Keyword search string and criteria. Thirdly , screening and data extraction is conducted to identify the potentially relevant articles. During the third phase of the inclusion search process, 70 papers were found in WOS, and 455 papers were found in Scopus. After removing 40 duplicate papers and 427 irrelevant papers, 58 articles remained.
A total of 427 articles were excluded during the screening and data extraction process as they were deemed irrelevant to the study’s research questions despite initially meeting the inclusion criteria. The specifics of why these articles were considered irrelevant may include factors such as not addressing the topic adequately, not containing substantial data or analysis related to the study, or not aligning with the objectives of the research. These exclusion criteria were applied systematically to ensure that only the most relevant, recent, and English-language articles and papers meeting the specified keyword criteria were included in the final analysis. Figure 3 depicts the data selection and extraction steps.
Outline of descriptive content analysis
The literature review indicates that various academic investigations concentrated on waste management strategies in textiles, with an increasing emphasis on transitioning from a linear to a circular economy. While demonstrating the necessity for an expanding amount of literature on this subject with practical implications.
Systematic Dimension and Methodical Aspect
Five systematic dimensions were identified in the post-initial reviewing of papers and examining components using inductive approaches to evaluate the topic and research directions. Methodical aspects were utilized to place material orders within each dimension, as depicted in Table 2 . One paper may fall into multiple categories.
Systematic Dimension | Methodical Aspect |
Types of Paper | Qualitative and quantitative papers (i.e., reviews, conceptual, case studies, surveys, exploratory, modelling). |
Types of Research | Conceptual framework, CE perspective, PCTW management practices in the industry, zero waste fashion, innovation in the processes, design thinking, channels for textile reuse. |
Waste Management Practices | Mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, incineration, decomposition, special techniques and mixed techniques. |
CE Principles (R’s) | Recover, refurbish, recycle, repair, repurpose, reuse, remanufacture, reduce, rethink and refuse. |
Geographical Focus | Developing nations and regions where the frequency of purchase is high. |
Table 2:
Systematic dimension and methodical aspect of research papers.
Systematic Dimension: Types of Paper
Methodical Aspect: Qualitative and quantitative papers (i.e., reviews, conceptual, case studies, surveys, exploratory, modelling).
In the examination of the academic landscape on Post-Consumer Textile Waste (PCTW) management within the circular economy context, it is crucial to categorize and evaluate the types of papers that contribute to our understanding of this multifaceted subject. The classification includes a wide spectrum of research methodologies, such as qualitative and quantitative approaches, encompassing literature reviews, conceptual papers, case studies, surveys, exploratory studies, and modelling. By encompassing such diverse types of papers, we are better equipped to comprehend the intricate dimensions of PCTW management, from theoretical conceptualizations to real-world applications.
Systematic Dimension: Types of Research
Methodical Aspect: Conceptual framework, CE perspective, PCTW management practices in the industry, zero waste fashion, innovation in the processes, design thinking, channels for textile reuse.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f003.jpg)
Figure 3: Systematic Literature Review Summary.
The exploration of post-consumer textile waste management reveals various dimensions within the circular economy context, encompassing the development of conceptual frameworks, Circular Economy (CE) perspectives, PCTW management practices within the industry, zero waste fashion initiatives, innovations in waste reduction processes, the application of design thinking, and the establishment of channels for textile reuse. This comprehensive spectrum of research directions allows for a holistic view of how PCTW management is evolving, from theoretical underpinnings to practical strategies, and highlights the interplay of sustainability, innovation, and design thinking in reshaping the textile industry.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f004.jpg)
Figure 4: No. of publications on textile waste management in India from 2015–2021.
Systematic Dimension: Waste Management Practices
Methodical Aspect: Mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, incineration, decomposition, special techniques, and mixed techniques.
One of the core components of effective post-consumer textile waste management is the methodology employed in waste treatment and recycling. This dimension encompasses a range of practices, including mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, incineration, decomposition, and the utilization of special and mixed techniques. Each approach has unique implications for environmental sustainability, resource conservation, and economic viability, making it essential to scrutinize the merits and limitations of these techniques to devise the most effective strategies for PCTW management.
Systematic Dimension: CE Principles (R’s)
Methodical Aspect: Recover, refurbish, recycle, repair, repurpose, reuse, remanufacture, reduce, rethink, refuse.
