- Quantitative Social Research
- Quantitative
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Practical research 2
- January 2021
- Publisher: Oxford University Press
- ISBN: 978 967 2392 23 1
![topic for practical research 2 Luisito Cagandahan Abueg at University of the Philippines Los Baños](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281089205173-1665478184083_Q64/Luisito-Abueg.jpg)
- University of the Philippines Los Baños
Discover the world's research
- 25+ million members
- 160+ million publication pages
- 2.3+ billion citations
![topic for practical research 2 Luisito Cagandahan Abueg](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281089205173-1665478184083_Q64/Luisito-Abueg.jpg)
- Jefferson M Chua
![topic for practical research 2 Gordon Pennycook](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/654511878176768-1533059200586_Q64/Gordon-Pennycook.jpg)
- David G. Rand
- Claire Wardle
![topic for practical research 2 Hossein Derakhshan](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/752224267407361-1556355649728_Q64/Hossein-Derakhshan.jpg)
- Sang-Woon Kim
- Joon-Min Gil
![topic for practical research 2 Helen Sampson](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)
- Nelson Turgo
![topic for practical research 2 Iris Acejo](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/280016656060425-1443772581320_Q64/Iris-Acejo.jpg)
- Steven H. Strogatz
- J Am Med Assoc
![topic for practical research 2 Hang Obama](https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/4671872220764/images/template/default/profile/profile_default_m.jpg)
- Recruit researchers
- Join for free
- Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up
- No category
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 LAS
![topic for practical research 2 topic for practical research 2](https://studylib.net/theme/issuu2/static/promos/promo3.png)
- Distribute all flashcards reviewing into small sessions
- Get inspired with a daily photo
- Import sets from Anki, Quizlet, etc
- Add Active Recall to your learning and get higher grades!
Related documents
![topic for practical research 2 LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034](https://s2.studylib.net/store/data/015509283_1-f2e232786645189352261871bcfb7d20-300x300.png)
Add this document to collection(s)
You can add this document to your study collection(s)
Add this document to saved
You can add this document to your saved list
Suggest us how to improve StudyLib
(For complaints, use another form )
Input it if you want to receive answer
You are using an outdated browser. Upgrade your browser today or install Google Chrome Frame to better experience this site.
Related Resources
- —Health in the Arts
Self Learning Module_Quarter 2_SHS_Applied_Practical Research-Module 3: Qualitative Research View Download
Self Learning Module | PDF
Curriculum Information
Education Type | K to 12 |
Grade Level | Grade 11, Grade 12 |
Learning Area | |
Content/Topic | Health in the Arts |
Intended Users | Educators, Learners |
Competencies | Identifies possible industry-related injuries and their causes |
Copyright Information
Copyright | Yes |
Copyright Owner | DepEd Central Office |
Conditions of Use | Use, Copy, Print |
Technical Information
File Size | 1.03 MB |
File Type | application/pdf |
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Venezuela opposition says its victory is irreversible, citing 73% of vote tallies
- Medium Text
- Both government and opposition claim victory
- Opposition says it has 73% of voting tallies
- Independent exit polls point to landslide opposition win
- US, Brazil and others call for transparency in count
- Maduro victory would extend socialist rule
![topic for practical research 2 Supporters of Venezuelan opposition demonstrate following the announcement that Venezuela's President Maduro won the presidential election, in Caracas](https://cloudfront-us-east-2.images.arcpublishing.com/reuters/MYXU6BZLRJKS5OIYF7VMEHACJQ.jpg)
PROTESTS TURN VIOLENT
International reaction.
Sign up here.
Reporting by Mariela Nava in Maracaibo, Mircely Guanipa in Maracay and Vivian Sequera, Deisy Buitrago, Mayela Armas and Julia Symmes Cobb in Caracas; additional reporting by Keren Torres in Barquisimeto, Tibisay Romero in Valencia, Tathiana Ortiz in San Cristobal and Maria Ramirez in Puerto Ordaz Writing by Julia Symmes Cobb and Oliver Griffin; Editing by Angus MacSwan, Peter Graff, Rosalba O'Brien and Michael Perry
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. , opens new tab
![topic for practical research 2 topic for practical research 2](https://s3.amazonaws.com/arc-authors/reuters/6fbedb57-65c8-4239-8eee-b4f271f0eb84.png)
Thomson Reuters
Vivian reports on politics and general news from Venezuela's capital, Caracas. She is interested in reporting on how Venezuela's long economic crisis, with its rampant inflation, has affected human rights, health and the Venezuelan people, among other topics. She previously worked for the Associated Press in Venezuela, Colombia, Cuba and Brazil.
![topic for practical research 2 Venezuela's opposition leaders hold a march amid the disputed presidential election, in Caracas](https://cloudfront-us-east-2.images.arcpublishing.com/reuters/F4DQFPUBTRKYTIN2URGX4GM6CA.jpg)
Reaction to resignation and flight of Bangladesh prime minister
Here are some reactions to the news that Bangladesh's Sheikh Hasina has resigned as prime minister and fled the country following violent street protests.
