have different perspectives, you may discover ways to collaborate, create, or innovate. How do you know you are "right?" You can almost always find the rationale to support your viewpoint. However, your viewpoint may not offer the whole picture of a situation.  

Brainstorm solution-focused ideas.  

You may want to interview or ask others for input on their experience with a similar situation. Share a case study or a scenario. Allow others to contribute to breaking down complex concepts into more manageable pieces. Team members can share the approaches and open the discussion to discovering new ideas otherwise not thought of before. 

The question is not, "How can we approach this?” The questions that will ignite discussion are, "What can we do?" and "What is possible?"

Evaluate the opinions, judgments and decisions of others.  

Many people like to offer their opinions and judgments about what your decision should be in any given situation. When you hear them, you will discover people’s beliefs and fears. It is important to discern what is relevant and what is not. 

What is informing or influencing you? Be careful not to be swayed into pleasing others. No matter the decision, you will find people who support it and others who do not. It is valuable to gain insight and other perspectives. At the end of the day, you or your team will have to make an informed decision — one you all feel confident with.

A high-performing leader demonstrates strong critical-thinking skills and is decisive. They know when they need to be tactical in their approach, and do so with informed decision-making and accountability for results. In what ways can you develop your critical thinking and become more tactical to achieve the results you want?

Forbes Coaches Council is an invitation-only community for leading business and career coaches. Do I qualify?

• Editorial Standards
• Reprints & Permissions

Critical thinking definition

Critical thinking, as described by Oxford Languages, is the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgement.

Active and skillful approach, evaluation, assessment, synthesis, and/or evaluation of information obtained from, or made by, observation, knowledge, reflection, acumen or conversation, as a guide to belief and action, requires the critical thinking process, which is why it's often used in education and academics.

Some even may view it as a backbone of modern thought.

However, it's a skill, and skills must be trained and encouraged to be used at its full potential.

People turn up to various approaches in improving their critical thinking, like:

• Developing technical and problem-solving skills
• Engaging in more active listening
• Actively questioning their assumptions and beliefs
• Seeking out more diversity of thought
• Opening up their curiosity in an intellectual way etc.

Is critical thinking useful in writing?

Critical thinking can help in planning your paper and making it more concise, but it's not obvious at first. We carefully pinpointed some the questions you should ask yourself when boosting critical thinking in writing:

• What information should be included?
• Which information resources should the author look to?
• What degree of technical knowledge should the report assume its audience has?
• What is the most effective way to show information?
• How should the report be organized?
• How should it be designed?
• What tone and level of language difficulty should the document have?

Usage of critical thinking comes down not only to the outline of your paper, it also begs the question: How can we use critical thinking solving problems in our writing's topic?

Let's say, you have a Powerpoint on how critical thinking can reduce poverty in the United States. You'll primarily have to define critical thinking for the viewers, as well as use a lot of critical thinking questions and synonyms to get them to be familiar with your methods and start the thinking process behind it.

Are there any services that can help me use more critical thinking?

We understand that it's difficult to learn how to use critical thinking more effectively in just one article, but our service is here to help.

We are a team specializing in writing essays and other assignments for college students and all other types of customers who need a helping hand in its making. We cover a great range of topics, offer perfect quality work, always deliver on time and aim to leave our customers completely satisfied with what they ordered.

The ordering process is fully online, and it goes as follows:

• Select the topic and the deadline of your essay.
• Provide us with any details, requirements, statements that should be emphasized or particular parts of the essay writing process you struggle with.
• Leave the email address, where your completed order will be sent to.
• Select your prefered payment type, sit back and relax!

With lots of experience on the market, professionally degreed essay writers , online 24/7 customer support and incredibly low prices, you won't find a service offering a better deal than ours.