The principles of the circular economy, often encapsulated by the “R’s,” offer a structured framework for sustainable waste management. In the context of post-consumer textile waste, these principles comprise a roadmap for action. They include strategies such as recovering valuable materials, refurbishing products, recycling textiles, repairing items, repurposing materials, reusing products, remanufacturing goods, reducing waste generation, rethinking consumption patterns, and refusing disposable and non-recyclable items. Each of these principles represents a facet of sustainability, and their integration into textile waste management practices is essential for achieving circularity in the textile industry.
Systematic Dimension: Geographical Focus
Methodical Aspect: Developing nations and regions where the frequency of purchase is high.
Geographical focus is a significant aspect of post-consumer textile waste management research. The research explores the varying dynamics of textile waste generation and management in developing nations and regions characterized by high consumption frequency. By concentrating on these specific areas, the research aims to address the distinctive challenges and opportunities faced by regions with burgeoning consumer markets and emerging economies. Understanding the geographical nuances is vital in formulating targeted strategies that align with each region’s cultural, economic, and environmental characteristics.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f005.jpg)
Figure 5: Number of documents in top 10 key journals-Scopus.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f006.jpg)
Figure 6: Prevalence of keyword similarity in selected journal articles.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f007.jpg)
Figure 7: Number of publications per country.
Paper distribution and Evolution
Figure 4 depicts the complete study of chosen publications and paper distributions from 2015 to 2021. Textile waste management research in India elevated from 2015 to 2018 and expedited in 2019, indicating increased academic awareness and interest in the subject. Because many research questions remain unanswered, a further upward research trend is in anticipation. Figure 5 and Table 3 depict the allocation of publications showcasing important journals’ contributions to the topic.
Top 10 key Journals | Documents |
Chemosphere | 1 |
Environmental Research | 1 |
Journal of Environmental Management | 1 |
Journal of Materials Research and Technology JMR T | 1 |
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal | 1 |
Journal of Bioscience and bioengineering | 1 |
Environmental Pollution | 1 |
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering | 1 |
Materials Today Proceedings | 1 |
Textile Progress | 1 |
Table 3:
Number of documents in top 10 key journals-Web of Science.
During this step, keywords were extracted from the selected research papers. As shown in Figure 6 , keyword groups were established to demonstrate how additional topics and synonyms are connected to textile waste management methods in India.
Geographical Focus
As illustrated in Figure 7 , the number of papers published for each nation is governed by the affiliation country of the first or corresponding author. This clearly depicts the increasing number of papers published on the topic in India, followed by South Korea and China.
![literature review on health management literature review on health management](https://jourdata.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/jscires/JScientometRes-13-2-419_f008.jpg)
Figure 8: Research paper distribution.
Types of Research Papers
Figure 8 depicts the distribution of types of research papers, with quantitative papers being the most popular method, followed by qualitative papers. Regarding the literature study for this paper, 23 papers were based on qualitative studies, while 35 were based on quantitative studies. This suggests that even after more and more empirical tests of the measures suggested in the quantitative literature, there is still a lag in the qualitative research that hinders the scalability of the post-consumer textile waste management research. For keyword occurrence set to 2 Fractional counting which is based on theoretical considerations and on the empirical analyses, we conclude that for many purposes, the fractional counting approach is preferable over the full counting one. [ 66 ]
Waste Management Practices (because is a more relevent part of the research)
The major categories of PCTW management methods identified in the literature are:
Mechanical recycling[67]
This recycling method includes manually tearing fabrics and ripping them into several fibers. After that, the fibers are usually mixed with other fiber types to reinforce them before being spun and woven into a new fabric. [ 32 ] Through melt deformation, this recycling process involves the extraction of fibers from waste materials, which may be spun into yarns. As a result, to achieve high fiber tenacity and fineness, this process must be employed for virgin fibers.
Chemical recycling[67]
This recycling method includes the application of chemical solvents to dilute textile waste fibers so that they may be removed, reclaimed, and converted into a new fabric. [ 32 ] The dissolving method is also employed in the chemical recycling of cellulose fabrics like cotton or viscose. Simultaneously time, organic solvents use ionic liquids to disintegrate cellulosic polymers.
Physical methods[68]
Physical processes, such as disintegrating or diluting, are used to develop fibers or polymers appropriate for reprocessing. The formation of the fibers is altered during physical recycling, but the polymer molecules that compose the fibers stay unchanged. Melt spinning or solution spinning can be employed to create a new filament after disintegrating or diluting.