![topic for practical research 2 People celebrate the resignation of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Hasina in Dhaka](https://cloudfront-us-east-2.images.arcpublishing.com/reuters/RY64YPWNEZMJFGG5VPKNHPGF7Y.jpg)
Information
- Author Services
Initiatives
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
- Active Journals
- Find a Journal
- Proceedings Series
- For Authors
- For Reviewers
- For Editors
- For Librarians
- For Publishers
- For Societies
- For Conference Organizers
- Open Access Policy
- Institutional Open Access Program
- Special Issues Guidelines
- Editorial Process
- Research and Publication Ethics
- Article Processing Charges
- Testimonials
- Preprints.org
- SciProfiles
- Encyclopedia
![Polymers polymers-logo](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14)
Article Menu
![topic for practical research 2 topic for practical research 2](https://www.mdpi.com/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png)
- Subscribe SciFeed
- Recommended Articles
- Google Scholar
- on Google Scholar
- Table of Contents
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
JSmol Viewer
Analysis of the impact of cooling lubricants on the tensile properties of fdm 3d printed pla and pla+cf materials.
![ORCID topic for practical research 2](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1722858739)
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods, 2.1. pla and pla+cf materials specification and mechanical parameters.
Parameters | Test Method | Material Type | |
---|---|---|---|
PLA | PLA+CF | ||
Density (g/cm ) | ISO 1183 [ ] | 1.24 | ~1.29 |
Young’s modulus (MPa) | ISO 527 [ ] | 1000–1100 | 1100–1300 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | ISO 527 | 45–49 | 40–45 |
Elongation at break (%) | ISO 527 | 13.5–15.5 | 11.5–13.5 |
Heat deflection temperature (°C) | ISO 75 [ ] | 53 | 60 |
2.2. Preparation and 3D Printing of Tensile Test Specimens
2.3. tensile testing for 3d-printed specimens, 3.1. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla specimens, 3.1.1. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens not exposed to cooling lubricant, 3.1.2. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 7 days, 3.1.3. tensile properties of fdm 3d-printed pla specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 30 days, 3.2. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens, 3.2.1. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens not exposed to cooling lubricant, 3.2.2. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 7 days, 3.2.3. tensile properties of the fdm 3d-printed pla+cf specimens exposed to cooling lubricant for 30 days, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
- Gibson, I.; Rosen, D.; Stucker, B.; Khorasani, M. Introduction and basic principles. In Additive Manufacturing Technologies ; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 1–21. [ Google Scholar ]
- Tofail, S.A.M.; Koumoulos, E.P.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Bose, S.; O’Donoghue, L.; Charitidis, C. Additive manufacturing: Scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities. Mater. Today 2018 , 21 , 22–37. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Goodridge, R.D.; Tuck, C.J.; Hague, R.J.M. Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2012 , 57 , 229–267. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Aboulkhair, N.T.; Simonelli, M.; Parry, L.; Ashcroft, I.; Tuck, C.; Hague, R. 3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2019 , 106 , 100578. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ngo, T.D.; Kashani, A.; Imbalzano, G.; Nguyen, K.T.Q.; Hui, D. Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018 , 143 , 172–196. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chacón, J.M.; Caminero, M.A.; García-Plaza, E.; Núñez, P.J. Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection. Mater. Des. 2017 , 124 , 143–157. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Caminero, M.A.; Chacón, J.M.; García-Plaza, E.; Núñez, P.J.; Reverte, J.M. Interlaminar bonding performance of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling. Polymers 2018 , 10 , 976. [ Google Scholar ]
- Aliheidari, N.; Tripuraneni, R.; Nadimpalli, S.; Hossain, M.S. Fracture resistance of FDM 3D printed materials: Impact of layer thickness, raster angle, and feed rate. Addit. Manuf. 2017 , 13 , 222–230. [ Google Scholar ]
- Garzon-Hernandez, S.; Garcia-Gonzalez, D.; Jérusalem, A.; Arias, A. Design of FDM 3D printed polymers: An experimental-modelling methodology for the prediction of mechanical properties. Mater. Des. 2020 , 188 , 108414. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Martín-Montal, J.; Valero-Vidal, C.; Poblet-Castell, C.; de Frutos, J.M.; Gámez-Pérez, J. Comparative study of the mechanical properties of three-dimensional printed parts using different photopolymer resins. Polymers 2021 , 13 , 1147. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- DePalma, M.T.; Ghita, O.; Farris, S.; Coles, S.R. Comparative analysis of sustainable 3D printing materials for fused deposition modelling and selective laser sintering. Addit. Manuf. 2020 , 36 , 101396. [ Google Scholar ]