• Open access
• Published: 08 July 2024

Evaluation of cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the critical thinking disposition scale: methodological study

• Hossein Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi 1 , 2 ,
• Kosar Pourhasan 1 ,
• Zahra Rahmaty 3 ,
• Akbar Zare-Kaseb 1 ,
• Abbas Abbaszadeh 2 ,
• Amirreza Rashtbarzadeh 1 &
• Fariba Borhani 2 , 4  

BMC Nursing volume  23 , Article number:  463 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Introduction

Assessing critical thinking disposition is crucial in nursing education to foster analytical skills essential for effective healthcare practice. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale among Iranian nursing students.

A total of 390 nursing students (mean age = 21.74 (2.1) years; 64% female) participated in the study. Face and content validity were established through feedback from nursing students and expert specialists, respectively. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA was used to explore the number of factors and the items that were loading on them. The CFA was used to confirmed the fidnings of the EFA on the same sample. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined, along with reliability through internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

EFA revealed a two-factor structure, comprising “Critical Openness” and “Reflective Skepticism,” explaining 55% of the total variance. CFA confirmed the model’s fit (χ² = 117.37, df = 43, χ²/df = 2.73, p  < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.041). Convergent and discriminant validity were supported, with significant factor loadings ( p  < 0.001) ranging from 0.61 to 0.77. The CTDS exhibited strong internal consistency (α = 0.87) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96).

The validation of the CTDS in Persian language settings provides a reliable tool for assessing critical thinking disposition among Iranian nursing students. The two-factor structure aligns with previous research, reflecting students’ propensity towards critical openness and reflective skepticism. The study’s findings underscore the importance of nurturing critical thinking skills in nursing education.

Peer Review reports

Critical thinking can be seen as the ability to think logically, dynamically, comprehensively and practically when judging a situation to investigate and make appropriate decisions [ 1 , 2 ]. This ability helps to gain insight and examine an idea or concept from different perspectives [ 3 ]. Critical thinking has become an educational ideal, with most policy makers and educationists calling for the development of critical attitudes in students [ 4 ]. Critical thinking has been identified as one of the most important outcomes of higher education courses [ 5 ].

There is increasing evidence showing that critical thinking is considered an important part of preregistered nursing students and registered nurses when they are working in various clinical practice settings [ 6 , 7 ]. Critical thinking is one of the basic skills that prepares nursing students to effectively manage patient problems, make the best clinical decisions, provide safe and high-quality care, and better control critical situations. On the other hand, negative consequences such as depression, failure to solve patient problems, and incomplete clinical reasoning can be consequences of poor critical thinking [ 8 , 9 ].

Critical thinking is expected in nursing program graduates at the international level [ 10 , 11 ]. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and measure the levels of critical thinking of nursing students at different stages and education so that educators can adjust learning activities to ensure the desired results [ 2 , 12 , 13 ]. Educators are the ones who are responsible for and have the opportunity to shape this skill during the years of education and trayning new generations [ 14 ]. Despite the importance of critical thinking in the nursing profession, studies have reported a lack of critical thinking skills among undergraduate students in the field [ 15 , 16 ].

Critical thinking has two main components: critical thinking skills and critical thinking disposition (CTD). The skills component refers to the cognitive processes of thinking, while the disposition component refers to personal desire and internal motivation for critical thinking [ 9 ]. Several studies have highlighted the need for reliable assessment tools for critical thinking, specifically in nursing, rather than in a general context [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].

To our knowledge, and based on our literature review, the CTD is the only specific tool for assessing the tendency to think critically. However, this tool has not been used or validated in the Iranian educational context, population and language. Considering the lack of effective tools for evaluating CTD in undergraduate nursing programs in Iran, the purpose of this study was to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of CTD among nursing students.

Study design

This was a cross-sectional study utilizing cross-cultural adaptation to translate and investigate the validity and reliability of the CTDS for use among Iranian nursing students [ 20 ]. The translated scale underwent examination for reliability and validity tests.