Key Challenges
The critical challenges of textile waste management in India, as identified through the current literature, are the lack of an organized collection, segregation, and aggregation system, importing pre-consumer waste, the gap with recyclers and solution providers, waste flow traceability, reclaiming the lost value of discarded clothes and supply chain design. [ 69 , 70 ]
Waste management practices in the textile sector emerge as a challenging and competitive area of the study. This study systematically examines the scholarly literature on PCTW practices in the textile sector in India from a CE perspective to the best of the author’s knowledge. This research identified essential waste management practices that will influence the evolution of the textile sector’s post-consumer textile waste management, recycling strategies, and transitioning to circular approaches. [ 71 – 74 ] This could help researchers further explore, comprehend, and address a broader spectrum of PCTW practices and supplement prior work on textile waste management problems. [ 75 – 78 ] It exemplifies the range of textile sector studies and summarises the study on green practices. As a result, this research concluded with a coherent depiction of waste management practices and challenges related to various aspects of India’s post-consumer textile waste management domain. Whereas, under the Indian context, this study provided a more comprehensive view of the existing waste management methods in the industry.
Cite this article:
Das B, Dwivedi S. Post-Consumer Textile Waste Management Practices and Challenges in India: A Systematic Literature Review. J Scientometric Res. 2024;13(2):419-29.
Implications
A few implications by integrating a diverse array of literature review, the findings could perhaps aid practitioners in building firm sustainability capabilities with clearer steps. The systematic literature analysis will assist managers in determining priorities and essential features of sustainable practices related to strategic needs, avoiding dispersing resources and investment in various directions, hence decreasing operational waste, risks, and failure costs. Subsequently, the study presents practitioners with recommendations for structuring the sustainability journey and adequately resetting natural resources to embark on opportunities and challenges, set priorities, anticipate possible vulnerable areas, and comprehend how subtleties can be avoided.
Limitations
Only PCTW management practices have been considered for this study. This review has not included aspects of waste management such as behavior change and community engagement, waste collection schemes, and waste transportation. This review is limited to consumer textile waste disposal and textile recycling methods. The findings are based on academic papers that were published between 2015 and 2021; further comprehensive coverage may give more valuable insights. The expansion of sustainable environmental practices is actively developing in the various textile industry setting, and progressing assessment of the data is necessary to allow industry specialists, regulators, and stakeholders to comprehend the sector’s health and position.
PCTW | Post-consumer textile waste |
CE | Circular economy |
LE | Linear economy |
SLR | Systematic literature review |
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Literature Review Overview
What is a Literature Review? Why Are They Important?
A literature review is important because it presents the "state of the science" or accumulated knowledge on a specific topic. It summarizes, analyzes, and compares the available research, reporting study strengths and weaknesses, results, gaps in the research, conclusions, and authors’ interpretations.
Tips and techniques for conducting a literature review are described more fully in the subsequent boxes:
- Literature review steps
- Strategies for organizing the information for your review
- Literature reviews sections
- In-depth resources to assist in writing a literature review
- Templates to start your review
- Literature review examples
Literature Review Steps
![literature review on health management](https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/accounts/43254/images/lit_review_circle_of_life.JPG)
Graphic used with permission: Torres, E. Librarian, Hawai'i Pacific University
1. Choose a topic and define your research question
- Try to choose a topic of interest. You will be working with this subject for several weeks to months.
- Ideas for topics can be found by scanning medical news sources (e.g MedPage Today), journals / magazines, work experiences, interesting patient cases, or family or personal health issues.
- Do a bit of background reading on topic ideas to familiarize yourself with terminology and issues. Note the words and terms that are used.
- Develop a focused research question using PICO(T) or other framework (FINER, SPICE, etc - there are many options) to help guide you.
- Run a few sample database searches to make sure your research question is not too broad or too narrow.
- If possible, discuss your topic with your professor.
2. Determine the scope of your review
The scope of your review will be determined by your professor during your program. Check your assignment requirements for parameters for the Literature Review.
- How many studies will you need to include?
- How many years should it cover? (usually 5-7 depending on the professor)
- For the nurses, are you required to limit to nursing literature?
3. Develop a search plan
- Determine which databases to search. This will depend on your topic. If you are not sure, check your program specific library website (Physician Asst / Nursing / Health Services Admin) for recommendations.
- Create an initial search string using the main concepts from your research (PICO, etc) question. Include synonyms and related words connected by Boolean operators
- Contact your librarian for assistance, if needed.
