The Scientific Method Lesson Plan: Developing Hypotheses
Submitted by: charlie conway.
This is a lesson plan designed to be incorporated into a elementary or middle school general science class. Using BrainPOP and its resources, students will be introduced (or further exposed) to the steps necessary to undertake scientific experimentation leading (perhaps) to a Science Fair project. The Scientific Method is a core structure in learning about scientific inquiry, and although there are many variations of this set of procedures, they all usually have similar components. This lesson should take 45-60 minutes, with opportunities for extending the lesson further.
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Students will:
- Students will use BrainPOP features to build their understandings of the Scientific Method.
- Students will learn how to identify and write effective hypotheses.
- Students will use game play to write an appropriate hypothesis for an experiment.
- Students will identify and utilize the tools necessary to design a scientific investigation.
- Laptops/Computers
- Interactive White Board
- Pencil/Paper
- Class set of photocopies of the Scientific Method Flow Chart
- BrainPOP accounts (optional)
Vocabulary:
Preparation:.
These procedures may be modified according to the needs/resources of each teacher & class. For example, you may decide to do the quiz with pencil/paper, or do the quiz as a class.
Lesson Procedure:
- Ask the students how scientists answer questions and solve problems. Take a few minutes to explore students' prior knowledge with a short discussion.
- Tell the class that you're going to watch a BrainPOP movie about answering a scientific question about plant growth.
- Show the BrainPOP movie on the Scientific Method two times. The first time, students should just watch and listen. The second time they should take notes. Pause the movie at critical STOP points.
- Students should log on to their individual student accounts and take the Scientific Method Quiz to give the teacher some immediate feedback. (This can also be done as a pre-assessment, or at the very end of the lesson). NOTE: If you choose to, you can give a pencil/paper quiz also; students who work best with electronic media can be given accommodations). If you don't have access to individual student logins via MyBrainPOP (a school subscription), students can take the Review Quiz or paper quiz instead.
- Discuss the main points from the movie: a. Write the definition of the scientific method: the procedure scientists use to help explain why things happen. b. Make a list on the board of the steps mentioned as part of the scientific method: problem, fact finding, observation, inference, hypothesis, experiment, conclusions. c. Tell students that there are various versions of the scientific method that they may see, but they are all basically the same.
- Hand out the Scientific Method Flow Chart . Introduce the "If...then...because..." format for writing hypotheses. Give the students 10 minutes to complete the sheet with their group. They may use their notes from the movie to help them, and/or work collaboratively with other students.
- Discuss some of the student responses in class. Focus on the hypotheses, and explain that a good hypothesis is a testable explanation of the problem. For example, a good hypothesis to the third problem would be, "If I move farther away from the microwave oven, then the cell phone signal will improve because I am further away from the source of interference." Show how this is a TESTABLE hypothesis that can lead to a scientific experiment.
- Introduce the students to the Pavlov’s Dog game in GameUP. Allow time for the kids to explore the game without telling them why they are playing it.
- After 10-15 minutes, have the students take a break from playing, and have a short discussion about the game. Ask if anyone was able to complete the task successfully, and have them share how they got the "diploma." If time allows, show the students how to complete the task so that they all understand that the dog has been conditioned to respond to a stimulus (noise before food has been introduced).
- Have the students write a hypothesis that Pavlov may have written before he started his experiment. Students can either do this with pencil/paper, or the teacher may create a BrainPOP quiz and have students submit their hypothesis electronically. This may be used as a part of the assessment.
- Choose some sample responses from the students, highlighting the hypotheses that are TESTABLE, and not just guesses or predictions.
If this lesson is an introduction to allowing students to plan and carry out their own experiments, then all that follows is naturally an extension to the lesson.
Other, shorter extensions are easy to develop as well.
What is a hypothesis?
No. A hypothesis is sometimes described as an educated guess. That's not the same thing as a guess and not really a good description of a hypothesis either. Let's try working through an example.
If you put an ice cube on a plate and place it on the table, what will happen? A very young child might guess that it will still be there in a couple of hours. Most people would agree with the hypothesis that:
An ice cube will melt in less than 30 minutes.
You could put sit and watch the ice cube melt and think you've proved a hypothesis. But you will have missed some important steps.
For a good science fair project you need to do quite a bit of research before any experimenting. Start by finding some information about how and why water melts. You could read a book, do a bit of Google searching, or even ask an expert. For our example, you could learn about how temperature and air pressure can change the state of water. Don't forget that elevation above sea level changes air pressure too.
Now, using all your research, try to restate that hypothesis.
An ice cube will melt in less than 30 minutes in a room at sea level with a temperature of 20C or 68F.
But wait a minute. What is the ice made from? What if the ice cube was made from salt water, or you sprinkled salt on a regular ice cube? Time for some more research. Would adding salt make a difference? Turns out it does. Would other chemicals change the melting time?
Using this new information, let's try that hypothesis again.
An ice cube made with tap water will melt in less than 30 minutes in a room at sea level with a temperature of 20C or 68F.
Does that seem like an educated guess? No, it sounds like you are stating the obvious.
At this point, it is obvious only because of your research. You haven't actually done the experiment. Now it's time to run the experiment to support the hypothesis.
A hypothesis isn't an educated guess. It is a tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
Once you do the experiment and find out if it supports the hypothesis, it becomes part of scientific theory.
Notes to Parents:
- Every parent must use their own judgment in choosing which activities are safe for their own children. While Science Kids at Home makes every effort to provide activity ideas that are safe and fun for children it is your responsibility to choose the activities that are safe in your own home.
- Science Kids at Home has checked the external web links on this page that we created. We believe these links provide interesting information that is appropriate for kids. However, the internet is a constantly changing place and these links may not work or the external web site may have changed. We also have no control over the "Ads by Google" links, but these should be related to kids science and crafts. You are responsible for supervising your own children. If you ever find a link that you feel is inappropriate, please let us know.
Kids Science Gifts Science Experiments Science Fair Projects Science Topics Creative Kids Blog
Kids Crafts Privacy Policy Copyright © 2016 Science Kids at Home, all rights reserved.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Back Home](https://sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/SNCustomizrLogo.png)
- Science Notes Posts
- Contact Science Notes
- Todd Helmenstine Biography
- Anne Helmenstine Biography
- Free Printable Periodic Tables (PDF and PNG)
- Periodic Table Wallpapers
- Interactive Periodic Table
- Periodic Table Posters
- Science Experiments for Kids
- How to Grow Crystals
- Chemistry Projects
- Fire and Flames Projects
- Holiday Science
- Chemistry Problems With Answers
- Physics Problems
- Unit Conversion Example Problems
- Chemistry Worksheets
- Biology Worksheets
- Periodic Table Worksheets
- Physical Science Worksheets
- Science Lab Worksheets
- My Amazon Books
Hypothesis Examples
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Hypothesis Examples](https://sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Hypothesis-Examples-1024x683.png)
A hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of a test. It forms the basis for designing an experiment in the scientific method . A good hypothesis is testable, meaning it makes a prediction you can check with observation or experimentation. Here are different hypothesis examples.
Null Hypothesis Examples
The null hypothesis (H 0 ) is also known as the zero-difference or no-difference hypothesis. It predicts that changing one variable ( independent variable ) will have no effect on the variable being measured ( dependent variable ). Here are null hypothesis examples:
- Plant growth is unaffected by temperature.
- If you increase temperature, then solubility of salt will increase.
- Incidence of skin cancer is unrelated to ultraviolet light exposure.
- All brands of light bulb last equally long.
- Cats have no preference for the color of cat food.
- All daisies have the same number of petals.
Sometimes the null hypothesis shows there is a suspected correlation between two variables. For example, if you think plant growth is affected by temperature, you state the null hypothesis: “Plant growth is not affected by temperature.” Why do you do this, rather than say “If you change temperature, plant growth will be affected”? The answer is because it’s easier applying a statistical test that shows, with a high level of confidence, a null hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
Research Hypothesis Examples
A research hypothesis (H 1 ) is a type of hypothesis used to design an experiment. This type of hypothesis is often written as an if-then statement because it’s easy identifying the independent and dependent variables and seeing how one affects the other. If-then statements explore cause and effect. In other cases, the hypothesis shows a correlation between two variables. Here are some research hypothesis examples:
- If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep.
- If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad.
- If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower).
- If you leave a bucket of water uncovered, then it evaporates more quickly.
- Goldfish lose their color if they are not exposed to light.
- Workers who take vacations are more productive than those who never take time off.
Is It Okay to Disprove a Hypothesis?
Yes! You may even choose to write your hypothesis in such a way that it can be disproved because it’s easier to prove a statement is wrong than to prove it is right. In other cases, if your prediction is incorrect, that doesn’t mean the science is bad. Revising a hypothesis is common. It demonstrates you learned something you did not know before you conducted the experiment.
Test yourself with a Scientific Method Quiz .
- Mellenbergh, G.J. (2008). Chapter 8: Research designs: Testing of research hypotheses. In H.J. Adèr & G.J. Mellenbergh (eds.), Advising on Research Methods: A Consultant’s Companion . Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing.
- Popper, Karl R. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery . Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 3-1614-8410-X.
- Schick, Theodore; Vaughn, Lewis (2002). How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a New Age . Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-7674-2048-9.
- Tobi, Hilde; Kampen, Jarl K. (2018). “Research design: the methodology for interdisciplinary research framework”. Quality & Quantity . 52 (3): 1209–1225. doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0513-8
Related Posts
Science Fair Wizard
- Pick a topic
- Determine a problem
- Investigate your problem
- Formulate a hypothesis
Experimenting
- Define the problem
- Select your variables
- Draft your hypothesis
- Write your procedure
- Get permissions
- Test your hypothesis
- Compile your data
- Write your research paper
- Construct your exhibit
- Prepare your presentation
- Show Time! Pre-science fair checklist
- Submit your paperwork
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade PLANNING](https://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/sciencefair/images/navbar_planning.png)
Step 5C: Draft your hypothesis
Your draft hypothesis statement should include the following:
- the question or problem you are trying to answer;
- how the independent variable will be changed;
- the measurable or testable effect it will have on the dependent variable ;
- and your best guess as to what you think the outcome will be.
Use the space on the Experiment Design Worksheet to draft your hypothesis statement.
Tip: A hypothesis problem can be stated in different ways. Here are some examples:
As a question: Does temperature affect the rate of plant growth? As a statement: Temperature may affect the rate of plant growth. As an if/then statement: If temperature is related to the rate of plant growth, then changing the temperature will change the rate of plant growth.
