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Luisito Cagandahan Abueg at University of the Philippines Los Baños

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Analysis of the impact of cooling lubricants on the tensile properties of fdm 3d printed pla and pla+cf materials.

topic for practical research 2

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. pla and pla+cf materials specification and mechanical parameters.

ParametersTest MethodMaterial Type
PLAPLA+CF
Density (g/cm )ISO 1183 [ ]1.24~1.29
Young’s modulus (MPa)ISO 527 [ ]1000–11001100–1300
Tensile strength (MPa)ISO 52745–4940–45
Elongation at break (%)ISO 52713.5–15.511.5–13.5
Heat deflection temperature (°C) ISO 75 [ ]5360

2.2. Preparation and 3D Printing of Tensile Test Specimens

2.3. tensile testing for 3d-printed specimens, 3.1. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla specimens, 3.1.1. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens not exposed to cooling lubricant, 3.1.2. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 7 days, 3.1.3. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 30 days, 3.2. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens, 3.2.1. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens not exposed to cooling lubricant, 3.2.2. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 7 days, 3.2.3. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 30 days, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Material TypePLAPLA+CF
Diameter (mm)1.751.75
Net filament weight (g)10001000
Water absorption (equilibrium in water, 23 °C)<0.30.5
Printing speed (mm/s)40–6060–90
Layer height (mm)0.1–0.20.1–0.2
Extrusion temperature (°C) 190–220200–230
Bed platform temperature (°C)50–5540–50
3D Printing ParameterPLAPLA+CF
Filament diameter (mm)1.751.75
Infill patternHoneycombHoneycomb
Infill density (%)40, 60, 80, 10040, 60, 80, 100
Nozzle diameter (mm)0.40.4
Base print speed (mm/s)6060
Travel speed (mm/s)100100
First layer maximum (mm/s)1010
Top solid layers44
Bottom solid layers33
Layer height (mm)0.20.2
First layer height (mm)0.30.3
Extrusion temperature (°C)210225
Bed temperature (°C)5050
CaseSpecimen
Code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young’s
Modulus [MPa]
Case 1PLA_4T1966.7924.175.00493
PLA_4T2977.0924.414.73662
PLA_4T3855.9821.403.88595
PLA_4T4840.1321.003.72541
PLA_4T5858.0621.453.84685
Average899.6122.494.23595.20
St. Dev.59.471.480.5271.98
PLA_6T1943.4923.593.46779
PLA_6T2976.5024.413.77871
Case 2PLA_6T31140.8828.524.06733
PLA_6T41166.7629.174.21709
PLA_6T51162.7729.074.38653
Average1078.0826.953.98749.00
St. Dev.97.382.430.3373.29
PLA_8T11444.5836.114.45771
PLA_8T21438.1735.955.28529
Case 3PLA_8T31387.4134.694.64654
PLA_8T41434.0935.855.19521
PLA_8T51404.1035.104.46408
Average1421.6735.544.80576.60
St. Dev.22.060.550.36124.55
Case 4PLA_1T11828.5645.714.671115
PLA_1T21709.8342.754.421095
PLA_1T31834.7245.874.81977
PLA_1T41809.3145.234.81950
PLA_1T51818.3945.464.701119
Average1800.1645.004.681051.20
St. Dev.45.991.150.1472.57
CaseSpecimen
code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young’s
Modulus
[MPa]
Case 5PLA_4T71872.5721.814.47557
PLA_4T72886.7722.174.37625
PLA_4T73875.1421.884.26609
PLA_4T74855.2121.383.95655
PLA_4T75865.5521.644.42600
Average871.0521.784.29609.20
St. Dev.10.460.260.1932.11
PLA_6T71980.3924.514.36629
PLA_6T72901.3525.034.70473
Case 6PLA_6T73990.8624.774.03695
PLA_6T74970.4924.263.82754
PLA_6T75995.0924.883.94756
Average967.6424.694.17661.40
St. Dev.34.230.270.32105.07
PLA_8T711219.8930.504.40784
PLA_8T721208.8730.224.33754
Case 7PLA_8T731199.8730.003.94861
PLA_8T741158.6728.974.24793
PLA_8T751076.9126.923.88780
Average1172.8429.324.16794.40
St. Dev.52.241.310.2135.74
Case 8PLA_1T711612.3640.314.351030
PLA_1T721538.2238.464.231060
PLA_1T731604.7840.124.261070
PLA_1T741578.0539.454.221081
PLA_1T751560.6239.024.241055
Average1578.8139.474.261059.20
St. Dev.27.490.690.0517.10
CaseSpecimen
Code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile
Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young’s
Modulus
[MPa]
Case 9PLA_4T301810.7220.274.14579
PLA_4T302849.3021.233.97684
PLA_4T303831.1220.784.02639
PLA_4T304845.3321.133.76675
PLA_4T305832.0820.804.04608
Average833.7120.843.99637.00
St. Dev.13.530.340.1339.65
PLA_6T301925.6123.143.77727
PLA_6T302929.0123.234.04685
Case 10PLA_6T303960.2024.014.00705
PLA_6T304923.9923.103.97687
PLA_6T305930.8523.274.01688
Average933.9323.353.96698.40
St. Dev.13.360.340.1015.99
PLA_8T3011158.3428.963.99842
PLA_8T3021159.9129.004.19787
Case 11PLA_8T3031150.0128.754.40733
PLA_8T3041166.6629.174.28769
PLA_8T3051077.4226.943.86735
Average1142.4728.564.14773.20
St. Dev.32.950.820.2040.04
Case 12PLA_1T3011540.8238.524.271018
PLA_1T3021538.5838.464.361015
PLA_1T3031563.6639.094.311052
PLA_1T3041547.4038.684.291046
PLA_1T3051539.0238.484.361000
Average1545.9038.654.321026.20
St. Dev.9.430.240.0419.98
CaseSpecimen
