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2022, Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research
The world has progressed in terms of communication, particularly since the introduction of the Internet. The rise of cyber crime, often known as e-crimes (electronic crimes), is a major challenge confronting today's society. As a result, cyber crime poses a threat to nations, companies, and individuals all across the world. It has expanded to many parts of the globe, and millions of individuals have become victims of cyber crime. Given the serious nature of e-crime, as well as its worldwide character and repercussions, it is evident that a common understanding of such criminal conduct is required to successfully combat it. The definitions, types, and incursions of e-crime are all covered in this study. It has also focused on India's anti-e-crime legislation.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development
Chandigarh University
Thohedul Islam Talukdar
Cyber law is related to information technology (IT) and information and communication technology (ICT). Cyber law is a new phenomenon of modern technological development. Information technology (IT) very rapidly occupied the responsibility of development of human society. The primary goal of this paper is to raise awareness regarding legal loopholes and enabling technologies, which facilitate acts of cyber crime. In perusing these avenues of inquiry, the author seeks to identify systemic impediments which obstruct police investigations, prosecutions, and digital forensics interrogations. Existing academic research on this topic has tended to highlight theoretical perspectives when attempting to explain technology aided crime, rather than presenting practical insights from those actually tasked with working cyber crime cases. There are cyber crime investigation and trial procedure in Bangladesh. Research in this paper has been guided by Bangladesh Cyber law and India cyber law in the preparation of the Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime and is keenly focused on cyber crime investigation and trial procedure in Bangladesh. In this way, the reader to contemplate the reality of a cyber crime inquiry and the practical limits of the criminal justice process.
International Res Jour Managt Socio Human
As we all know that this is the era where most of the things are done usually over the internet starting from online dealing to the online transaction. Since the web is considered as worldwide stage, anyone can access the resources of the internet from anywhere. The internet technology has been using by the few people for criminal activities like unauthorized access to other's network, scams etc. These criminal activities or the offense/crime related to the internet is termed as cyber crime. In order to stop or to punish the cyber criminals the term " Cyber Law " was introduced. We can define cyber law as it is the part of the legal systems that deals with the Internet, cyberspace, and with the legal issues. It covers a broad area, encompassing many subtopics as well as freedom of expressions, access to and utilization of the Internet, and online security or online privacy. Generically, it is alluded as the law of the web.
Cyber and technology related crime is gradually increasing in Bangladesh. It is a significant issue in Bangladesh. It has already been seen that a glomming threat becomes visible in the arena of information technology. Recently the hacking of RAB website and e-mail threats of former prime minister is example for few of them. In contrast, cybercrime is becoming a threat to government itself. Due to lack of necessary legislation to tackle such type of crime, cyber criminals are almost in the safe side to commit such crime. In the Information and Communication Technology Act-2006 and ICT (Amendment) Act-2013 there are several clauses against cybercrime. But this Information and Communication Technology act is not the concrete one. By enacting this act, there is a chance to become safe side after committing crimes. So, considering these facts a comprehensive Cybercrime Protection Act should be imposed. This article incorporates the impacts of cybercrime in Bangladesh especially focuses on the area of Personal life, Workplace as well as Policy making Bodies or thinkers. I believe that this article would help all relevant concerns and especially policy makers.
IJAR Indexing
The advent of e-technology has brought variety of opportunities and some of these, not surprisingly, are of a criminal nature. The Cyberspace created by computer technology provides a medium for doing many things in efficient manner. The automations use of machine replacing human hands provided great opportunities and options. The connected computer machines have created a different world called Cyber world or cyber space. It is a different world altogether, quite different from our real world! Due to special nature of this Cyberspace the cyber criminals get maximum opportunity to commit crime. Cybercrimes are committed by using mobile phones, computers, scanners, digital cameras and other electronics devices. In the modern educational field rapid changes are happening in a vast country like India. Enormous developmental work is now being done in the field of education so as to enable students to get a better vision of life in other parts of the world and scientific development around the globe. The “Internet” in India is growing rapidly; it has given rise to new opportunities in every field: - be it entertainment, business or education. Internet also has its own disadvantages; one of the major disadvantages is “Cyber-crime” i.e, illegal activity committed on the internet.