A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome of your experiment, and is informed by the research you have done on your topic.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade next](https://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/sciencefair/images/arrow-back-off.png)
The digital library project
Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
Methodology
- How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples
How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples
Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .
Example: Hypothesis
Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.
Table of contents
What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Variables in hypotheses
Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .
- An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
- A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.
If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias will affect your results.
In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Step 1. ask a question.
Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.
Step 2. Do some preliminary research
Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.
At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.
Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis
Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.
4. Refine your hypothesis
You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:
- The relevant variables
- The specific group being studied
- The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways
To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.
In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.
If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.
6. Write a null hypothesis
If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .
- H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
- H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.
Research question | Hypothesis | Null hypothesis |
---|---|---|
What are the health benefits of eating an apple a day? | Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of doctor’s visits. | Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will have no effect on frequency of doctor’s visits. |
Which airlines have the most delays? | Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than premium airlines. | Low-cost and premium airlines are equally likely to have delays. |
Can flexible work arrangements improve job satisfaction? | Employees who have flexible working hours will report greater job satisfaction than employees who work fixed hours. | There is no relationship between working hour flexibility and job satisfaction. |
How effective is high school sex education at reducing teen pregnancies? | Teenagers who received sex education lessons throughout high school will have lower rates of unplanned pregnancy teenagers who did not receive any sex education. | High school sex education has no effect on teen pregnancy rates. |
What effect does daily use of social media have on the attention span of under-16s? | There is a negative between time spent on social media and attention span in under-16s. | There is no relationship between social media use and attention span in under-16s. |
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
- Null hypothesis
- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
- Effect size
- Poisson distribution
Research bias
- Optimism bias
- Cognitive bias
- Implicit bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Anchoring bias
- Explicit bias
Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
- Academic style
- Vague sentences
- Style consistency
See an example
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://www.scribbr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/dissertation-proofreading-service.png)
A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/
Is this article helpful?
Shona McCombes
Other students also liked, construct validity | definition, types, & examples, what is a conceptual framework | tips & examples, operationalization | a guide with examples, pros & cons, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".
I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Examples](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/examples-com-logo-3.webp)
Hypothesis For Kids
Ai generator.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Hypothesis-Statement-Examples-for-Kids-.png)
Crafting a hypothesis isn’t just for scientists in white lab coats; even young budding researchers can join in the fun! When kids learn to frame their curious wonders as hypothesis statements, they pave the way for exciting discoveries. Our guide breaks down the world of hypothesis writing into kid-friendly chunks, complete with relatable thesis statement examples and easy-to-follow tips. Dive in to spark a love for inquiry and nurture young scientific minds!
What is an example of a Hypothesis for Kids?
Question: Do plants grow taller when they are watered with coffee instead of water?
Hypothesis: If I water a plant with coffee instead of water, then the plant will not grow as tall because coffee might have substances that aren’t good for plants.
This hypothesis is based on a simple observation or question a child might have, and it predicts a specific outcome (the plant not growing as tall) due to a specific condition (being watered with coffee). It’s presented in simple language suitable for kids.
100 Kids Hypothesis Statement Examples
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Kids Hypothesis Statement Examples](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Kids-Hypothesis-Statement-Examples.png)
Size: 170 KB
Children’s innate curiosity lays the foundation for numerous questions about the world around them. Framing these questions as good hypothesis statements can transform them into exciting learning experiments. Presented below are relatable and straightforward examples crafted especially for young minds, offering them a structured way to articulate their wonders and predictions.
- Sunlight & Plant Growth : If a plant gets more sunlight, then it will grow taller.
- Sugary Drinks & Tooth Decay : Drinking sugary drinks daily will lead to faster tooth decay.
- Chocolates & Energy : Eating chocolate will make me feel more energetic.
- Moon Phases & Sleep : I’ll sleep more during a full moon night.
- Homework & Weekend Moods : If I finish my homework on Friday, I’ll be happier over the weekend.
- Pets & Happiness : Owning a pet will make a child happier.
- Rain & Worms : Worms come out more after it rains.
- Shadows & Time of Day : Shadows are longer in the evening than at noon.
- Snow & School Holidays : More snow means there’s a better chance of school being canceled.
- Ice Cream & Brain Freeze : Eating ice cream too fast will give me a brain freeze.
- Video Games & Dreams : Playing video games before bed might make my dreams more vivid.
- Green Vegetables & Strength : Eating more green vegetables will make me stronger.
- Bicycles & Balance : The more I practice, the better I’ll get at riding my bike without training wheels.
- Stars & Wishes : If I wish on the first star I see at night, my wish might come true.
- Cartoons & Laughing : Watching my favorite cartoon will always make me laugh.
- Soda & Bone Health : Drinking soda every day will make my bones weaker.
- Beach Visits & Sunburn : If I don’t wear sunscreen at the beach, I’ll get sunburned.
- Loud Noises & Pet Behavior : My cat hides when she hears loud noises.
- Bedtime & Morning Energy : Going to bed early will make me feel more energetic in the morning.
- Healthy Snacks & Hunger : Eating a healthy snack will keep me full for longer. …
- Toys & Sharing : The more toys I have, the more I want to share with my friends.
- Homemade Cookies & Taste : Homemade cookies always taste better than store-bought ones.
- Books & Imagination : The more books I read, the more adventures I can imagine.
- Jumping & Height : The more I practice, the higher I can jump.
- Singing & Mood : Singing my favorite song always makes me happy.
- Snowmen & Temperature : If the temperature rises, my snowman will melt faster.
- Costumes & Play : Wearing a costume will make playtime more fun.
- Gardening & Patience : Waiting for my plants to grow teaches me patience.
- Night Lights & Sleep : Having a night light makes it easier for me to sleep.
- Handwriting & Practice : The more I practice, the better my handwriting will become.
- Painting & Creativity : Using more colors in my painting lets me express my creativity better.
- Puzzles & Problem Solving : The more puzzles I solve, the better I become at problem-solving.
- Dancing & Coordination : The more I dance, the more coordinated I will become.
- Stargazing & Constellations : If I stargaze every night, I’ll recognize more constellations.
- Bird Watching & Species Knowledge : The more I watch birds, the more species I can identify.
- Cooking & Skill : If I help in the kitchen often, I’ll become a better cook.
- Swimming & Confidence : The more I swim, the more confident I become in the water.
- Trees & Birds’ Nests : The taller the tree, the more likely it is to have birds’ nests.
- Roller Skating & Balance : If I roller skate every weekend, I’ll improve my balance.
- Drawing & Observation : The more I draw, the better I become at observing details.
- Sandcastles & Water : If I use wet sand, I can build a stronger sandcastle.
- Hiking & Endurance : The more I hike, the farther I can walk without getting tired.
- Camping & Outdoor Skills : If I go camping often, I’ll learn more about surviving outdoors.
- Magic Tricks & Practice : The more I practice a magic trick, the better I’ll get at performing it.
- Stickers & Collection : If I collect stickers, my album will become more colorful.
- Board Games & Strategy : The more board games I play, the better strategist I’ll become.
- Pets & Responsibility : The more I take care of my pet, the more responsible I become.
- Music & Concentration : Listening to calm music while studying will help me concentrate better.
- Photographs & Memories : The more photos I take, the more memories I can preserve.
- Rainbows & Rain : If it rains while the sun is out, I might see a rainbow.
- Museums & Knowledge : Every time I visit a museum, I learn something new.
- Fruits & Health : Eating more fruits will keep me healthier.
- Stories & Vocabulary : The more stories I listen to, the more new words I learn.
- Trees & Fresh Air : The more trees there are in a park, the fresher the air will be.
- Diary & Feelings : Writing in my diary helps me understand my feelings better.
- Planets & Telescopes : If I look through a telescope, I’ll see more planets clearly.
- Crafting & Creativity : The more crafts I make, the more creative I become.
- Snowflakes & Patterns : Every snowflake has a unique pattern.
- Jokes & Laughter : The funnier the joke, the louder I’ll laugh.
- Riddles & Thinking : Solving riddles makes me think harder.
- Nature Walks & Observations : The quieter I am on a nature walk, the more animals I’ll spot.
- Building Blocks & Structures : The more blocks I use, the taller my tower will be.
- Kites & Wind : If there’s more wind, my kite will fly higher.
- Popcorn & Movie Nights : Watching a movie with popcorn makes it more enjoyable.
- Stars & Wishes : If I see a shooting star, I should make a wish.
- Diets & Energy : Eating a balanced diet gives me more energy for playtime.
- Clay & Sculptures : The more I play with clay, the better my sculptures will be.
- Insects & Magnifying Glass : Using a magnifying glass will let me see more details of tiny insects.
- Aquarium Visits & Marine Knowledge : Every time I visit the aquarium, I discover a new marine creature.
- Yoga & Flexibility : If I practice yoga daily, I’ll become more flexible.
- Toothpaste & Bubbles : The more toothpaste I use, the more bubbles I’ll get while brushing.
- Journals & Memories : Writing in my journal every day helps me remember special moments.
- Piggy Banks & Savings : The more coins I save, the heavier my piggy bank will get.
- Baking & Measurements : If I measure ingredients accurately, my cake will turn out better.
- Coloring Books & Art Skills : The more I color, the better I get at staying inside the lines.
- Picnics & Outdoor Fun : Having a picnic makes a sunny day even more enjoyable.
- Recycling & Environment : The more I recycle, the cleaner my environment will be.
- Treasure Hunts & Discoveries : Every treasure hunt has a new discovery waiting.
- Milk & Bone Health : Drinking milk daily will make my bones stronger.
- Puppet Shows & Stories : The more puppet shows I watch, the more stories I learn.
- Field Trips & Learning : Every field trip to a new place teaches me something different.
- Chores & Responsibility : The more chores I do, the more responsible I feel.
- Fishing & Patience : Fishing teaches me to be patient while waiting for a catch.
- Fairy Tales & Imagination : Listening to fairy tales expands my imagination.
- Homemade Pizza & Toppings : The more toppings I add, the tastier my homemade pizza will be.
- Gardens & Butterflies : If I plant more flowers, I’ll see more butterflies in my garden.
- Raincoats & Puddles : Wearing a raincoat lets me jump in puddles without getting wet.
- Gymnastics & Balance : The more I practice gymnastics, the better my balance will be.
- Origami & Craft Skills : The more origami I fold, the better my craft skills become.
- Basketball & Shooting Skills : The more I practice, the better I get at shooting baskets.
- Fireflies & Night Beauty : Catching fireflies makes summer nights magical.
- Books & Knowledge : The more books I read, the smarter I become.