- Rodríguez-Panes, A.; Claver, J.; Camacho, A.M. The Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of PLA and ABS Pieces Manufactured by FDM: A Comparative Analysis. Materials 2018 , 11 , 1333. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Hozdić, E.; Hozdić, E. Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Mineral Engine Oil on the Mechanical Parameters of FDM 3D-Printed PLA, PLA+CF, PETG, and PETG+CF. Materials 2023 , 16 , 6342. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Solomon, I.J.; Sevvel, P.; Gunasekaran, J. A review on the various processing parameters in FDM. Mater. Today Proc. 2020 , 37 , 509–514. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Tan, L.J.; Zhu, W.; Zhou, K. Recent progress on polymer materials for additive manufacturing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020 , 30 , 2003062. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Saleh Alghamdi, S.; John, S.; Roy Choudhury, N.; Dutta, N.K. Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Materials: Progress, Promise and Challenges. Polymers 2021 , 13 , 753. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Shahbazi, M.; Jäger, H. Current Status in the Utilization of Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing Process: A Systematic Review of the Materials, Processes, and Challenges. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2021 , 4 , 325–369. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Gadagi, B.; Lekurwale, R. A review on advances in 3D metal printing. Mater. Today Proc. 2021 , 45 , 277–283. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Buchanan, C.; Gardner, L. Metal 3D printing in construction: A review of methods, research, applications, opportunities and challenges. Eng. Struct. 2019 , 180 , 332–348. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chahal, V.; Taylor, R.M. A review of geometric sensitivities in laser metal 3D printing. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2020 , 15 , 227–241. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Murr, L.E. A Metallographic Review of 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing of Metal and Alloy Products and Components. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 2018 , 7 , 103–132. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chen, Z.; Li, Z.; Li, J.; Liu, C.; Lao, C.; Fu, Y.; Liu, C.; Li, Y.; Wang, P.; He, Y. 3D printing of ceramics: A review. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2019 , 39 , 661–687. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Hwa, L.C.; Rajoo, S.; Noor, A.M.; Ahmad, N.; Uday, M.B. Recent advances in 3D printing of porous ceramics: A review. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2017 , 21 , 323–347. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chen, Z.; Sun, X.; Shang, Y.; Xiong, K.; Xu, Z.; Guo, R.; Cai, S.; Zheng, C. Dense ceramics with complex shape fabricated by 3D printing: A review. J. Adv. Ceram. 2021 , 10 , 195–218. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Tay, Y.W.D.; Panda, B.; Paul, S.C.; Noor Mohamed, N.A.; Tan, M.J.; Leong, K.F. 3D printing trends in building and construction industry: A review. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 2017 , 12 , 261–276. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Sing, S.L.; Yeong, W.Y.; Wiria, F.E.; Tay, B.Y.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, L.; Tian, Z.; Yang, S. Direct selective laser sintering and melting of ceramics: A review. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2017 , 23 , 611–623. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Chua, C.K.; Leong, K.F.; Lim, C.S. Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications ; World Scientific: Singapore, 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
- Popescu, D.; Zapciu, A.; Amza, C.; Baciu, F.; Marinescu, R. FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review. Polym. Test. 2018 , 69 , 157–166. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wickramasinghe, S.; Do, T.; Tran, P. FDM-Based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: A review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments. Polymers 2020 , 12 , 1529. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Liu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Wu, B.; Cui, C.; Guo, Y.; Yan, C. A critical review of fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology in manufacturing polylactic acid parts. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2019 , 102 , 2877–2889. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Dey, A.; Roan Eagle, I.N.; Yodo, N. A Review on Filament Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2021 , 5 , 69. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Bourell, D.; Kruth, J.P.; Leu, M.; Levy, G.; Rosen, D.; Beese, A.M.; Clare, A. Materials for additive manufacturing. CIRP Ann. 2017 , 66 , 659–681. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Vedrtnam, A.; Ghabezi, P.; Gunwant, D.; Jiang, Y.; Sam-Daliri, O.; Harrison, N.; Goggins, J.; Finnegan, W. Mechanical performance of 3D-printed continuous fibre Onyx composites for drone applications: An experimental and numerical analysis. Compos. Part C Open Access 2023 , 12 , 100418. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Daniele, R.; Armoni, D.; Dul, S.; Alessandro, P. From nautical waste to additive manufacturing: Sustainable recycling of high-density polyethylene for 3D printing applications. J. Compos. Sci. 2023 , 7 , 320. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Ghabezi, P.; Sam-Daliri, O.; Flanagan, T.; Walls, M.; Harrison, N.M. Circular economy innovation: A deep investigation on 3D printing of industrial waste polypropylene and carbon fibre composites. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2024 , 206 , 107667. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Hozdić, E. Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Parameters of FDM- and SLA-Printed ABS Materials. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 649. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Naveed, N. Investigating the Material Properties and Microstructural Changes of Fused Filament Fabricated PLA and Tough-PLA Parts. Polymers 2021 , 13 , 1487. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Yrlybayev, D.; Zharylkassyn, B.; Seisekulova, A.; Akhmetov, M.; Perveen, A.; Talamona, D. Optimisation of Strength Properties of FDM Printed Parts—A Critical Review. Polymers 2021 , 13 , 1587. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Algarni, M.; Ghazali, S. Comparative Study of the Sensitivity of PLA, ABS, PEEK, and PETG’s Mechanical Properties to FDM Printing Process Parameters. Crystals 2021 , 11 , 995. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Kiendl, J.; Gao, C. Controlling toughness and strength of FDM 3D-printed PLA components through the raster layup. Compos. Part B Eng. 2020 , 180 , 107562. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Qattawi, A.; Alrawi, B.; Guzman, A. Experimental optimization of fused deposition modelling processing parameters: A design-for-manufacturing approach. Procedia Manuf. 2017 , 10 , 791–803. [ Google Scholar ]
- Lanzotti, A.; Grasso, M.; Staiano, G.; Martorelli, M. The impact of process parameters on mechanical properties of parts fabricated in PLA with an open-source 3-D printer. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2015 , 21 , 604–617. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Torres, J.; Cole, M.; Owji, A.; DeMastry, Z.; Gordon, A.P. An approach for mechanical property optimization of fused deposition modeling with polylactic acid via design of experiments. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2016 , 22 , 387–404. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Dizon, J.R.C.; Gache, C.C.L.; Cascolan, H.M.S.; Cancino, L.T.; Advincula, R.C. Post-Processing of 3D-Printed Polymers. Technologies 2021 , 9 , 61. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wang, S.; Ma, Y.; Deng, Z.; Zhang, S.; Cai, J. Effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid materials. Polym. Test. 2020 , 86 , 106483. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Wu, W.; Geng, P.; Li, G.; Zhao, D.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, J. Influence of layer thickness and raster angle on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK and a comparative mechanical study between PEEK and ABS. Materials 2015 , 8 , 5834–5846. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
- Afrose, M.F.; Masood, S.H.; Iovenitti, P.; Nikzad, M.; Sbarski, I. Effects of part build orientations on fatigue behaviour of FDM-processed PLA material. Prog. Addit. Manuf. 2016 , 1 , 21–28. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Turner, B.N.; Strong, R.; Gold, S.A. A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2014 , 20 , 261–274. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Rankouhi, B.; Javadpour, S.; Delfanian, F.; Letcher, T. Failure analysis and mechanical characterization of 3D printed ABS with respect to layer thickness and orientation. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 2016 , 16 , 467–481. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- El Magri, A.; El Mabrouk, K.; Vaudreuil, S.; Touhami, M.E. Mechanical properties of CF-reinforced PLA parts manufactured by fused deposition modeling. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2019 , 20 , 581–595. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Papageorgiou, D.; Papageorgiou, C.; Tsamasphyros, G. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PLA Reinforced with Carbon Fibers. Mater. Lett. 2011 , 65 . [ Google Scholar ]
- Song, S.; Liu, X.; Lu, Y. The effect of carbon fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of polylactic acid. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 . [ Google Scholar ]
- Tymrak, B.M.; Kreiger, M.; Pearce, J.M. Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions. Mater. Des. 2014 , 58 , 242–246. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Adeniran, O.; Cong, W.; Bediako, E.; Adu, S.P. Environmental affected mechanical performance of additively manufactured carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composites. J. Compos. Mater. 2022 , 56 , 1139–1150. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- FASHFORGE. Comparison between Flashforge PLA, PLA Pro, PLA+CF, ABS, ABS Pro, PETG, PETG Pro, PETG+CF. Available online: https://flashforge.com (accessed on 18 August 2023).
- Ogaili, A.A.F.; Basem, A.; Kadhim, M.S.; Al-Sharify, Z.T.; Jaber, A.A.; Njim, E.K.; Al-Haddad, L.A.; Hamzah, M.N.; Al-Ameen, E.S. The Effect of Chopped Carbon Fibers on the Mechanical Properties and Fracture Toughness of 3D-Printed PLA Parts: An Experimental and Simulation Study. J. Compos. Sci. 2024 , 8 , 273. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- Krishnakumar, S.; Senthilvelan, T. Characterization of PLA-CF Composites Fabricated by Fused Filament Fabrication Technique. Trans. Indian Inst. Mater. 2022 , 75 , 2607–2616. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
- ISO 1183-1:2019 ; Plastics—Methods for Determining the Density of Non-Cellular plastics—Part 1: Immersion Method, Liquid Pyknometer Method and Titration Method. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019.
- ISO 527-2:2012 ; Plastics—Determination of Tensile Properties—Part 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and Extrusion Plastics. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
- ISO 75-1:2020 ; Plastics—Determination of Temperature of Deflection under Load—Part 1: General Test Method. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.
- Available online: https://github.com/bambulab/BambuStudio/releases/download/v01.09.03.50/Bambu_Studio_win_public-v01.09.03.50-20240621095059.exe (accessed on 28 July 2024).
- Available online: https://bambulab.com (accessed on 28 July 2024).