4. Conduct searches and find relevant literature
- Keep notes as you search - tracking keywords and search strings used in each database in order to avoid wasting time duplicating a search that has already been tried
- Read abstracts and write down new terms to search as you find them
- Check MeSH or other subject headings listed in relevant articles for additional search terms
- Scan author provided keywords if available
- Check the references of relevant articles looking for other useful articles (ancestry searching)
- Check articles that have cited your relevant article for more useful articles (descendancy searching). Both PubMed and CINAHL offer Cited By links
- Revise the search to broaden or narrow your topic focus as you peruse the available literature
- Conducting a literature search is a repetitive process. Searches can be revised and re-run multiple times during the process.
- Track the citations for your relevant articles in a software citation manager such as RefWorks, Zotero, or Mendeley
5. Review the literature
- Read the full articles. Do not rely solely on the abstracts. Authors frequently cannot include all results within the confines of an abstract. Exclude articles that do not address your research question.
- While reading, note research findings relevant to your project and summarize. Are the findings conflicting? There are matrices available than can help with organization. See the Organizing Information box below.
- Critique / evaluate the quality of the articles, and record your findings in your matrix or summary table. Tools are available to prompt you what to look for. (See Resources for Appraising a Research Study box on the HSA, Nursing , and PA guides )
- You may need to revise your search and re-run it based on your findings.
6. Organize and synthesize
- Compile the findings and analysis from each resource into a single narrative.
- Using an outline can be helpful. Start broad, addressing the overall findings and then narrow, discussing each resource and how it relates to your question and to the other resources.
- Cite as you write to keep sources organized.
- Write in structured paragraphs using topic sentences and transition words to draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts.
- Don't present one study after another, but rather relate one study's findings to another. Speak to how the studies are connected and how they relate to your work.
Organizing Information
Options to assist in organizing sources and information :
1. Synthesis Matrix
- helps provide overview of the literature
- information from individual sources is entered into a grid to enable writers to discern patterns and themes
- article summary, analysis, or results
- thoughts, reflections, or issues
- each reference gets its own row
- mind maps, concept maps, flowcharts
- at top of page record PICO or research question
- record major concepts / themes from literature
- list concepts that branch out from major concepts underneath - keep going downward hierarchically, until most specific ideas are recorded
- enclose concepts in circles and connect the concept with lines - add brief explanation as needed
3. Summary Table
- information is recorded in a grid to help with recall and sorting information when writing
- allows comparing and contrasting individual studies easily
- purpose of study
- methodology (study population, data collection tool)
Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2019). Writing the literature review : A practical guide . Guilford Press.
Literature Review Sections
- Lit reviews can be part of a larger paper / research study or they can be the focus of the paper
- Lit reviews focus on research studies to provide evidence
- New topics may not have much that has been published
* The sections included may depend on the purpose of the literature review (standalone paper or section within a research paper)
Standalone Literature Review (aka Narrative Review):
- presents your topic or PICO question
- includes the why of the literature review and your goals for the review.
- provides background for your the topic and previews the key points
- Narrative Reviews: tmay not have an explanation of methods.
- include where the search was conducted (which databases) what subject terms or keywords were used, and any limits or filters that were applied and why - this will help others re-create the search
- describe how studies were analyzed for inclusion or exclusion
- review the purpose and answer the research question
- thematically - using recurring themes in the literature
- chronologically - present the development of the topic over time
- methodological - compare and contrast findings based on various methodologies used to research the topic (e.g. qualitative vs quantitative, etc.)
- theoretical - organized content based on various theories
- provide an overview of the main points of each source then synthesize the findings into a coherent summary of the whole
- present common themes among the studies
- compare and contrast the various study results
- interpret the results and address the implications of the findings
- do the results support the original hypothesis or conflict with it
- provide your own analysis and interpretation (eg. discuss the significance of findings; evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the studies, noting any problems)
- discuss common and unusual patterns and offer explanations
- stay away from opinions, personal biases and unsupported recommendations
- summarize the key findings and relate them back to your PICO/research question
- note gaps in the research and suggest areas for further research
- this section should not contain "new" information that had not been previously discussed in one of the sections above
- provide a list of all the studies and other sources used in proper APA 7
Literature Review as Part of a Research Study Manuscript:
- Compares the study with other research and includes how a study fills a gap in the research.