International Journal IJRITCC
—No stones are untouched by technology which gives rise to various refined crimes performed by so called intellectual criminals. The crimes performed using technology is termed as cybercrime. This paper tries to give insight on the broader areas effected by cybercrime in India. It also tries to associate various laws under various sections of IT Act 2000 which can be levied upon the culprit. It focuses on three categories of crime, viz. crime against individual, crime against property and crime against government. The paper tries to give insight on the loopholes as well as statistics of various cybercrimes in India.
iventamassum ellin
IJRASET Publication
With the increasing number of COVID-19 cases in the world and deaths worldwide has given a very worse condition to the whole world besides this covid pandemic there is also increase in number of Cyber-crimes and Cyber-attack of different types in the whole world. As Technology is advancing everyday there is a rise in Cyber-crime problem today, however security measures and prevention to protect this technology and the users of the technology is not advancing as quickly. So, the aim of this study is to understand and learn different types of Cybercrimes and Cyberattacks today in the world. It is important to prevent and to put awareness about the types of crimes and attacks. There are some protective procedures such as keep your software Up to date, Using of Anti-Virus Protection and also the use of Firewall, Continuously Changing Passwords and keep it as strong as can be, and also two step or multi step authentication should be done whenever necessary.
Tofa Hossain
Journal ijmr.net.in(UGC Approved)
The growing rate of usage of internet has helped individuals not only in betterment of livelihood, economical learning, entertainment etc. but at the same time this advancement in technology has led us to face the bitter side of it thereby introducing us to Cyber Crime. The objective of the study is to study growing rate of cyber crime against women in India and to analyze the reason of its growth. To authenticate the study, data from National Crime Report Bureau and World Bank for the year 2010-2013 has been used. The data available was only till 2013. The tool of SPSS has been used to show the association between internet users and cyber crime cases registered. Ms.Prerna Pratham Singh, a final year M.A.(Political Sc.) Delhi University student, posted the screenshot (May,2015) ,on her Facebook page, of a lewd and abusive message posted to her by accused Raushan Kumar. With this screenshot, she posted a message too-which sent a straight message to not only the accused but to his alikes too. Within hours after Prerna posted this message on her timeline, the accused tried to escape the situation by declaring that his Facebook account has been hacked and has been used by somebody else to send offensive messages. Although Prerna took a brave step to teach lesson to the culprit, but does every women have this much courage to fight against " Cyber Crime " .
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On July 1, 2024, India's criminal justice system underwent a significant transformation with the introduction of 3 (three) new laws namely the (a) ‘Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023’ (“ BNS ”) replacing the Indian Penal Code, 1860; (b) the ‘Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023’ (“ BNSS ”) replacing the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; and (c) the ‘Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023’ (“ BSA ”) replacing the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (collectively referred to as the “ New Criminal Laws ” or “ Legislations ”). These Legislations are intended to operate prospectively, meaning any crime committed until midnight of June 30, 2024, will continue to be governed and prosecuted under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“ IPC ”), the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (collectively referred to as the “ Old Criminal Laws ”). Consequently, the Old Criminal Laws will remain relevant for several years until all pending investigations, inquiries, trials, appeals, and related proceedings are concluded.
With the Old Criminal Laws dating as far back as 1860, the Legislations mark a watershed moment in India's criminal justice system. The New Criminal Laws have introduced provisions aimed at adapting to the complexities of the digital age and deterring crimes that have flourished in the age of the internet. These Legislations also acknowledged the growing digital landscape and incorporated measures to better tackle the increasing rates of cybercrimes in India. While cybercrime is still not defined in the BNS, it is considered a catch-all phrase for offences involving technology such as hacking, phishing, and cyber-stalking.
Inclusion of cybercrime as ‘Organised Crime’
A key introduction in the New Criminal Laws is the inclusion of ‘Organised Crime’ as a separate offence which defines organised crime as criminal activities, including cybercrimes and economic offences, committed by any person or a group of persons acting in concert, singly or jointly, either as a member or on behalf of an organised crime syndicate. With this, BNS envisages and aims to deter cybercriminals acting in groups or on behalf of syndicates which was missing under the IPC. While the IPC addressed cybercrimes like data theft or criminal conspiracy, it did not expressly consider the organised nature of these operations. Further, with such cybercrimes being penalised as organised crimes, punishments for such organised cybercrimes are now more rigorous.