Click here to enlarge figure
Material Type | PLA | PLA+CF |
---|---|---|
Diameter (mm) | 1.75 | 1.75 |
Net filament weight (g) | 1000 | 1000 |
Water absorption (equilibrium in water, 23 °C) | <0.3 | 0.5 |
Printing speed (mm/s) | 40–60 | 60–90 |
Layer height (mm) | 0.1–0.2 | 0.1–0.2 |
Extrusion temperature (°C) | 190–220 | 200–230 |
Bed platform temperature (°C) | 50–55 | 40–50 |
3D Printing Parameter | PLA | PLA+CF |
---|---|---|
Filament diameter (mm) | 1.75 | 1.75 |
Infill pattern | Honeycomb | Honeycomb |
Infill density (%) | 40, 60, 80, 100 | 40, 60, 80, 100 |
Nozzle diameter (mm) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Base print speed (mm/s) | 60 | 60 |
Travel speed (mm/s) | 100 | 100 |
First layer maximum (mm/s) | 10 | 10 |
Top solid layers | 4 | 4 |
Bottom solid layers | 3 | 3 |
Layer height (mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 |
First layer height (mm) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Extrusion temperature (°C) | 210 | 225 |
Bed temperature (°C) | 50 | 50 |
Case | Specimen Code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | PLA_4T1 | 966.79 | 24.17 | 5.00 | 493 |
PLA_4T2 | 977.09 | 24.41 | 4.73 | 662 | |
PLA_4T3 | 855.98 | 21.40 | 3.88 | 595 | |
PLA_4T4 | 840.13 | 21.00 | 3.72 | 541 | |
PLA_4T5 | 858.06 | 21.45 | 3.84 | 685 | |
Average | 899.61 | 22.49 | 4.23 | 595.20 | |
St. Dev. | 59.47 | 1.48 | 0.52 | 71.98 | |
PLA_6T1 | 943.49 | 23.59 | 3.46 | 779 | |
PLA_6T2 | 976.50 | 24.41 | 3.77 | 871 | |
Case 2 | PLA_6T3 | 1140.88 | 28.52 | 4.06 | 733 |
PLA_6T4 | 1166.76 | 29.17 | 4.21 | 709 | |
PLA_6T5 | 1162.77 | 29.07 | 4.38 | 653 | |
Average | 1078.08 | 26.95 | 3.98 | 749.00 | |
St. Dev. | 97.38 | 2.43 | 0.33 | 73.29 | |
PLA_8T1 | 1444.58 | 36.11 | 4.45 | 771 | |
PLA_8T2 | 1438.17 | 35.95 | 5.28 | 529 | |
Case 3 | PLA_8T3 | 1387.41 | 34.69 | 4.64 | 654 |
PLA_8T4 | 1434.09 | 35.85 | 5.19 | 521 | |
PLA_8T5 | 1404.10 | 35.10 | 4.46 | 408 | |
Average | 1421.67 | 35.54 | 4.80 | 576.60 | |
St. Dev. | 22.06 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 124.55 | |
Case 4 | PLA_1T1 | 1828.56 | 45.71 | 4.67 | 1115 |
PLA_1T2 | 1709.83 | 42.75 | 4.42 | 1095 | |
PLA_1T3 | 1834.72 | 45.87 | 4.81 | 977 | |
PLA_1T4 | 1809.31 | 45.23 | 4.81 | 950 | |
PLA_1T5 | 1818.39 | 45.46 | 4.70 | 1119 | |
Average | 1800.16 | 45.00 | 4.68 | 1051.20 | |
St. Dev. | 45.99 | 1.15 | 0.14 | 72.57 |
Case | Specimen code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 5 | PLA_4T71 | 872.57 | 21.81 | 4.47 | 557 |
PLA_4T72 | 886.77 | 22.17 | 4.37 | 625 | |
PLA_4T73 | 875.14 | 21.88 | 4.26 | 609 | |
PLA_4T74 | 855.21 | 21.38 | 3.95 | 655 | |
PLA_4T75 | 865.55 | 21.64 | 4.42 | 600 | |
Average | 871.05 | 21.78 | 4.29 | 609.20 | |
St. Dev. | 10.46 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 32.11 | |
PLA_6T71 | 980.39 | 24.51 | 4.36 | 629 | |
PLA_6T72 | 901.35 | 25.03 | 4.70 | 473 | |
Case 6 | PLA_6T73 | 990.86 | 24.77 | 4.03 | 695 |
PLA_6T74 | 970.49 | 24.26 | 3.82 | 754 | |
PLA_6T75 | 995.09 | 24.88 | 3.94 | 756 | |
Average | 967.64 | 24.69 | 4.17 | 661.40 | |
St. Dev. | 34.23 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 105.07 | |
PLA_8T71 | 1219.89 | 30.50 | 4.40 | 784 | |
PLA_8T72 | 1208.87 | 30.22 | 4.33 | 754 | |
Case 7 | PLA_8T73 | 1199.87 | 30.00 | 3.94 | 861 |
PLA_8T74 | 1158.67 | 28.97 | 4.24 | 793 | |
PLA_8T75 | 1076.91 | 26.92 | 3.88 | 780 | |
Average | 1172.84 | 29.32 | 4.16 | 794.40 | |
St. Dev. | 52.24 | 1.31 | 0.21 | 35.74 | |
Case 8 | PLA_1T71 | 1612.36 | 40.31 | 4.35 | 1030 |
PLA_1T72 | 1538.22 | 38.46 | 4.23 | 1060 | |
PLA_1T73 | 1604.78 | 40.12 | 4.26 | 1070 | |
PLA_1T74 | 1578.05 | 39.45 | 4.22 | 1081 | |
PLA_1T75 | 1560.62 | 39.02 | 4.24 | 1055 | |
