Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
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As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved July 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
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As part of the process of applying for a research degree, you will need to prepare an outline of your proposed research. This must be 5-10 pages long (font 11pt minimum) excluding the bibliography.
Please see our guidance on what to include below:
Key elements | Content |
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The U.S. Department of Education offers example applications directly from their website, where you can also find tools to assist you in preparing a proposal.
U.S. Department of Education Tools for Grant Applications
Researcher Support ( research.asu.edu/researcher-support ) A step-by-step guide to the services and support ASU provides to researchers throughout the entire research life-cycle, from locating funding opportunities to commercializing new technologies.
How to Get Research Funding ( researchacademy.asu.edu/StartMyResearch) On-demand actionable guidance to help you find funding opportunities, plan your research, and submit a successful proposal to potential sponsors. Find additional on-demand resources and a catalog of upcoming events focused on the ASU research community at researchacademy.asu.edu .
Find your Research Administrator (RA) ( researchadmin.asu.edu/find_contacts ) RA staff assigned to your unit assist faculty with identifying funding opportunities, developing proposals, managing sponsored funds, and answer other questions regarding the proposal and awards processes.
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Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On August 11, 2023
Students will inevitably experience anxiety while working on their dissertations on educational management. There is no doubt that a topic of this importance requires in-depth study, and you must follow a proper writing pattern when you write your paper. When it comes to writing a successful dissertation , choosing a topic is crucial.
Students should also be aware that many writing themes offered for writing evaluations are already quite broad, necessitating their narrowing and concentration. Widening them should only be done a little at a time. If you are looking for assistance, we have some remarkable educational management dissertation topic ideas for you.
Get started right away with one of the following dissertation topics related to educational management.
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There are several factors to consider when choosing a dissertation topic. There are a lot of great topics to choose from. We just discussed some educational management dissertation topic ideas . You can choose from those. Nevertheless, you can contact us or get our dissertation outline service immediately if you need custom subjects.
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It can be challenging to develop the ideal dissertation topic in waste management. To maintain health, all human civilizations need to manage waste in some form, but that does not mean that individuals need to know all the specifics.
Need help getting started with your dissertation? Here are some interesting MBA dissertation ideas for you to choose from.
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Research degrees
How to write your research proposal, with examples of good proposals.
Your research proposal is a key part of your application. It tells us about the question you want to answer through your research. It is a chance for you to show your knowledge of the subject area and tell us about the methods you want to use.
We use your research proposal to match you with a supervisor or team of supervisors.
In your proposal, please tell us if you have an interest in the work of a specific academic at York St John. You can get in touch with this academic to discuss your proposal. You can also speak to one of our Research Leads. There is a list of our Research Leads on the Apply page.
When you write your proposal you need to:
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Our free dissertation/thesis proposal template covers the core essential ingredients for a strong research proposal. It includes clear explanations of what you need to address in each section, as well as straightforward examples and links to further resources.
The research proposal template covers the following core elements:
The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.
PS – if you’d like a high-level template for the entire thesis, you can we’ve got that too .
What types of research proposals can this template be used for.
The proposal template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the vast majority of dissertations and theses (especially those within the sciences), whether they are qualitative or quantitative in terms of design.
Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the introduction chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. These are typically minor, but it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.
This template can be used for a research project at any level of study. Doctoral-level projects typically require the research proposal to be more extensive/comprehensive, but the structure will typically remain the same.
The length of a research proposal varies by institution and subject, but as a ballpark, it’s usually between 1,500 and 3,000 words.
To be safe, it’s best to check with your university if they have any preferences or requirements in terms of minimum and maximum word count for the research propsal.
You don’t need to go into the fine details of your methodology, but this section should be detailed enough to demonstrate that your research approach is feasible and will address your research questions effectively. Be sure to include your intended methods for data collection and analysis.
Generally, yes. This can strengthen your proposal by demonstrating the feasibility of your research. However, make sure that your pilot study is approved by your university before collecting any data.
Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, we kindly request that you reference this page as your source.
The research proposal template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.
Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .
Yes, you’re welcome to get in touch with us to discuss our private coaching services .
