presentation about lifestyle diseases

Lifestyle Diseases PPT: Definition, Types and Prevention

Lifestyle Diseases PPT: Definition, Types and Prevention Free Download: Lifestyle illnesses are illnesses whose prevalence is ordinarily related with the everyday lifestyles behavior of an man or woman. If those each day behavior of an man or woman are improper, they may lead one to comply with a sedentary life-style on a everyday basis.

Such a life-style can in addition result in numerous persistent non-communicable illnesses, that can have close to lifestyles-threatening consequences. These illnesses are non-communicable illnesses. They are due to loss of bodily activity, dangerous eating, alcohol, substance use issues and smoking tobacco, that can result in coronary heart disease, stroke, obesity, kind II diabetes and lung cancer.

Table of Content

• Introduction
• Types of Lifestyle Diseases
• Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases

Lifestyle Diseases PPT : Definition, Types and Prevention

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Chapter 14- Lifestyle Diseases - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chapter 14- Lifestyle Diseases

Chapter 14- lifestyle diseases section 1- lifestyle and lifestyle diseases section 2- cardiovascular diseases section 3- cancer section 4- living with diabetes – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Section 1- Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases
• Section 2- Cardiovascular Diseases
• Section 3- Cancer
• Section 4- Living with Diabetes
• At the end of this lesson, you will be able to
• Describe how lifestyle can lead to disease.
• Know the difference between controllable risk factors and uncontrollable risk factors.
• Apply two actions they can do to lower their risk for developing a lifestyle disease later in life.
• Lifestyle diseases are diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors.
• Examples atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, many forms of cancer
• These diseases are the top causes of death in the United States
• When determining if a person might develop a disease, a doctor looks at a persons risk factors.
• A risk factor is anything that increases the likelihood of injury, disease, or other health problems.
• Controllable and uncontrollable risk factors
• Certain habits, behaviors, and practices such as poor eating habits, inactivity, or smoking
• Factors that we cannot control such as age, gender, and heredity
• These include habits, behaviors, and practices that we can change
• Your diet and body weight
• Your daily levels of physical activity
• Your level of sun exposure
• Smoking and alcohol abuse
• Some risk factors that contribute to your chances of developing a lifestyle disease are out of your control.
• Acute- A disease that lasts for a short period of time. Examples flu, cold, strep throat.
• Chronic- A disease that persists for a long time. Health damaging behaviors - particularly tobacco use, lack of physical activity, and poor eating habits - are major contributors to the leading chronic diseases.
• What is a lifestyle disease?
• A disease that develops partly from your lifestyle and partly by other factors
• What things cause lifestyle diseases?
• Smoking, tanning, unhealthy diet, overweight
• What are the four controllable risk factors?
• Sun exposure, activity level, diet, smoking/alcohol abuse
• What are the four uncontrollable risk factors?
• Age, heredity, gender, ethnicity
• What does acute mean?
• Short term illness
• What does chronic mean?
• Long term illness
• You will create a family tree of diseases. Please include as many family members as possible. You will be responsible for drawing a web of family members and listing any diseases they had under their name.
• Due Date Monday, November 8th
• This assignment is worth 15 points.
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Summarize how ones lifestyle can contribute to cardiovascular disease
• Describe four types of cardiovascular diseases
• Identify ways you can lower your risk for cardiovascular diseases
• Your heart and blood vessels make up your cardiovascular system.
• The diseases that result from damage to your heart and blood vessels are called cardiovascular diseases.
• Types of CVDs heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure.
• Certain factors greatly increase your risk of developing a cardiovascular disease, these factors include
• Being overweight
• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol
• High Blood Pressure
• Heart Attack
• Atherosclerosis
• Sudden attacks of weakness or paralysis (loss of muscle function) that occur when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted.
• Affects the arteries leading to and within the brain
• Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind diseases of the heart and cancer
• The force that blood exerts against the inside walls of a blood vessel.
• When blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on the walls of the vessels and on the heart.
• Many people do not know their blood pressure is high until they have a heart attack or stroke.
• Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers
• Systolic pressure- pressure found in the arteries while the heart muscles are contracting
• Diastolic pressure- pressure of the blood as it continues to flow through the arteries between heart beats
• Normal blood pressure falls between 80/50 and 130/85 mm Hg
• Blood pressure over 140/90 is considered high
• A heart attack is when blood vessels that supply blood to the heart are blocked, preventing enough oxygen from getting to the heart. The heart muscle dies or becomes permanently damaged. Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart starves for oxygen and heart cells die.
• This disease is categorized by the buildup of fatty materials on the inside walls of the arteries
• It is dangerous for 2 reasons
• 1. It can reduce or stop blood flow to certain parts of the body
• 2. These deposits can break free and release clots into the bloodstream
• Check blood pressure
• Electrocardiogram
• Angiography
• Diet and exercise
• Angioplasty
• Transplants
• Limit consumption of fat and salt
• Keep your weight near recommended levels
• Have your blood pressure and cholesterol checked regularly
• You are going to write a brief description of each cardiovascular disease described.
• You are teaching this material to elementary school children.
• How would you write it so they understand the four different CVDs?
• Be creative!
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsGEefEj3pmwfeature related
• Cancer- a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth
• More than one million people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer every year.
• Cancer is the second leading cause of death
• Cancer is more common in adults, but teens can get some forms of cancer.
• Cancer occurs when cells begin to grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way
• Normal body cells grow and divide over a period of time until they eventually die
• But cancer cells continue to grow and divide and grow and divide
• Eventually they gather to form tumors
• Tumors are lumps that can interfere with the bodys normal processes
• Malignant tumor is a mass of cells that invades and destroys healthy tissue
• When a tumor spreads to the surrounding tissues, it eventually damages vital organs
• Benign tumor is an abnormal, but usually harmless cell mass
• Cancer cells are very destructive to the body, they tear through and crush neighboring tissues, strangle blood vessels, and take nutrients that are needed by healthy cells.
• Cells can travel, this is called metastasis.
• Carcinogens
• Certain viruses (HPV)
• Radioactive and ultraviolet radiation
• Chemicals found in tobacco smoke
• Breast, prostate, respiratory, colon, urinary, lymphoma, skin, leukemia, ovarian, nervous system, cervical
• There are over 100 different types of cancer
• Extreme exhaustion
• Swelling or lumps in certain parts of the body
• Blurred vision
• Problems with walking or balance
• More infections
• Unusual bleeding
• Blood and DNA tests
• Surgery- an operation can remove some tumors
• Chemotherapy- use of drugs to destroy cancer cells
• Radiation therapy- a beam of radiation is fired at the tumor from outside the body
• Often doctors recommend a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation
• The success of any treatment depends on the type of cancer, how long the tumor has been growing, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body
• How can you help a person who has cancer?

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LIFESTYLE DISEASES: An Economic Burden on the Health Services

About the author, fatma al-maskari.