Usage of audio-video communications and electronic communication under various procedures
BNSS has incorporated digital technologies and has expressly mandated use of ‘audio-video communications’ and ‘electronic communication’ in various procedures before the courts aiming to reduce delays in criminal proceedings. This change is brought in to decrease paperwork, reduce errors, and improve accessibility to case information for all parties involved. Under BNSS, witnesses and accused individuals can receive summonses through electronic communication, investigating officers are authorised to record statements using audio-video technology, search and seizure operations can be recorded using audio-video equipment and even trials, inquiries, appeals and related proceedings, may be conducted via electronic mode. This implementation of electronic communications can streamline investigations and lead to faster enforcement against all crimes including cybercrimes.
Scope of certain sections extended to include activities performed through electronic platforms as crimes
Certain sections of BNS, such as those dealing with extortion, forgery or hate speech etc., have been expanded to include such crimes being committed electronically via messages or social media platforms. Therefore, texts, emails, and social media posts sent by a person can be the basis on which that person is convicted for such crimes.
As an example, laws against hate speech (under Sections 196 and 197 of BNS) and laws against spreading misinformation that could disrupt public order (under Section 353 of BNS) have been extended to include electronic communication as the medium for triggering such offences. This allows authorities to prosecute individuals who spread hate or incite violence through social media or other online forums and helps in better enforcement against the growing problem of fake news and online propaganda that can lead to social unrest. Further, definitions such as the meaning of obscene material under Section 294 of BNS have been expressly extended to include content shared electronically, such as revenge porn or violent videos.
Through this expansion of expressly mentioning electronic communication in certain key sections, BNS has aimed to strengthen the legal framework and ensure that cybercriminals who exploit technology are identified faster and do not escape punishment. Furthermore, BNS has referenced the Information Technology Act, 2000 and BNSS for definitions of technological terms that are not expressly defined but used in BNS. This broader scope in recognising criminal activity across various electronic platforms will enhance detection and deterrence of cybercrimes.
Recognition of electronic records as primary evidence
Section 57 of the BSA marks a significant reform towards tackling cybercrimes in India. This section recognises electronic records, encompassing digital documents, emails, social media posts, and more, as primary evidence in court proceedings. This represents a major leap forward from the past, where such evidence held a secondary status, requiring additional verification. Previously, relying on physical copies of digital evidence would significantly delay investigation and prosecution proceedings. However, Section 57 eliminates this barrier by granting electronic records primary evidence status. This allows courts to readily consider electronic records, potentially leading to faster and efficient disposal of cases, particularly in cybercrime scenarios where digital photographs, videos, and other multimedia evidence are often the key pieces of evidence and play a vital role in many cybercrime investigations.
While section 57 of BSA recognises electronic records as primary evidence, section 63 of the BSA outlines the safeguards and provides specific guidelines for the admissibility of such evidence wherein electronic records are required to meet specific authenticity criteria before being admitted in court. Under section 63 of BSA, an electronic evidence is required to comply with the following key conditions to be admissible in a court of law: (a) the computer system that generated the record must have functioned properly during the relevant period; (b) information similar to the electronic record in question must be routinely entered into the system; (c) the electronic record must accurately reflect the data entered into the system; and (d) the computer system must have been used for a legitimate business or activity during the relevant period. Further, the section acknowledges that information may be processed on multiple devices working together and treats such interconnected devices as a single unit for the purpose of meeting the admissibility criteria. Lastly, to introduce electronic records as evidence, a certificate needs to be submitted which is required to be signed by the person in charge of the computer or communication device or management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) and an expert. This certificate is required to state how the record was produced, devices involved, and confirm that the admissibility conditions are met.
This is meant to ensure validity of the electronic evidence and prevent fabricated electronic records from influencing legal proceedings. Digital photographs, videos, and other multimedia evidence play a vital role in many cybercrime investigations. These guidelines establish clear standards for how such evidence can be collected, stored, and presented in court thereby ensuring reliability of such digital multimedia evidence in proving cybercrimes. By streamlining evidence collection, protecting witnesses, and ensuring the integrity of electronic records, this section paves the way for a more effective legal system in combating cybercrime and bringing perpetrators to justice.
Data privacy concerns
The emphasis on digital evidence and e-governance in the New Criminal Laws raises concerns about data privacy of individuals involved in the criminal justice system. While the use of technology can enhance efficiency and transparency, storage of such data also poses risk to individual’s privacy rights. It is critical that such digital records are protected from cyber-attacks and data thefts. The government must ensure development of a well-equipped cyber security infrastructure and ensuring that such measures are balanced with strong privacy protection to keep public trust and safeguard individual privacy rights. It is important to note that the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (“ DPDP Act ”), published to safeguard personal data, exempts the requirements of notice and consent, among others, for the purposes of prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of any offence or contravention of any law. For example, under the DPDP Act, an individual has the right to withdraw his consent for processing of personal data but in case of data being processed by the State for purposes such as criminal investigation, such right cannot be exercised against the State.