Study population and sampling

Convenience sampling was employed at the School of Nursing, Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. This method involved selecting participants who were readily available and willing to take part in the study. Specifically, the study targeted all undergraduate nursing students, who were invited to participate in the research. Recruitment continued until the desired sample size was achieved. To maintain the integrity of the data, students who submitted incomplete questionnaires were excluded from the analysis. Undergradute studies in Iran normally involve 4 years of education in general nursing, as well as clinical rotations in all hospital units and public health sectors.

There are two general recommendations concerning the minimum sample size necessary for conducting factorial analysis. The first recommendation emphasizes the significance of the absolute number of cases (N), while the second recommendation highlights the importance of the subject-to-variable ratio (p). Guilford suggested that N should be no less than 200 [ 21 ]. Additionally, MacCallum et al. recommended that the subject-to-variable ratio should be at least 5 [ 22 ]. A total of 390 nursing students voluntarily participated in the study.

Measurements

The CTDS, developed by Sosu, is an instrument used to measure the dispositional dimension of critical thinking [ 23 ]. Self-report questionnaires were given to the students. The demographic questionnaire collected included participants’ age, gender, education, and grade point average (GPA). The Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (CTDS) was used to measure the dispositional aspect of critical thinking. This scale comprises 11 items, employing a five-point Likert-type response format (1 = strongly disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = neutral; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree). Total scores range from 11 to 55. The subscores include the first seven items reflecting a level of critical openness with a score ranging from 7 to 35 and the last four items indicating a level of reflective skepticism with a score ranging from 4 to 20. Higher CTDS scores indicate a greater degree of critical thinking [ 23 ].

Translation of the CTD scale

Following correspondence with the instroment developer, Dr. Sosu, and obtaining permission, the scale underwent translation using the standard Backward-Forward method. Initially, the scale was independently and simultaneously translated from English to Persian by two translators proficient in both Farsi and English. In the subsequent phase, these translations were juxtaposed and merged into a unified translation. This facilitated the comparison and identification of discrepancies, which were then rectified based on feedback from a panel of experts, including two psychometric experts and two nursing professors. In the third stage, the resulting Persian version was given to two translators fluent in Persian and English (distinct from those in the initial experts) to translate it back to English, thereby completing the translation of the scale from Persian to English. In the fourth stage, the two English translations were compared, and any disparities were resolved by the experts, culminating in a single translation. Subsequently, the prefinal version was evaluated for content and face validity.

Face validity

Face validity refers to the degree to which a measurement method seems to accurately measure the intended construct [ 24 ]. In a qualitative assessment of face validity, 10 nursing students were asked to evaluate factors such as the clarity of phrases and words, the coherence and relevance of items, the potential for ambiguity, and the necessity of removing or combining items. Additionally, two nursing professors and two psychometric specialists scrutinized the scale to determine whether it indeed appeared to measure its intended construct.

Content validity

Content validity examines the extent to which a collection of scale items aligns with the pertinent content domain of the construct it aims to assess [ 24 ]. The qualitative evaluation of the content validity involved a panel consisting of two nursing professors in the field of nursing education and two statisticians who were experts in psychometric topics. Their input on item placement, word selection, grammar adherence, and scoring accuracy of the scale and its instructions were solicited, with their feedback serving as the foundation for any required adjustments.

Construct validity

Exploratory factor analysis.

To explore the number of existing subscales and potential factors, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. The scree plot and parallel analysis suggested the number of existing factors. The scree plot displays the eigenvalues of each factor extracted from the data in descending order. The number of factors was retained by examining the slope of the curve. A sharply decreasing slope indicates the optimal number of factors that capture the most variance in the data.

Confirmatory factor analysis

To confirm the findings of the EFA, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using MPLUS to confirm the 2-factor structure identified with the items loaded on each factor in the EFA. Model fit indices, including Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the standardized residual root mean squared error (SRMR) of approximation and the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), with cutoff points of > 0.95, < 0.08 and < 0.06, respectively, were used [ 25 ]. Factor loadings were reported using standardized beta coefficients to evaluate the strength of the relationships between items and factors, and a p value of 0.05 was considered a significant factor loading.