Lifestyle diseases share risk factors similar to prolonged exposure to three modifiable lifestyle behaviours -- smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity -- and result in the development of chronic diseases, specifically heart disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and some types of cancer. These illnesses used to be considered the diseases of industrialized countries, so-called "Western diseases" or "diseases of affluence"; however, internationally they are known as non-communicable and chronic diseases, part of the degenerative diseases group. Chronic disease can result in loss of independence, years of disability, or death, and impose a considerable economic burden on health services. Today, chronic diseases are a major public health problem worldwide. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 61 per cent of all deaths -- 35 million -- and 49 per cent of the global burden of disease were attributable to chronic diseases. By 2030, the proportion of total global deaths due to chronic diseases is expected to increase to 70 per cent and the global burden of disease to 56 per cent. The greatest increase is anticipated in the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions. The World Health Assembly adopted a resolution in 2000 on the prevention and control of chronic diseases. It called on its Member States to develop national policy frameworks, taking into account healthy public policies as well as fiscal and taxation measures towards healthy and unhealthy goods and services. The resolution also asked to establish programmes for the prevention and control of chronic diseases; assess and monitor mortality and the proportion of sickness in an area due to chronic diseases; promote effective secondary and tertiary prevention; and develop guidelines for cost-effective screening, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic diseases, with special emphasis in developing countries. The combination of four healthy lifestyle factors -- maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, following a healthy diet, and not smoking -- seem to be associated with as much as an 80 per cent reduction in the risk of developing the most common and deadly chronic diseases. This reinforces the current public health recommendations for the observance of healthy lifestyle habits, and because the roots of these habits often originate during the formative stages of life, it is especially important to start early in teaching important lessons concerning healthy living. However, despite the well known benefits of a healthy lifestyle, only a small proportion of adults follow such a routine; in fact, the numbers are declining. Unfortunately, there is very little public awareness of the association between health and lifestyle. Many are unaware that a change in lifestyle is an important factor in the emergence of chronic diseases as causes of increased morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle is -generally considered a personal issue. However, lifestyles are social practices and ways of living adopted by individuals that reflect personal, group, and socio-economic identities. Modest but achievable adjustments to lifestyle behaviours are likely to have a considerable impact at the individual and population level. Health professionals and the media now repeatedly carry the message that to remain healthy, people need to adopt healthy behaviours. Physical activity, cessation of tobacco consumption, eating a high-fibre, low-fat diet, controlling body weight, and learning to cope with stress reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality. A comprehensive public health approach to tobacco control effectively inhibits the beginning of tobacco use and promotes its cessation, through a range of measures including tax and price policy, restriction on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, packing and labelling requirements, educational campaigns, restrictions on smoking in public places, and cessation support services. A comprehensive approach must include young people to reach the entire population. National policy measures known to have the biggest impact on individual levels of consumption, cessation rates, and initiation rates require sustained political will and engagement and, above all, effective and well-enforced legislation. Furthermore, effective public health measures are urgently needed to promote physical activity and improve health around the world. The challenge of promoting physical activity is as much the responsibility of governments, as of the people. However, individual action for physical activity is influenced by the environment, sports and recreational facilities, and national policy. It requires coordination among many sectors, such as health, sports, education and culture policy, media and information, transport, urban planning, local governments, and financial and economic planning. Towards this end, the World Health Organization is supporting its member States by providing nationwide evidence-based advocacy on the health, social, and economic benefits of healthy lifestyles.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Merck Institute of Aging & Health. The State of Aging and Health in America 2004. (Washington, DC: Merck Institute of Aging & Health, 2004). Ford, Earl S; Bergmann, Manuela M; Kroger, Janine; Schienkiewitz, Anja; Weikert, Cornelia; Boeing, Heiner. "Healthy Living Is the Best Revenge: Findings From the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam Study", Arch Intern Med, 169 (15) (2009): 1355-1362. King D.E, Mainous A.G 3rd, Carnemolla M, Everett C.J. "Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Habits in US Adults, 1988-2006", Am J Med. 122(6) (June 2009): 528-34. Kvaavik, Elisabeth; Batty, G. David; Ursin, Giske; Huxley, Rachel; Gale, Catharine R. "Influence of Individual and Combined Health Behaviors on Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Men and Women: The United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey", Arch Intern Med, 2010; 170 (8): 711-718. Murray, C.J.L & Lopez, A.D. "The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of Mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020". Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, 1996. WHO. Neglected Global Epidemics: three growing threats. The World Health Report, 2003. WHO. Projections of mortality and burden of disease to 2030 (Geneva: 2007).

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40% of cancers found to be preventable with these lifestyle changes

There's new evidence of the health benefits of avoiding smoking, excessive drinking and being dangerously overweight: they are the leading preventable causes of cancer in adults, a new study found.

An American Cancer Society study published this week estimates 40% of new cancer cases of 44% of cancer deaths in people 30 and over could be avoided if people cut out high-risk behaviors, such as smoking and drinking. Experts say the study provides fresh evidence for public health leaders to encourage people to adopt healthy lifestyles to reduce the risk of cancer and ample evidence that people should take action to prevent it.

The American Cancer Society study examined cancer cases and deaths that could have been prevented through behavior and diet changes or vaccines for HPV and hepatitis B, which reduce the risk of cancer-causing infections.

Behaviors that can raise cancer risk include smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, drinking alcohol and being overweight. Consumption of too much red meat or processed meat and diets short on fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber or calcium also increase the odds of getting cancer. The study also cited cancer risk from infections such as hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, human papillomavirus and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus.

Experts not involved in the population-level study said it's an important reminder for public health agencies and decisionmakers to adopt policies to encourage healthy behaviors.

The findings amount to "a big opportunity for our country – really every country – to reduce cancer incidence and mortality by being more proactive in prioritizing prevention at a personal level and at a societal level," said Ernest Hawk, vice president and head of cancer prevention and population sciences at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Hawk said the purpose of a study like this is not to shame individuals who smoke or drink or engage in other high-risk behavior, but rather to inform and educate.

"It's hard to change one's lifestyle immediately or consistently over time," Hawk said. The goal is to help orient people "toward helpful behaviors and helpful policies that can assist them in making that choice easier."

The study estimated that, in 2019, 40% of the nearly 1.8 million cancers in adults 30 and older were attributable to "potentially modifiable risk factors." It examined 30 types of cancer and excluded non-melanoma skin cancers.

The causes of cancer the study said were preventable broke down like this:

∎ Cigarette smoking was the top risk factor, accounting for 19.3% of cases.

∎ Excess body weight was a risk factor in 7.6% of cases.

∎ Alcohol consumption was linked to 5.4% of cases.

∎ Ultraviolet radiation caused 4.6% of cases.

Lung cancer had the largest number of cases tied to preventable risk factors assessed by researchers. The study found 104,410 preventable lung cancers in men and 97,250 in women. The next most common preventable cancer included 50,570 cases of skin melanoma and 44,310 colorectal cancers.

“Despite considerable declines in smoking prevalence during the past few decades, the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to cigarette smoking in the United States is alarming," said said Farad Islami, the American Cancer Society's senior scientific director of cancer disparity research and the study's lead author.

Islami added the study shows the need for tobacco control policies in every state that encourage people to quit smoking. He also cited the need for early detection of lung cancer.

American Cancer Society officials also stressed the importance of vaccines for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus, or HPV. Hepatitis B causes liver cancer and HPV can lead to multiple types of cancer, including cervical, anal and genital cancers and cancer of the mouth and throat.

Earlier this year, the American Cancer Society projected U.S. cancer cases would eclipse 2 million for the first time this year. However, the report said lower smoking rates, earlier detection and improved treatments have lowered death rates over the past three decades.

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A lifestyle intervention could slow early alzheimer’s, study suggests.

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An intensive lifestyle intervention was shown to reduce and even reverse some of the damage ... [+] associated with early Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease is devastating. It typically starts with difficulty in remembering events. As memory loss worsens, other symptoms emerge including episodes of confusion and difficulty completing complex tasks. Patients become irritable and depressed.