Average | 1578.81 | 39.47 | 4.26 | 1059.20 | |
St. Dev. | 27.49 | 0.69 | 0.05 | 17.10 |
Case | Specimen Code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 9 | PLA_4T301 | 810.72 | 20.27 | 4.14 | 579 |
PLA_4T302 | 849.30 | 21.23 | 3.97 | 684 | |
PLA_4T303 | 831.12 | 20.78 | 4.02 | 639 | |
PLA_4T304 | 845.33 | 21.13 | 3.76 | 675 | |
PLA_4T305 | 832.08 | 20.80 | 4.04 | 608 | |
Average | 833.71 | 20.84 | 3.99 | 637.00 | |
St. Dev. | 13.53 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 39.65 | |
PLA_6T301 | 925.61 | 23.14 | 3.77 | 727 | |
PLA_6T302 | 929.01 | 23.23 | 4.04 | 685 | |
Case 10 | PLA_6T303 | 960.20 | 24.01 | 4.00 | 705 |
PLA_6T304 | 923.99 | 23.10 | 3.97 | 687 | |
PLA_6T305 | 930.85 | 23.27 | 4.01 | 688 | |
Average | 933.93 | 23.35 | 3.96 | 698.40 | |
St. Dev. | 13.36 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 15.99 | |
PLA_8T301 | 1158.34 | 28.96 | 3.99 | 842 | |
PLA_8T302 | 1159.91 | 29.00 | 4.19 | 787 | |
Case 11 | PLA_8T303 | 1150.01 | 28.75 | 4.40 | 733 |
PLA_8T304 | 1166.66 | 29.17 | 4.28 | 769 | |
PLA_8T305 | 1077.42 | 26.94 | 3.86 | 735 | |
Average | 1142.47 | 28.56 | 4.14 | 773.20 | |
St. Dev. | 32.95 | 0.82 | 0.20 | 40.04 | |
Case 12 | PLA_1T301 | 1540.82 | 38.52 | 4.27 | 1018 |
PLA_1T302 | 1538.58 | 38.46 | 4.36 | 1015 | |
PLA_1T303 | 1563.66 | 39.09 | 4.31 | 1052 | |
PLA_1T304 | 1547.40 | 38.68 | 4.29 | 1046 | |
PLA_1T305 | 1539.02 | 38.48 | 4.36 | 1000 | |
Average | 1545.90 | 38.65 | 4.32 | 1026.20 | |
St. Dev. | 9.43 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 19.98 |
Case | Specimen Code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 13 | PLA+CF_4T1 | 897.76 | 22.44 | 3.78 | 493 |
PLA+CF_4T2 | 933.16 | 23.33 | 4.09 | 693 | |
PLA+CF_4T3 | 931.15 | 23.28 | 4.13 | 675 | |
PLA+CF_4T4 | 931.31 | 23.28 | 3.79 | 715 | |
PLA+CF_4T5 | 925.44 | 23.14 | 4.11 | 684 | |
Average | 923.76 | 23.09 | 3.98 | 652.00 | |
St. Dev. | 13.26 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 80.60 | |
PLA+CF_6T1 | 1088.01 | 27.20 | 4.13 | 279 | |
PLA+CF_6T2 | 1108.25 | 27.71 | 4.12 | 447 | |
Case 14 | PLA+CF_6T3 | 1099.72 | 27.49 | 3.86 | 803 |
PLA+CF_6T4 | 1104.18 | 27.60 | 4.09 | 252 | |
PLA+CF_6T5 | 1097.97 | 27.45 | 4.10 | 740 | |
Average | 1099.63 | 27.49 | 4.06 | 504.20 | |
St. Dev. | 6.82 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 229.12 | |
PLA+CF_8T1 | 1387.45 | 34.69 | 4.15 | 947 | |
PLA+CF_8T2 | 1396.61 | 34.92 | 4.18 | 920 | |
Case 15 | PLA+CF_8T3 | 1387.98 | 34.70 | 4.10 | 959 |
PLA+CF_8T4 | 1392.13 | 34.80 | 4.53 | 852 | |
PLA+CF_8T5 | 1383.80 | 34.59 | 4.24 | 887 | |
Average | 1389.59 | 34.74 | 4.24 | 913.00 | |
St. Dev. | 4.39 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 39.29 | |
Case 16 | PLA+CF_1T1 | 1623.84 | 40.60 | 4.31 | 1074 |
PLA+CF_1T2 | 1724.62 | 43.12 | 4.49 | 1075 | |
PLA+CF_1T3 | 1713.50 | 42.84 | 4.15 | 1176 | |
PLA+CF_1T4 | 1723.88 | 43.10 | 4.39 | 1091 | |
PLA+CF_1T5 | 1721.71 | 43.04 | 4.33 | 1113 | |
Average | 1701.51 | 42.54 | 4.33 | 1105.80 | |
St. Dev. | 39.04 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 37.84 |
Case | Specimen Code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young’s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 17 | PLA+CF_4T71 | 825.13 | 20.63 | 3.60 | 714 |
PLA+CF_4T72 | 824.42 | 20.61 | 3.96 | 640 | |
PLA+CF_4T73 | 840.55 | 21.01 | 3.62 | 690 | |
PLA+CF_4T74 | 848.97 | 21.22 | 3.65 | 681 | |
PLA+CF_4T75 | 801.33 | 20.03 | 3.53 | 704 | |
Average | 828.08 | 20.70 | 3.67 | 685.80 | |
St. Dev. | 16.31 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 25.55 | |
PLA+CF_6T71 | 969.74 | 24.24 | 3.81 | 736 | |
PLA+CF_6T72 | 964.35 | 24.11 | 3.88 | 744 | |
Case 18 | PLA+CF_6T73 | 940.71 | 23.52 | 3.74 | 770 |