The template provides step-by-step guidance for each section of your research proposal, but if you’d like to learn more about how to write up a high-quality research proposal, check out the rest of our free proposal-related resources:
You can also visit the Grad Coach blog for more proposal-related resources.
If you’d prefer 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, have a look at our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the research process, step by step.
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Talking about education is always tricky. It’s a large field where many things are happening globally. However, this means that there’s a lot of room for discovering new angles that can be interesting to discuss. Naturally, you want your proposal to be accepted so that you can start working on your research. Besides, writing an excellent research paper can gradually improve your grade and affect your further training and how well you develop as a student. Don't forget: a quality plagiarism detector is the need of the hour!
When the time comes it might be overwhelming to choose a topic for research proposal in the education sphere. The sheer amount of information and innovation can make it challenging to recognize the right one. This is why we’ve decided to share some essential advice on how to gain a clear understanding of what a research proposal is and choosing the perfect research proposal topic right for you.
Below you’ll find some useful recommendations on how to choose the right topic for your research from research paper writing services EduBirdie.
As we mentioned earlier, it’s essential to keep up with the latest news in education. New things are constantly happening, and different news sources can instantly help you brainstorm your topics.
If you don’t have any ideas, go straight to the source. Attend a lecture at college or visit a school. See how teachers are using various methods and whether certain practices are used the right way. Sadly, there’s always a difference between theory and practice.
Reading books about education is always a good idea. Not only can you find an exciting topic but also get research for it straight away.
Being specific helps you bring authenticity and makes your proposal look interesting. Don’t talk about education in general; find interesting pieces and see how to correlate to other factors.
Still have questions considering your proposal? Below you’ll find answers to some of the most common ones students usually ask.
A good example would be, “Is a teacher only supposed to educate or act as a moral guide as well?” The issue itself is very specific and comes in the form of a question that is always a good thing. At the same time, this topic has a broad capacity for discussion.
If you need further inspiration, you can find proposal essay examples related to education to help you formulate your own research proposal.
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Curriculum and instruction.
If you need research proposal writing help, we have hundreds of professional writers with expertise in the education field. Utilizing proposal writing services can help you craft a well-structured and persuasive proposal and also assist you with writing your whole research paper. Don’t hesitate to contact us, as we guarantee complete anonymity.
Thanks for your feedback, related blog posts, how to write a research proposal with edubirdie.
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Proceedings of the First Lekantara Annual Conference on Public Administration, Literature, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education, LePALISSHE 2021, August 3, 2021, Malang, Indonesia
Chimuka Nachibinga
Daud Hassan
Educational finance refers to the government and other educational stakeholders e.g. organization process by which incomes are created, dispersed, extended and used for the operational and capital support of the educational systems, which include teaching/learning, learning resources, infrastructure, extension, society service, and research and innovation engagements. In other, educational economy refers the economic issues that have direct or indirect effects on educational process; including demand and supply concepts in education, and the strong relations of financing with provision of education. (Guthrie, 2017). Historically, the educational finance became major issue in the middle of nineteenth century in different perspectives. As the other disciplines of education, the educational finance was neglected in some extent before 19th century and afterword, it took its growing in the minds of the educational scholars and lastly, it was considered paramount in any educational institution and the country at large. (Anne Berg, 2015). As Hough (1993) there is a clearly great difference between the definitions of financial management in business and commerce with the financial management of an educational institution. He mention that it cannot be applied the definition of financial management in business to financial management in education. He added that” there is immediate apparent differences in policy, which are rarely, if ever, applied to any aspects of education”.
Frederick Dembowski
Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science
ONESMO AMOS
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of school heads’ financial management skills in the provision of quality education in secondary schools. This study explored secondary data by reviewing documents and literature materials from online publications and libraries to attain the intended purpose of the study. The study found out that financial management skills such as mobilizing school funds, monitoring, evaluation of budget, and auditing skills were essential for school financial management. The study also found that most of the school heads possess insufficient skills in financial management as school managers. Other financial management challenges were a shortage of school funds, poor monitoring, evaluation, and auditing of school finances. The study suggests strategies such as capacity building among the school heads. Also, decentralization of financial decision making, relevant school mission, and vision, enhance effective monitoring, evaluation, an...