The enactment of India's New Criminal Laws represents a significant stride towards modernising the country's legal framework, addressing contemporary challenges such as cybercrimes and adapting to the complexities of the digital age. By replacing the Old Criminal Laws, these reforms seek to foster transparency, accountability, and accessibility within the criminal judicial system. However, the successful integration of these laws will hinge upon effective implementation, robust enforcement, and continuous adaptation to societal needs.
Bombay high court holds that material alterations to a cheque without the prior consent of both parties renders the instrument void *, mediation act, 2023: salient features *, supreme court formulates guidelines for amendment of pleadings *, supreme court clarifies the law on liability of persons in charge of company/firm in cases of cheque dishonour *, supreme court reiterates that the relief of specific performance of a contract can only be granted when the party claiming such relief shows its readiness and willingness to perform its obligations under the contract. *.
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Indian infrastructures are highly vulnerable to cyberattacks on a large scale. The recent cyberattack on WazirX was a significant shock to the Indian cryptocurrency market, resulting in the loss of more than USD 230 million of users' holdings. Several reports suggest that Indian organizations must build robust cybersecurity mechanisms to protect their infrastructure. Failure to do so can lead to the loss of large data sets, significant capital, and sensitive credentials, including banking, healthcare, and military data.
According to a recent report by Check Point Research, there has been a significant rise in cyberattacks worldwide, with a 30 per cent increase on corporate networks in Q2 2024 compared to Q2 2023, and a 25 per cent increase compared to Q1 2024. On average, organizations face 1,636 attacks per week.
In India, organizations are experiencing a substantial jump in cyberattacks, with a 46 per cent year-over-year growth-dealing with an average of 3,201 attacks per week, the second-highest in the Asia-Pacific region after Taiwan.
Top 3 Most Attacked Industries
1. Education and research industries
In recent years, the education and research industries have become prime targets for cyberattacks, facing an average of 3,341 attacks per week worldwide due to their wealth of data. Weak cybersecurity infrastructures make it easier for malicious attackers to exploit these institutions. Universities, for example, often store vast amounts of personal and research data, making them attractive targets. It has been noticed that these industries use outdated security measures and weak infrastructures that allow hackers from both inside and outside the network to exploit vulnerabilities more easily. In fact, the education and research sectors were the most attacked industries globally, experiencing a 53 per cent increase in attacks in Q2 2024 compared to Q2 2023.
2. Government and military sectors
The government and military sectors were the second most targeted, with an average of 2,084 attacks per week. These sectors have traditionally been highly targeted as state-sponsored malicious groups run cyber espionage campaigns to benefit their countries by stealing confidential information and disrupting critical operations, especially against unfriendly nations. For example, Chinese state-backed hacking group APT31 and North Korea's Lazarus Group are well-known for their cyber espionage activities, among others.
3. Healthcare
Healthcare is the third most attacked sector globally, with an average of 1,999 attacks per week, which is 15 per cent higher than last year. Malicious actors primarily target hospitals because the healthcare sector often lacks adequate cybersecurity resources. Smaller hospitals are particularly vulnerable, as they are underfunded and understaffed to handle sophisticated cyberattacks.
Why Are Cyber Attackers Ahead Two Steps?
Continued digital transformation across industries is fuelling global cyberattacks on an unprecedented scale. The growing sophistication of cybercriminals using advanced techniques like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is also contributing to more advanced attacks.
Particularly, state-sponsored groups are especially resourceful, employing advanced technologies and skilled personnel for large-scale attacks.
Notable examples include the SolarWinds attack by Russia's Nobelium group and the WannaCry ransomware attack by North Korea's Lazarus Group. To mitigate these attacks we need cyberattack awareness among general people and robust cyber security infrastructure across the industries.
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The United States has long had more immigrants than any other country. In fact, the U.S. is home to one-fifth of the world’s international migrants . These immigrants have come from just about every country in the world.
Pew Research Center regularly publishes research on U.S. immigrants . Based on this research, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population.