PLA+CF_6T74 | 933.16 | 23.33 | 3.87 | 711 | |
PLA+CF_6T75 | 806.35 | 20.16 | 3.50 | 690 | |
Average | 922.86 | 23.07 | 3.76 | 730.20 | |
St. Dev. | 59.86 | 1.50 | 0.14 | 27.54 | |
PLA+CF_8T71 | 1050.72 | 26.27 | 3.37 | 905 | |
PLA+CF_8T72 | 1132.51 | 28.31 | 3.84 | 818 | |
Case 19 | PLA+CF_8T73 | 1174.76 | 29.37 | 4.10 | 792 |
PLA+CF_8T74 | 1166.20 | 29.15 | 3.71 | 912 | |
PLA+CF_8T75 | 1126.73 | 28.17 | 3.95 | 812 | |
Average | 1130.18 | 28.25 | 3.79 | 847.80 | |
St. Dev. | 73.85 | 1.09 | 0.25 | 50.35 | |
Case 20 | PLA+CF_1T71 | 1433.15 | 35.83 | 4.19 | 992 |
PLA+CF_1T72 | 1403.24 | 35.08 | 4.26 | 974 | |
PLA+CF_1T73 | 1520.31 | 38.01 | 4.53 | 969 | |
PLA+CF_1T74 | 1407.82 | 35.20 | 4.23 | 979 | |
PLA+CF_1T75 | 1401.42 | 35.04 | 3.99 | 1026 | |
Average | 1433.19 | 35.83 | 4.24 | 988.00 | |
St. Dev. | 45.03 | 1.13 | 0.17 | 20.48 |
Case | Specimen Code | Max. Force [N] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain [%] | Young s Modulus [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 21 | PLA+CF_4T301 | 837.09 | 20.93 | 3.91 | 737 |
PLA+CF_4T302 | 822.78 | 20.57 | 3.62 | 677 | |
PLA+CF_4T303 | 819.94 | 20.50 | 3.68 | 694 | |
PLA+CF_4T304 | 826.53 | 20.66 | 3.65 | 658 | |
PLA+CF_4T305 | 828.33 | 20.71 | 3.58 | 735 | |
Average | 826.93 | 20.67 | 3.69 | 700.20 | |
St. Dev. | 5.86 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 31.38 | |
PLA+CF_6T301 | 921.01 | 23.03 | 3.52 | 778 | |
PLA+CF_6T302 | 828.11 | 20.70 | 3.25 | 765 | |
Case 22 | PLA+CF_6T303 | 823.74 | 20.59 | 3.01 | 1037 |
PLA+CF_6T304 | 825.22 | 20.63 | 3.37 | 771 | |
PLA+CF_6T305 | 978.38 | 24.46 | 3.78 | 741 | |
Average | 875.29 | 21.88 | 3.39 | 818.40 | |
St. Dev. | 63.42 | 1.59 | 0.26 | 110.01 | |
PLA+CF_8T301 | 1106.40 | 27.66 | 3.74 | 387 | |
PLA+CF_8T302 | 1076.76 | 26.92 | 3.90 | 758 | |
Case 23 | PLA+CF_8T303 | 1117.87 | 27.95 | 4.04 | 737 |
PLA+CF_8T304 | 1104.13 | 27.60 | 3.76 | 829 | |
PLA+CF_8T305 | 1080.09 | 27.00 | 4.06 | 785 | |
Average | 1097.05 | 27.43 | 3.90 | 699.20 | |
St. Dev. | 15.94 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 159.10 | |
Case 24 | PLA+CF_1T301 | 1455.55 | 36.39 | 4.22 | 987 |
PLA+CF_1T302 | 1370.33 | 34.26 | 4.19 | 958 | |
PLA+CF_1T303 | 1383.95 | 34.60 | 4.34 | 865 | |
PLA+CF_1T304 | 1470.31 | 36.76 | 4.38 | 974 | |
PLA+CF_1T305 | 1399.56 | 34.99 | 4.46 | 861 | |
Average | 1415.94 | 35.40 | 4.32 | 929.00 | |
St. Dev. | 39.74 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 54.68 |
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Share and Cite
Hozdić, E.; Hasanagić, R. Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials. Polymers 2024 , 16 , 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228
Hozdić E, Hasanagić R. Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials. Polymers . 2024; 16(15):2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228
Hozdić, Elvis, and Redžo Hasanagić. 2024. "Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials" Polymers 16, no. 15: 2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152228
Article Metrics
Further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
![MDPI Open Access Journals MDPI](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1722858739)
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
![](http://sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
2 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 2 7. It refers to an issue that has not been fully addressed by previous studies. A. Research problem C. Research question B. Research topic D. Research gap 8. It is a part of the research that expresses the context of the problem that will support the validity and rationale of the study.