Convergent and discriminant validity

The mean scores for Critical Openness and Reflective Skepticism were computed. Convergent and Discriminant Validity was checked for correlations between students’ GPA as an indicator of academic achievement and the scores of the subscales of the CTDS.

• Reliability

To assess reliability, internal consistency was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculations for the total score and subscores. To assess the consistency of the test-retest approach over a two-week period, a group of 40 individuals from the target demographic underwent examination. Their scores from both sessions were analyzed to determine test-retest reliability, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated.

Ethical considerations

The current study underwent assessment and received approval from the Research Ethics Committee at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Ethical code: IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1403.013). Permissions were duly acquired from the pertinent authorities at the research sites as well as the developer of the original scale. Nursing students were provided with comprehensive information regarding the study’s objectives, their right to withdraw from participation, and the confidentiality of their data. Informed consent was obtained from all participating students. All procedures adhered strictly to the appropriate guidelines and regulations.

Data analysis

Descriptive statistics, including the mean, standard deviation, median, range, and frequency, were used to describe the population and their critical thinking scores. Analysis of demographic characteristics, EFA, and reliability tests were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 27). CFA was performed using MPLUS (Program Copyright © 1998–2017 Muthén & Muthén Version 8) software.

Characteristics of the participants

A total of 390 participants (mean age = 21.74 (2.1) years; 64% female) completed the questionnaire.

Face validity and content validity

Face validity was established through the feedback of 10 nursing students, while content validity was assessed by four expert specialists. No alterations were made to the items in terms of their simplicity and clarity during the evaluation of both face and content validity.

The scree plot and parallel analysis suggested a two-factor solution (Fig.  1 ), which accounted for 55% of the total variance in the scores (Table  1 ). Factor loadings revealed a clear factor structure, with items loading on two factors. The rotated factor loadings are presented in Table  2 . The items clustered together on two distinct factors, with no cross-loadings observed.

Scree Plot of the Persian version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale

The two factors were interpreted as follows: Factor 1, labeled “Critical Openness,” comprised items related to the level of critical openness; Factor 2, labeled “Reflective skepticism” included items reflecting the level of reflective skepticism. These factors align well with previously established dimensions.

CFA confirmed the model including the two factors with their respective indicators based on the EFA results. The CFA model demonstrated acceptable fit to the data: χ² (55) = 1500.38, p  < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.93, SRMR = 0.041. Although the chi-square test was significant, other fit indices indicated a reasonably good fit to the data.

The standardized factor loadings ranged from 0.61 to 0.77, Fig.  2 , all of which were statistically significant ( p  < 0.001) (Table  3 ). These loadings provided further support for the factor structure identified in the EFA.

Factor structure of the Persian version of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale

Convergent and discriminant validity were examined by determining factor scores based on item allocation. The analysis revealed a sample mean of 28.65 (SD = 2.7) for the Critical Openness factor and a mean of 16.8 (SD = 1.8) for Reflective Skepticism. A weak yet statistically significant correlation was observed between students’ GPA and their level of critical openness ( r  = 0.15, p  = 0.003), indicating a slight association between academic performance and this aspect of cognitive disposition.

The reliability of the CTDS-P was assessed through rigorous statistical analysis. Internal consistency was robust, as indicated by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.87 for the overall scale, demonstrating the coherence of the items within the measure. Subscale analysis revealed strong reliability, with values of 0.83 for critical openness and 0.80 for reflective skepticism, indicating the consistency of responses across different dimensions of the construct. Additionally, the scale exhibited excellent test-retest reliability, as evidenced by an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.96, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.93 to 0.98, suggesting high stability and consistency of the scores over time.

The CTDS has undergone translation and cross-validation in different populations across the USA [ 26 ], Norway [ 27 ], Brazil [ 28 ], Spain [ 29 ], Turkey [ 30 ], and Vietnam [ 31 ]. The reliability and validity of this scale have been demonstrated in studies conducted among high school students [ 29 ] and university students [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 ]. The CTDS was first introduced as a tool to measure critical thinking disposition in undergraduate and postgraduate students [ 4 ].