Lourens J E Beyers
The South African Schools Act (SASA) 84 of 1996 devolves management of state-allocated funds to school governance and management structures. However, school principals and school governing bodies (SGB’s) are often not aware of their responsibilities and liabilities when it comes to finances and accountability. This study investigated the extent of SBG’s and principals’ financial responsibilities and whether or not they are aware of and properly equipped to undertake financial management in their schools. This study found that the challenges include a lack of effective training of principals and SGB members, especially treasurers, by district-based personnel who themselves often lack financial literacy and basic knowledge of bookkeeping. Since financial management and skills play a significant role in improving educationand enhancing effective decision-making at all levels of school governance, the study recommends regular and thorough training of school principals and other SGB members. It also suggests the permanent placement of auditors at District offices to audit schools’ books each quarter. Other recommendations include that Department of Education’saudit processes should demand verifiable evidence to justify any expenditure.
The purpose of this study was to determine the school's financial management strategy for improving the quality of education in Islamic Senior High School Ukhuwah Banjarmasin. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study, taking the research location at the Islamic Senior High School Ukhuwah Banjarmasin. Data collection methods were carried out by 1) Interviews; 2) Observation; 3) Documentation. The analysis technique uses Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis model: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Meanwhile, checking the validity of the data was carried out by extending the research time and persistence in observing, triangulating, and using references. The research findings show that the school's financial planning strategy in improving the quality of education at the Islamic Senior High School Ukhuwah Banjarmasin through a) Conducting meetings at the beginning of the school year; b) Formulating programs; c) Estab...
Global Social Sciences Review
zunaira fatima
This study intended comparing the financial management competence of selected and promoted school principals (heads). It was quantitative and comparative in nature. The population was principals of government high schools in Upper Punjab. Purposive sampling technique was applied for sampling the size of 213 school heads from district Sahiwal. A selfdeveloped questionnaire comprising 34 items was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be .82. Data were analyzed using advanced statistics using SPSS. The study established that school heads have awareness planning procedures and implementation processes but school heads are not confident to coordinate with stakeholders in financial matters of school. The significant difference appeared in financial management competence of promoted and selected school heads and males and females school principals. It was recommended that financial management orientation and training may be arranged for school heads of pu...
solomon legese
The study assessed the financial management practice of the HPS for administering its financial resources within its structure.. The study was conducted based on purposively selecting haramaya primary school. Non-probability sampling of purposive sampling method was used to draw samples from the population. Questionnaire was distributed to 50 teachers and 30 PTA; interview was conducted with two higher officials of the school; secondary data such as consolidated financial statements, financial manual, and constitution of the school were used for analysis. The elements of financial management such as accounting records, financial planning, financial policy and organizational philosophy, financial reporting and monitoring and internal control activities were assessed in order to study financial management practice of the HPS. The data was analyzed by using SPSS through descriptive statistics and the finding of the study indicated that the major challenges of the financial management practice of the HPS are absence of cash flow statement for reporting, financial policy weakness in using modified cash base instead of following international and nationally accepted financial policies, insufficient number of professional accountants, unclear revenue source and fund uses in the lower level structure, lack of periodical comparison of plan versus actual budget, risk of not audited financial statements, inconsistency with ethical values in few areas, lower risk assessment duties, absence of internal audit activities, and absence of account reconciliations. The study recommends adoption of new financial standards, introduction of cash flow statement, addressing of risk assessment elements of the school, introduction & strengthening of internal audits, and concerned body of religious organizations and financial policy and standard setting bodies in Ethiopia to establish institution that confirms schooles are operating with integrity, accountability and transparency.
Daniel Odidi
Department of Educational Management Policy & Curriculum Studies, 49p. The LB 2826.6 .K4 O34 2002
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Ntate ET Mmako
Sindhura Kannappan
South African Journal of Education
Adebunmi Aina
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
Israel Eyasu
Buchichi, M. O; Achieng, L & Mvumbi, F. (2018). Board of Management Members’ Qualifications and Quality Financial Management in Public Secondary Schools in Nandi Central Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya. Journal of Popular Education in Africa. 2(3), 113 – 126.