As it progresses, recollections fade. Patients become agitated and have trouble with dressing and bathing. They wander away. Toward the end, coherent communication disappears. Patients become completely dependent on caregivers. Alzheimer’s patients, bedridden, commonly die from infection and organ failure. The process takes from three to 20 years.

Here's what’s new. Emerging data show that intensive lifestyle changes are an effective option in early Alzheimer’s and may slow some of the cognitive decline.

A recent trial published by Dr. Dean Ornish and colleagues found that the combination of a whole food, plant-based vegan diet, regular exercise, stress management, support groups, and supplements significantly slowed and, in some cases, reversed some early decline in cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease. The results were published in the journal Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy in June 2024.

This is a welcome result given the progression in Alzheimer’s is often seemingly inevitable. Some drugs are available to control symptoms yet are not particularly effective. New drugs have emerged. For example, lecanemab—sold under the brand Leqembi—is a monoclonal antibody that slowed cognitive decline 27% over placebo in 18 months. But also requires regular intravenous infusions, comes with side effects and carries a hefty tag of $26,500 per year.

Dr. Ornish’s trial on lifestyle was relatively small compared to the thousands commonly in drug trials. Fifty-one individuals aged 45 to 90 with early Alzheimer’s disease at the stage of mild cognitive impairment randomly received an intensive lifestyle modification or usual care. Outcomes were cognitive, functional tests and biomarkers.

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In a short period—only 20 weeks—the intervention group exhibited surprisingly substantial outcome improvements compared to controls who stayed the same or worsened. For example, how doctors rated their patients’ symptoms improved in 10 intervention and no control patients. The intervention led to a 4% improvement in a global scale of cognitive, functional, and behavioral health while it worsened in 12% of controls.

Plasma Aβ42/40 ratio, a biomarker of Alzheimer’s, increased in the intervention group by 6.4% and decreased 8.3% in controls. This can happen when brain damage in Alzheimer’s—called amyloid plaques—dissolves and moves into the blood suggesting the intervention may be clearing out ravaged tissue. Yet other biomarkers were unchanged, such as p-tau 181—another marker of Alzheimer’s activity—or glial fibrillary acidic protein, which correlates with symptoms.

Given the small numbers, results should be seen as preliminary. Yet they’re also surprisingly promising given many patients’ symptoms improved so rapidly. What’s unanswered: which component is most impactful. Was it the diet, the exercise, the supplements, the support groups, or perhaps all of them together? Larger studies are needed to know.

Another issue is compliance. A vegan, whole food diet and regular exercise means modifying daily, ingrained routines. This limits the ability of many—particularly the unmotivated—to reap its benefits. Many may be unable to fit such a protocol into their schedule nor afford it.

Such challenges are often why people—and many physicians—think about medicine more as IV infusions, pills, and surgery than lifestyle change despite the latter being equally or sometimes more effective.

Eating habits are particularly entrenched. Eyes glaze over when doctors recommend more arugula, berries, and kale. Many balk at moving away from what has been termed a Standard American Diet which is calorie-dense, ultra processed and unfortunately low on needed nutrients, yet highly palatable. Integrating regular movement can be a similar struggle. In the study, compliance was vital to the intervention’s effectiveness as benefits correlated strongly with adherence.

So, what should patients with Alzheimer’s and mild cognitive impairment do now? The answer: consider adding lifestyle change to a treatment strategy in coordination with a doctor.

Another group to heed these results are those at high risk for developing Alzheimer’s, specifically those with one or two copies of the Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene. Their benefit may be similarly substantial, particularly if lifestyle change is started early. Improving diet alone has been shown to downregulate APOE4 activity.

Ultimately, the study is a ray of hope for a ravaging disease with few effective treatments. Perhaps it will empower some with the knowledge to change and motivation to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

Robert Glatter, MD contributed to this article.

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What are lifestyle diseases?

Published by Donald Wilcox Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "What are lifestyle diseases?"— Presentation transcript:

Diseases a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors,

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A nutrigenomic view on the premature-aging disease fanconi anemia.

1. Introduction

2. fanconi anemia and the hallmarks of aging, 3. nutrigenomic principles and fanconi anemia, 4. healthy aging and longevity of individuals with fanconi anemia.

• A plant-based diet composed of fruits, vegetables, leafy greens (foods rich in polyphenols, antioxidants, folate, fibers, potassium, etc.), nuts and seeds, such as walnuts, flaxseed and rapeseed oil (foods rich in the essential ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid);
• Fish and fish oil (containing the marine ω-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid);
• Physical activity, normal-range BMI (body mass index) and low alcohol intake;
• Avoiding saturated fatty acids (animal products, palm oil, coconut oil) and trans-fatty acids (hardened fats).
• Enjoy vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, legumes, nuts, plant-based proteins, lean animal proteins, skinless poultry, fish and seafood.
• Limit sweetened drinks, alcohol, sodium, red and processed meats, refined carbohydrates like added sugars and processed grain foods, full-fat dairy products, highly processed foods, tropical oils like coconut and palm.
• Avoid trans-fats and partially hydrogenated oils.

5. Conclusions

Author contributions, conflicts of interest.

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Velleuer, E.; Carlberg, C. A Nutrigenomic View on the Premature-Aging Disease Fanconi Anemia. Nutrients 2024 , 16 , 2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142271

Velleuer E, Carlberg C. A Nutrigenomic View on the Premature-Aging Disease Fanconi Anemia. Nutrients . 2024; 16(14):2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142271

Velleuer, Eunike, and Carsten Carlberg. 2024. "A Nutrigenomic View on the Premature-Aging Disease Fanconi Anemia" Nutrients 16, no. 14: 2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142271

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Younger May Not Fare Better When It Comes to Leg Artery Disease

Key takeaways.

Middle-aged people have a higher risk of a leg amputation following emergency surgery to treat peripheral artery disease, compared to seniors

On the other hand, seniors have a higher risk of death following surgery to restore blood flow

The different results might be driven by either the severity of a patient’s disease or their overall health, experts say

TUESDAY, July 23, 2024 (HealthDay News) -- Middle-aged folks don’t necessarily fare better than seniors following urgent surgery to unclog arteries and restore blood flow to their legs, a new study warns.

Adults in their 50s with peripheral artery disease (PAD) appear more likely to require a leg amputation within years after emergency surgery to unblock their arteries, compared with people in their 80s. However, older people with PAD have a higher risk of death than younger patients whether or not they have the surgery, results show.

“Our primary finding is different from the traditional belief that older people were at an increased risk of major amputation. Our study, interestingly, shows the opposite relationship,” said lead researcher Qiuju Li , a research fellow in medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Peripheral artery disease occurs when arteries leading away from the heart narrow due to cholesterol deposits, researchers said in background notes. This most commonly affects the legs.

People with PAD suffer from painful muscle cramps in their hips, thighs, calves or feet when they’re ambulating, and the pain doesn’t subside with rest, researchers said.

About 10 million to 12 million Americans 40 and older have PAD, according to the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Risk factors include diabetes , elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking.

For this study, published in the journal Circulation , researchers analyzed data from nearly 95,000 British adults older than 50 who underwent surgery to restore blood flow to their legs between 2013 and 2020.

About two-thirds of the people had the surgery done as an elective procedure, while the rest had it performed during an emergency hospital admission.

The overall risk of a leg amputation was low for both middle-aged adults and seniors -- nearly 11% for those 50 to 54 versus nearly 7% in those 80 to 84.

However, middle-age people who needed emergency surgery to reopen their arteries had a much higher risk of losing their leg.

The risk of leg amputation following emergency surgery for people ages 50 to 54 was 18% at one year and nearly 29% at five years, compared to 12% and 17% for people ages 80 to 84.