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to answer common questions about immigration to the United States and the U.S. immigrant population.
The data in this analysis comes mainly from Center tabulations of Census Bureau microdata from decennial censuses and American Community Survey (IPUMS USA). This analysis also features estimates of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population . The estimates presented in this research for 2022 are the Center’s latest.
The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 46.1 million in 2022. Growth accelerated after Congress made U.S. immigration laws more permissive in 1965. In 1970, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. was less than a quarter of what it is today.
Immigrants today account for 13.8% of the U.S. population. This is a roughly threefold increase from 4.7% in 1970. However, the immigrant share of the population today remains below the record 14.8% in 1890 .
Mexico is the top country of birth for U.S. immigrants. In 2022, roughly 10.6 million immigrants living in the U.S. were born there, making up 23% of all U.S. immigrants. The next largest origin groups were those from India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%).
By region of birth, immigrants from Asia accounted for 28% of all immigrants. Other regions make up smaller shares:
Before 1965, U.S. immigration law favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and mostly barred immigration from Asia. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act opened up immigration from Asia and Latin America. The Immigration Act of 1990 further increased legal immigration and allowed immigrants from more countries to enter the U.S. legally.
Since 1965, about 72 million immigrants have come to the United States from different and more countries than their predecessors:
The newest wave of immigrants has dramatically changed states’ immigrant populations . In 1980, German immigrants were the largest group in 19 states, Canadian immigrants were the largest in 11 states and Mexicans were the largest in 10 states. By 2000, Mexicans were the largest group in 31 states.
Today, Mexico remains the largest origin country for U.S. immigrants. However, immigration from Mexico has slowed since 2007 and the Mexican-born population in the U.S. has dropped. The Mexican share of the U.S. immigrant population dropped from 29% in 2010 to 23% in 2022.
In 2022, Mexico was the top country of birth for immigrants who arrived in the last year, with about 150,000 people. India (about 145,000) and China (about 90,000) were the next largest sources of immigrants. Venezuela, Cuba, Brazil and Canada each had about 50,000 to 60,000 new immigrant arrivals.
The main sources of immigrants have shifted twice in the 21st century. The first was caused by the Great Recession (2007-2009). Until 2007, more Hispanics than Asians arrived in the U.S. each year. From 2009 to 2018, the opposite was true.
Since 2019, immigration from Latin America – much of it unauthorized – has reversed the pattern again. More Hispanics than Asians have come each year.
Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally. As of 2022:
From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size, from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million. From there, the number slowly declined to about 10.2 million in 2019.
In 2022, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. showed sustained growth for the first time since 2007, to 11.o million.
As of 2022, about 4 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. are Mexican. This is the largest number of any origin country, representing more than one-third of all unauthorized immigrants. However, the Mexican unauthorized immigrant population is down from a peak of almost 7 million in 2007, when Mexicans accounted for 57% of all unauthorized immigrants.
The drop in the number of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico has been partly offset by growth from other parts of the world, especially Asia and other parts of Latin America.
The 2022 estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population are our latest comprehensive estimates. Other partial data sources suggest continued growth in 2023 and 2024 .
Virtually all unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. entered the country without legal permission or arrived on a nonpermanent visa and stayed after it expired.
A growing number of unauthorized immigrants have permission to live and work in the U.S. and are temporarily protected from deportation. In 2022, about 3 million unauthorized immigrants had these temporary legal protections. These immigrants fall into several groups:
In addition, about 500,000 immigrants arrived in the U.S. by the end of 2023 under programs created for Ukrainians (U4U or Uniting for Ukraine ) and people from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela ( CHNV parole ). These immigrants mainly arrived too late to be counted in the 2022 estimates but may be included in future estimates.
Immigrants who are lawful permanent residents can apply to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements. In fiscal year 2022, almost 1 million lawful immigrants became U.S. citizens through naturalization . This is only slightly below record highs in 1996 and 2008.
Most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply for citizenship, but not all do. Top reasons for not applying include language and personal barriers, lack of interest and not being able to afford it, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey .
In 2022, most of the nation’s 46.1 million immigrants lived in four states: California (10.4 million or 23% of the national total), Texas (5.2 million or 11%), Florida (4.8 million or 10%) and New York (4.5 million or 10%).
Most immigrants lived in the South (35%) and West (33%). Another 21% lived in the Northeast and 11% were in the Midwest.