- Pillows & Forts : With more pillows, I can build a bigger fort.
- Lemonade & Summers : Drinking lemonade makes hot summer days refreshing.
- Bicycles & Balance : The more I practice, the better I get at riding my bike without training wheels.
- Pencils & Drawings : If I have colored pencils, my drawings will be more colorful.
- Ice Cream & Happiness : Eating ice cream always makes me happy.
- Beach Visits & Shell Collections : Every time I visit the beach, I find new shells for my collection.
- Jump Ropes & Fitness : The more I jump rope, the fitter I become.
- Tea Parties & Imagination : Hosting tea parties lets my imagination run wild.
Simple Hypothesis Statement Examples for Kids
Simple hypothesis are straightforward predictions that can be tested easily. They help children understand the relationship between two variables. Here are some examples tailored just for kids.
- Plants & Sunlight : Plants placed near the window will grow taller than those in the dark.
- Chocolates & Happiness : Eating chocolates can make kids feel happier.
- Rain & Puddles : The more it rains, the bigger the puddles become.
- Homework & Learning : Doing homework helps kids understand lessons better.
- Toys & Sharing : Sharing toys with friends makes playtime more fun.
- Pets & Care : Taking care of a pet fish helps it live longer.
- Storytime & Sleep : Listening to a bedtime story helps kids sleep faster.
- Brushing & Cavity : Brushing teeth daily prevents cavities.
- Games & Skill : Playing a new game every day improves problem-solving skills.
- Baking & Patience : Waiting for cookies to bake teaches patience.
Hypothesis Statement Examples for Kids Psychology
Child psychology hypothesis delves into how kids think, behave, and process emotions. These hypotheses help understand the psychological aspects of children’s behaviors.
- Emotions & Colors : Kids might feel calm when surrounded by blue and energetic with red.
- Friendship & Self-esteem : Making friends can boost a child’s self-confidence.
- Learning Styles & Memory : Some kids remember better by seeing, while others by doing.
- Play & Development : Pretend play is crucial for cognitive development.
- Rewards & Motivation : Giving small rewards can motivate kids to finish tasks.
- Music & Mood : Listening to soft music can calm a child’s anxiety.
- Sibling Bonds & Sharing : Having siblings can influence a child’s willingness to share.
- Feedback & Performance : Positive feedback can improve a kid’s academic performance.
- Outdoor Play & Attention Span : Playing outside can help kids concentrate better in class.
- Dreams & Reality : Kids sometimes can’t differentiate between dreams and reality.
Hypothesis Examples in Kid Friendly Words
Phrasing hypothesis in simple words makes it relatable and easier for kids to grasp. Here are examples with kid-friendly language.
- Socks & Warmth : Wearing socks will keep my toes toasty.
- Jumping & Energy : The more I jump, the more energy I feel.
- Sandcastles & Water : A little water makes my sandcastle stand tall.
- Stickers & Smiles : Getting a sticker makes my day shine brighter.
- Rainbows & Rain : After the rain, I might see a rainbow.
- Slides & Speed : The taller the slide, the faster I go.
- Hugs & Love : Giving hugs makes me and my friends feel loved.
- Stars & Counting : The darker it is, the more stars I can count.
- Paint & Mess : The more paint I use, the messier it gets.
- Bubbles & Wind : If I blow my bubble wand, the wind will carry them high.
Hypothesis Statement Examples for Kids in Research
Even in a research setting, research hypothesis should be age-appropriate for kids. These examples focus on concepts children might encounter in structured studies.
- Reading & Vocabulary : Kids who read daily might have a richer vocabulary.
- Games & Math Skills : Playing number games can improve math skills.
- Experiments & Curiosity : Conducting science experiments can make kids more curious.
- Doodles & Creativity : Drawing daily might enhance a child’s creativity.
- Learning Methods & Retention : Kids who learn with visuals might remember lessons better.
- Discussions & Understanding : Talking about a topic can deepen understanding.
- Observation & Knowledge : Observing nature can increase a kid’s knowledge about the environment.
- Puzzles & Cognitive Skills : Solving puzzles regularly might enhance logical thinking.
- Music & Rhythmic Abilities : Kids who practice music might develop better rhythm skills.
- Teamwork & Social Skills : Group projects can boost a child’s social skills.
Hypothesis Statement Examples for Kids Science Fair
Science fairs are a chance for kids to delve into the world of experiments and observations. Here are hypotheses suitable for these events.
- Magnet & Metals : Certain metals will be attracted to a magnet.
- Plants & Colored Light : Plants might grow differently under blue and red lights.
- Eggs & Vinegar : An egg in vinegar might become bouncy.
- Solar Panels & Sunlight : Solar panels will generate more power on sunny days.
- Volcanoes & Eruptions : Mixing baking soda and vinegar will make a mini eruption.
- Mirrors & Reflection : Shiny surfaces can reflect light better than dull ones.
- Battery & Energy : Fresh batteries will make a toy run faster.
- Density & Floating : Objects with lower density will float in water.
- Shadows & Light Source : Moving the light source will change the shadow’s direction.
- Freezing & States : Water turns solid when kept in the freezer.
Hypothesis Statement Examples for Science Experiments
Experiments let kids test out their predictions in real-time. Here are hypotheses crafted for various scientific tests.
- Salt & Boiling Point : Adding salt will make water boil at a higher temperature.
- Plants & Music : Playing music might affect a plant’s growth rate.
- Rust & Moisture : Metals kept in a moist environment will rust faster.
- Candles & Oxygen : A candle will burn out faster in an enclosed jar.
- Fruits & Browning : Lemon juice can prevent cut fruits from browning.
- Yeast & Sugar : Adding sugar will make yeast activate more vigorously.
- Density & Layers : Different liquids will form layers based on their density.
- Acids & Bases : Red cabbage juice will change color in acids and bases.
- Soil Types & Water : Sandy soil will drain water faster than clay.
- Thermometers & Temperatures : Thermometers will show higher readings in the sun.
Hypothesis Statement Examples for Kids At Home
These hypotheses are crafted for experiments and observations kids can easily make at home, using everyday items.
- Chores & Time : Setting a timer will make me finish my chores faster.
- Pets & Behavior : My cat sleeps more during the day than at night.
- Recycling & Environment : Recycling more can reduce the trash in my home.
- Cooking & Tastes : Adding spices will change the taste of my food.
- Family Time & Bonding : Playing board games strengthens our family bond.
- Cleaning & Organization : Organizing my toys daily will keep my room tidier.
- Watering & Plant Health : Watering my plant regularly will keep its leaves green.
- Decor & Mood : Changing the room decor can influence my mood.
- Journals & Memories : Writing in my journal daily will help me remember fun events.
- Photos & Growth : Taking monthly photos will show how much I’ve grown.
How do you write a hypothesis for kids? – A Step by Step Guide
Step 1: Start with Curiosity Begin with a question that your child is curious about. This could be something simple, like “Why is the sky blue?” or “Do plants need sunlight to grow?”
Step 2: Observe and Research Before formulating the hypothesis, encourage your child to observe the world around them. If possible, read or watch videos about the topic to gather information. The idea is to get a general understanding of the subject.
Step 3: Keep it Simple For kids, it’s essential to keep the hypothesis straightforward and concise. Use language that is easy to understand and relatable to their age.
Step 4: Make a Predictable Statement Help your child frame their hypothesis as an “If… then…” statement. For example, “If I water a plant every day, then it will grow taller.”
Step 5: Ensure Testability Ensure that the hypothesis can be tested using simple experiments or observations. It should be something they can prove or disprove through hands-on activities.
Step 6: Avoid Certainty Teach kids that a hypothesis is not a definitive statement of fact but rather a best guess based on what they know. It’s okay if the hypothesis turns out to be wrong; the learning process is more important.
Step 7: Review and Refine After forming the initial hypothesis, review it with your child. Discuss if it can be made simpler or clearer. Refinement aids in better understanding and testing.
Step 8: Test the Hypothesis This is the fun part! Plan an experiment or set of observations to test the hypothesis. Whether the hypothesis is proven correct or not, the experience provides a learning opportunity.
Tips for Writing Hypothesis for Kids
- Encourage Curiosity : Always encourage your child to ask questions about the world around them. It’s the first step to formulating a hypothesis.
- Use Familiar Language : Use words that the child understands and can relate to. Avoid jargon or technical terms.
- Make it Fun : Turn the process of forming a hypothesis into a game or a storytelling session. This will keep kids engaged.
- Use Visual Aids : Kids often respond well to visuals. Drawing or using props can help in understanding and formulating the hypothesis.
- Stay Open-minded : It’s essential to teach kids that it’s okay if their hypothesis is wrong. The process of discovery and learning is what’s crucial.
- Practice Regularly : The more often kids practice forming hypotheses, the better they get at it. Use everyday situations as opportunities.
- Link to Real-life Scenarios : Relate the hypothesis to real-life situations or personal experiences. For instance, if discussing plants, you can relate it to a plant you have at home.
- Collaborate : Sometimes, two heads are better than one. Encourage group activities where kids can discuss and come up with hypotheses together.
- Encourage Documentation : Keeping a journal or notebook where they document their hypotheses and results can be a great learning tool.
- Celebrate Efforts : Regardless of whether the hypothesis was correct, celebrate the effort and the learning journey. This reinforces the idea that the process is more important than the outcome.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Twitter](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/icon_5.png)
Text prompt
- Instructive
- Professional
10 Examples of Public speaking
20 Examples of Gas lighting
SciGen Teacher Dashboard
Exploring a Hypothesis
Reaction Times in Sports
Constructing a Hypothesis
Writing a Procedure
Reaction Ruler
Duration: Approximately 50 minutes
Students learn the essential elements of a scientific hypothesis and learn to identify whether or not a statement contains these essential elements. Additionally, students learn to write a detailed procedure for a science experiment.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Students understand the essential components of a hypothesis.
Teacher Tune-up
- What is a hypothesis and why is it so tricky to teach?
Teaching Notes
ACTIVITY OVERVIEW
Introducing the concept of hypothesis (10 minutes)
Working with examples as a class (20 minutes)
Working with examples individually or in groups (20 minutes)
Paraphrase :
When we construct a scientific hypothesis, we include:
- a view that states what we think is true and
- a reason or cause that we can test with a measurement.
Both examples include two statements from the script of the scene about reaction times in baseball.
The first is Malik’s hypothesis that “Boys are better at hitting fastballs than girls because boys have faster reaction times.” This statement has both elements.
It’s important that students recognize that regardless of our feelings or experiences, a statement that contains the essential elements is indeed a scientific hypothesis.