- Focus on the body of the review which includes the synthesized Findings and Discussion
Literature Reviews vs Systematic Reviews
Systematic Reviews are NOT the same as a Literature Review:
Literature Reviews:
- Literature reviews may or may not follow strict systematic methods to find, select, and analyze articles, but rather they selectively and broadly review the literature on a topic
- Research included in a Literature Review can be "cherry-picked" and therefore, can be very subjective
Systematic Reviews:
- Systemic reviews are designed to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence for a focused research question
- rigorous and strictly structured, using standardized reporting guidelines (e.g. PRISMA, see link below)
- uses exhaustive, systematic searches of all relevant databases
- best practice dictates search strategies are peer reviewed
- uses predetermined study inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to minimize bias
- aims to capture and synthesize all literature (including unpublished research - grey literature) that meet the predefined criteria on a focused topic resulting in high quality evidence
Literature Review Examples
- Breastfeeding initiation and support: A literature review of what women value and the impact of early discharge (2017). Women and Birth : Journal of the Australian College of Midwives
- Community-based participatory research to promote healthy diet and nutrition and prevent and control obesity among African-Americans: A literature review (2017). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
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- Vitamin D deficiency in individuals with a spinal cord injury: A literature review (2017). Spinal Cord
Resources for Writing a Literature Review
These sources have been used in developing this guide.
![literature review on health management Cover Art](https://syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=9780335238859/LC.GIF&client=springshare)
Resources Used on This Page
Aveyard, H. (2010). Doing a literature review in health and social care : A practical guide . McGraw-Hill Education.
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Writing a literature review . Purdue University. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/conducting_research/writing_a_literature_review.html
Torres, E. (2021, October 21). Nursing - graduate studies research guide: Literature review. Hawai'i Pacific University Libraries. Retrieved January 27, 2022, from https://hpu.libguides.com/c.php?g=543891&p=3727230
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The pathophysiological mechanism and clinical treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a molecular and cellular review of the literature.
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1. Introduction
2. research method and literature review, 3. diagnosis of pcos, 3.1. the nih criteria, 3.2. the rotterdam criteria, 3.3. the ae-pcos criteria, 4. pathogenesis and pathophysiology, 4.1. genetic predisposition, 4.1.1. the genetics of pcos, 4.1.2. the candidate genes for pcos, 4.2. hyperandrogenism, 4.2.1. steroidogenesis, 4.2.2. genes involved in hyperandrogenism, brief summary of cyp genes, 4.3. hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, 4.3.1. insulin signaling pathways, 4.3.2. insulin function and glucose utilization in different sites of human body, 4.3.3. genes involved in hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (ir), 4.4. hyperandrogenism (ha), insulin resistance (ir), and pcos, 5. management of pcos, 5.1. lifestyle and diet modification, 5.2. medication of pcos, 5.2.1. improvement in hyperandrogenic features, 5.2.2. management of metabolic disorders, thiazolidinediones (tzds), other drugs for metabolic control, 5.2.3. fertility concerns: ovulation and contraception, contraception, 5.3. surgical intervention, 6. conclusions and future perspectives, author contributions, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Feature | The NIH Criteria | The Rotterdam Criteria | The AE-PCOS Criteria |
---|
Hyperandrogenism (HA) | Biochemical or clinical evidence | Biochemical or clinical evidence | Biochemical or clinical evidence |
Ovulatory dysfunction (OD) | Chronic oligo-anovulation | Chronic oligo-anovulation | Chronic oligo-anovulation |
Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) | | At least 12 follicles at the size of 2–9 mm in diameter or an ovarian volume > 10 cm in one or both ovaries | Polycystic ovarian appearance on imaging |
Features required for diagnosis | Both HA + OD | 2 of 3 | HA + at least one other criteria |
Phenotypes | HA + OD + PCO | HA + OD HA + PCO OD + PCO HA + OD + PCO | HA + OD HA + PCO HA + OD + PCO |
Measures | Details |
---|
Lifestyle and diet modification (first-line treatment) | |
Medication | |
Surgical intervention | |
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Share and Cite
Chang, K.-J.; Chen, J.-H.; Chen, K.-H. The Pathophysiological Mechanism and Clinical Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Molecular and Cellular Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , 9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169037
Chang K-J, Chen J-H, Chen K-H. The Pathophysiological Mechanism and Clinical Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Molecular and Cellular Review of the Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 2024; 25(16):9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169037
Chang, Kai-Jung, Jie-Hong Chen, and Kuo-Hu Chen. 2024. "The Pathophysiological Mechanism and Clinical Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Molecular and Cellular Review of the Literature" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169037
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