On the other hand, those in their 80s were more likely to die whether or not the surgery led to an amputation, compared to those in their 50s.

For people in their 80s, the risk of death without a leg amputation was 49% within five years of an elective surgery and 59% following emergency surgery, compared with 13% and 17% for those in their 50s, results show.

The risk of death following a leg amputation was 39% at three months and 30% at one year of surgery  for people in their 80s, compared with 20% and 15% for those in their 50s.

“The findings also highlight how the association between the illness trajectories and patient characteristics is not straightforward,” Li said in a journal news release. 

“While being older at the time they had blood flow-restoring surgery was associated with a marked increase in the risk of death, the risk of major amputation after that surgery was lower among older patients rather than younger patients,” Li added.

Guidelines issued earlier this year by the AHA, the ACC and nine other medical societies highlighted the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of PAD, to prevent amputations and other heart-related complications caused by the condition, researchers noted.

“This study shows that for patients with severe peripheral arterial disease, there is not one simple answer that can explain each patient’s condition,” said guidelines co-vice chair Dr. Philip Goodney , section chief of vascular surgery at Dartmouth Health in New Hampshire.

“For example, patients with severe disease who present at young ages have poor outcomes, irrespective of how they might be treated,” Goodney added. “This may be the result of severe disease or difficult circumstances for treatment.”

More information

The Yale School of Medicine has more about peripheral artery disease .

SOURCE: American Heart Association, news release, July 22, 2024

What This Means For You

People with PAD should talk with their doctor about whether elective surgery to restore blood flow could help their condition and lower their risk of death.

Related Stories

• Open access
• Published: 16 July 2024

The burden of atrial fibrillation/flutter in the Middle East and North Africa region and its associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019

• Mohammad Yaghoubi   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0004-7505-3438 1   na1 ,
• Parvaneh Hamian Roumiani   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0009-2827-7216 1   na1 ,
• Fateme Nozari   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0004-8179-323X 2 ,
• Saba Simiyari 3 ,
• Alireza Azarboo 4 ,
• Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-2239 5 ,
• Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-1965 2 &
• Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8459-8617 2  

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume  24 , Article number:  366 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF) are the most common cardiac arrhythmias globally, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region face unique challenges in managing cardiovascular diseases, including AFF, due to diverse sociodemographic factors and healthcare infrastructure variability. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the burden of AFF in MENA from 1990 to 2019.

Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, a comprehensive source incorporating diverse data inputs. The study collected global, regional, and national Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR), Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR), and Age-Standardized Disability-Adjusted Rate (ASDR), Mortality across sex, age groups, and years. LOESS regression was employed to determine the relationship between age-standardized rates attributed to AFF and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI).

The study found minimal change in ASIR of AFF in MENA from 1990 to 2019, with a slight increase observed in ASMR and ASDR during the same period. Notably, AFF burden was consistently higher in females compared to males, with age showing a direct positive relationship with AFF burden. Iraq, Iran, and Turkey exhibited the highest ASIR, while Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman had the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. Conversely, Kuwait, Libya, and Turkey displayed the lowest ASMR and ASDR rates.

This study underscores the persistent burden of AFF in MENA and identifies significant disparities across countries. High systolic blood pressure emerged as a prominent risk factor for mortality in AFF patients. Findings provide crucial insights for policy-making efforts, resource allocation, and intervention strategies aimed at reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the MENA region.

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Introduction

Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (AF/AFL) represent prevalent and enduring forms of tachyarrhythmia, profoundly affecting individuals’ health and quality of life [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The prevalence and incidence of these conditions vary widely among countries, influenced by an array of factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle choices including smoking and alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, a diet high in sodium, lead exposure, genetic predisposition, socioeconomic status, and educational background [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. AF/AFL exhibits a notable increase in prevalence and incidence with age, with men showing a higher prevalence than women, particularly in younger age groups. However, this trend reverses in individuals over 75 years old [ 7 ]. Notably, regions with lower socioeconomic development indices are witnessing a concerning rise in AF/AFL prevalence [ 8 ].

AF/AFL not only impairs quality of life but also escalates the risk of morbidity and mortality, often leading to severe complications like heart attack, heart failure, stroke, dementia, and cognitive decline [ 9 , 10 ]. The coexistence of AF/AFL with other conditions exacerbates mortality risks [ 11 ], with both cardiac and non-cardiac deaths, including sudden cardiac death, being heightened [ 12 ].

Hospitalization rates due to AF/AFL are steadily increasing due to a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors [ 13 ]. Despite advancements in treatment, the global burden of AF/AFL continues to rise significantly, with an estimated 59.7 million people affected worldwide in 2019, nearly double the estimated cases from 2010 [ 5 , 13 ]. Projections suggest a troubling trend of escalating mortality and morbidity rates associated with AF/AFL, with an anticipated tripling of these rates over the next three decades [ 14 ]. By 2030 to 2034, over 16 million incidences of AF/AFL are expected annually [ 15 ]. This necessitates sustained efforts in surveillance, prevention, and treatment.

Given the preventable nature of many risk factors associated with AF/AFL, there is an urgent need for targeted interventions, particularly in regions experiencing a high or growing burden of the disease [ 8 ]. A precise assessment of the current burden and underlying risk factors specific to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is crucial for devising effective strategies to combat AF/AFL and its complications. While previous studies from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 have addressed the global impact of AF/AFL [ 7 , 8 , 15 , 16 ], to our knowledge, there lacks an updated evaluation providing a comprehensive analysis of various factors encompassing prevalence, incidence rates, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mortality rates, and significant risk factors specific to AF/AFL in MENA over time. Thus, this study explores the burden and associated risk factors of AF/AFL in MENA between 1990 and 2019, leveraging data from GBD provided by the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).

Materials and methods

Using the Global Health Data Exchange query tool created by GBD partners, the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) gathered available data, standardized disease criteria, and other relevant statistics. The GBD Study assesses the annual burden of 369 diseases, 87 risk factors, and injuries across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 [ 17 , 18 ]. The data were obtained from the GBD Study, a comprehensive and standardized source that incorporates a range of data inputs including hospital records, surveys, censuses, vital registration, systematic reviews, and disease-specific registries. To find the percentage of each component that correlates to a specific outcome, clinical record data were collected [ 17 , 18 ]. A variety of variables, such as age, sex, and geography, are used in the statistical models of the GBD Study. To handle incomplete or missing reports, the GBD Study makes use of advanced statistical models, including DisMod-MR 2.1, a reliable Bayesian meta-regression tool for improving estimation accuracy. Additionally, uniformity across different data sources is ensured by the implementation of standardized cleaning processes [ 17 , 18 ].

Data and indices

In this study, we collected global, regional, and national counts and rates of AF/AFL incidence, mortality, and DALYs across sex, age groups, and years from 1990 to 2019. The data collection encompassed MENA countries, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. In the GBD Study, the total of years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs) is known as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is a metric used to assess a population’s overall health status for a particular region, sex, year, and age combination [ 17 , 18 ]. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is another tool used by the GBD Study to evaluate the state of national development. The SDI values, which are computed by combining three indicators—income per capita, the fertility rate of people under 25, and the mean years of education of those under 15—range from 0 to 1, with lower values denoting lower development [ 19 ].

Statistical analysis

Estimated Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR), and Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR), Age-Standardized Disability-Adjusted Rate (ASDR) i.e., DALY were reported along with the 95% uncertainty intervals. Percent of change (%C) from 1990 to 2019 were also computed. We used Python 3.8 to construct all figures and choropleth maps. To determine the relationship between age-standardized rates attributed to AFF and SDI, we used locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) regression to draw a predicted value line.