The second model includes Stephanie’s statement that “They lost because everybody has a bad day now and then.” While this statement has a view that Stephanie believes is true, the reason or cause cannot be tested with a measurement. Some students may insist that this can be tested with a measurement. If they do, encourage them to think about how they would measure having a bad day “now and then.” While Stephanie’s statement may be true, it cannot be a scientific hypothesis because it lacks the second element.
There are other correct ways to frame a hypothesis, such as using an if/then statement.
See here for an explanation of this alternate structure as well as an introduction to the terms dependent and independent variable.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://serpmedia.org/images/t52_slides001650x488.jpg?crc=3897168502)
Students identify whether or not a statement can be considered a hypothesis.
Check off whether or not the statement contains the components of a hypothesis.
Students write a brief explanation of their thinking for each statement.
Sample responses :
- George’s statement is a hypothesis because it includes both of the essential parts. First, he states his view that he believes fish are dying because of the pollution from the factory. The cause can be tested with a measurement because someone could measure the amount of pollution found in the stream.
- Christina’s statement contains the essential elements of a hypothesis because she can measure the amount of hours that students study and see if those who study more get higher grades. Because her statement includes a view that she thinks is true and a reason that can be tested with a measurement, Christina’s statement is a hypothesis.
- Tashia’s statement is not a hypothesis because it does not contain a cause or reason that can be measured.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://serpmedia.org/images/t52001648x486.jpg?crc=3795152651)
BETA Version - Please send comments and corrections to [email protected]
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://serpmedia.org/images/by-nc-sa1.png?crc=4070618025)
Word Generation by SERP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Strategic Education Research Partnership
1100 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 1310 • Washington, DC 20036 • (202) 223-8555
- PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
- EDIT Edit this Article
- EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Happiness Hub Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
- Browse Articles
- Learn Something New
- Quizzes Hot
- Happiness Hub
- This Or That Game
- Train Your Brain
- Explore More
- Support wikiHow
- About wikiHow
- Log in / Sign up
- Education and Communications
- Science Writing
How to Write a Hypothesis
Last Updated: May 2, 2023 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA . Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,034,664 times.
A hypothesis is a description of a pattern in nature or an explanation about some real-world phenomenon that can be tested through observation and experimentation. The most common way a hypothesis is used in scientific research is as a tentative, testable, and falsifiable statement that explains some observed phenomenon in nature. [1] X Research source Many academic fields, from the physical sciences to the life sciences to the social sciences, use hypothesis testing as a means of testing ideas to learn about the world and advance scientific knowledge. Whether you are a beginning scholar or a beginning student taking a class in a science subject, understanding what hypotheses are and being able to generate hypotheses and predictions yourself is very important. These instructions will help get you started.
Preparing to Write a Hypothesis
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 1 Select a topic.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/b5/Define-a-Problem-Step-10.jpg/v4-460px-Define-a-Problem-Step-10.jpg)
- If you are writing a hypothesis for a school assignment, this step may be taken care of for you.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 2 Read existing research.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/3/38/Make-Money-in-College-Step-5.jpg/v4-460px-Make-Money-in-College-Step-5.jpg)
- Focus on academic and scholarly writing. You need to be certain that your information is unbiased, accurate, and comprehensive. Scholarly search databases such as Google Scholar and Web of Science can help you find relevant articles from reputable sources.
- You can find information in textbooks, at a library, and online. If you are in school, you can also ask for help from teachers, librarians, and your peers.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 3 Analyze the literature.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/4/4f/Conduct-Research-Step-9.jpg/v4-460px-Conduct-Research-Step-9.jpg)
- For example, if you are interested in the effects of caffeine on the human body, but notice that nobody seems to have explored whether caffeine affects males differently than it does females, this could be something to formulate a hypothesis about. Or, if you are interested in organic farming, you might notice that no one has tested whether organic fertilizer results in different growth rates for plants than non-organic fertilizer.
- You can sometimes find holes in the existing literature by looking for statements like “it is unknown” in scientific papers or places where information is clearly missing. You might also find a claim in the literature that seems far-fetched, unlikely, or too good to be true, like that caffeine improves math skills. If the claim is testable, you could provide a great service to scientific knowledge by doing your own investigation. If you confirm the claim, the claim becomes even more credible. If you do not find support for the claim, you are helping with the necessary self-correcting aspect of science.
- Examining these types of questions provides an excellent way for you to set yourself apart by filling in important gaps in a field of study.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 4 Generate questions.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Have-a-Good-Job-Interview-Step-3-Version-3.jpg/v4-460px-Have-a-Good-Job-Interview-Step-3-Version-3.jpg)
- Following the examples above, you might ask: "How does caffeine affect females as compared to males?" or "How does organic fertilizer affect plant growth compared to non-organic fertilizer?" The rest of your research will be aimed at answering these questions.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 5 Look for clues as to what the answer might be.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/6/66/Have-a-Good-Job-Interview-Step-4-Version-3.jpg/v4-460px-Have-a-Good-Job-Interview-Step-4-Version-3.jpg)
- Following the examples above, if you discover in the literature that there is a pattern that some other types of stimulants seem to affect females more than males, this could be a clue that the same pattern might be true for caffeine. Similarly, if you observe the pattern that organic fertilizer seems to be associated with smaller plants overall, you might explain this pattern with the hypothesis that plants exposed to organic fertilizer grow more slowly than plants exposed to non-organic fertilizer.
Formulating Your Hypothesis
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 1 Determine your variables.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/3/36/Solve-a-Problem-Step-4-Version-3.jpg/v4-460px-Solve-a-Problem-Step-4-Version-3.jpg)
- You can think of the independent variable as the one that is causing some kind of difference or effect to occur. In the examples, the independent variable would be biological sex, i.e. whether a person is male or female, and fertilizer type, i.e. whether the fertilizer is organic or non-organically-based.
- The dependent variable is what is affected by (i.e. "depends" on) the independent variable. In the examples above, the dependent variable would be the measured impact of caffeine or fertilizer.
- Your hypothesis should only suggest one relationship. Most importantly, it should only have one independent variable. If you have more than one, you won't be able to determine which one is actually the source of any effects you might observe.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 2 Generate a simple hypothesis.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/b4/Start-a-Letter-Step-5.jpg/v4-460px-Start-a-Letter-Step-5.jpg)
- Don't worry too much at this point about being precise or detailed.
- In the examples above, one hypothesis would make a statement about whether a person's biological sex might impact the way the person is affected by caffeine; for example, at this point, your hypothesis might simply be: "a person's biological sex is related to how caffeine affects his or her heart rate." The other hypothesis would make a general statement about plant growth and fertilizer; for example your simple explanatory hypothesis might be "plants given different types of fertilizer are different sizes because they grow at different rates."
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 3 Decide on direction.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/6/62/Solve-a-Problem-Step-2-Version-3.jpg/v4-460px-Solve-a-Problem-Step-2-Version-3.jpg)
- Using our example, our non-directional hypotheses would be "there is a relationship between a person's biological sex and how much caffeine increases the person's heart rate," and "there is a relationship between fertilizer type and the speed at which plants grow."
- Directional predictions using the same example hypotheses above would be : "Females will experience a greater increase in heart rate after consuming caffeine than will males," and "plants fertilized with non-organic fertilizer will grow faster than those fertilized with organic fertilizer." Indeed, these predictions and the hypotheses that allow for them are very different kinds of statements. More on this distinction below.
- If the literature provides any basis for making a directional prediction, it is better to do so, because it provides more information. Especially in the physical sciences, non-directional predictions are often seen as inadequate.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 4 Get specific.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/d/d0/Start-a-Letter-Step-6.jpg/v4-460px-Start-a-Letter-Step-6.jpg)
- Where necessary, specify the population (i.e. the people or things) about which you hope to uncover new knowledge. For example, if you were only interested the effects of caffeine on elderly people, your prediction might read: "Females over the age of 65 will experience a greater increase in heart rate than will males of the same age." If you were interested only in how fertilizer affects tomato plants, your prediction might read: "Tomato plants treated with non-organic fertilizer will grow faster in the first three months than will tomato plants treated with organic fertilizer."
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 5 Make sure it is testable.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/3/3c/Start-a-Letter-Step-7.jpg/v4-460px-Start-a-Letter-Step-7.jpg)
- For example, you would not want to make the hypothesis: "red is the prettiest color." This statement is an opinion and it cannot be tested with an experiment. However, proposing the generalizing hypothesis that red is the most popular color is testable with a simple random survey. If you do indeed confirm that red is the most popular color, your next step may be to ask: Why is red the most popular color? The answer you propose is your explanatory hypothesis .
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 6 Write a research hypothesis.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/1/13/Write-a-Speech-Introducing-Yourself-Step-5-Version-4.jpg/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Introducing-Yourself-Step-5-Version-4.jpg)
- An easy way to get to the hypothesis for this method and prediction is to ask yourself why you think heart rates will increase if children are given caffeine. Your explanatory hypothesis in this case may be that caffeine is a stimulant. At this point, some scientists write a research hypothesis , a statement that includes the hypothesis, the experiment, and the prediction all in one statement.
- For example, If caffeine is a stimulant, and some children are given a drink with caffeine while others are given a drink without caffeine, then the heart rates of those children given a caffeinated drink will increase more than the heart rate of children given a non-caffeinated drink.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 7 Contextualize your hypothesis.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/ba/Write-a-Book-Report-Step-6-Version-4.jpg/v4-460px-Write-a-Book-Report-Step-6-Version-4.jpg)
- Using the above example, if you were to test the effects of caffeine on the heart rates of children, evidence that your hypothesis is not true, sometimes called the null hypothesis , could occur if the heart rates of both the children given the caffeinated drink and the children given the non-caffeinated drink (called the placebo control) did not change, or lowered or raised with the same magnitude, if there was no difference between the two groups of children.
- It is important to note here that the null hypothesis actually becomes much more useful when researchers test the significance of their results with statistics. When statistics are used on the results of an experiment, a researcher is testing the idea of the null statistical hypothesis. For example, that there is no relationship between two variables or that there is no difference between two groups. [8] X Research source
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Step 8 Test your hypothesis.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/9/9b/Do-Research-Step-5.jpg/v4-460px-Do-Research-Step-5.jpg)
Hypothesis Examples
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/6/6f/Null-Hypothesis-Examples_sample.png/340px-Null-Hypothesis-Examples_sample.png)
Community Q&A
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Community Answer](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f5/CommunityAvatar4.png/-crop-104-104-104px-CommunityAvatar4.png)
- Remember that science is not necessarily a linear process and can be approached in various ways. [10] X Research source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- When examining the literature, look for research that is similar to what you want to do, and try to build on the findings of other researchers. But also look for claims that you think are suspicious, and test them yourself. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- Be specific in your hypotheses, but not so specific that your hypothesis can't be applied to anything outside your specific experiment. You definitely want to be clear about the population about which you are interested in drawing conclusions, but nobody (except your roommates) will be interested in reading a paper with the prediction: "my three roommates will each be able to do a different amount of pushups." Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://www.wikihow.com/images/3/3d/Cont_v02_0420x0250.jpg)
You Might Also Like
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Write up a Science Experiment](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/c/c0/Write-up-a-Science-Experiment-Step-11-Version-2.jpg/-crop-342-184-245px-Write-up-a-Science-Experiment-Step-11-Version-2.jpg)
- ↑ https://undsci.berkeley.edu/for-educators/prepare-and-plan/correcting-misconceptions/#a4
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_the_social_sciences/writing_in_psychology_experimental_report_writing/experimental_reports_1.html
- ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-hypothesis/
- ↑ https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/for-students-and-parents/how-create-hypothesis.html
- ↑ https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/1.19/primary/lesson/hypothesis-ms-ps/
- ↑ https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/preparingtopublish/chapter/goal-1-contextualize-the-studys-methods/
- ↑ http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NullHypothesis.html
- ↑ http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/scienceflowchart
About This Article
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Bess Ruff, MA](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/8/88/Bess_Ruff_Photo.jpg/-crop-100-100-100px-Bess_Ruff_Photo.jpg)
Before writing a hypothesis, think of what questions are still unanswered about a specific subject and make an educated guess about what the answer could be. Then, determine the variables in your question and write a simple statement about how they might be related. Try to focus on specific predictions and variables, such as age or segment of the population, to make your hypothesis easier to test. For tips on how to test your hypothesis, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
- Send fan mail to authors
Reader Success Stories
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Onyia Maxwell](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/0/0a/CommunityAvatar1.png/-crop-72-72-72px-CommunityAvatar1.png)
Onyia Maxwell
Sep 13, 2016
Did this article help you?
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis 4th grade](https://www.wikihow.com/images/9/96/Thisthat_728x180_2.jpg)
Nov 26, 2017
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade ABEL SHEWADEG](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f2/CommunityAvatar3.png/-crop-72-72-72px-CommunityAvatar3.png)
ABEL SHEWADEG
Jun 12, 2018
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Connor Gilligan](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f5/CommunityAvatar4.png/-crop-72-72-72px-CommunityAvatar4.png)
Connor Gilligan
Jan 2, 2017
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Georgia](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/b0/CommunityAvatar2.png/-crop-72-72-72px-CommunityAvatar2.png)
Dec 30, 2017
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Do I Have a Dirty Mind Quiz](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/7/72/Dirty_mind_test.png/-crop-127-140-127px-Dirty_mind_test.png)
Featured Articles
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Make Perfume Last Longer](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f3/Make-Perfume-Last-Longer-Step-12.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Make-Perfume-Last-Longer-Step-12.jpg)
Trending Articles
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Best Excuses to Use to Explain Away a Hickey](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f5/Excuses-for-Hickeys-Step-13.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Excuses-for-Hickeys-Step-13.jpg)
Watch Articles
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Clean the Bottom of an Oven](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/0/07/Clean-the-Bottom-of-an-Oven-Step-12.jpg/-crop-127-140-127px-Clean-the-Bottom-of-an-Oven-Step-12.jpg)
- Terms of Use
- Privacy Policy
- Do Not Sell or Share My Info
- Not Selling Info
wikiHow Tech Help Pro:
Level up your tech skills and stay ahead of the curve
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Literacy Ideas](https://literacyideas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LITERACYIDEAS-1.png)
HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade ' data-src=](https://literacyideas.com/wp-content/litespeed/avatar/b3906628472402c35532cb44ea01a7c5.jpg?ver=1723502763)
Writing a hypothesis
Frequently, when we hear the word ‘hypothesis’, we immediately think of an investigation in the form of a science experiment. This is not surprising, as science is the subject area where we are usually first introduced to the term.
However, the term hypothesis also applies to investigations and research in many diverse areas and branches of learning, leaving us wondering how to write a hypothesis in statistics and how to write a hypothesis in sociology alongside how to write a hypothesis in a lab report.
We can find hypotheses at work in areas as wide-ranging as history, psychology, technology, engineering, literature, design, and economics. With such a vast array of uses, hypothesis writing is an essential skill for our students to develop.
What Is a Hypothesis?
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis | Hypothesis definition | HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS | literacyideas.com](https://literacyideas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Hypothesis_definition-768x1024.jpg)
A hypothesis is a proposed or predicted answer to a question. The purpose of writing a hypothesis is to follow it up by testing that answer. This test can take the form of an investigation, experiment, or writing a research paper that will ideally prove or disprove the hypothesis’s prediction.
Despite this element of the unknown, a hypothesis is not the same thing as a guess. Though the hypothesis writer typically has some uncertainty, the creation of the hypothesis is generally based on some background knowledge and research of the topic. The writer believes in the likelihood of a specific outcome, but further investigation will be required to validate or falsify the claim made in their hypothesis.
In this regard, a hypothesis is more along the lines of an ‘educated guess’ that has been based on observation and/or background knowledge.
A hypothesis should:
- Make a prediction
- Provide reasons for that prediction
- Specifies a relationship between two or more variables
- Be testable
- Be falsifiable
- Be expressed simply and concisely
- Serves as the starting point for an investigation, an experiment, or another form of testing
A COMPLETE TEACHING UNIT ON WRITING PROCEDURAL TEXTS
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade how to write a hypothesis | procedural text writing unit 1 | HOW TO WRITE A HYPOTHESIS | literacyideas.com](https://literacyideas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/procedural_text_writing_unit-1.jpg)
This HUGE BUNDLE offers 97 PAGES of hands-on, printable, and digital media resources. Your students will be WRITING procedures with STRUCTURE, INSIGHT AND KNOWLEDGE like never before.
Hypothesis Examples for Students and Teachers
If students listen to classical music while studying, they will retain more information.
Mold growth is affected by the level of moisture in the air.
Students who sleep for longer at night retain more information at school.
Employees who work more than 40 hours per week show higher instances of clinical depression.
Time spent on social media is negatively correlated to the length of the average attention span.
People who spend time exercising regularly are less likely to develop a cardiovascular illness.
If people are shorter, then they are more likely to live longer.
What are Variables in a Hypothesis?
Variables are an essential aspect of any hypothesis. But what exactly do we mean by this term?
Variables are changeable factors or characteristics that may affect the outcome of an investigation. Things like age, weight, the height of participants, length of time, the difficulty of reading material, etc., could all be considered variables.
Usually, an investigation or experiment will focus on how different variables affect each other. So, it is vital to define the variables clearly if you are to measure the effect they have on each other accurately.
There are three main types of variables to consider in a hypothesis. These are:
- Independent Variables
- Dependent Variables
The Independent Variable
The independent variable is unaffected by any of the other variables in the hypothesis. We can think of the independent variable as the assumed cause .
The Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is affected by the other variables in the hypothesis. It is what is being tested or measured. We can think of the dependent variable as the assumed effect .
For example, let’s investigate the correlation between test scores across different age groups. The age groups will be the independent variable, and the test scores will be the dependent variable .
Now that we know what variables are let’s look at how they work in the various types of hypotheses.
Types of Hypotheses
There are many different types of hypotheses, and it is helpful to know the most common of these if the student selects the most suitable tool for their specific job.
The most frequently used types of hypotheses are:
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
The Simple Hypothesis
The complex hypothesis, the empirical hypothesis, the null hypothesis, the directional hypothesis, the non-directional hypothesis.
This straightforward hypothesis type predicts the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
Example: Eating too much sugar causes weight gain.
This type of hypothesis is based on the relationship between multiple independent and/or dependent variables.
Example: Overeating sugar causes weight gain and poor cardiovascular health.
Also called a working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis is tested through observation and experimentation. An empirical hypothesis is produced through investigation and trial and error. As a result, the empirical hypothesis may change its independent variables in the process.
Example: Exposure to sunlight helps lettuces grow faster.
This hypothesis states that there is no significant or meaningful relationship between specific variables.
Example: Exposure to sunlight does not affect the rate of a plant’s growth.
This type of hypothesis predicts the direction of an effect between variables, i.e., positive or negative.
Example: A high-quality education will result in a greater number of career opportunities.
Similar to the directional hypothesis, this type of hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect but not the direction that effect will go in.
Example: A high-quality education will affect the number of available career opportunities.
How to Write a Hypothesis : A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
- Ask a Question
The starting point for any hypothesis is asking a question. This is often called the research question . The research question is the student’s jumping-off point to developing their hypothesis. This question should be specific and answerable. The hypothesis will be the point where the research question is transformed into a declarative statement.
Ideally, the questions the students develop should be relational, i.e., they should look at how two or more variables relate to each other as described above. For example, what effect does sunlight have on the growth rate of lettuce?
- Research the Question
The research is an essential part of the process of developing a hypothesis. Students will need to examine the ideas and studies that are out there on the topic already. By examining the literature already out there on their topic, they can begin to refine their questions on the subject and begin to form predictions based on their studies.
Remember, a hypothesis can be defined as an ‘educated’ guess. This is the part of the process where the student educates themself on the subject before making their ‘guess.’
- Define Your Variables
By now, your students should be ready to form their preliminary hypotheses. To do this, they should first focus on defining their independent and dependent variables. Now may be an excellent opportunity to remind students that the independent variables are the only variables that they have complete control over, while dependent variables are what is tested or measured.
- Develop Your Preliminary Hypotheses
With variables defined, students can now work on a draft of their hypothesis. To do this, they can begin by examining their variables and the available data and then making a statement about the relationship between these variables. Students must brainstorm and reflect on what they expect to happen in their investigation before making a prediction upon which to base their hypothesis. It’s worth noting, too, that hypotheses are typically, though not exclusively, written in the present tense.
Students revisit the different types of hypotheses described earlier in this article. Students select three types of hypotheses and frame their preliminary hypotheses according to each criteria. Which works best? Which type is the least suitable for the student’s hypothesis?
- Finalize the Phrasing
By now, students will have made a decision on which type of hypothesis suits their needs best, and it will now be time to finalize the wording of their hypotheses. There are various ways that students can choose to frame their hypothesis, but below, we will examine the three most common ways.
The If/Then Phrasing
This is the most common type of hypothesis and perhaps the easiest to write for students. It follows a simple ‘ If x, then y ’ formula that makes a prediction that forms the basis of a subsequent investigation.
If I eat more calories, then I will gain weight.
Correlation Phrasing
Another way to phrase a hypothesis is to focus on the correlation between the variables. This typically takes the form of a statement that defines that relationship positively or negatively.
The more calories that are eaten beyond the daily recommended requirements, the greater the weight gain will be.
Comparison Phrasing
This form of phrasing is applicable when comparing two groups and focuses on the differences that the investigation is expected to reveal between those two groups.
Those who eat more calories will gain more weight than those who eat fewer calories.
Questions to ask during this process include:
- What tense is the hypothesis written in?
- Does the hypothesis contain both independent and dependent variables?
- Is the hypothesis framed using the if/then, correlation, or comparison framework (or other similar suitable structure)?
- Is the hypothesis worded clearly and concisely?
- Does the hypothesis make a prediction?
- Is the prediction specific?
- Is the hypothesis testable?
- Gather Data to Support/Disprove Your Hypothesis
If the purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a reason to pursue an investigation, then the student will need to gather related information together to fuel that investigation.
While, by definition, a hypothesis leans towards a specific outcome, the student shouldn’t worry if their investigations or experiments ultimately disprove their hypothesis. The hypothesis is the starting point; the destination is not preordained. This is the very essence of the scientific method. Students should trust the results of their investigation to speak for themselves. Either way, the outcome is valuable information.
TOP 10 TIPS FOR WRITING A STRONG HYPOTHESIS
- Begin by asking a clear and compelling question. Your hypothesis is a response to the inquiry you are eager to explore.
- Keep it simple and straightforward. Avoid using complex phrases or making multiple predictions in one hypothesis.
- Use the right format. A strong hypothesis is often written in the form of an “if-then” statement.
- Ensure that your hypothesis is testable. Your hypothesis should be something that can be verified through experimentation or observation.
- Stay objective. Your hypothesis should be based on facts and evidence, not personal opinions or prejudices.
- Examine different possibilities. Don’t limit yourself to just one hypothesis. Consider alternative explanations for your observations.
- Stay open to the possibility of being wrong. Your hypothesis is just a prediction, and it may not always be correct.
- Search for evidence to support your hypothesis. Investigate existing literature and gather data that supports your hypothesis.
- Make sure that your hypothesis is pertinent. Your hypothesis should be relevant to the question you are trying to investigate.
- Revise your hypothesis as necessary. If new evidence arises that contradicts your hypothesis, you may need to adjust it accordingly.
HYPOTHESIS TEACHING STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES
When teaching young scientists and writers, it’s essential to remember that the process of formulating a hypothesis is not always straightforward. It’s easy to make mistakes along the way, but with a bit of guidance, you can ensure your students avoid some of the most common pitfalls like these.
- Don’t let your students be too vague. Remind them that when formulating a hypothesis, it’s essential to be specific and avoid using overly general language. Make sure their hypothesis is clear and easy to understand.
- Being swayed by personal biases will impact their hypothesis negatively. It’s important to stay objective when formulating a hypothesis, so avoid letting personal biases or opinions get in the way.
- Not starting with a clear question is the number one stumbling block for students, so before forming a hypothesis, you need to reinforce the need for a clear understanding of the question they’re trying to answer. Start with a question that is specific and relevant.
Hypothesis Warmup Activity: First, organize students into small working groups of four or five. Then, set each group to collect a list of hypotheses. They can find these by searching on the Internet or finding examples in textbooks . When students have gathered together a suitable list of hypotheses, have them identify the independent and dependent variables in each case. They can underline each of these in different colors.
It may be helpful for students to examine each hypothesis to identify the ‘cause’ elements and the ‘effect’ elements. When students have finished, they can present their findings to the class.
Task 1: Set your students the task of coming up with an investigation-worthy question on a topic that interests them. This activity works particularly well for groups.
Task 2: Students search for existing information and theories on their topic on the Internet or in the library. They should take notes where necessary and begin to form an assumption or prediction based on their reading and research that they can investigate further.
Task 3: When working with a talking partner, can students identify which of their partner’s independent and dependent variables? If not, then one partner will need to revisit the definitions for the two types of variables as outlined earlier.
Task 4: Organize students into smaller groups and task them with presenting their hypotheses to each other. Students can then provide feedback before the final wording of each hypothesis is finalized.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Procedural Writing Unit](https://literacyideas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/procedural_writing_unit-1.jpg)
Perhaps due to their short length, learning how to create a well-written hypothesis is not typically afforded much time in the curriculum.
However, though they are brief in length, they are complex enough to warrant focused learning and practice in class, particularly given their importance across many curriculum areas.
Learning how to write a hypothesis works well as a standalone writing skill. It can also form part of a more comprehensive academic or scientific writing study that focuses on how to write a research question, develop a theory, etc.
As with any text type, practice improves performance. By following the processes outlined above, students will be well on their way to writing their own hypotheses competently in no time.
How to Write a 4th Grade Science Fair Report
Ashley seehorn.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Science fair projects require a report for clarification of research and procedures.](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
The purpose of a science fair project report is to explain the research behind the project, as well as the processes used to complete the project itself. The project report clarifies important points that may not be clear from an oral or visual presentation of the processes involved. Be sure to read over any guidelines provided by the science teacher before beginning. Start by writing the body of the paper; and then add the abstract, table of contents, and title page. It is easier to complete these elements after completing the rest of the report. (See Reference 1)
Explore this article
- Writing the Body of the Report
- Open a blank document in MS Word
- Press Enter ” five times
- Heading Hypothesis
- Thought was going to happen in the experiment
- Heading Background Information
- Heading Materials
- Heading Procedures
- Heading Results
- Heading Conclusions
- Heading Ideas
- End of the Report
- Heading Acknowledgments
- List the names
- Heading Bibliography
- Used in your research
- Title Page, Abstract, & Table of Contents
- Move the mouse cursor
- Type your project title
- Heading Abstract
- Click on Insert in the Word toolbar on Insert in the Word toolbar
- Heading Table
things needed
- Recorded data, pictures, and graphs from project experiment
- Microsoft Word
1 Writing the Body of the Report
2 open a blank document in ms word.
Open a blank document in MS Word. Set the desired font.
3 Press Enter ” five times
Press “Enter” five times. Click on “Insert” in the Word toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page. This will leave space for the title page, abstract, and table of contents.
4 Heading Hypothesis
Type the heading “Hypothesis” or “Research Question.” Press “Enter” twice.
5 Thought was going to happen in the experiment
Type the original hypothesis or what you thought was going to happen in the experiment.
6 Heading Background Information
Type the heading “Background Information.” Press “Enter” twice.
7 Type three
Type three to five paragraphs explaining the research related to your project.
8 Heading Materials
Type the heading “Materials.” Press “Enter” twice. List the materials used in your experiment.
9 Heading Procedures
Type the heading “Procedures.” Press “Enter” twice. List the procedures you followed to complete your experiment. Note the constants and variables involved in the experiment.
10 Heading Results
Type the heading “Results.” Press “Enter” twice. List all the results of your experiment. Include data, graphs, pictures, and observations.
11 Heading Conclusions
Type the heading “Conclusions.” Press “Enter” twice. Explain whether or not the experiment confirmed or refuted your hypothesis. Be specific about which elements of the data reflect the conclusions.
12 Heading Ideas
Type the heading “Ideas for Future Research.” Press “Enter” twice. Describe why your research was important, and how it impacts society. Explain how your research could be expanded in the future.
13 End of the Report
Click on “Insert” in the toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page.
15 Heading Acknowledgments
Type the heading “Acknowledgments.” Press “Enter” twice.
16 List the names
List the names of anyone who assisted you with your project: your parents, siblings, teacher, classmates, or others.
17 Heading Bibliography
Type the heading “Bibliography.” Press “Enter” twice.
18 Used in your research
List all the references used in your research. Be sure to follow the citation format if one is provided by the teacher, otherwise use the examples in the Resources section of this article.
19 Title Page, Abstract, & Table of Contents
20 move the mouse cursor.
Move the mouse cursor to the top of the first page of the report. Press “CTRL” and “E” to center the text. Press “Enter” several times to move to the middle of the page.
21 Type your project title
Type your project title, your name, grade, teacher’s name, and date. Press “Enter” twice between each item to leave a blank space. Click on “Insert” in the toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page.
22 Heading Abstract
Type the heading “Abstract.” Press “Enter” twice. Write a short summary of your project. The abstract should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
23 Click on Insert in the Word toolbar on Insert in the Word toolbar
Click on “Insert” in the Word toolbar. Click “Page Break” to create a new page. Click “Page Number” and choose the position you desire for your page numbers.
24 Heading Table
Type the heading “Table of Contents” and create a Table of Contents for your project.
- Save your report periodically while typing to prevent data loss.
- See article Resources for examples on citation format.
- 1 Science Buddies: Writing a Research Paper for Your Science Fair Project
- 2 Science Buddies: Science Fair Project Final Report
About the Author
Ashley Seehorn has been writing professionally since 2009. Her work has been featured on a variety of websites including: eHow, Answerbag and Opposing Views Cultures. She has been a teacher for 20 years and has taught all ages from preschool through college. She is currently working as a Special Education Teacher.
Related Articles
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write an Essay Abstract](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write an Essay Abstract
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write an Abstract in MLA Style for Humantities](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write an Abstract in MLA Style for Humantities
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write a Research Report for a Science Fair](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write a Research Report for a Science Fair
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write a Fieldwork Report](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write a Fieldwork Report
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Steps to Writing Research Paper Abstracts](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
Steps to Writing Research Paper Abstracts
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The APA Format for a Problem & Purpose Statement for a Dissertation](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
The APA Format for a Problem & Purpose Statement for...
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write a Title Page for a Report](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write a Title Page for a Report
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Get Rid of Title Overlays in Window Movie Maker Clips](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Get Rid of Title Overlays in Window Movie Maker...
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write a Discussion for an APA Style Paper](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write a Discussion for an APA Style Paper
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Access Your Internet Cache on Chrome](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Access Your Internet Cache on Chrome
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Set Up a Science Fair Tri-Fold Presentation](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Set Up a Science Fair Tri-Fold Presentation
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to CC at the End of a Letter](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to CC at the End of a Letter
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Make Thesis Defense Slides](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Make Thesis Defense Slides
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Generate a Hypothesis in the 3rd Person](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Generate a Hypothesis in the 3rd Person
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Do a Proposal for a Fifth Grade Science Project](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Do a Proposal for a Fifth Grade Science Project
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How Do I Cite Previous Work Written by Myself & Reference It In APA Form?](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How Do I Cite Previous Work Written by Myself & Reference...
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Format a Seagate FreeAgent for a MacBook](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Format a Seagate FreeAgent for a MacBook
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Outline a Case Study](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Outline a Case Study
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade What Is Included in APA for PowerPoint Slides?](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
What Is Included in APA for PowerPoint Slides?
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade How to Write an Outline for a Comparison Paper in Literature](https://classroom.synonym.com/public/images/logo-fallback.png)
How to Write an Outline for a Comparison Paper in Literature
Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Whether you’re studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers.
- Accessibility
- Terms of Use
- Privacy Policy
- Copyright Policy
- Manage Preferences
© 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. See disclaimer .
How-To Geek
Mail merge is more useful than you think: 4 practical uses.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade 4](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fauthors%2F659e5a65add09-Me.jpg?fit=crop&w=90&h=90)
Your changes have been saved
Email is sent
Email has already been sent
Please verify your email address.
You’ve reached your account maximum for followed topics.
6 Ways to Improve Your Microsoft Word Formatting
If your pc won't run windows 11, here are 5 great linux operating systems to try instead, midrange cpus are all you need for gaming, quick links, creating address labels for your wedding invitations and christmas cards, writing individualized reports, writing job application cover letters, designing certificates.
Mail merging in Microsoft Word is well known for letting you create and send personalized versions of the same email to lots of people in one go. However, the tool also has some practical everyday uses that could make your home and work life a lot easier.
In short, mail merge lets you create a document in Microsoft Word that you can personalize with individualized details , such as people's names. There are two ways to do this—you can create the list of personalized variables within Microsoft Word's mail merge feature itself, or you can create the list in another program, such as Excel, and then import the details from that list into Word.
In this article, we will show you how to use mail merge in Microsoft Word alongside Microsoft Excel, since creating comprehensive lists and databases in Excel is easier to do and manage.
Mail merge is currently not available in Word for the web—you will need to subscribe to Microsoft 365 and use the Microsoft Word desktop app to use this tool.
While enjoyable, sending wedding invitations or Christmas cards can take time, and it's easy to make mistakes, especially if you're writing the addresses on the envelopes by hand. This is why you should use Microsoft Word instead. When you're done, you can either print the names and addresses onto label paper, or use normal paper and glue, before cutting out the individual labels to stick to your envelopes.
Start in Excel by creating your list of names and addresses. Make sure you put each line of each person's name and address into separate columns, and use headings across row 1. Also, ensure that you populate all cells, as leaving blanks will cause issues with your mail merge down the line.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing a list of names and addresses.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-a-list-of-names-and-addresses.png)
Then, press F12 to name and save your document in a memorable place on your computer.
Now, open a blank Word document, and click Mailings > Start Mail Merge > Labels.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document with the Mailings tab opened, the Start Mail Merge drop-down expanded, and Labels selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-with-the-mailings-tab-opened-the-start-mail-merge-drop-down-expanded-and-labels-selected.png)
To save paper, scroll down to and select "30 Per Page," and click "OK."
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Word's Label Options dialog box, with 30 Per Page selected, and OK being clicked.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/word-s-label-options-dialog-box-with-30-per-page-selected-and-ok-being-clicked.png)
Turning on the Show/Hide (¶) option in the Home tab will help you see the layout and positioning of the labels you have just created.
The next step is to import the address list that you created in Excel. To do this, with the Mailings tab still open, click Select Recipients > Use An Existing List.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Word's Select Recipients button, with Use An Existing List selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/word-s-select-recipients-button-with-use-an-existing-list-selected.png)
Use the Select Data Source window that opens to locate the Excel file containing the names and addresses, and click "Open." In the Select Table dialog box, check the checkbox that tells Word that you've used headings in your Excel table, and then click "OK".
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Select Table dialog box in Word, which facilitates the importing of an Excel table in mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-select-table-dialog-box-in-word-which-facilitates-the-importing-of-an-excel-table-in-mail-merge.png)
Word is now ready to pull the data across from Excel.
Click "Insert Merge Field," and see that the headings you created in Excel are listed in the drop-down. Start by clicking the item you want to appear on the first line of the address label ("Name"), and then press Enter. Repeat the process for each line of the address label, making sure you press Enter between each one.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Word's Insert Merge Field drop-down, with the different fields having been added to the Word document.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/word-s-insert-merge-field-drop-down-with-the-different-fields-having-been-added-to-the-word-document.png)
If the text runs over the space provided for the labels, increase the label sizes by clicking and dragging the bottom of the label row downwards, then remove any labels that move to the next page .
When you have inserted all merge fields, click "Update Labels." This will apply the merge fields you just added to each of the labels in your document.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Update Labels button in Microsoft Word.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-update-labels-button-in-microsoft-word.png)
Now, click "Preview Results" to check you're happy with how your labels look.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document containing address labels, previewed by clicking the Preview Results button.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-containing-address-labels-previewed-by-clicking-the-preview-results-button.png)
To complete the process, click Finish And Merge > Print Documents.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Finish And Merge drop-down in Word, with Print Documents selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-finish-and-merge-drop-down-in-word-with-print-documents-selected.png)
If you want to make changes to individual addresses, click Finish And Merge > Edit Individual Documents. This will open the labels in a new document, where you can make changes without affecting the other entries.
Then, ensure "All" is selected, and click "OK" to print.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Merge To Printer dialog box in Word, with All selected, and the OK button clicked.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-merge-to-printer-dialog-box-in-word-with-all-selected-and-the-ok-button-clicked.png)
Finally, cut up your labels and stick them onto your envelopes!
While the example we're going to use will be for teachers writing school reports, the same process can be used in many different roles and professions, such as surveying, assessing, managing, and reviewing.
In a Word document, type the foundation of the report, using "[NAME]" where a person's name will go, and "__" wherever an individualized part needs to be added.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document containing a school report, with the name and individualized details not yet included.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-containing-a-school-report-with-the-name-and-individualized-details-not-yet-included.png)
Then, copy each sentence into a cell across row 1 of an Excel sheet, making sure you add a "Name" column at the start.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing parts of a report separated into individual columns.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-parts-of-a-report-separated-into-individual-columns.png)
Then, fill in the gaps under each column for each report you want to generate, before pressing F12 to name and save the spreadsheet in a memorable location.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing details for a report that will be generated via Word's mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-details-for-a-report-that-will-be-generated-via-word-s-mail-merge.png)
Now, return to your Word document. In the Mailings tab, click Select Recipients > Use An Existing List.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A report template in Word, with the Select Recipients drop-down opened, and Use An Existing List selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-report-template-in-word-with-the-select-recipients-drop-down-opened-and-use-an-existing-list-selected.png)
In the Select Data Source window that opens, locate the Excel sheet containing the report details, and click "Open." Then, in the Select Table dialog box, check the checkbox that tells Word that you've used headings in your Excel table, and click "OK".
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Select Table dialog box in Word, which enables the importing of an Excel table in mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-select-table-dialog-box-in-word-which-enables-the-importing-of-an-excel-table-in-mail-merge.png)
Now, select the areas where you used [NAME] or inserted blanks in your Word document, click "Insert Merge Field," and choose the appropriate field via the "Insert Merge Field" drop-down to add it to the sentence.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A report in Word, with [NAME] selected, and the relevant field from the Insert Merge Field drop-down selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-report-in-word-with-name-selected-and-the-relevant-field-from-the-insert-merge-field-drop-down-selected.png)
After you have assigned all the fields from Excel, click "Preview Results" to see the first report. You can also use the arrows to flick through all the reports if you wish.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A report in Word, with the Preview Results icon selected to see the results of the mail merge operation.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-report-in-word-with-the-preview-results-icon-selected-to-see-the-results-of-the-mail-merge-operation.png)
Finally, click "Finish and Merge," which gives you the option to review and amend the documents individually, or print the reports you generated.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Finish And Merge drop-down in word.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-finish-and-merge-drop-down-in-word.png)
It can be frustrating to regurgitate the same information in various cover letters for the many jobs you might apply for. After all, the skills you have can be applied to many different roles. This is where mail merge comes into play.
Across row 1 in a blank Excel worksheet, type the different skill categories you fall into.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing a list of different skills across row 1.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-a-list-of-different-skills-across-row-1.png)
In row 2, underneath each skill, write a few sentences demonstrating your possession of that skill. These sentences will ultimately be exported into your cover letter, so make sure you write them with this in mind.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing different skills across row 1, and details of those skills in row 2.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-different-skills-across-row-1-and-details-of-those-skills-in-row-2.png)
Once you have finished detailing your skills, press F12 to name and save the workbook. You can go back in and add to or amend the details in this sheet at any time.
Next, when you've found a job you want to apply for , open a new Microsoft Word document, and type the opening and ending of your cover letter. Then, in the Mailings tab, click Select Recipients > Use An Existing List.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document, with the Select Recipients drop-down opened, and Use An Existing List selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-with-the-select-recipients-drop-down-opened-and-use-an-existing-list-selected.png)
In the Select Data Source window that opens, locate the Excel sheet containing your skills, and click "Open." Then, in the Select Table dialog box, check the checkbox that tells Word that you've used headings in your Excel table, and click "OK".
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Select Table dialog box in Word, which allows the importing of an Excel table in mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-select-table-dialog-box-in-word-which-allows-the-importing-of-an-excel-table-in-mail-merge.png)
Then, click "Insert Merge Field," and choose the job skill that you detailed in your Excel spreadsheet.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document with the Insert Merge Field drop-down, and the different job skills displayed.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-with-the-insert-merge-field-drop-down-and-the-different-job-skills-displayed.png)
You will then see a placeholder indicating that the text will appear in that position when you complete the mail merge.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A cover letter, with placeholders created through a mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-cover-letter-with-placeholders-created-through-a-mail-merge.png)
When you have added all your skills, click "Preview Results" to check that you are happy with the structure and order of your paragraphs. If not, you can select and reorder your text.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A cover letter, generated through a mail merge with a pre-created Excel worksheet.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-cover-letter-generated-through-a-mail-merge-with-a-pre-created-excel-worksheet.png)
Inevitably, you will want to amend the wording here and there to ensure that the letter is coherent. Using the mail merge technique described in this article forms the basis of your cover letter, but you should always check it through to ensure it runs smoothly. To make changes, click "Finish And Merge," and select "Edit Individual Documents." After you click "OK," your completed cover letter will open in a new document, which you can then amend and save as necessary.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A cover letter in Word, created via mail merge, with the Finish And Merge drop-down expanded, and Edit Individual Documents selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-cover-letter-in-word-created-via-mail-merge-with-the-finish-and-merge-drop-down-expanded-and-edit-individual-documents-selected.png)
Whether you run a local football team or a kids' activity center, you might want to create certificates for your participants.
First, create your list in Excel, including things like the recipients' names, scores, standards, and whatever other individualized details you want to include. Then, press F12 to name and save these details.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade An Excel sheet containing a list of names, their playing position, and their total appearances.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/an-excel-sheet-containing-a-list-of-names-their-playing-position-and-their-total-appearances.png)
Next, design your certificate in Microsoft Word. If you prefer, you can use a template by clicking File > Home > More Templates.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A certificate created in Microsoft Word, with participant details remaining incomplete, ready for their addition via mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-certificate-created-in-microsoft-word-with-participant-details-remaining-incomplete-ready-for-their-addition-via-mail-merge.png)
Now, in the Mailings tab, click Select Recipients > Use An Existing List.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document containing a certificate, with the Select Recipients drop-down opened, and Use An Existing List selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-containing-a-certificate-with-the-select-recipients-drop-down-opened-and-use-an-existing-list-selected.png)
Locate the recipients' details that you created in Excel, click "Open", check "First Row Of Data Contains Column Headers," and click "OK."
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade The Select Table dialog box in Word, enabling the importing of an Excel table in mail merge.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/the-select-table-dialog-box-in-word-enabling-the-importing-of-an-excel-table-in-mail-merge.png)
Then, click "Insert Merge Field" to add the fields from your Excel sheet to your Word document where appropriate.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A Word document, with the merge fields added to the certificate template design.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-word-document-with-the-merge-fields-added-to-the-certificate-template-design.png)
Before you finalize your certificates, click "Preview Results" to check that everything looks as it should, and then click Finish And Merge > Print Documents.
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade A certificate in Microsoft Word, with the mail merge results previewed, and the Finish And Merge drop-down selected.](https://static1.howtogeekimages.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/a-certificate-in-microsoft-word-with-the-mail-merge-results-previewed-and-the-finish-and-merge-drop-down-selected.png)
Now that you have some ideas for using mail merge for everyday tasks, check out some of our other little-known Microsoft Word tips .
- Microsoft Word
- Microsoft Excel
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade American Psychological Association](https://apastyle.apa.org/Content/Images/megamenu/images@2x/apa-logo.png)
How to cite ChatGPT
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Timothy McAdoo](https://apastyle.apa.org/images/tim-mcadoo_tcm11-262299.png)
Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.
We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.
In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.
Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper
If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.
Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.
When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).
Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software
The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.
The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:
- Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
- Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)
Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):
Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.
Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.
Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.
The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.
Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.
Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).
Other questions about citing ChatGPT
You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.
We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?
On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.
For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.
Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .
We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Related and recent
Comments are disabled due to your privacy settings. To re-enable, please adjust your cookie preferences.
APA Style Monthly
Subscribe to the APA Style Monthly newsletter to get tips, updates, and resources delivered directly to your inbox.
Welcome! Thank you for subscribing.
APA Style Guidelines
Browse APA Style writing guidelines by category
- Abbreviations
- Bias-Free Language
- Capitalization
- In-Text Citations
- Italics and Quotation Marks
- Paper Format
- Punctuation
- Research and Publication
- Spelling and Hyphenation
- Tables and Figures
Full index of topics
Advertisement
19 Facts About Tim Walz, Harris’s Pick for Vice President
Mr. Walz, the governor of Minnesota, worked as a high school social studies teacher and football coach, served in the Army National Guard and chooses Diet Mountain Dew over alcohol.
- Share full article
![how to write a hypothesis 4th grade Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, in a gray T-shirt and baseball cap, speaks at a Kamala Harris event in St. Paul, Minn., last month.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/08/05/multimedia/00pol-facts-walz-top-clgq/00pol-facts-walz-top-clgq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
By Simon J. Levien and Maggie Astor
- Published Aug. 6, 2024 Updated Aug. 9, 2024
Until recently, Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota was a virtual unknown outside of the Midwest, even among Democrats. But his stock rose fast in the days after President Biden withdrew from the race, clearing a path for Ms. Harris to replace him and pick Mr. Walz as her No. 2.
Here’s a closer look at the Democrats’ new choice for vice president.
1. He is a (very recent) social media darling . Mr. Walz has enjoyed a groundswell of support online from users commenting on his Midwestern “dad vibes” and appealing ordinariness.
2. He started the whole “weird” thing. It was Mr. Walz who labeled former President Donald J. Trump and his running mate, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, “weird” on cable television just a couple of weeks ago. The description soon became a Democratic talking point.
3. He named a highway after Prince and signed the bill in purple ink. “I think we can lay to rest that this is the coolest bill signing we’ll ever do,” he said as he put his name on legislation declaring a stretch of Highway 5 the “Prince Rogers Nelson Memorial Highway” after the musician who had lived in Minnesota.
4. He reminds you of your high school history teacher for a reason. Mr. Walz taught high school social studies and geography — first in Alliance, Neb., and then in Mankato, Minn. — before entering politics.
5. He taught in China in 1989 and speaks some Mandarin. He went to China for a year after graduating from college and taught English there through a program affiliated with Harvard University.
We are having trouble retrieving the article content.
Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.
Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.
Thank you for your patience while we verify access.
Already a subscriber? Log in .
Want all of The Times? Subscribe .
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Follow this easy formula to write a strong hypothesis: If (I do this), then (this will happen). We call this an if - then statement. Here are some examples of an if - then statement: If I use ...
A hypothesis is a tentative, testable answer to a scientific question. Once a scientist has a scientific question she is interested in, the scientist reads up to find out what is already known on the topic. Then she uses that information to form a tentative answer to her scientific question. Sometimes people refer to the tentative answer as "an ...
The goal of a science project is not to prove your hypothesis right or wrong. The goal is to learn more about how the natural world works. Even in a science fair, judges can be impressed by a project that started with a bad hypothesis. What matters is that you understood your project, did a good experiment, and have ideas for how to make it better.
Problem 1. a) There is a positive relationship between the length of a pendulum and the period of the pendulum. This is a prediction that can be tested by various experiments. Problem 2. c) Diets ...
Each level of the book conveys similar concepts, images, and vocabulary. Hypotheses. Hypotheses are statements that predict an outcome and provide a potential explanation for an experiment, based on prior knowledge. By using the resources below, students will learn about this important science skill and practice making good hypotheses.
Students will: Students will use BrainPOP features to build their understandings of the Scientific Method. Students will learn how to identify and write effective hypotheses. Students will use game play to write an appropriate hypothesis for an experiment. Students will identify and utilize the tools necessary to design a scientific investigation.
4 Alternative hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis, abbreviated as H 1 or H A, is used in conjunction with a null hypothesis. It states the opposite of the null hypothesis, so that one and only one must be true. Examples: Plants grow better with bottled water than tap water. Professional psychics win the lottery more than other people. 5 ...
Keep in mind that writing the hypothesis is an early step in the process of doing a science project. The steps below form the basic outline of the Scientific Method: Ask a Question. Do Background Research. Construct a Hypothesis. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion.
An ice cube will melt in less than 30 minutes. You could put sit and watch the ice cube melt and think you've proved a hypothesis. But you will have missed some important steps. For a good science fair project you need to do quite a bit of research before any experimenting. Start by finding some information about how and why water melts.
Here are some research hypothesis examples: If you leave the lights on, then it takes longer for people to fall asleep. If you refrigerate apples, they last longer before going bad. If you keep the curtains closed, then you need less electricity to heat or cool the house (the electric bill is lower). If you leave a bucket of water uncovered ...
Step 5C: Draft your hypothesis. Your draft hypothesis statement should include the following: the question or problem you are trying to answer; how the independent variable will be changed; the measurable or testable effect it will have on the dependent variable; and your best guess as to what you think the outcome will be.
Learning Target: I can describe and compose an appropriate hypothesis using the format: if...then..
Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
Step 8: Test the Hypothesis This is the fun part! Plan an experiment or set of observations to test the hypothesis. Whether the hypothesis is proven correct or not, the experience provides a learning opportunity. Tips for Writing Hypothesis for Kids. Encourage Curiosity: Always encourage your child to ask questions about the world around them ...
Learning how to write a hypothesis comes down to knowledge and strategy. So where do you start? Learn how to make your hypothesis strong step-by-step here.
Working with examples individually or in groups (20 minutes) Students identify whether or not a statement can be considered a hypothesis. Check off whether or not the statement contains the components of a hypothesis. Students write a brief explanation of their thinking for each statement. Sample responses: George's statement is a hypothesis ...
Select a topic. Pick a topic that interests you, and that you think it would be good to know more about. [2] If you are writing a hypothesis for a school assignment, this step may be taken care of for you. 2. Read existing research. Gather all the information you can about the topic you've selected.
What is a hypothesis? How are hypotheses formulated? And what types of And what types of hypotheses are there?A hypothesis is an assumption or conjecture abo...
4. thJimmy likes to work with his friend Joe on 7 grade science class labs. However, he notices that he tends to get lower grades when he does work with Joe, because he and ... Please help him write a hypothesis about this problem. Hypothesis: If _____ (manipulated variable) then ...
After creating a volcano science project, it's important to write a clear presentation. This should include an introduction, hypothesis, materials list, procedure description, results, and conclusion.
Make a prediction. Provide reasons for that prediction. Specifies a relationship between two or more variables. Be testable. Be falsifiable. Be expressed simply and concisely. Serves as the starting point for an investigation, an experiment, or another form of testing.
The purpose of a science fair project report is to explain the research behind the project, as well as the processes used to complete the project itself. The project report clarifies important points that may not be clear from an oral or visual presentation of the processes involved. Be sure to read over any ...
Learn what exactly a research (or scientific) hypothesis is and how to write high-quality hypothesis statements for any dissertation, thesis, or research pro...
The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.
Writing Job Application Cover Letters It can be frustrating to regurgitate the same information in various cover letters for the many jobs you might apply for. After all, the skills you have can be applied to many different roles. This is where mail merge comes into play. Across row 1 in a blank Excel worksheet, type the different skill ...
As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post. ... in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using "ChatGPT" as the ...
4. He reminds you of your high school history teacher for a reason. Mr. Walz taught high school social studies and geography — first in Alliance, Neb., and then in Mankato, Minn. — before ...