Maurice Amutabi
IJMRAP Editor
EDULEARN19 Proceedings
Dr Aleksandra Tomic
Sizwe Kunene
International journal of academic research in business & social sciences
herliana yasin
nadia azzahra
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Patrick Ojera , robert nyabwanga
International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
Liezel Eligue
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
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A Dear Colleague Letter (DCL) is an informal correspondence which is written by a Requesting Office and distributed to communities within a specific program area, to attract individuals eligible under a Visiting Scientist, Engineer, and Educator (VSEE) appointment, an Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) assignment and/or a Federal Temporary appointment. These letters may be circulated in paper form through internal mail, distributed electronically using listservs or accessed through NSF.gov’s Career Page.
Application timeline, position summary.
The Historically Black Colleges and Universities-Excellence in Research (HBCU-EiR) program within the Research and Capacity Section (RCC) in the Office of Integrative Activities (OIA) under the Office of the Director, announces a nationwide search to fill a rotator Program Director position. The RCC section supports the development and enhancement of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) research capacity by helping individuals and teams develop abilities to perform research effectively, efficiently, and in a sustainable manner. The HBCU-EiR program builds on continuing efforts by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) to strengthen research capacity at HBCUs. EiR supports such capacity building by funding research projects aligned with NSF’s research programs.
NSF Program Directors have the primary responsibility for carrying out the Agency's overall mission to support innovative activities in fundamental research and education that contribute to the nation's technological strength, security, and welfare. This responsibility includes ensuring that proposed activities receive expert, fair merit review. Program Directors are also responsible for service in support of other NSF-wide activities and initiatives that together accomplish NSF's strategic goals, to: 1) Expand knowledge in science, engineering, and learning, 2) Advance the capability of the Nation to meet current and future challenges, and 3) Enhance NSF's performance of its mission.
In support of these goals, NSF Program Directors are responsible for extensive interaction with the research community and other stakeholders including industry and other Federal agencies. Within this context, Program Directors solicit, receive, and review research and education proposals, make funding recommendations, administer awards, and undertake interaction with research communities in these fields. This requires expertise in appropriate disciplines to implement the proposal review and evaluation process for the program, as well as strong skills in written and oral communication. Successful candidates should be receptive to new ideas, have a strong sense of fairness, excellent judgment, and a high degree of personal integrity.
The Program Director in EPSCoR will have specific responsibilities that may include the following:
The position recruited under this announcement will be filled under the following appointment option(s):
Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) Assignment: Individuals eligible for an IPA assignment with a Federal agency include employees of State and local government agencies or institutions of higher education, Indian tribal governments, and other eligible organizations in instances where such assignments would be of mutual benefit to the organizations involved. Initial assignments under IPA provisions may be made for a period up to two years, with a possible extension for up to an additional two-year period. The individual remains an employee of the home institution and NSF provides the negotiated funding toward the assignee's salary and benefits. Initial IPA assignments are made for a one-year period and may be extended by mutual agreement.
It is NSF policy that NSF personnel employed at or IPAs detailed to NSF are not permitted to participate in foreign government talent recruitment programs. Failure to comply with this NSF policy could result in disciplinary action up to and including removal from Federal Service or termination of an IPA assignment and referral to the Office of Inspector General. https://www.nsf.gov/careers/Definition-of-Foreign-Talent-HRM.pdf .
Applications will be accepted from U.S. Citizens. Recent changes in Federal Appropriations Law require Non-Citizens to meet certain eligibility criteria to be considered. Therefore, Non-Citizens must certify eligibility by signing and attaching this Citizenship Affidavit to their application. Non-Citizens who do not provide the affidavit at the time of application will not be considered eligible. Non-Citizens are not eligible for positions requiring a security clearance.
To ensure compliance with an applicable preliminary nationwide injunction, which may be supplemented, modified, or vacated, depending on the course of ongoing litigation, the Federal Government will take no action to implement or enforce the COVID-19 vaccination requirement pursuant to Executive Order 14043 on Requiring Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Federal Employees. Federal agencies may request information regarding the vaccination status of selected applicants for the purposes of implementing other workplace safety protocols, such as protocols related to masking, physical distancing, testing, travel, and quarantine.