Burden of atrial fibrillation and flutter in MENA

Regional ASIR owing to AFF changed very slightly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 41.81 [31.63 to 53.41] in 1990 to 41.93 [31.66 to 53.56] in 2019 (%C ASIR = 0.29%) (Fig.  1 A). But from 1990 (3.48 [2.67 to 4.11]) to 2019 (3.66 [3.07 to 4.33]) (%C ASMR = 5.17%), there was a slight increase in ASMR (Fig.  1 B). Furthermore, from 1990 (79.91 [63.99 to 99.66]) to 2019 (81.61 [65.10 to 100.78]) (%C ASDR = 2.13%), it was noted that ASDR had somewhat grown (Figure S1 ). A small increasing slope was observed in ASIR and ASDR between 2010 and 2019, despite the fact that the temporal trend stayed constant throughout the course of 30 years. The slope was noted for ASMR from 2014 to 2019.

Age-standardized Incidence ( A ) and Mortality ( B ) Rate of AFF from 1990 to 2019

Atrial fibrillation and flutter across sex and age groups

In general, ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR attributable to AFF were significantly higher in females compared to males either in 1990 (ASIR Female = 45.27 [33.84 to 58.08], ASIR Male = 38.24 [29.17 to 48.94], ASMR Female = 3.84 [2.77 to 4.94], ASMR Male = 3.07 [2.15 to 4.23], ASDR Female = 86.04 [65.79 to 109.21], ASDR Male = 73.12 [55.34 to 95.17]) or 2019 (ASIR Female = 45.21 [33.83 to 58.03], ASIR Male = 38.60 [29.41 to 49.55], ASMR Female = 4.07 [3.39 to 4.83], ASMR Male = 3.25 [2.54 to 4.00], ASDR Female = 88.01 [70.33 to 109.65], ASDR Male = 75.10 [58.52 to 93.83]). A steady trend in ASIR and a slight increasing slope in ASMR and ASDR was observed in both males and females across these thirty years. The highest incidence rate was observed in males + 95 years old, in both 1990 (Fig.  2 A) and 2019 (Fig.  2 B). However, in terms of mortality and DALYs, females + 95 years old surpassed males from 1990 (Fig.  3 A, S2 A) to 2019 (Fig.  3 B, S2 B). Age seemed to have a direct positive relationship with AFF’s burden.

Incidence Rate of AFF from in different age groups in 1990 ( A ) and 2019 ( B )

Mortality Rate of AFF from in different age groups in 1990 ( A ) and 2019 ( B )

National burden of atrial fibrillation and flutter

Iraq (43.84 [33.03 to 56.02]), Iran (42.76 [32.42 to 55.06]), and Turkey (42.63 [32.10 to 54.55]) had the highest ASIR due to AFF in 2019. On the other hand, Yemen (39.69 [30.03 to 51.24]), Saudi Arabia (39.79 [30.10 to 50.76]), and Palestine (40.09 [30.41 to 51.31]) had the lowest. The highest increase in ASIR was observed in Oman (%C = 7.0%), Afghanistan (%C = 3.6%), and Sudan (%C = 3.5%). Nonetheless, ASIR was considerably reduced in United Arab Emirates (%C = -5.1%), Qatar (%C = -3.4%), and Bahrain (%C = -2.9%) from 1990 (Table  1 ).

The three nations with the highest ASMR due to AFF in 2019 were Qatar (12.11 [9.13 to 16.76]), Bahrain (10.65 [8.28 to 12.78]), and Oman (8.38 [5.14 to 10.31]). With the lowest ASMRs, however, were Kuwait (2.21 [1.67 to 3.04]), Libya (2.66 [1.78 to 3.63]), and Turkey (3.15 [2.43 to 3.97]). Bahrain (%C = 131.0%), Morocco (%C = 42.3%), and Iraq (%C = 28.9%) saw the largest increases in ASMR. However, when compared to 1990, ASMR was significantly lower in Turkey (%C = -16.8%), United Arab Emirates (%C = -2.7%), and Kuwait (%C = -2.0%) (Table  2 ).

In 2019, Qatar (178.86 [142.32 to 228.96]), Bahrain (165.78 [129.43 to 198.77]), and Oman (120.67 [95.12 to 145.85]) had the greatest ASDR owing to AFF. However, Kuwait (64.70 [49.47 to 84.46]), Libya (70.76 [51.83 to 91.33]), and Turkey (74.82 [57.84 to 95.30]) had the lowest ASDRs. The areas with the biggest increases in ASDR were Bahrain (%C = 65.4%), Morocco (%C = 17.1%), and Iraq (%C = 15.2%). Nonetheless, ASDR in Turkey (%C = -12.5%), Qatar (%C = -8.3%), and United Arab Emirates (%C = -4.3%) was substantially lower than in 1990 (Table  3 ).

SDI and burden of atrial fibrillation and flutter

In MENA, AFF’s ASIR seemed to have a neutral correlation to the SDI (Fig.  4 ). However, from SDI value of 0.18 to 0.42, the association was slightly positive. Regarding ASMR, LOESS regression line indicated a positive association till the SDI equal to 0.80, and then turned again into a neutral position (Fig.  5 ). This was somehow true about ASDR rates, too (Figure S3 ).

LOESS regression indicating the association between Age-standardized Incidence Rate of AFF and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in MENA countries

LOESS regression indicating the association between Age-standardized Mortality Rate of AFF and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in MENA countries

Risk factors of mortality due to atrial fibrillation and flutter

The most important risk factor of mortality in AFF patients across the MENA region was high systolic blood pressure (SBP) (1.23 [0.93 to 1.59]) followed by high body mass index (BMI) (1.02 [0.60 to 1.61]), smoking (0.14 [0.09 to 0.2]), lead exposure (0.12 [0.07 to 0.17]), diet high in sodium (0.03 [0.01 to 0.12]), and alcohol use (0.02 [0.01 to 0.02]). Since 1990, ASMR due to high body mass index had the highest increase than other risk factors in MENA.

Through a secondary analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, the goal of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the regional burden of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in the Middle East and North Africa area, with a focus on ASMR, ASIR, and ASDR of AFF. The main findings of the study reveal that the ASIR of AFF in the MENA region showed minimal change over the past three decades, while a slight increase was observed in the ASMR and ASDR during the same period. Despite a consistent temporal trend, a small increase in ASIR and ASDR was noted between 2010 and 2019. Notably, AFF burden, as indicated by ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR, was consistently higher in females compared to males across the years, with age demonstrating a direct positive relationship with the burden of AFF. Additionally, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey were among the countries with the highest ASIR, while Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman had the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. Conversely, Kuwait, Libya, and Turkey exhibited the lowest ASMR and ASDR rates. The study also observed a nuanced correlation between the SDI and AFF burden, with high systolic blood pressure emerging as the most significant risk factor for mortality in AFF patients across the MENA region. Additionally, high body mass index showed the highest increase in ASMR since 1990 among the various risk factors assessed.

Comparing our findings to those found in global burden studies on AFF [ 15 ], the two studies found that the rates of incidence, mortality, and DALY associated with AFF have increased significantly, contributing to the global burden of the disease. Furthermore, age was found to be a key factor in determining the burden of AFF [ 15 ]. The trends for incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs all increased with age, peaking at various age groups before progressively falling [ 15 ]. Moreover, atrial fibrosis, atrial hypertrophy, and conduction disorders are linked to aging and predispose older people to AFF [ 20 ]. Comorbid conditions such as heart failure, hypertension, and coronary artery disease, which are more common in elderly populations, further raise the risk of acquiring AFF as the population ages [ 21 ].