In 2022, more than 29 million immigrants – 63% of the nation’s foreign-born population – lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas. The largest populations were in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. Most of the nation’s unauthorized immigrant population (60%) lived in these metro areas as well.
In 2022, over 30 million immigrants were in the U.S. workforce. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 22.2 million. An additional 8.3 million immigrant workers are unauthorized. This is a notable increase over 2019 but about the same as in 2007 .
The share of workers who are immigrants increased slightly from 17% in 2007 to 18% in 2022. By contrast, the share of immigrant workers who are unauthorized declined from a peak of 5.4% in 2007 to 4.8% in 2022. Immigrants and their children are projected to add about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035. This would offset an expected decline in the working-age population from retiring Baby Boomers.
On average, U.S. immigrants have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. In 2022, immigrants ages 25 and older were about three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (25% vs. 7%). However, immigrants were as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelor’s degree or more (35% vs. 36%).
Immigrant educational attainment varies by origin. About half of immigrants from Mexico (51%) had not completed high school, and the same was true for 46% of those from Central America and 21% from the Caribbean. Immigrants from these three regions were also less likely than the U.S. born to have a bachelor’s degree or more.
On the other hand, immigrants from all other regions were about as likely as or more likely than the U.S. born to have at least a bachelor’s degree. Immigrants from South Asia (72%) were the most likely to have a bachelor’s degree or more.
About half of immigrants ages 5 and older (54%) are proficient English speakers – they either speak English very well (37%) or speak only English at home (17%).
Immigrants from Canada (97%), Oceania (82%), sub-Saharan Africa (76%), Europe (75%) and South Asia (73%) have the highest rates of English proficiency.
Immigrants from Mexico (36%) and Central America (35%) have the lowest proficiency rates.
Immigrants who have lived in the U.S. longer are somewhat more likely to be English proficient. Some 45% of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for five years or less are proficient, compared with 56% of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more.
Spanish is the most commonly spoken language among U.S. immigrants. About four-in-ten immigrants (41%) speak Spanish at home. Besides Spanish, the top languages immigrants speak at home are English only (17%), Chinese (6%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%), French or Haitian Creole (3%), and Vietnamese (2%).
Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017.
Mohamad Moslimani is a research analyst focusing on race and ethnicity at Pew Research Center .
Jeffrey S. Passel is a senior demographer at Pew Research Center .
Facts on u.s. immigrants, 2018, building outpaces population growth in many of china’s urban areas, most popular.
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I N LATE 2022 Wiz, a cyber-security startup, boasted that it was “the fastest-growing software company ever”. A stretch, maybe, but not a big one. At that point, 18 months after it was founded, annualised sales hit $100m. By 2023 they were $350m. In May Wiz raised $1bn at a $12bn valuation. On July 14th it emerged that Alphabet, Google’s parent company, was in talks to acquire Wiz for $23bn. It would be the biggest purchase of a cyber-security firm in history and Alphabet’s biggest takeover ever (see chart 1).
Wiz is the brainchild of four former Israeli soldiers. In 2015 they sold their three-year-old first startup, Addollum, to Microsoft. The quartet then worked for Microsoft Azure, the software giant’s cloud service, before launching Wiz in 2020. Its technology helps clients identify security risks in the cloud, such as which employees are using which apps or who has a weak password. By stitching together lots of data Wiz allows customers to spot vulnerabilities that hackers could exploit.
The firm sits at the intersection of two trends reshaping the cyber-security business. The first is computing’s inexorable move to the cloud. This year businesses will spend around $300bn worldwide on cloud services. This creates new vulnerabilities—and new opportunities for startups like Wiz. In 2023 global sales of cloud-security products grew by 32%, compared with 13% for computer-security overall, according to Gartner, a research firm. And whereas many cyber-security incumbents, such as Palo Alto Networks and Fortinet, mostly sell firewalls and other safeguards for older IT systems, Wiz has from the start specialised in protecting the cloud.
The second change is in how companies buy security software. They used to purchase lots of individual tools, layered one on top of another. As a result, big businesses often have between 50 and 70 separate security applications, notes Charlie Winckless of Gartner. Duplication is rife, costs high and IT managers unable to tell which tools work and which do not. In February Nikesh Arora, boss of Palo Alto Networks, admitted that “customers are facing spending fatigue.”