This study used comprehensive reliability and validity tests to validate the CTDS in the Persian language and in Iranian nursing student participation. This study revealed the existence of two factors, critical openness and reflective skepticism. These factors align well with previously established studies [ 4 , 27 , 30 , 31 ]. Conversely, Spanish, Brazilian, and US versions demonstrated that the one-factor model fit better for their population [ 26 , 28 , 29 ].

In the face validity and content validity tests, neither the simplicity nor the clarity of the items were altered. The validity of the content was done qualitatively. Similar to previous quantitatively measured studies, our study has also confirmed the validity of the content [ 28 , 31 ].

The internal consistency of the CTDS demonstrated the coherence of the items within the measure. Several studies have reported similar internal consistency values for the CTDS, with Cronbach’s alpha measuring 0.88 according to Nguyen et al. 2023. Sosu et al. 2013, Akin et al. 2015, Yockey 2016, Bravo et al. 2020, and Gerdts-Andresen et al. 2022 also reported values of 0.79, 0.78, 0.79, 0.77, and 0.76, respectively. It is widely recognized that a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.70 or higher is acceptable [ 32 ]. Consequently, the CTDS has exhibited strong internal consistency across diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. In addition, the scale exhibited excellent test-retest reliability, thereby indicating a high level of stability and consistency in scores across time. Additionally, our study demonstrated an outstanding ICC [ 33 , 34 ].

There are several limitations to this study. Initially, the self-assessment survey may have been prone to social desirability bias, leading to potential overestimation of reported measures. To mitigate bias, this study utilized an anonymous survey. Moreover, the study used a cross-sectional design, which prevented the establishment of prospective predictive validity.

To conclude, our investigation establishes the CTDS as a reliable and valid tool for evaluating critical thinking disposition among Iranian nursing students. With its two-factor structure of “Critical Openness” and “Reflective Skepticism,” the scale offers valuable insights into cognitive disposition. Its robust psychometric properties underscore its potential for enhancing critical thinking skills in healthcare education and practice. Further research avenues may explore its nuanced applications in fostering analytical reasoning and problem-solving abilities.

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the necessity to ensure participant confdentiality policies and laws of the country but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Susiani TS, Salimi M, Hidayah R, editors. Research based learning (RBL): How to improve critical thinking skills? SHS Web of Conferences; 2018: EDP Sciences.

Nes AAG, Riegel F, Martini JG, Zlamal J, Bresolin P, Mohallem AGC, et al. Brazilian undergraduate nursing students’ critical thinking need to be increased: a cross-sectional study. Revista brasileira de enfermagem. 2022;76:e20220315.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Wang Y, Nakamura T, Sanefuji W. The influence of parental rearing styles on university students’ critical thinking dispositions: the mediating role of self-esteem. Think Skills Creativity. 2020;37:100679.

Article   Google Scholar  

Sosu EM. The development and psychometric validation of a critical thinking Disposition Scale. Think Skills Creativity. 2013;9:107–19.

Hart C, Da Costa C, D’Souza D, Kimpton A, Ljbusic J. Exploring higher education students’ critical thinking skills through content analysis. Think Skills Creativity. 2021;41:100877.

Zhang C, Fan H, Xia J, Guo H, Jiang X, Yan Y. The effects of reflective training on the disposition of critical thinking for nursing students in China: a controlled trial. Asian Nurs Res. 2017;11(3):194–200.

Organization WH. Global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives. World Health Organization; 2009.

Organization WH. State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. 2020.

Dehghanzadeh S, Jafaraghaee F. Comparing the effects of traditional lecture and flipped classroom on nursing students’ critical thinking disposition: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;71:151–6.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Kermansaravi F, Navidian A, Kaykhaei A. Critical thinking dispositions among junior, senior and graduate nursing students in Iran. Procedia-Social Behav Sci. 2013;83:574–9.