Our findings regarding gender disparities were in contrast to the global burden of AFF, which indicates a slightly higher overall burden for males [ 15 ]. This contrast may be explained with hormonal changes, especially those related to estrogen associated with menopause [ 22 ], that have been linked to the onset and development of AFF. It has been demonstrated that estrogen modulates cardiac electrical properties, such as atrial conduction and refractoriness, which may put women at risk for arrhythmias, including AFF [ 23 ]. Inequalities in healthcare and sociocultural variables could possibly be responsible for the gender differences in AFF burden in the MENA area. Gender norms and cultural practices have the potential to impact healthcare-seeking behaviors, treatment adherence, and access to preventative care [ 24 ]. Furthermore, the MENA region’s healthcare infrastructure might be better suited to handle cardiovascular diseases in men, which could result in underdiagnosis and undertreatment of AFF in women [ 25 ].

The intricate relationship between SDI and AFF burden in the context of the MENA area is influenced by a number of important elements. First, disparities in access to and infrastructure for healthcare are important. Higher SDI nations frequently have more developed healthcare systems, which include better-equipped hospitals, higher spending on healthcare, and more access to specialized medical services [ 26 ]. In light of this fact, people living in these nations might have better access to preventive care, prompt diagnosis, and effective treatment for cardiovascular diseases like AFF, which could lessen the burden overall. Socioeconomic differences within the MENA area can also affect how risk factors linked to AFF are distributed. Improved socioeconomic metrics, such as higher literacy rates, increased access to sanitary facilities and clean water, and improved nutrition, are frequently associated with higher SDI levels. In contrast, it is possible that lower SDI levels are associated with greater prevalence rates of risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, all of which are known to contribute to the onset and progression of AFF. Therefore, differences in the AFF burden among the MENA region’s nations may be partially explained by differences in SDI.

Identifying risk factors associated with mortality due to AFF is crucial for informing preventive strategies and clinical management. The leading risk factor is high SBP, which is indicative of the widespread impact of hypertension on cardiovascular health in the area. Increased risk of thromboembolic events, worsening myocardial ischemia, and accelerating the progression of cardiac remodeling are all established effects of elevated SBP that eventually have a negative impact on AFF patients [ 27 ]. With respect to the thromboembolic events, the age-standardized point prevalence and death rates of stroke in 2019 showed a decrease of 0.5% and 27.8% since 1990, respectively. Additionally, there was a 32.0% decrease in the regional age-standardized DALY rate in 2019 compared to 1990. In the year 2019, Afghanistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rates, while Lebanon had the lowest at 752.9. In terms of region, there were more stroke cases in the 60–64 age group and women had a higher prevalence of stroke in all age groups. Furthermore, there was an overall negative correlation between SDI and the burden of stroke from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, in the year 2019, the greatest burdens of stroke in the MENA region were attributed to high systolic blood pressure [53.5%], high body mass index [39.4%], and ambient particulate air pollution [27.1%] [ 28 ].

Furthermore, the high incidence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in the MENA population highlights the importance of having a high BMI as a mortality predictor [ 29 ]. Obesity rates among adults rose from 15.1% in 1980 to 20.7% in 2015. In the year 2015, high BMI in Eastern Mediterranean Region caused 417,115 deaths and 14,448,548 DALYs, representing approximately 10% and 6.3% of total deaths and DALYs across all age groups [ 30 ]. Obesity-related changes in structure and function play a role in causing AF through various pathways like excess fat, inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, changes in ion channels, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Expanding epicardial adipose tissue during obesity is thought to be a main factor in the development of AF through paracrine signaling and direct infiltration [ 31 ]. Lack of physical activity is notable, particularly among women, along with an unhealthy diet that involves low intake of whole grains, nuts, and seafood [ 29 ].

The use of anticoagulants for the treatment of AFF in the MENA region has been evolving over the past few decades. Traditionally, vitamin K antagonists like warfarin were the mainstay of treatment [ 32 ]; however, their use is often complicated by the need for regular monitoring and dietary restrictions. In recent years, DOACs have gained popularity due to their predictable pharmacokinetic profiles and lack of need for routine monitoring [ 33 ]. Even though there are benefits, the use of DOACs in the MENA area varies due to factors like price, accessibility, and the knowledge of the physician. Furthermore, differences in healthcare facilities and patient knowledge play a role in the most effective utilization of anticoagulation treatment. Nevertheless, this treatment approach comes with a substantial chance of severe bleeding. Major bleeding risk factors in the MENA region are complex and include common comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and renal impairment that are widespread among the population. Moreover, differences in healthcare infrastructure and availability of regular anticoagulation monitoring can increase the risk. Factors related to culture, diet, and the use of traditional remedies could affect the likelihood of bleeding.

Despite methodological improvements in the GBD 2019, the attainability of source data remained the biggest limitation in our study. Insufficient data entry and reporting can raise questions about the veracity of the information gathered. Lack of access to high-quality data may also skew study findings, which would affect the degree of evidence. Because there may be fewer healthcare facilities initiating the epidemiological studies, the effects may be more severe in nations with lower SDI and ongoing conflicts.

The findings of this study shed light on the burden of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. While the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) remained relatively stable over the past three decades, a slight increase was noted in both the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted rate (ASDR) attributable to AFF. Females consistently exhibited higher ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR compared to males, with age demonstrating a direct positive relationship with the burden of AFF. National disparities were evident, with countries like Iraq, Iran, and Turkey reporting the highest ASIR, while others such as Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Palestine had lower rates. Significant increases in ASIR were observed in Oman, Afghanistan, and Sudan, while reductions were noted in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Bahrain since 1990. Bahrain, Morocco, and Iraq saw the largest increases in ASMR, whereas Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait reported significant declines. High systolic blood pressure emerged as the most significant risk factor for mortality in AFF patients across the MENA region, underscoring the importance of targeted interventions to mitigate these risks and reduce the burden of AFF in the region.

Data availability

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, at https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ .

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Mohammad Yaghoubi and Parvaneh Hamian Roumiani contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

Cardiology Department, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan

Mohammad Yaghoubi & Parvaneh Hamian Roumiani

Cardiology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Fateme Nozari, Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri & Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri

Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Saba Simiyari

School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Alireza Azarboo

Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei

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Contributions

P-HR, MA-Kh, and MY conceived, designed, and planned the study. MA-Kh, MM-Kh, and MS-HT acquired and analyzed the data. FN, SS, and AA interpreted the results. MY, P-HR, MM-Kh drafted the manuscript. MS-HT, FN, AA, and SS contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri .

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Yaghoubi, M., Roumiani, P., Nozari, F. et al. The burden of atrial fibrillation/flutter in the Middle East and North Africa region and its associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 24 , 366 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-04019-2

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• Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter
• Disease burden
• Age-standardized rate
• Risk factors

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders

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• Section 5 - Trypanosomiasis, American / Chagas Disease
• Section 5 - Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis / Valley Fever

Cdc yellow book 2024.

Author(s): Mitsuru Toda, Kaitlin Benedict, Tom Chiller

Infectious Agent

Transmission, epidemiology, clinical presentation.