Code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young’s
Modulus
[MPa]
Case 13PLA+CF_4T1897.7622.443.78493
PLA+CF_4T2933.1623.334.09693
PLA+CF_4T3931.1523.284.13675
PLA+CF_4T4931.3123.283.79715
PLA+CF_4T5925.4423.144.11684
Average923.7623.093.98652.00
St. Dev.13.260.330.1680.60
PLA+CF_6T11088.0127.204.13279
PLA+CF_6T21108.2527.714.12447
Case 14PLA+CF_6T31099.7227.493.86803
PLA+CF_6T41104.1827.604.09252
PLA+CF_6T51097.9727.454.10740
Average1099.6327.494.06504.20
St. Dev.6.820.170.10229.12
PLA+CF_8T11387.4534.694.15947
PLA+CF_8T21396.6134.924.18920
Case 15PLA+CF_8T31387.9834.704.10959
PLA+CF_8T41392.1334.804.53852
PLA+CF_8T51383.8034.594.24887
Average1389.5934.744.24913.00
St. Dev.4.390.110.1539.29
Case 16PLA+CF_1T11623.8440.604.311074
PLA+CF_1T21724.6243.124.491075
PLA+CF_1T31713.5042.844.151176
PLA+CF_1T41723.8843.104.391091
PLA+CF_1T51721.7143.044.331113
Average1701.5142.544.331105.80
St. Dev.39.040.980.1137.84
CaseSpecimen
Code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile
Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young’s
Modulus
[MPa]
Case 17PLA+CF_4T71825.1320.633.60714
PLA+CF_4T72824.4220.613.96640
PLA+CF_4T73840.5521.013.62690
PLA+CF_4T74848.9721.223.65681
PLA+CF_4T75801.3320.033.53704
Average828.0820.703.67685.80
St. Dev.16.310.410.1525.55
PLA+CF_6T71969.7424.243.81736
PLA+CF_6T72964.3524.113.88744
Case 18PLA+CF_6T73940.7123.523.74770
PLA+CF_6T74933.1623.333.87711
PLA+CF_6T75806.3520.163.50690
Average922.8623.073.76730.20
St. Dev.59.861.500.1427.54
PLA+CF_8T711050.7226.273.37905
PLA+CF_8T721132.5128.313.84818
Case 19PLA+CF_8T731174.7629.374.10792
PLA+CF_8T741166.2029.153.71912
PLA+CF_8T751126.7328.173.95812
Average1130.1828.253.79847.80
St. Dev.73.851.090.2550.35
Case 20PLA+CF_1T711433.1535.834.19992
PLA+CF_1T721403.2435.084.26974
PLA+CF_1T731520.3138.014.53969
PLA+CF_1T741407.8235.204.23979
PLA+CF_1T751401.4235.043.991026
Average1433.1935.834.24988.00
St. Dev.45.031.130.1720.48
CaseSpecimen
Code		Max.
Force
[N]		Tensile
Strength
[MPa]		Strain
[%]		Young s
Modulus
[MPa]
Case 21PLA+CF_4T301837.0920.933.91737
PLA+CF_4T302822.7820.573.62677
PLA+CF_4T303819.9420.503.68694
PLA+CF_4T304826.5320.663.65658
PLA+CF_4T305828.3320.713.58735
Average826.9320.673.69700.20
St. Dev.5.860.150.1231.38
PLA+CF_6T301921.0123.033.52778
PLA+CF_6T302828.1120.703.25765
Case 22PLA+CF_6T303823.7420.593.011037
PLA+CF_6T304825.2220.633.37771
PLA+CF_6T305978.3824.463.78741
Average875.2921.883.39818.40
St. Dev.63.421.590.26110.01
PLA+CF_8T3011106.4027.663.74387
PLA+CF_8T3021076.7626.923.90758
Case 23PLA+CF_8T3031117.8727.954.04737
PLA+CF_8T3041104.1327.603.76829
PLA+CF_8T3051080.0927.004.06785
Average1097.0527.433.90699.20
St. Dev.15.940.400.13159.10
Case 24PLA+CF_1T3011455.5536.394.22987
PLA+CF_1T3021370.3334.264.19958
PLA+CF_1T3031383.9534.604.34865
PLA+CF_1T3041470.3136.764.38974
PLA+CF_1T3051399.5634.994.46861
Average1415.9435.404.32929.00
St. Dev.39.740.990.1054.68
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Share and Cite

Hozdić, E.; Hasanagić, R. Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228

Hozdić E, Hasanagić R. Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials. Polymers . 2024; 16(15):2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228

Hozdić, Elvis, and Redžo Hasanagić. 2024. "Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials" Polymers 16, no. 15: 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228

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  1. PDF Practical Research 2

    2 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 2 7. It refers to an issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies. A. Research problem C. Research question B. Research topic D. Research gap 8. It is a part of the research that expresses the context of the problem that will support the validity and rationale of the study.

  2. Practical Research 2

    This lesson is a continuation of the discussion of the first two sub parts included in the chapter on The Nature of Inquiry and Research.It presents the three quantitative research designs for which the course on Practical Research 2 will be limited to: (a) Descriptive Research (Cross-sectional survey design); (b) Correlational Research (Explanatory Research); and (c) Experimental Research ...

  3. PDF Senior High School

    2 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1 For items 6 and 7, identify whether the given research topic is: A. Correlational C. Descriptive B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental 6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the online and modular blended learning 7.

  4. Practical Research 2 Module: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the

    Practical Research 2 Module: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem. by DepEd Tambayan. This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

  5. DepEd Learning Portal

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