Carvalho DPSRP, Vitor AF, Cogo ALP, Bittencourt GKGD, Santos VEP, Ferreira Júnior MA. Measurement of general critical thinking in undergraduate nursing students: experimental study. Texto Contexto-Enfermagem. 2019;29:e20180229.

Swing VK. Early identification of transformation in the proficiency level of critical thinking skills (CTS) for the first semester associate degree nursing (ADN) student. Capella University; 2014.

Dembitsky SL. Creating capable graduate nurses: a study of congruence of objectives and assessments of critical thinking in a southeastern state. Capella University; 2010.

López M, Jiménez JM, Martín-Gil B, Fernández-Castro M, Cao MJ, Frutos M, et al. The impact of an educational intervention on nursing students’ critical thinking skills: a quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;85:104305.

Wong SHV, Kowitlawakul Y. Exploring perceptions and barriers in developing critical thinking and clinical reasoning of nursing students: a qualitative study. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;95:104600.

Azizi-Fini I, Hajibagheri A, Adib-Hajbaghery M. Critical thinking skills in nursing students: a comparison between freshmen and senior students. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015;4(1).

Carter AG, Creedy DK, Sidebotham M. Measuring critical thinking in pre-registration midwifery students: a multi-method approach. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;61:169–74.

Scheffer BK, Rubenfeld MG. A consensus statement on critical thinking in nursing. SLACK Incorporated Thorofare, NJ; 2000. pp. 352–9.

Paul SA. Assessment of critical thinking: a Delphi study. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(11):1357–60.

Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186–91.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Guilford JP. Psychometric methods. 1954.

Zhang S, Hong S. Sample size in factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1999;4(1):84–99.

Sosu E. The development and psychometric validation of a critical thinking disposition scale. Think Skills Creativity. 2013;9:107–19.

Wellington J, Szczerbinski M. Research methods for the social sciences. A&C Black; 2007.

Hancock G, Mueller R. Stractural equation modeling a second cource (second edi) information age publishing. 2020.

Yockey RD. Validation study of the critical thinking dispositions scale: a brief report. North Am J Psychol. 2016;18(1).

Gerdts-Andresen T, Hansen MT, Grøndahl VA. Educational Effectiveness: validation of an instrument to measure students’ critical thinking and Disposition. Int J Instruction. 2022;15(1):685–700.

Luiz FS, Leite ICG, Carvalho PHBd, Püschel VAA, Braga LM, Dutra HS, et al. Validity evidence of the critical thinking Disposition Scale, Brazilian version. Acta Paulista De Enfermagem. 2021;34:eAPE00413.

Bravo MJ, Galiana L, Rodrigo MF, Navarro-Perez JJ, Oliver A. An adaptation of the critical thinking disposition scale in Spanish youth. Think Skills Creativity. 2020;38:100748.

Akın A, Hamedoglu MA, Arslan S, Akın Ü, Çelik E, Kaya Ç, et al. The adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the critical thinking Disposition Scale (CTDS). Int J Educational Researchers. 2015;6(1):31–5.

Google Scholar  

Nguyen TV, Kuo CL, Wang CY, Le NT, Nguyen MTT, Chuang YH. Assessment of the psychometric properties of the Vietnamese version of the critical thinking Disposition Scale. Nurse Educ Today. 2023;127:105848.

Ursachi G, Horodnic IA, Zait A. How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Econ Finance. 2015;20:679–86.

Weir JP. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. J Strength Conditioning Res. 2005;19(1):231–40.

Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155–63.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the nursing student who participated in this study.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not for profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Hossein Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi, Kosar Pourhasan, Akbar Zare-Kaseb & Amirreza Rashtbarzadeh

Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Hossein Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi, Abbas Abbaszadeh & Fariba Borhani

Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, Department of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Zahra Rahmaty

School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Fariba Borhani

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

HBD, and FB, was involved in the conception and organization of the study. KP, AZK, and AR were involved in the execution and data collection of the study; ZR and AA participated in statistical analysis design and/or execution. KP, HBD and AZK, prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the preparation, critical review and all of them approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fariba Borhani .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate, consent for publication.