Nowadays IT departments favour one-stop shops. These are easier to manage and the tools talk to each other. Cyber-security providers are thus busily adding services, often via acquisitions. JPMorgan Chase, a bank, notes that over 50 security firms have been acquired this year, more than in all of 2022 or 2023. Wiz itself has bought two in the past year, and raised capital in May partly to buy more. Being swallowed by Alphabet gives Wiz a giant platform atop the world’s third-biggest cloud.
For Alphabet, swallowing Wiz bolsters its own cyber-security business. This is thought to be modest, especially compared with that of Microsoft, which last year said its cyber-offering surpassed $20bn in annual revenue, a tenth of its total sales. To catch up, in 2022 Alphabet bought Siemplify, another Israeli startup, for $500m and Mandiant, an American one, for $5bn. Wiz would enable Google’s clients to assess threats in other clouds they use, a capability that Microsoft has offered since 2022. It is an important one, given that four-fifths of cloud users have data spread across several clouds.
In recent years trustbusters have looked askance at big tech’s attempts to buy companies even outside their core business. Alphabet will be hoping that they will conclude that by taking the fight to Microsoft, the Wiz deal will make the cyber-security business more competitive, not less. ■
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This article appeared in the Business section of the print edition under the headline “Wiz kid”
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Airlines, hospitals and people’s computers were affected after CrowdStrike, a cybersecurity company, sent out a flawed software update.
By Adam Satariano Paul Mozur Kate Conger and Sheera Frenkel
Airlines grounded flights. Operators of 911 lines could not respond to emergencies. Hospitals canceled surgeries. Retailers closed for the day. And the actions all traced back to a batch of bad computer code.
A flawed software update sent out by a little-known cybersecurity company caused chaos and disruption around the world on Friday. The company, CrowdStrike , based in Austin, Texas, makes software used by multinational corporations, government agencies and scores of other organizations to protect against hackers and online intruders.
But when CrowdStrike sent its update on Thursday to its customers that run Microsoft Windows software, computers began to crash.
The fallout, which was immediate and inescapable, highlighted the brittleness of global technology infrastructure. The world has become reliant on Microsoft and a handful of cybersecurity firms like CrowdStrike. So when a single flawed piece of software is released over the internet, it can almost instantly damage countless companies and organizations that depend on the technology as part of everyday business.
“This is a very, very uncomfortable illustration of the fragility of the world’s core internet infrastructure,” said Ciaran Martin, the former chief executive of Britain’s National Cyber Security Center and a professor at the Blavatnik School of Government at Oxford University.
A cyberattack did not cause the widespread outage, but the effects on Friday showed how devastating the damage can be when a main artery of the global technology system is disrupted. It raised broader questions about CrowdStrike’s testing processes and what repercussions such software firms should face when flaws in their code cause major disruptions.
Here’s a visual explanation for how a faulty software update crippled machines.
Share of canceled flights at 25 airports on Friday
50% of flights
Ai r po r t
Bengalu r u K empeg o wda
Dhaka Shahjalal
Minneapolis-Saint P aul
Stuttga r t
Melbou r ne
Be r lin B r anden b urg
London City
Amsterdam Schiphol
Chicago O'Hare
Raleigh−Durham
B r adl e y
Cha r lotte
Reagan National
Philadelphia
1:20 a.m. ET
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In conclusion, this research paper serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the intricate relationship between emerging technologies and Indian Cyber Law.
The world has progressed in terms of communication, particularly since the introduction of the Internet. The rise of cybercrime, often known as e-crimes (electronic crimes), is a major challenge confronting today's society. As a result, cybercrime poses a threat to nations, companies, and individuals all across the world. It has expanded to many parts of the globe, and millions of individuals ...
Cybercrime is a relatively new type of crime in the world. Any illegal behaviour that occurs on. or via the medium of computers, the internet, or other technology recognised by the ...
Cyber law or information technology law involves studying matters related to using the internet electronic devices, for communication and computer networks. This field addresses topics such as agreements, digital crimes, data protection, privacy rights, jurisdiction in cyberspace and legal principles in the digital realm.
The present book on the theme of Emerging Dimensions of Cyber Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Issues and Challenges in the 21st Century is one of the painstaking efforts by the editors of ...
The article aims to analyze the legal framework for cybersecurity and data protection in India and examines the effectiveness of the existing laws in addressing cyber threats.
Cyber-crime means and includes where computer is used as a means of committing crime or as a target of crime. To deal with the cyber-crimes, the parliament of India has enacted the Information Technology Act, which provides legal recognition to digital signatures and electronic records.