INFECTIOUS AGENT:  Coccidioides immitis  and  C. posadasii

The Americas (Central and South America, northern Mexico, and the United States, specifically Arizona and Southern California)

TRAVELER CATEGORIES AT GREATEST RISK FOR EXPOSURE & INFECTION

PREVENTION METHODS

Limit exposure to outdoor dust in endemic areas Use personal protective equipment (e.g., N95 respirator) when working outdoors in endemic areas Preventive antifungal medication

DIAGNOSTIC SUPPORT

Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) is caused by the fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii .

Transmission occurs through inhalation of fungal conidia from the environment. Transmission from person to person does not occur.

Coccidioides is endemic to the western United States, particularly Arizona and Southern California, and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. Travelers, including adventure tourists, expatriates, humanitarian aid workers, long-term travelers, and travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) are at increased risk if they participate in activities that expose them to soil disruption and outdoor dust. Participating in activities like community house-building projects, gardening, four-wheeling, and horseback riding can put people at risk. Coccidioidomycosis outbreaks have been associated with activities such as archaeological excavation, construction, and military training exercises.

The incubation period is 7–21 days. About 40% of infected people develop symptomatic infections, ranging from primary pulmonary illness to severe disseminated disease. The most common symptoms of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis are cough and persistent fatigue, with only about half of patients reporting fever. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, headache, joint pain, muscle aches, night sweats, and rash. Symptoms can be indistinguishable from bacterial pneumonia. Coccidioidomycosis infections are often self-limited, typically resolving in a few weeks to months, but also can be severe, requiring hospitalization. An estimated 5%–10% of people develop serious or chronic lung disease (e.g., bronchiectasis, cavitary pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis). About 1% of illnesses result in meningitis, which can require lifelong antifungal therapy; dissemination to bones, joints, and skin also can occur.

People ≥65 years of age, people with diabetes, people who smoke, and people with high inoculum exposure are at increased risk of developing severe pulmonary complications. Those with depressed cellular immune function (e.g., people with HIV, organ transplant recipients) and people who are pregnant are at increased risk for developing disseminated disease. Epidemiological data suggest that the risk for severe illness is increased among people of African American, Filipino, and Pacific Island descent, but further study is needed to understand the reasons for this association.

Coccidioidomycosis is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. The most common methods to diagnose coccidioidomycosis are culture, histopathology, molecular techniques, and serology. Isolation of Coccidioides from fungal culture of respiratory specimens or tissue provides a definitive diagnosis. Microscopy of sputum or tissue can identify Coccidioides spherules but has low sensitivity. Molecular techniques include DNA probe for confirmation of cultures, as well as PCR for direct detection from clinical specimens, which became commercially available in early 2018. EIA is a sensitive serologic method to detect IgM and IgG antibodies. Immunodiffusion and complement fixation can also detect antibodies and are often used to confirm diagnosis. Lateral flow assays to detect any antibodies in serum became commercially available in 2018.

Expert opinions differ on the proper management of patients with uncomplicated primary pulmonary disease in the absence of risk factors for severe or disseminated disease. Some experts recommend no therapy, since most illnesses are self-limited, whereas others advise treatment to reduce the intensity or duration of symptoms. Treatment with antifungal agents has not been proven to prevent dissemination. People at high risk for dissemination should receive antifungal therapy, as should people with clinical manifestations of severe acute pulmonary disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or disseminated disease. Depending on the clinical situation, a variety of antifungal agents can be used, including amphotericin B and fluconazole (or itraconazole).

To reduce risk for coccidioidomycosis, travelers should limit exposure to outdoor dust in endemic areas, or wear an N95 respirator if they cannot avoid dusty areas while in this environment. During dust storms, travelers should stay inside and close windows. Travelers to known endemic areas also should avoid activities that require close contact with dirt or dust, including digging, gardening, and yard work. Air filtration measures can be used indoors. Preventive antifungal medication (fluconazole or itraconazole) can be taken in certain circumstances if recommended by a health care provider.

CDC websites:

• Valley fever
• NIOSH: Valley fever
• Mission and Community Service Groups: Be Aware of Valley Fever

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Orion Z. McCotter, Tom M. Chiller

Bibliography

Diaz, JH. Travel-related risk factors for coccidioidomycosis. J Travel Med. 2018;25(1):tay027.

Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Blair JE, Catanzaro A, Geertsma F, Hoover SE, et al. 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(6):e112–46.

Freedman M, Jackson BR, McCotter O, Benedict K. Coccidioidomycosis outbreaks, United States and worldwide, 1940–2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(3):417–23.

Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D, et al. Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995–1996. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(5):708–15.

Toda M, Gonzalez FJ, Fonseca-Ford M, Franklin F, Huntington-Frazier M, Gutelius B, et al. Notes from the field: multistate coccidioidomycosis outbreak in U.S. residents returning from community service trips to Baja California, Mexico—July–August 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68(14):332–3.

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Serena Williams's husband and Reddit cofounder says he was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is starting treatment

• Alexis Ohanian, Serena Williams' husband and Reddit cofounder, announced he has Lyme disease.
• Ohanian said he was diagnosed through extensive bloodwork and had no symptoms.
• Diagnosing and treating Lyme disease can be complicated, and antibiotics don't work for everyone.

On Tuesday, Alexis Ohanian , a Reddit cofounder and Serena Williams' husband , announced on X that he was diagnosed with Lyme disease after getting a "full battery of health scans."

Doing a full battery of health scans, tests, etc, and found out I have lyme disease. Wild. No symptoms, thankfully, but gonna treat. Good cholesterol is too low. Bad cholesterol is just OK. Gotta work on that. On the plus-side: 822 ng/dL total + 162 ng/dL free testosterone. — Alexis Ohanian 🇦🇲 (@alexisohanian) July 16, 2024

Despite having no symptoms and spending "so little time in the wilderness/northeast," Ohanian said his bloodwork came back positive for Lyme disease and he's now being treated with antibiotics.

Lyme diagnosis is tricky and expensive

Diagnosing Lyme disease is complicated. Its symptoms , like fever and chills, can resemble many other health issues. Other people, like Ohanian, might not have symptoms at all .

According to Johns Hopkins , many people with Lyme don't have a target-shaped tick bite — one of the easiest tells. Additionally, most people contract Lyme through nymphs , immature ticks that are less than two millimeters in size.

Diagnostic tests are often unreliable, especially in the early stages of the disease, because they measure the presence of antibodies, rather than Lyme bacteria itself . While there are many at-home tests on the market, false negatives are common .

More extensive bloodwork, such as the one Ohanian received, can be expensive: complex blood panels can cost up to $3,000 .

Treatment is complex and controversial

Getting proper treatment for Lyme disease is important, as the long-term effects can range from severe arthritis and life-threatening heart complications .

Still, there's a lot of controversy around treating Lyme. While antibiotics, like the ones Ohanian plans to take, work for some people, others continue to display symptoms of post-treatment Lyme disease , even when Lyme tests become negative. Because there's only one way to test for Lyme, treating chronic Lyme disease symptoms is complicated — and some doctors question if it's real at all .

About 15% of people worldwide are affected by Lyme disease, yet treatment remains difficult. Some companies are now testing vaccines to prevent the disease altogether.

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It should be noted that the NIAID HIV Language Guide has relevance beyond HIV. It includes language related to other areas of research, diseases and conditions, gender and sexuality, general research terminology, and more. NIAID urges all staff, collaborating researchers, and stakeholders to review the Language Guide and make use of it for all written and oral communications.  

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Lifestyle Diseases

Mar 26, 2019

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Chapter 14. Lifestyle Diseases. Lifestyle Diseases—TRUE OR FALSE???. Chapter 14. Do you eat foods low in saturated fat and sugar, and high in fiber? Do you eat foods that are low in added salt and sugar? Do you get some form of exercise every day?