Candidates must have (1) a Ph.D. in any field of science or engineering supported by NSF, plus after award of the Ph.D., six or more years of successful research, research administration, and/or managerial experience pertinent to the position; OR (2) a Master's degree in any field of science or engineering supported by NSF, plus after award of the Master's degree, eight or more years of successful research, research administration, and/or managerial experience pertinent to the position.
The selected candidate is expected to function effectively as a member of crosscutting, fast-paced, and interactive teams and have a strong interest in advancing the research frontier. In addition, NSF is seeking candidates with experience in roles related to either the development and management of research infrastructure implementation projects at HBCUs or the successful leadership of multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional collaborations at HBCUs. Experience in interacting, leading, or working with researchers from a wide range of disciplines and leading, building or facilitating the formation of teams to address complex research problems is of particular interest. As noted above, the position requires effective oral and written communication skills and a commitment to high standards of ethical conduct. The position also requires a considerable breadth of interest, receptivity to new ideas, a strong sense of fairness, attention to detail, good judgment and a high degree of personal integrity. The candidate must also demonstrate the capability or potential to successfully engage external stakeholders through outreach to promote NSF activities, foster the inclusion of groups who are underrepresented in STEM, and to leverage program funds through internal and external collaborations.
To apply, email a single PDF document that includes: 1) a cover letter detailing interest in the position, 2) a curriculum vitae (CV), and 3) a Citizen Affidavit, if applicable. The cover letter should describe how your experiences fit with the position of an HBCU-EiR Program Director (referencing the CV).
It is preferred that application materials and questions be sent to the Office of Integrative Activities DCL Inquiries via email to [email protected] with "HBCU-EiR Program Director" in the subject line.
Medical terms in lay language.
Please use these descriptions in place of medical jargon in consent documents, recruitment materials and other study documents. Note: These terms are not the only acceptable plain language alternatives for these vocabulary words.
This glossary of terms is derived from a list copyrighted by the University of Kentucky, Office of Research Integrity (1990).
For clinical research-specific definitions, see also the Clinical Research Glossary developed by the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials (MRCT) Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard and the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) .
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ABDOMEN/ABDOMINAL body cavity below diaphragm that contains stomach, intestines, liver and other organs ABSORB take up fluids, take in ACIDOSIS condition when blood contains more acid than normal ACUITY clearness, keenness, esp. of vision and airways ACUTE new, recent, sudden, urgent ADENOPATHY swollen lymph nodes (glands) ADJUVANT helpful, assisting, aiding, supportive ADJUVANT TREATMENT added treatment (usually to a standard treatment) ANTIBIOTIC drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIMICROBIAL drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIRETROVIRAL drug that works against the growth of certain viruses ADVERSE EFFECT side effect, bad reaction, unwanted response ALLERGIC REACTION rash, hives, swelling, trouble breathing AMBULATE/AMBULATION/AMBULATORY walk, able to walk ANAPHYLAXIS serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction ANEMIA decreased red blood cells; low red cell blood count ANESTHETIC a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain, or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep ANGINA pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANGINA PECTORIS pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANOREXIA disorder in which person will not eat; lack of appetite ANTECUBITAL related to the inner side of the forearm ANTIBODY protein made in the body in response to foreign substance ANTICONVULSANT drug used to prevent seizures ANTILIPEMIC a drug that lowers fat levels in the blood ANTITUSSIVE a drug used to relieve coughing ARRHYTHMIA abnormal heartbeat; any change from the normal heartbeat ASPIRATION fluid entering the lungs, such as after vomiting ASSAY lab test ASSESS to learn about, measure, evaluate, look at ASTHMA lung disease associated with tightening of air passages, making breathing difficult ASYMPTOMATIC without symptoms AXILLA armpit