This lesson is a continuation of the discussion of the first two sub parts included in the chapter on The Nature of Inquiry and Research.It presents the three quantitative research designs for which the course on Practical Research 2 will be limited to: (a) Descriptive Research (Cross-sectional survey design); (b) Correlational Research (Explanatory Research); and (c) Experimental Research ...
2 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1 For items 6 and 7, identify whether the given research topic is: A. Correlational C. Descriptive B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental 6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the online and modular blended learning 7.
Practical Research 2 Module: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem. by DepEd Tambayan. This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Activity Sheet in Practical Research 2 (Choosing Research Topic) Objective 1. Understand the concepts on Choosing Research Topic. ... 2. Choose research topic specifically on their specialization. Curriculum Information. Education Type K to 12 Grade Level Grade 12 Learning Area Content/Topic ...
WATCH MORELa Brisa del Mar Beach Resorthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMgN1sEQl6oNature of Variables ~ https://youtu.be/TIS2oyf-3EYExperimental Research ~...
Description. This resource is intended for Senior High School for Practical Research 2 subject. Objective. At the of the lesson, student are expected to: 1. Described variables and characteristics. 2. Identify different types of variables according to their nature. 3. List examples of variables according to nature.
used in study; present objectively written review of related literature and. conceptual framework. The learner is able to: describe adequately quantitative research designs, sample, instrument used, intervention (if applicable), data collection, and analysis. procedure. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2_NANAT, KAREN JOY T.
According to Creswell (2013), research is a systematic and objective creation. of knowledge. It is an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and. interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Luisito C Abueg. 1. Practical Research 2. Luisito Cagandahan Abueg. Note: This file is a preview of the book "Practical Research 2", a textbook for senior high. school (Grade 12). This file ...
PRACTICAL. RESEARCH 2. 1ST QUARTER. Week 1-3. Competencies: At the end of this learning material, the students should. be able to: 1. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of. quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1); 2. illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 - 1st Quarter, SEM 1. Teacher 75 terms. tjmon1. Preview. Practical Research 2 Summative Test. 62 terms. studystruggler. ... Cite the role that the topic plays in your life and the benefits you derive from it. Reason for choosing the topic. Emphasize what motivated you to choose the topic.
2 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 2_Module 1 What I Know Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What research design aims to determine a cause from already existing effects? A. Descriptive Research Design C. Quasi-Experimental Research B. Correlational Research Design D. Ex Post Facto 2.
1 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 3 What I Need to Know At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. illustrate and explain the research framework (CS_RS12-If-j-6); 2. define terms used in the study (CS_RS12-If-j-7); 3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-j-8) and 4. present a written review of related literature and conceptual framework
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 - Formulating and Writing Research Title PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 MIDTERM EXAM (Teacher-Made Periodical Test) Self-Learning Module- Quarter 1 Practical Research 1: SHS Modules 1-3 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 - Choosing Research Topic PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FIRST QUARTER ASSESSMENT (Teacher-Made Periodical Test) Self-Learning Module ...
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II 1 ST QUARTER MODULE. Research is a careful, detailed and systematic study of a specific problem, concern, or issue to establish facts This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.. When is a research practical? Practical research means actual doing or using of something rather than theories and ideas.
6.2: Writing a Research Paper 6.2.1: The Purpose of Research Writing ... own curiosity. Once you find the answer to your questions, your search may be over, or it may lead to more in-depth research about that topic or about another topic. Other times, you want to communicate what you have learned to your peers, your family, your teachers, or ...
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2. Quantitative Research Module 2. LESSON 1: DESIGNING RESEARCH TOPIC. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW. The first and foremost step in the research is selecting and properly defining a research problem. Before starting a laborious journey of finding the unknown, you need to know first what it is that you want to find out, where and how ...
Feb. 24, 2023 — New research has identified hundreds of proteins that might contribute to the onset of common, chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, and consequently pathways to ...
Forest education has evolved significantly in recent decades due to global phenomena such as climate change and globalization, which are transforming the skill sets and competencies that should be provided by university-level education on forests. This evolution has placed pressure on educational institutions to adapt and meet these emerging needs. Previous research has identified gaps in the ...
Venezuela opposition leader Maria Corina Machado said on Monday the country's opposition has 73.2% of the voting tallies from Sunday's election, allowing it to prove election results it says give ...
2 CO_Q2_SHS Practical Research 2_Module 2 What I Know Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What does practical implication means? A. the reality that would happen if certain situations are satisfied B. the vague imagery of your research C. the useful ways of doing things
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a transformative technology that fabricates products through a layer-by-layer addition of material, allowing for the production of complex geometries, rapid prototyping, and small batch flexibility [1,2,3,4,5,6].This approach supports the creation of intricate geometries, rapid prototyping, and flexible small batch production, offering advantages such as reduced ...