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• injures blood vessel walls

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Chapter 14 Lifestyle Diseases

Lifestyle Diseases—TRUE OR FALSE??? Chapter 14 • Do you eat foods low in saturated fat and sugar, and high in fiber? • Do you eat foods that are low in added salt and sugar? • Do you get some form of exercise every day? • Do you avoid tobacco products and smoky environments? • Do you get a yearly physical exam? • Do you use sunscreen when you’re outside? • Do you eat at least 2 servings (each) of fruits and vegetables each day?

Lifestyle Diseases Chapter 14 Contents Section 1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases Section 2 Cardiovascular Diseases Section 3 Cancer Section 4 Living with Diabetes

Chapter 14 Section 1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases

Section1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases Chapter 14 Bell ringer • Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise and make a crease. • At the top of one side, write the word “Healthy.” • At the top of the other side, write the word “Risky.” • List under each title the things people do that are either healthy or risky to their health. • Healthy • Risky

Section1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases Chapter 14 What Are Lifestyle Diseases? • Caused by: • unhealthy behaviors (controllable risk factors) • other factors (uncontrollable risk factors) • Examples: • cardiovascular disease • many forms of cancer • diabetes

Uncontrollable age gender ethnicity Heredity (family hx) Controllable diet and body weight daily levels of physical activity level of sun exposure smoking and alcohol abuse Section1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases Chapter 14 Risk Factors for Lifestyle Diseases

Controllable Risk Factors

When you know the factors that contribute to lifestyle diseases, you can make lifestyle choices now to reduce your chances of these diseases later in life. Section1 Lifestyle and Lifestyle Diseases Chapter 14 The bottom line…

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 What Are Cardiovascular Diseases? • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): • the leading cause of death in the United States • result from progressive damage (over time) to the heart and blood vessels

Chapter 14 Section 2 Cardiovascular Diseases

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 The four main types of CVD are: • high blood pressure • (the “silent” killer) • Atherosclerosis • (hardening / blockage of arteries) • stroke • heart attack

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 • BLOOD PRESSURE • Definition: the force that blood exerts on the walls of a blood vessel • HIGH BP weakens and injures blood vessel walls, leading to other cardiovascular diseases.

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 • ATHEROSCLEROSIS • fatty materials (cholesterol & plaque) build up on artery walls • Reduces and blocks blood flow • Breaks apart & releases clots that cause strokes or heart attacks

CHOLESTEROL (2 sources)

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 • Stroke • blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted (blockage OR ruptured blood vessel)

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 STROKE (signs & symptoms)

Chapter 14 RECOGNIZING A STROKE-NEW INFORMATION!!! Some doctors say that if a neurologist can begin treating a stroke victim within 3 hours they can totally reverse the effects of a stroke. The trick is getting the patient medically cared for within 3 hours, which is tough……. Remember the 1st Three Letters: S-T-R Some doctors say a bystander can recognize a stroke by asking three simple questions: S   Ask the individual to SMILE T   Ask the person to TALK and SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE coherently (ex: “It is sunny out today.”) R   Ask them to RAISE BOTH ARMS New Sign of a Stroke: ask the person to STICK OUT THEIR TOUNGUE. If the tongue is 'crooked‘ or goes to one side or the other, that is also an indication of a stroke. If they have trouble with ANY ONE of these tasks, call 911 immediately and describe the symptoms to the dispatcher.

Chapter 14 HEART ATTACK • damage and loss of function of an area of the heart muscle • often caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries that carry blood into the heart.

Coronary artery blockage

Coronary artery stenosis w/ blood clot

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 Detecting and Testing for CVD • check your blood pressure • electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) • ultrasound • angiogram

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 Detecting and Testing for CVD • Check your BP: monitors cardiovascular health and helps detect CVDs. • Blood pressures are given in the form “Systolic pressure/Diastolic pressure.” • Systolic pressure is the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts. • Diastolic pressure is the blood pressure between heart contractions. • Normal BP is about 120/80

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 Detecting and Testing for CVD • electrocardiogram (EKG) • measures the electrical activity of the heart • ultrasound • images of the pumping heart and heart valves • angiogram • injecting dye into the coronary arteries to look for blockages

Angiogram of the heart

Cerebral angiogram with blockage Where’s the blockage?

Cardiac angiogram with blockage Where’s the blockage?

Section2 Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 14 Preventing & Treating CVD • reducing saturated fats, cholesterol, and salt • maintaining healthy weight • avoid tobacco • do cardiovascular exercise regularly • monitor BP & cholesterol levels • reducing stress • Medications (low-dose aspirin, Rx, etc) • surgery (bypass, angioplasty, pacemaker, transplant)

Chapter 14 Section 3 Cancer

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 What Is Cancer? • 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S., after CVDs. • Definition: uncontrolled cell growth • (starts with genetic damage. When the genes that control cell growth are damaged, some cells begin to divide more rapidly than normal, forming tumors.) click here for video

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 Tumors & the spread of cancer… • Malignant tumor: a mass of cells that invades and destroys normal tissue. • Benign tumor: an abnormal but usually harmless cell mass. • Metastasis: a process in which cancer cells break away from a tumor and travel to other parts of the body, creating new tumors.

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 What Causes Cancer? • Inheriting damaged or mutated genes can increase your chance of getting cancer. • Environmental effects—coming in contact with carcinogens (cancer causing agents) throughout your life • Ex: poor diet, smoking, sun overexposure, chemicals, etc

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 Detecting Cancer • self-exams (skin, breast & testicle) • x rays (ex: mammogram) • biopsies (tissue samples) • MRI • blood and DNA tests

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 Preventing Cancer • Don’t smoke • Limit overexposure to UV radiation • Eat less saturated fats • Eat more fruits, vegetables & fiber • Exercise & maintain a healthy weight • Get regular medical checkups

Section3 Cancer Chapter 14 Treating Cancer surgery – removes tumor chemotherapy – using drugs to kill cancer cells radiation therapy – using radiation to kill cancer cells strengthen the immune system

Chapter 14 Section 4 Living with Diabetes

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Bell ringer Name some foods that you eat that are high in sugar?

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 What Is Diabetes? • Glucose: provides your cells with energy, circulating through the body in the bloodstream. • Insulin: a hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to remove (use) glucose from the blood. • Diabetes: a disorder in which cells are unable to use (remove) glucose from the blood, resulting in high blood-glucose levels & high levels of harmful toxins.

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Types of Diabetes? • Type 1 diabetes (juvenile onset): • the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. • Type 2 diabetes (adult onset): • insulin is produced, but the body’s cells fail to respond to the insulin.

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Why is Diabetes harmful??? • The body uses fat and protein instead of glucose for energy, causing a build-up of toxic substances in the blood that damages blood vessels & other tissues (and can lead to organ failure). • A diabetic comais a loss of consciousness that happens when there is too much blood sugar and too many toxic substances in the blood.

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Detecting Diabetes • Early detection is important to avoid these severe complications: • blindness • stroke • kidney disease • loss of lower limbs • If you have symptoms of diabetes, see a doctor as soon as possible.

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Testing for Diabetes • Urinalysis • Glucose-tolerance tests • Insulin tests

Section4 Living with Diabetes Chapter 14 Treating Diabetes • Type 1: • keeping blood-glucose levels as close to normal as possible. • check blood-glucose levels several times a day and must learn to give themselves insulin injections. • Type 2: • sometimes involves injecting insulin, but usually focuses on frequent exercise and a healthy diet with moderate amounts of sugar.

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