BENIGN not malignant, without serious consequences BID twice a day BINDING/BOUND carried by, to make stick together, transported BIOAVAILABILITY the extent to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the body BLOOD PROFILE series of blood tests BOLUS a large amount given all at once BONE MASS the amount of calcium and other minerals in a given amount of bone BRADYARRHYTHMIAS slow, irregular heartbeats BRADYCARDIA slow heartbeat BRONCHOSPASM breathing distress caused by narrowing of the airways
CARCINOGENIC cancer-causing CARCINOMA type of cancer CARDIAC related to the heart CARDIOVERSION return to normal heartbeat by electric shock CATHETER a tube for withdrawing or giving fluids CATHETER a tube placed near the spinal cord and used for anesthesia (indwelling epidural) during surgery CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) brain and spinal cord CEREBRAL TRAUMA damage to the brain CESSATION stopping CHD coronary heart disease CHEMOTHERAPY treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents CHRONIC continuing for a long time, ongoing CLINICAL pertaining to medical care CLINICAL TRIAL an experiment involving human subjects COMA unconscious state COMPLETE RESPONSE total disappearance of disease CONGENITAL present before birth CONJUNCTIVITIS redness and irritation of the thin membrane that covers the eye CONSOLIDATION PHASE treatment phase intended to make a remission permanent (follows induction phase) CONTROLLED TRIAL research study in which the experimental treatment or procedure is compared to a standard (control) treatment or procedure COOPERATIVE GROUP association of multiple institutions to perform clinical trials CORONARY related to the blood vessels that supply the heart, or to the heart itself CT SCAN (CAT) computerized series of x-rays (computerized tomography) CULTURE test for infection, or for organisms that could cause infection CUMULATIVE added together from the beginning CUTANEOUS relating to the skin CVA stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
DERMATOLOGIC pertaining to the skin DIASTOLIC lower number in a blood pressure reading DISTAL toward the end, away from the center of the body DIURETIC "water pill" or drug that causes increase in urination DOPPLER device using sound waves to diagnose or test DOUBLE BLIND study in which neither investigators nor subjects know what drug or treatment the subject is receiving DYSFUNCTION state of improper function DYSPLASIA abnormal cells
ECHOCARDIOGRAM sound wave test of the heart EDEMA excess fluid collecting in tissue EEG electric brain wave tracing (electroencephalogram) EFFICACY effectiveness ELECTROCARDIOGRAM electrical tracing of the heartbeat (ECG or EKG) ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE an imbalance of minerals in the blood EMESIS vomiting EMPIRIC based on experience ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION viewing an internal part of the body with a lighted tube ENTERAL by way of the intestines EPIDURAL outside the spinal cord ERADICATE get rid of (such as disease) Page 2 of 7 EVALUATED, ASSESSED examined for a medical condition EXPEDITED REVIEW rapid review of a protocol by the IRB Chair without full committee approval, permitted with certain low-risk research studies EXTERNAL outside the body EXTRAVASATE to leak outside of a planned area, such as out of a blood vessel
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the branch of federal government that approves new drugs FIBROUS having many fibers, such as scar tissue FIBRILLATION irregular beat of the heart or other muscle
GENERAL ANESTHESIA pain prevention by giving drugs to cause loss of consciousness, as during surgery GESTATIONAL pertaining to pregnancy
HEMATOCRIT amount of red blood cells in the blood HEMATOMA a bruise, a black and blue mark HEMODYNAMIC MEASURING blood flow HEMOLYSIS breakdown in red blood cells HEPARIN LOCK needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting HEPATOMA cancer or tumor of the liver HERITABLE DISEASE can be transmitted to one’s offspring, resulting in damage to future children HISTOPATHOLOGIC pertaining to the disease status of body tissues or cells HOLTER MONITOR a portable machine for recording heart beats HYPERCALCEMIA high blood calcium level HYPERKALEMIA high blood potassium level HYPERNATREMIA high blood sodium level HYPERTENSION high blood pressure HYPOCALCEMIA low blood calcium level HYPOKALEMIA low blood potassium level HYPONATREMIA low blood sodium level HYPOTENSION low blood pressure HYPOXEMIA a decrease of oxygen in the blood HYPOXIA a decrease of oxygen reaching body tissues HYSTERECTOMY surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries (female sex glands), or both uterus and ovaries
IATROGENIC caused by a physician or by treatment IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device IDIOPATHIC of unknown cause IMMUNITY defense against, protection from IMMUNOGLOBIN a protein that makes antibodies IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE drug which works against the body's immune (protective) response, often used in transplantation and diseases caused by immune system malfunction IMMUNOTHERAPY giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells IMPAIRED FUNCTION abnormal function IMPLANTED placed in the body IND investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug INDUCTION PHASE beginning phase or stage of a treatment INDURATION hardening INDWELLING remaining in a given location, such as a catheter INFARCT death of tissue due to lack of blood supply INFECTIOUS DISEASE transmitted from one person to the next INFLAMMATION swelling that is generally painful, red, and warm INFUSION slow injection of a substance into the body, usually into the blood by means of a catheter INGESTION eating; taking by mouth INTERFERON drug which acts against viruses; antiviral agent INTERMITTENT occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time points; repeatedly stopping, then starting again INTERNAL within the body INTERIOR inside of the body INTRAMUSCULAR into the muscle; within the muscle INTRAPERITONEAL into the abdominal cavity INTRATHECAL into the spinal fluid INTRAVENOUS (IV) through the vein INTRAVESICAL in the bladder INTUBATE the placement of a tube into the airway INVASIVE PROCEDURE puncturing, opening, or cutting the skin INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) a new drug that has not been approved by the FDA INVESTIGATIONAL METHOD a treatment method which has not been proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care ISCHEMIA decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow)
LAPAROTOMY surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the abdominal wall to enable a doctor to look at the organs inside LESION wound or injury; a diseased patch of skin LETHARGY sleepiness, tiredness LEUKOPENIA low white blood cell count LIPID fat LIPID CONTENT fat content in the blood LIPID PROFILE (PANEL) fat and cholesterol levels in the blood LOCAL ANESTHESIA creation of insensitivity to pain in a small, local area of the body, usually by injection of numbing drugs LOCALIZED restricted to one area, limited to one area LUMEN the cavity of an organ or tube (e.g., blood vessel) LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY an x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injecting dye into lymph vessels (e.g., in feet) LYMPHOCYTE a type of white blood cell important in immunity (protection) against infection LYMPHOMA a cancer of the lymph nodes (or tissues)
MALAISE a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling badly MALFUNCTION condition in which something is not functioning properly MALIGNANCY cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor, usually fatal if not successfully treated MEDULLABLASTOMA a type of brain tumor MEGALOBLASTOSIS change in red blood cells METABOLIZE process of breaking down substances in the cells to obtain energy METASTASIS spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another METRONIDAZOLE drug used to treat infections caused by parasites (invading organisms that take up living in the body) or other causes of anaerobic infection (not requiring oxygen to survive) MI myocardial infarction, heart attack MINIMAL slight MINIMIZE reduce as much as possible Page 4 of 7 MONITOR check on; keep track of; watch carefully MOBILITY ease of movement MORBIDITY undesired result or complication MORTALITY death MOTILITY the ability to move MRI magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic pictures of the inside of the body, created using magnetic rather than x-ray energy MUCOSA, MUCOUS MEMBRANE moist lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts MYALGIA muscle aches MYOCARDIAL pertaining to the heart muscle MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION heart attack
NASOGASTRIC TUBE placed in the nose, reaching to the stomach NCI the National Cancer Institute NECROSIS death of tissue NEOPLASIA/NEOPLASM tumor, may be benign or malignant NEUROBLASTOMA a cancer of nerve tissue NEUROLOGICAL pertaining to the nervous system NEUTROPENIA decrease in the main part of the white blood cells NIH the National Institutes of Health NONINVASIVE not breaking, cutting, or entering the skin NOSOCOMIAL acquired in the hospital
OCCLUSION closing; blockage; obstruction ONCOLOGY the study of tumors or cancer OPHTHALMIC pertaining to the eye OPTIMAL best, most favorable or desirable ORAL ADMINISTRATION by mouth ORTHOPEDIC pertaining to the bones OSTEOPETROSIS rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone OSTEOPOROSIS softening of the bones OVARIES female sex glands