At the end of this paper "A brief study on Cyber Crime and Cyber Law's of India" we want to say cyber crimes can never be acknowledged. If anyone falls in the prey of cyber attack, please come forward and register a case in your nearest police station.
Cyber law is a relatively new field of law that deals with the legal issues related to the use of the internet and technology. As technology continues to evolve, the legal landscape also changes, and it becomes essential to keep up with the latest developments in this area. Here are 50 cyber law topics for research in India:
This paper mainly deals with the laws relating to the cyber crimes in India. The objectives of this research paper are four-fold: firstly, to analyze the concept of jurisdiction and the various theories to determine jurisdiction in cases where such offences are committed relating to cyber crimes; secondly, to analyze the jurisdiction theories applicable under Cybercrime Convention; thirdly, to ...
30 dissertation topics for cyber law in India: 1. "Legal Framework for Cybersecurity in India: Challenges and Prospects". 2. "Cyber Threats and National Security: An Indian Legal Perspective". 3. "Data Protection Laws in India: A Comparative Analysis with GDPR". 4.
I declare that this dissertation titled "PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION IN CYBERSPACE - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA" is researched and submitted by me to the National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Master of Laws in Constitutional Law and Administrative Law, under the guidance and ...
Cyber law is crucial in creating regulations in the Indian IT sector, maintaining security, supporting innovation, and building trust in digital transactions.
Advanced Centre for Research, Development and Training in Cyber Laws and Forensics [ACRDTCLF] was established at NLSIU, Bangalore on 25th October 2010 under the initial financial support of the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Ministry of Communications& Information Technology, Government of India.
The research deals with the inherent ambiguities with the legislative framework in India in dealing with cyberstalking. The criticism is broadly about how the law lacks specificity on multiple ends.
Cyber-crime mainly involves activities that use internet and computers as a tool to extract private information of an individual either directly or indirectly and disclosing it on online platforms without the person's consent or illegally with the aim of degrading the reputation or causing mental or physical harm. With the advancement in technology a steep increase in the rate of cyber ...
This research paper includes a summary of Indian cyber laws, lists the various types of cyber security and cyber-attacks; sheds insight on India's current situation of cyber security.
The Shodhganga@INFLIBNET Centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their Ph.D. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access. Shodhganga@INFLIBNET. Maharshi Dayanand University. Department of Law.
Cyber Law In India: An Overview. Jatin Patil. 2022, Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research. The world has progressed in terms of communication, particularly since the introduction of the Internet. The rise of cyber crime, often known as e-crimes (electronic crimes), is a major challenge confronting today's society.
The enactment of India's New Criminal Laws represents a significant stride towards modernising the country's legal framework, addressing contemporary challenges such as cybercrimes and adapting to ...
By Anish Kumar. Cybercrime has significantly increased in India lately, endangering the country's economy and culture. As digitalization and internet usage rise, cybercriminals have found new ways to exploit...
From protecting its critical infrastructure to supporting research and development, India's increasing cybersecurity budget can be used to bolster its defences against cyber threats, says Digvijaysinh Chudasama, Partner, Deloitte India.
In recent years, the education and research industries have become prime targets for cyberattacks, facing an average of 3,341 attacks per week worldwide due to their wealth of data.
Necessary cyber protections must avoid going "so far in one direction" that they stopped the kind of data sharing used by Biobank to power groundbreaking scientific research around the world ...
Before 1965, U.S. immigration law favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and mostly barred immigration from Asia. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act opened up immigration from Asia and Latin America. The Immigration Act of 1990 further increased legal immigration and allowed immigrants from more countries to enter the U.S ...
This paper mainly focuses on the challenges under cyberspace and highlights the urgent need for reformation in India's cyber edict framework and various issues in which cyber law enforcement lacks.
In 2023 global sales of cloud-security products grew by 32%, compared with 13% for computer-security overall, according to Gartner, a research firm. And whereas many cyber-security incumbents ...
Validate your skills in installing, configuring, and troubleshooting Cisco networks. Earn the globally recognized Cisco CCNA certification.
Discover the latest research on cyber law from various perspectives and disciplines. Download free PDFs of articles, papers, and preprints on cyber law.
Airlines, hospitals and people's computers were affected after CrowdStrike, a cybersecurity company, sent out a flawed software update.