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi, H., Pourhasan, K., Rahmaty, Z. et al. Evaluation of cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the critical thinking disposition scale: methodological study. BMC Nurs 23 , 463 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02129-y

Download citation

Received : 14 May 2024

Accepted : 27 June 2024

Published : 08 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02129-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Critical thinking
• Nursing student
• Psychometric properties

BMC Nursing

ISSN: 1472-6955

• General enquiries: [email protected]

Log in using your username and password

• Search More Search for this keyword Advanced search
• Latest content
• Current issue
• Topic Collection
• BMJ Journals

You are here

• Online First
• Improvisation versus protocol: navigating the benefits and pitfalls of leadership jazz in healthcare settings
• Article Text
• Article info
• Citation Tools
• Rapid Responses
• Article metrics

• http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4984-307X Maximilian Kalyuzhnov 1 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-1329 Olena Khlystova 2 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0850-9744 Benjamin Laker 2
• 1 St Joseph’s College , Reading , UK
• 2 Henley Business School , University of Reading , Reading , UK
• Correspondence to Professor Benjamin Laker, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK; benjamin.laker{at}henley.ac.uk

https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2024-001016

Statistics from Altmetric.com

Request permissions.

If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

• health system

In the intricate and ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, leadership is crucial in steering organisations through the myriad of challenges the sector presents. Traditional leadership models, characterised by their rigidity, often prove inadequate in the face of the healthcare sector’s inherent unpredictability. 1 This unpredictability necessitates a departure from conventional leadership strategies, underscoring the importance of adopting a more versatile and dynamic approach to leadership. Enter the concept of leadership jazz, an approach inspired by jazz music’s foundational principles, which offers a novel paradigm for leadership and decision-making within healthcare. 2

This paradigm champions adaptability and responsiveness, advocating for a leadership style that is as fluid and improvisational as jazz itself. Leadership jazz is not merely about being flexible; it embodies a holistic approach to decision-making, one that harmonises with the complexities and nuances of healthcare management. This approach ensures decisions are made in a manner that is both timely and reflective of the sector’s dynamic nature. 3

In this context, the profound impact of music on the brain offers further insight. Neuroscientific studies reveal that engaging with music, especially in the context of improvisation as seen in jazz, activates multiple brain areas. This includes those responsible for emotional processing, motor functions and creative thinking. The brain’s remarkable ability to synchronise its activity with music, adapting to rhythm and melody, mirrors the adaptive qualities essential in leadership. Just as a jazz musician’s brain seamlessly integrates sensory information and past experiences to create spontaneous musical expressions, effective leaders in healthcare must similarly process multifaceted information and adapt to dynamic scenarios. This neural adaptability, fostered through musical engagement, serves as a metaphor for the cognitive flexibility and creative problem-solving skills critical in healthcare leadership. Thus, music not only enriches our cultural and emotional lives but also exemplifies the cognitive agility required in complex …

X @DrBenLaker

Contributors MK, OK and BL contributed equally to this work. All authors were involved in the conception and design of the commentary. MK led the drafting of the manuscript with significant contributions from OK and BL in the development of the core ideas and the integration of neuroscientific insights. All authors critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, contributed to the discussion on the implications of leadership jazz for healthcare management and approved the final version to be published. They also share responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work presented.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests MK, OK, and BL declare that they have no competing interests related to this manuscript. Their main goal is to provide impartial and comprehensive information on the topic, without any financial or non-financial conflicts that might impact the interpretation or presentation of the research findings. The authors have no affiliations or financial associations with any organisations or entities that have a direct or indirect interest in the subject matter discussed. Their sole commitment is to deliver accurate and pertinent information for the benefit of the readers and the wider healthcare community.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Read the full text or download the PDF: