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Essay on Environmental Sanitation

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Essay Contents:

• Essay on Environmental Sanitation of Urban Area

Essay # 1. Introduction to Environmental Sanitation:

“Once we can secure access to clean water and to adequate sanitation facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won.” — WHO

Environmental sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community by providing clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. It depends on various factors that include hygiene status of the people, types of resources available, innovative and appropriate technologies according to the requirement of the community, socioeconomic development of the country, cultural factors related to environmental sanitation, political commitment, capacity building of the concerned sectors, social factors including behavioural pattern of the community, legislative measures adopted, and others.

India is still lagging far behind many countries in the field of environmental sanitation. The unsanitary conditions are appalling in India and need a great sanitary awakening similar to what took place in London in the mid-19th century. Improvement in sanitation requires newer strategies and targeted interventions with follow- up evaluation.

The need of the hour is to identify the existing system of environmental sanitation with respect to its structure and functioning and to prioritize the control strategies according to the need of the country. These priorities are particularly important because of issue of water constraints, environment-related health problems, rapid population growth, inequitable distribution of water resources, issues related to administrative problems, urbanization and industrialization, migration of population, and rapid economic growth.

ADVERTISEMENTS: (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); Essay # 2. Current Scenario of Environmental Sanitation :

As per estimates, inadequate sanitation cost India almost $54 billion or 6.4% of the country’s GDP in 2006. Over 70% of this economic impact or about $38.5 billion was health-related, with diarrhea followed by acute lower respiratory infections accounting for 12% of the health- related impacts.

Evidence suggests that all water and sanitation improvements are cost-beneficial in all developing world sub-regions sectoral demands for water are growing rapidly in India owing mainly to urbanization and it is estimated that by 2025, more than 50% of the country’s population will live in cities and towns.

Population increase, rising incomes, and industrial growth are also responsible for this dramatic shift. National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008 was the recent development in order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country. India’s Ministry of Urban Development commissioned the survey as part of its National Urban Sanitation Policy in November 2008.

In rural areas, local government institutions in charge of operating and maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, no major city in India is known to have a continuous water supply and an estimated 72% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

Essay # 3. Strategies of Environmental Sanitation :

A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, community-led total sanitation, public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of microcredit to women in order to improve access to water.

Total sanitation campaign gives strong emphasis on Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), capacity building and hygiene education for effective behaviour change with involvement of panchayati raj institutions (PRIs), community-based organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc.

The key intervention areas are individual household latrines (IHHL), school sanitation and hygiene education (SSHE), community sanitary complex, Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs), and production centers (PCs). The main goal of the government of India (GOI) is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010.

To give fillip to this endeavor, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas taking district as a unit of implementation.

A recent study highlighted that policy shift to include better household water quality management to complement the continuing expansion of coverage and upgrading of services would appear to be a cost-effective health intervention in many developing countries.

Most of the interventions (including multiple interventions, hygiene, and water quality) were found to significantly reduce the levels of diarrheal illness, with the greatest impact being seen for hygiene and household treatment interventions. Interventions to improve water quality at the household level are more effective than those at the source.

Unfortunately, in developing countries, public health concerns are usually raised on the institutional setting, such as municipal services, hospitals, and environmental sanitation. There is a reluctance to acknowledge the home as a setting of equal importance along with the public institutions in the chain of disease transmission in the community.

Managers of home hygiene and community hygiene must act in unison to optimize return from efforts to promote public health. A survey through in-depth interviews with more than 800 households in the city of Hyderabad in India concluded that, even if provided with market (not concessional) rates of financing, a substantial proportion of poor households would invest in water and sewer network connections.

The role of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality emphasizes an integrated approach to water quality assessment and management from source to consumer. It emphasizes on quality protection and prevention of contamination and advises to be proactive and participatory, and address the needs of those in developing countries who have no access to piped community water supplies.

The guidelines emphasize the maintenance of microbial quality to prevent waterborne infectious disease as an essential goal. In addition, they address protection from chemical toxicants and other contaminants of public health concern.

When sanitation conditions are poor, water quality improvements may have minimal impact regardless of amount of water contamination. If each transmission pathway alone is sufficient to maintain diarrheal disease, single-pathway interventions will have minimal benefit, and ultimately an intervention will be successful only if all sufficient pathways are eliminated.

However, when one pathway is critical to maintaining the disease, public health efforts should focus on this critical pathway. The positive impact of improved water quality is greatest for families living under good sanitary conditions, with the effect statistically significant when sanitation is measured at the community level but not significant when sanitation is measured at the household level.

Improving drinking water quality would have no effect in neighbourhoods with very poor environmental sanitation; however, in areas with better community sanitation, reducing the concentration of fecal coliforms by two orders of magnitude would lead to a 40% reduction in diarrhoea.

Providing private excreta disposal would be expected to reduce diarrhoea by 42%, while eliminating excreta around the house would lead to a 30% reduction in diarrhoea. The findings suggest that improvements in both water supply and sanitation are necessary if infant health in developing countries is to be improved.

They also imply that it is not epidemiologic but behavioural, institutional, and economic factors that should correctly determine the priority of interventions. Another study highlighted that water quality interventions to the point-of-use water treatment were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not more effective than interventions with a single focus.

Studies have shown that hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about 30%. This significant reduction is comparable to the effect of providing clean water in low-income areas.

Lack of safe water supply, poor environmental sanitation, improper disposal of human excreta, and poor personal hygiene help to perpetuate and spread diarrheal diseases in India. Since diarrheal diseases are caused by 20-25 pathogens, vaccination, though an attractive disease prevention strategy, is not feasible.

However, as the majority of childhood diarrhoeas are caused by Vibrio cholerae, Shigella edysenteriae type 1, rotavirus, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli which have a high morbidity and mortality, vaccines against these organisms are essential for the control of epidemics. A strong political will with appropriate budgetary allocation is essential for the control of childhood diarrheal diseases in India.

Management Approach based on Community:

National water policies are shifting to community-based management approach because local authorities are in daily contact with users, of whom about 50% are women. Historically, national policy shifted from attention to distribution of investments in the water sector to reorganization of water agencies and to building up the capacity of private or voluntary agencies.

The local context allows for more efficient and effective responses to local conditions. Local institutions and groups are better equipped to solicit local participation. Local water resource planning is very important in strengthening the economic and individual capacity of poor people in under-developed areas.

Experience in Mahesana, Banaskantha, and Sabarkantha in Gujarat state supports this lesson learned. One of the obstacles in Gujarat to water resource development is identified as increased demand for public water services and inadequate provision of services due to remoteness of the area and financial limitations of central agencies. Infrastructure is also poorly maintained.

Providing private excreta disposal would be expected to reduce diarrhoea by 42%, while eliminating excreta around the house would lead to a 30% reduction in diarrhea. The findings suggest that improvements in both water supply and sanitation are necessary if infant health in developing countries is to be improved. They also imply that it is not epidemiologic but behavioural, institutional, and economic factors that should correctly determine the priority of interventions.

Morbidity and mortality due to waterborne diseases have not declined commensurate with increase in availability of potable water supply. More importantly, young children bear a huge part of the burden of disease resulting from the lack of hygiene. India still loses between 0.4 and 0.5 million children under 5 years due to diarrhoea.

While infant mortality and under 5 mortality rates have declined over the years for the country as a whole, in many states, these have stagnated in recent years, one of the reasons is the failure to make significant headway in improving personal and home hygiene, especially in the care of young children and the conditions surrounding birth.

Few More Developments:

The agriculture sector accounts for between 90 and 95% of surface and groundwater in India, while industry and the domestic sector account for the remaining. At the same time, several important measures are being taken to deal with the above issues, on the water resources management front, the National Water Policy, 2002 recognizes the need for well-developed information systems at the national and state levels, places strong emphasis on non-conventional methods for utilization such as inter-basin transfers, artificial recharge, desalination of brackish or sea water, as well as traditional water conservation practices such as rainwater harvesting, etc., to increase utilizable water resources.

It also advocates watershed management through extensive soil conservation, catchment area treatment, preservation of forests, and increasing forest cover and the construction of check dams. The policy also recognizes the potential need to reorganize and reorient institutional arrangements for the sector and emphasizes the need to maintain existing infrastructure.

While no comprehensive study on equity issues relating to water supply, sanitation, and health has been conducted for the country as a whole, common equity issues that plague the sector in most developing countries also hold true for India. In addition, comprehensive studies on the economic value of the water and sanitation sector in India also do not exist.

It is important to reiterate the need for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation [RWSS] and Urban Water Supply and Sanitation [UWSS] agencies to operate hand-in-hand with their health and education counterparts to jointly monitor indicators of RWSS, UWSS, health, education, poverty, and equity in order to make significant headway in the respective sectors. Existing health promotion and education programmes should be made more effective and geared toward achieving behavior changes needed to improve hygiene.

Essay # 4. Environmental Sanitation of Urban Area:

Percent of urban population without proper sanitation in India is 63%. The 11th Five Year Plan envisages 100% coverage of urban water, urban sewerage, and rural sanitation by 2012. Although investment in water supply and sanitation is likely to see a jump of 221% in the 11th plan over the 10th plan, the targets do not take into account both the quality of water being provided, or the sustainability of systems being put in place.

Increasing emphasis on use of information technology applications in urban governance and management to ensure quick access to information, planning, and decision support systems are the primary concern areas related to environmental sanitation. Solid waste management is also increasingly seen as an important area in UWSS.

Legislation on municipal waste handling and management has been passed in October 2000. Some strategies on solid waste management include preparation of town-wise master plans, training of municipal staff, IEC and awareness generation, involvement of community-based and non-governmental organizations, setting up and operation of compost plants via NGOs and the private sector, enhancement of the capacities of some state structures such as State Compost Development Corporations with emphasis on commercial operations and private sector involvement.

Variations in housing type, density and settlement layout, poverty status, and access to networked services will lead to different solutions for sanitation in different parts of the city or within the same neighbourhood.

Challenges Ahead:

1. Prevention of contamination of water in distribution systems,

2. Growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation,

3. Implementing innovative low-cost sanitation system,

4. Providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for urban and semi-urban areas,

5. Reducing disparities within the regions in the country,

6. Sustainability of water and sanitation services.

The public health challenge inherent in meeting the MDG targets is ensuring that improvements result in access to water and sanitation for the critical at-risk populations. Innovative approaches are required to ensure the availability of low-cost, simple, and locally acceptable water and sanitation interventions and integrating these approaches into existing social institutions such as schools, markets, and health facilities.

Finally, it is concluded that implementation of low-cost sanitation system with lower subsidies, greater household involvement, range of technology choices, options for sanitary complexes for women, rural drainage systems, IEC and awareness building, involvement of NGOs and local groups, availability of finance, human resource development, and emphasis on school sanitation are the important areas to be considered.

Also appropriate forms of private participation and public private partnerships, evolution of a sound sector policy in Indian context, and emphasis on sustainability with political commitment are prerequisites to bring the change.

Related Articles:

• Poor Sanitation: 11 Reasons for Poor Sanitation in India
• Environmental Resource Management in Indi

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Environmental Policy: Water Sanitation Essay

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Introduction

Innovative solution: a critical review, critical analysis and discussion.

Water pollution has a deeply lasting impact on the global community, affecting public health and the environment. The connection between water pollution and the issues such as health rates and environmental issues might seem tenuous, yet water contamination has a direct impact on people’s health and the safety of habitats, as well as different species. Several factors that may lead to water pollution are typically mentioned as the ones of the greatest impact. These include increased production of domestic waste, active use of pesticides, detergents or any other type of chemicals that interact with the environment aggressively, and industrial waste (Liu et al., 2018). The latter includes wastewater effluents from plants and other production facilities that emit waste (Wang et al., 2018).

In addition to direct consumption of water that has been contaminated and may contain viruses of dangerous infectious diseases, there is a possibility of water trickling further into the soil and contaminating groundwater. The described process affects the environment on a very profound level by increasing the instances of waterborne illnesses among people and animal species. In addition, the quality of soil and the crops that are produced using it drop respectively, causing an ecological catastrophe. Due to the negative effects of pollution, numerous habitats disappear, which causes local endemics to become extinct (Wang et al., 2018). As a result, multiple natural processes are disrupted, which leads to more diseases and even more drastic outcomes for people and local species (Wang et al., 2018). Therefore, the issue of water pollution must be managed using both the support of local authorities and the assistance of citizens.

The application of the new sanitation principles represents a new method of reducing the levels of water pollution and curbing the extent of its negative effects on living organisms. The specified technique implies addressing the issue of water contamination by introducing it to anaerobic treatment (Díaz-Báez & Valderrama-Rincon, 2017). Specifically, the proposed technique implies introducing organic sludge to contaminated water in order to purify it from waste. During the anaerobic treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (AT in UASB), water is processed with the help of the blanket that forms on the surface of the tank and distils clean water from waste elements (Wang et al., 2018). Along with AT in UASB, the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) approach is often proposed as equally effective. In fact, several studies point to the fact that the EGSB-based strategy is likely to yield better results since the specified EGSB can be combined with glucose more effectively (Wang et al., 2018). The described reaction is critical to the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), which launches the mechanism of water purification (Díaz-Báez & Valderrama-Rincon, 2017). Nonetheless, the AT in UASB framework as the most accessible one needs to be integrated into the modern system of wastewater management and the reduction of water pollution rates.

The AT in UASB tool as the method for addressing the problem of wastewater has been chosen as an appropriate one for a solid reason. According to recent studies, AT in UASB helps to purify sewage water rather effectively. A comparatively small size of a typical AT in UASB and the small amount of resources that it consumes, including financial expenses, deserve to be named as the key advantages (El Gohary & Aboulfotoh, 2017). Indeed, due to its ergonomic structure and the active use of biofilters, the specified technology can be applied to rural communities, especially the remote areas that experience difficulties with regular access to water (Qian et al., 2106). The application of ASD in UASB with the inclusion of biofilters will lead to a rise in the levels of water sanitation, with the following chances for restoring damaged ecosystems and reducing the rates of groundwater pollution (Yang, Lee, Zheng, & Zang, 2018).

The described technique cannot be seen as fully impeccable due to several constraints, including the probability of leakage in case of inconsistent quality control. However, the performance of a UASB can be controlled more effectively once IT tools for monitoring are introduced to it. With the integration of AT to the UASB and the active management of issues associated with control, one will reduce the level of threat greatly and at the same time create the platform for the further improvement in the quality of water sanitation.

Disadvantages

Unfortunately, the suggested solution is far from being flawless. While wastewater processing has a tangible impact on the degree of contamination, the AT in UASB framework also has several weaknesses. The size of the device and the scale of a project aimed at purifying water is the first problem since the volume of the tank is limited. Although the current volume restrictions still allow for a rather large amount of water to be processed, it does not provide an opportunity to perform the process of purification fast enough (Yang, Zhou, & Li, 2018). In addition, contained-based technology of new sanitation as a concept is rather broad, embracing a large number of technologies some of which are yet to be tested. The lack of tools for maintaining the security levels high and monitoring every aspect of the process of new sanitation also present a large number of concerns to address (Bovio, Cabezas, & Etchebehere, 2019). The technology issue is of particular importance to the overall efficacy of the proposed solution.

The described issue is not as much a disadvantage as it is a characteristic that makes the approach rather difficult to implement. Due to the necessity to integrate the latest and the most innovative tools into the project, it is crucial to provide staff members with updated information and training options for developing relevant skills. However, the process of learning is expected to be quite difficult since monitoring the performance of the equipment and ensuring that it works properly is going to be a challenge for staff members that are unaware of how to manage AT in UASB (Humayun et al., 2019). Thus, the introduction of the policies that encourage organisations and communities to incorporate the specified technology into the target setting in order to improve wastewater treatment and reduce the extent of water contamination requires further changes.

At present, the policy of anaerobic digestion, to which the principles of new sanitation and particularly the use of the AT in UASB belong, has been implemented with a varying degree of success. According to a recent study by Kang et al. (2018), to implement the proposed wastewater management policy, the current environment for cooperation between the bodies of city administration and organisations that produce wastewater is required. However, the current setting is far from being a perfect atmosphere for endorsing the proposed technique. For instance, a recent study establishes that the implementation of the system has been hampered in the UK:

Whilst the Department of Energy is not concerned that AT can provide a more environmentally friendly waste treatment alternative. The UK experience provides an example of a strong advocate integrating departments’ policy setting to realise AT’s full suite of benefits. (Edwards, Othman, & Burn, 2017, p. 824)

Therefore, the inconsistency in the stance taken by the local administration, environmental organisations, and local industrial entrepreneurships and businesses is worthy of noting. The observed obstacle is likely to prevent one from the successful implementation of the specified policy. The expenses associated with the AT in the UASB system and the AT framework, in general, is also of large significance to the overall feasibility of the new system integration.

Furthermore, integrating the policy of an AT in UASB-based water purification technology into the framework of operations within the settings of organisations and communities will require a deep understanding of the current legal standards. For instance, the present-day policy for managing water pollution with the help of the AT in UASB tools in the U.S. can be described as quite vague. According to Edwards et al. (2017), the efficacy of the AT in UASB system hinges on the extent to which the issue is addressed in the existing legal standards. Specifically, the author states that “The upward trend of on-farm AT use for bioenergy is expected to continue as high on-farm AT usage in particular is concentrated in a small number of states” (Edwards et al., 2017, p. 817). The necessity to establish the connection between the legal framework of a particular country with the introduction of AT in UASB tools into its communities and business sector is likely to reduce the speed of the policy integration and the implementation of the technique. Finally, the core disadvantage of the specified model of new sanitation concerns the absence of a framework for encouraging education about the specified concern.

Managing Disadvantages

Although the problems with the instalment of the new sanitation framework and particularly an AT in UASB-based technology in communities, the specified tool has a vast potential as the method of addressing water pollution. The disadvantages mentioned above, especially the one associated with the possibility of leakage, can be managed by introducing IT tools for monitoring and control, as well as the education of staff members. The proposed technique will help to reduce the threat of a leakage. In addition, it is critical to reconsider the present legal framework is supportive of the integration of innovative biotechnology into the UASB management. Finally, cooperation on the administrative level is required. To address the specified concerns, one will need to educate the residents of rural communities and the organisations that practice their business in the target setting about the opportunities that biotechnology holds for UASB and the chances that the described technique can open for water sanitation and overall improvement of the community’s ecological status.

Future Opportunities

Despite its numerous problems and the lack of legal support in a range of states, the technology that implies the use of new sanitation techniques and particularly the application of the AT in UASB method has a massively positive effect on the environment. Therefore, the selected policy that encourages organisations and communities to accept the idea of water purification as the gateway to introducing sustainability to their setting offers huge advantages. The improvement of the overall ecological situation is the primary positive outcome that the proposed strategy and the reinforcement of the current policy implies. By creating the legal and environmental standards that will make it mandatory for every community to utilise the AT in UASB system as the model of water purification, one will be able to manage the problem of water pollution at a much higher level. The resulting change in the ecology of communities will lead to possible restoration of habitats that have been affected by water pollution (Wang et al., 2018).

Moreover, the underlying issue of groundwater contamination will partially be addressed since lower rates of waste will be introduced to the water system and, thus, to groundwater. Studies show that the adoption of AT in UASB-related innovative technologies allows for the recovery of phosphorus during the procedure, as well as the removal of nitrogen from groundwater (Wang et al., 2018), the specified changes introduced to groundwater allow for its further sanitation and, therefore, affect the overall quality of water that people consume. The management of groundwater by using AT in UASB in communities and businesses is also connected closely to the improvement of groundwater status in the long term.

By applying the elements such as granular activated carbon to the AT in UASB environment, one can launch the process of Anammox granulation through uncultured bacterium (Liu et al., 2018). Therefore, the process of groundwater sanitation improves exponentially with the inclusion of UASNB-related technologies and particularly the integration of components that enhance the formation of granules (Edwards et al., 2017). It is worth keeping in mind that the suggested techniques may require additional efforts to be integrated into the selected environment due to legal constraints. For example, the described technique is prohibited in China because of the side ostensible effects that it may have (Wenjie, Huaqin, Joseph, & Yue, 2015). Nonetheless, the current studies indicate that the side effects can be minimised, whereas the positive outcomes for the health rates within a target community and the restoration of its ecosystem are bound to be massive (Edwards et al., 2017). Therefore, the opportunities that the incorporation of the AT in UASB technologies powered by IT tools for monitoring are quite immense.

In addition, the introduction of IT and ICT tools into the management of UASB should be regarded as a crucial opportunity. Although some of the current disadvantages that the proposed method includes can be seen as intrinsic to the designated method of addressing water pollution, it could be improved by reinforcing the control over the sludge management and the introduction of the associated sanitation measures to the target setting. Therefore, one should consider restructuring the current framework for managing UASB and incorporating IT and ICT tools into it to improve its performance. The specified changes are particularly relevant for rural areas, where wastewater management is hampered due to poor infrastructure and the inability to address ecological concerns for economic reasons. The integration of the selected approach into the designated setting will help to reduce not only water pollution but also the contamination of groundwater. As a result, a vast change in the management of the specified environmental issue is expected to occur.

The alterations mentioned above are bound to lead to a gradual improvement in the ecological status of specific areas. For instance, a slow restoration of habitats that have been affected by wastewater and contaminated groundwater is expected to take place. With an improvement in the management of water pollution, one will be able to handle some of the current issues linked to wastewater management. Thus, a certain number of the challenges associated with the promotion of green waste management within organisations and communities will be handled effectively., However, the process of monitoring the performance of AT in UASB should remain consistent to ensure that the described change will not affect target communities and the environment negatively.

The problem of water purification has been affecting the global community for a significant time period, with numerous solutions having been provided over time. However, the principle of new sanitation, which involves the adoption of an AT in UASB, seems to be the most effective for using in small communities and especially rural areas, where access to clean water is restricted. The incorporation of IT tools for monitoring the process of water animation in UASB should be seen as critical due to the necessity to control the possible leakage and prevent the associated issues promptly. As a result, a gradual recovery of not only wastewater but also groundwater affected by the rates of pollution within a target community can be expected. Further changes have to be made to the current framework for UASB technique and the introduction of IT and ICT tools for controlling it. Thus, the process of water pollution can be reversed, with a greater amount of water being sanitised.

Bovio, P., Cabezas, A., & Etchebehere, C. (2019). Preliminary analysis of Chloroflexi populations in full‐scale UASB methanogenic reactors. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 126 (2), 667-683. Web.

Díaz-Báez, M. C., & Valderrama-Rincon, J. D. (2017). Rapid restoration of methanogenesis in an acidified UASB reactor treating 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (TCP). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 324 , 599-604. Web.

Edwards, J., Othman, M., & Burn, S. (2015). A review of policy drivers and barriers for the use of anaerobic digestion in Europe, the United States and Australia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52 , 815-828. Web.

El Gohary, E. H., & Aboulfotoh, A. M. (2017). Enhancement of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket using submerged biofilters as a pre-treatment. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 7 (5), 1797-1801.

Humayun, M., Hu, Z., Khan, A., Cheng, W., Yuan, Y., Zheng, Z.,… Luo, W. (2019). Highly efficient degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol over CeO2/g-C3N4 composites under visible-light irradiation: Detailed reaction pathway and mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 364 , 635-644. Web.

Kang, D., Hu, Q., Zhang, M., Ding, A., Wang, R., Lu, H.,… Zheng, P. (2018). Deep purification of low-strength ammonium-containing wastewater with ANRE process. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 129 , 57-63. Web.

Liu, F., Zhang, S., Luo, P., Zhuang, X., Chen, X., & Wu, J. (2018). Purification and reuse of non-point source wastewater via Myriophyllum-based integrative biotechnology: A review. Bioresource Technology, 248 , 3-11. Web.

Qian, J., Wei, L., Liu, R., Jiang, F., Hao, X., & Chen, G. H. (2016). An exploratory study on the pathways of Cr (VI) reduction in sulfate-reducing up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. Scientific Reports, 6 , 1-12. Web.

Wang, S., Zhang, B., Diao, M., Shi, J., Jiang, Y., Cheng, Y., & Liu, H. (2018). Enhancement of synchronous bio-reductions of vanadium (V) and chromium (VI) by mixed anaerobic culture. Environmental Pollution, 242 , 249-256. Web.

Wenjie, Z. H. A. N. G., Huaqin, W., Joseph, D. R., & Yue, J. (2015). Granular activated carbon as nucleus for formation of Anammox granules in an expanded granular-sludge-bed reactor. Global NEST Journal, 17 (3), 508-514. Web.

Yang, H., Li, D., Zeng, H., & Zhang, J. (2018). Autotrophic nitrogen conversion process and microbial population distribution in biofilter that simultaneously removes Fe, Mn and ammonia from groundwater. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 135 , 53-61. Web.

Yang, J., Zhou, L. Y., & Li, H. (2018). Synergistic effects of acclimated bacterial community and zero valent iron for removing 1, 1, 1‐trichloroethane and 1, 4‐dioxane co‐contaminants in groundwater. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 93 (8), 2244-2251. Web.

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ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Sustainable development goal 6: clean water and sanitation.

The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to work toward a sustainable and poverty-free world by 2030. Goal 6, in particular, seeks to ensure that people have access to clean water and adequate sanitation services worldwide.

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The members of the United Nations (UN) adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015. These 17 goals are designed to unite nations in the common cause of ensuring the general welfare of all humans by the year 2030. These goals include a focus on ending poverty, tackling climate change , and maintaining high standards of resources.

SDG 6 focuses on ensuring a clean and stable water supply and effective water sanitation for all people by the year 2030. The goal is a reaction to the fact that many people throughout the world lack these basic services. About 40 percent of the world’s population is affected by a lack of water. As global temperatures rise, that total is expected to increase. Already, some of the poorest countries in the world are affected by drought , resulting in famine and malnutrition . Throughout the world, about 1.7 billion people live in a watershed where water is used faster than the watershed can be replenished. According to some estimates, if such trends continue, one in four people, or more, might experience water shortages on a regular basis by the year 2050.

Compounding the problem of water scarcity is the lack of reliable sanitation throughout the world. More than two billion people worldwide lack basic sanitation services, such as simple latrines or toilets. More than 890 million of those people live in regions where “open defecation” occurs. This means that human waste is left in the open. Adding to the issue is the fact that 80 percent of wastewater throughout the planet is emptied into the ocean or rivers without proper waste removal.

Alarmed by these problems, the UN established SDG 6 in an effort to make adequate sanitation and water services available to all people by the year 2030. As many as 800 million people, or more, would require the construction of facilities to provide consistent clean water and waste removal. To succeed in their vision, the UN developed a series of targets. These targets include restoring and protecting river ecosystems throughout the world, eliminating sources of water pollution , and increasing international cooperation to bring services throughout the world.

In an effort to reach the targets outlined by SDG 6, some water companies have installed smart meters in places where water scarcity is a concern. These meters track and charge for every drop of water used in a household, which has led to higher water conservation in countries like The Gambia and Tanzania. The CEO of one such company, eWATERpay, claims that these meters have reduced water waste by 99 percent.

Such efforts take time and require many countries to work together. While some strides have been made, based on information from a 2017 UN study, not enough has been done to ensure that this goal will be met by 2030. Managing these targets properly is the only way to make certain all people will benefit from clean water and effective sanitation in the years ahead.

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Essay on Clean Water and Sanitation

Students are often asked to write an essay on Clean Water and Sanitation in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Clean Water and Sanitation

Importance of clean water.

Clean water is vital for life. Every living organism needs it for survival. It helps in digestion, removes toxins, and keeps us hydrated. Without clean water, we risk diseases.

Role of Sanitation

Sanitation is as important as clean water. It prevents the spread of germs, ensuring we stay healthy. Good sanitation practices include proper waste disposal and maintaining cleanliness.

Link Between Clean Water and Sanitation

Clean water and sanitation are interconnected. Contaminated water can lead to poor sanitation, and vice versa. Hence, both are essential for a healthy life.

250 Words Essay on Clean Water and Sanitation

Introduction.

Clean water and sanitation are fundamental components of human health and wellbeing. They are deeply intertwined with socioeconomic development, environmental sustainability, and human dignity.

The Importance of Clean Water

Sanitation: more than hygiene.

Sanitation extends beyond personal hygiene. It involves the management of human waste, solid waste, and wastewater. Proper sanitation practices reduce the incidence of diseases, enhance the quality of life, and contribute to social and economic development. Inadequate sanitation is a pressing issue in many parts of the world, leading to serious public health crises.

Linking Clean Water and Sanitation

The connection between clean water and sanitation is undeniable. Contaminated water sources due to poor sanitation practices can lead to the spread of diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. Therefore, efforts to improve water quality must go hand in hand with improving sanitation facilities.

The challenges surrounding clean water and sanitation are formidable, but not insurmountable. Through concerted efforts from governments, communities, and individuals, we can ensure access to these fundamental human rights for everyone, thereby paving the way for a healthier, more sustainable world.

500 Words Essay on Clean Water and Sanitation

Clean water and sanitation are fundamental to human health and well-being. Despite being recognized as a human right by the United Nations, millions of people worldwide still lack access to these basic necessities. The importance of clean water and sanitation cannot be overstated, as they play a crucial role in preventing disease, promoting health, and improving overall quality of life.

Water is a vital resource for all forms of life. However, clean and safe drinking water is not universally available. Contaminated water can transmit diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Furthermore, the lack of clean water can impede social and economic development, as individuals may spend significant time and effort obtaining water, rather than engaging in productive activities or education.

The Necessity of Sanitation

Challenges and solutions.

Despite the critical importance of clean water and sanitation, numerous challenges hinder universal access. These include inadequate infrastructure, lack of funding, and insufficient awareness about the importance of hygiene. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts from governments, non-governmental organizations, and communities.

Infrastructure development is crucial for providing clean water and sanitation facilities, particularly in rural and marginalized areas. This includes building water purification systems, sewage treatment plants, and toilets. However, such initiatives require significant financial resources. Therefore, increased investment from both public and private sectors is necessary.

In conclusion, clean water and sanitation are not just basic human needs, but they are also fundamental human rights. Despite the challenges, achieving universal access to clean water and sanitation is possible through infrastructure development, increased funding, and education. By ensuring everyone has access to these basic services, we can significantly improve global health, foster social and economic development, and ultimately, create a more equitable world.

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GOAL 6: Clean water and sanitation

Learn more about SDG 6

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all:

Sustainable management of water resources and access to safe water and sanitation are essential for unlocking economic growth and productivity, and provide significant leverage for existing investments in health and education. The natural environment e.g. forests, soils and wetlands contributes to management and regulation of water availability and water quality, strengthening the resilience of watersheds and complementing investments in physical infrastructure and institutional and regulatory arrangements for water access, use and disaster preparedness. Water shortages undercut food security and the incomes of rural farmers while improving water management makes national economies, the agriculture and food sectors more resilient to rainfall variability and able to fulfil the needs of growing population. Protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems and their biodiversity can ensure water purification and water quality standards.

UNEP is working to develop a coherent approach to measuring water-related issues included through. All the SDG indicators under Goal 6 are coordinated by UN Water and UNEP actively works with UN Water and the UN Water partners on these indicators. UN Water has developed a data portal as a hub for SDG 6. Additionally, the Global Environmental Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 acts a coordinating initiative for all SDG 6 methodologies (all SDG 6 methodologies, including the ones UNEP has developed are available as part of this initiative).

Sustainable Development Goal 6 goes beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which are critical to the survival of people and the planet. The 2030 Agenda recognizes the centrality of water resources to sustainable development and the vital role that improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene play in progress in other areas, including health, education and poverty reduction.

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• 6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time (Tier I)

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To learn more about UN Environment Programme's contributions to SDG 6:

• SDG Issue Brief on  Ensuring Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All
• SDG Policy Brief on  Freshwater under Threat

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Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)

Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene are crucial to human health and well-being. Safe WASH is not only a prerequisite to health, but contributes to livelihoods, school attendance and dignity and helps to create resilient communities living in healthy environments. Drinking unsafe water impairs health through illnesses such as diarrhoea, and untreated excreta contaminates groundwaters and surface waters used for drinking-water, irrigation, bathing and household purposes.  Chemical contamination of water continues to pose a health burden, whether natural in origin such as arsenic and fluoride, or anthropogenic such as nitrate. Safe and sufficient WASH plays a key role in preventing numerous NTDs such as trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis. Diarrhoeal deaths as a result of inadequate WASH were reduced by half during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period (1990–2015), with the significant progress on water and sanitation provision playing a key role. Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards safely managed drinking-water or sanitation such as regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically improve health by reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.

Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are crucial to human health and well-being. Safe WASH is not only a prerequisite to health, but contributes to livelihoods, school attendance and dignity and helps to create resilient communities living in healthy environments. Drinking unsafe water impairs health through illnesses such as diarrhoea, and untreated excreta contaminates groundwaters and surface waters used for drinking-water, irrigation, bathing and household purposes. This creates a heavy burden on communities. Chemical contamination of water continues to pose a health burden, whether natural in origin such as arsenic and fluoride, or anthropogenic such as nitrate. Safe and sufficient WASH plays a key role in preventing numerous neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis.

However, poor WASH conditions still account for more than one million diarrhoeal deaths every year and constrain effective prevention and management of other diseases including malnutrition, NTDs and cholera.

Evidence suggests that improving service levels towards safely managed drinking-water or sanitation such as regulated piped water or connections to sewers with wastewater treatment can dramatically improve health by reducing diarrhoeal disease deaths.

WHO develops, updates and disseminates health-based guidance documents and best practice guides, norms and standards that support standard-setting and regulations at national level, particularly for drinking-water safety, effective surveillance approaches, recreational water quality, sanitation safety, safe wastewater use, WASH in health and educational facilities, and WASH monitoring.

WHO empowers countries through multi-sectoral technical cooperation, advice and capacity building to governments, practitioners and partners including on health and WASH sector capacities with respect to their public health oversight roles, national policies and regulatory frameworks, national systems for effective water quality and disease surveillance, including outbreak response, national systems for WASH monitoring, and national WASH target-setting.

WHO provides reliable and credible WASH data to inform policies and programmes including on WASH risk factors and burden of disease, the status of key output indicators for WASH, progress towards relevant WASH-related SDG targets, the enabling environment for WASH including WASH finance, and wastewater and SDG 6 interlinkages.

WHO coordinates with multi-sectoral partners, leads or engages with global and regional platforms, and advocates for WASH to influence political will and policy uptake of effective WASH strategies, increase focus on effective WASH regulations and policies, and expand and strengthen multi-sectoral collaboration at national level.

WHO promotes integration of WASH with other health programmes, for example disease programmes for cholera and NTDs, emergencies programmes, quality care and infection prevention control, especially through WASH in health care facilities, nutrition programmes and antimicrobial resistance programmes. 

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Children — What is Sanitation and Its Effects

What is Sanitation and Its Effects

• Categories: Children Cleanliness

About this sample

Words: 504 |

Published: Jan 15, 2019

Words: 504 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Works cited:, what is sanitation, diseases led by poor or lack of sanitation.

• Gardner, A. (2002). Movie Review: Legally Blonde.
• Legally Blonde. (2001). Directed by Robert Luketic [Film]. United States: MGM.
• Legally Blonde. (n.d.). In IMDb. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250494/
• Legally Blonde: Blonde stereotypes. (2016, June 6). Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beauty-sick/201606/legally-blonde-blonde-stereotypes
• Legally Blonde. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde
• Loh, J. (2016, June 7). The 15 Best Quotes from Legally Blonde.
• Mahoney, C. (2015, July 13). Everything You Never Knew About ‘Legally Blonde.’
• Mukherjee, S. (2016, August 4). Why Legally Blonde is the ultimate feminist movie.
• Standpoint Theory. (n.d.). In SAGE Research Methods.
• Wood, J. T., & Fixmer-Oraiz, B. (2019). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture. Cengage Learning.

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