PARENTERAL given by injection PATENCY condition of being open PATHOGENESIS development of a disease or unhealthy condition PERCUTANEOUS through the skin PERIPHERAL not central PER OS (PO) by mouth PHARMACOKINETICS the study of the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of a drug PHASE I first phase of study of a new drug in humans to determine action, safety, and proper dosing PHASE II second phase of study of a new drug in humans, intended to gather information about safety and effectiveness of the drug for certain uses PHASE III large-scale studies to confirm and expand information on safety and effectiveness of new drug for certain uses, and to study common side effects PHASE IV studies done after the drug is approved by the FDA, especially to compare it to standard care or to try it for new uses PHLEBITIS irritation or inflammation of the vein PLACEBO an inactive substance; a pill/liquid that contains no medicine PLACEBO EFFECT improvement seen with giving subjects a placebo, though it contains no active drug/treatment PLATELETS small particles in the blood that help with clotting POTENTIAL possible POTENTIATE increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin (poison) by giving another drug or toxin at the same time (sometimes an unintentional result) POTENTIATOR an agent that helps another agent work better PRENATAL before birth PROPHYLAXIS a drug given to prevent disease or infection PER OS (PO) by mouth PRN as needed PROGNOSIS outlook, probable outcomes PRONE lying on the stomach PROSPECTIVE STUDY following patients forward in time PROSTHESIS artificial part, most often limbs, such as arms or legs PROTOCOL plan of study PROXIMAL closer to the center of the body, away from the end PULMONARY pertaining to the lungs
QD every day; daily QID four times a day
RADIATION THERAPY x-ray or cobalt treatment RANDOM by chance (like the flip of a coin) RANDOMIZATION chance selection RBC red blood cell RECOMBINANT formation of new combinations of genes RECONSTITUTION putting back together the original parts or elements RECUR happen again REFRACTORY not responding to treatment REGENERATION re-growth of a structure or of lost tissue REGIMEN pattern of giving treatment RELAPSE the return of a disease REMISSION disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease RENAL pertaining to the kidneys REPLICABLE possible to duplicate RESECT remove or cut out surgically RETROSPECTIVE STUDY looking back over past experience
SARCOMA a type of cancer SEDATIVE a drug to calm or make less anxious SEMINOMA a type of testicular cancer (found in the male sex glands) SEQUENTIALLY in a row, in order SOMNOLENCE sleepiness SPIROMETER an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs STAGING an evaluation of the extent of the disease STANDARD OF CARE a treatment plan that the majority of the medical community would accept as appropriate STENOSIS narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the blood vessels in the heart STOMATITIS mouth sores, inflammation of the mouth STRATIFY arrange in groups for analysis of results (e.g., stratify by age, sex, etc.) STUPOR stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the attention of the subject SUBCLAVIAN under the collarbone SUBCUTANEOUS under the skin SUPINE lying on the back SUPPORTIVE CARE general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cure underlying disease SYMPTOMATIC having symptoms SYNDROME a condition characterized by a set of symptoms SYSTOLIC top number in blood pressure; pressure during active contraction of the heart
TERATOGENIC capable of causing malformations in a fetus (developing baby still inside the mother’s body) TESTES/TESTICLES male sex glands THROMBOSIS clotting THROMBUS blood clot TID three times a day TITRATION a method for deciding on the strength of a drug or solution; gradually increasing the dose T-LYMPHOCYTES type of white blood cells TOPICAL on the surface TOPICAL ANESTHETIC applied to a certain area of the skin and reducing pain only in the area to which applied TOXICITY side effects or undesirable effects of a drug or treatment TRANSDERMAL through the skin TRANSIENTLY temporarily TRAUMA injury; wound TREADMILL walking machine used to test heart function
UPTAKE absorbing and taking in of a substance by living tissue
VALVULOPLASTY plastic repair of a valve, especially a heart valve VARICES enlarged veins VASOSPASM narrowing of the blood vessels VECTOR a carrier that can transmit disease-causing microorganisms (germs and viruses) VENIPUNCTURE needle stick, blood draw, entering the skin with a needle VERTICAL TRANSMISSION spread of disease
WBC white blood cell
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er, the proposal deadline is December 1. During the proposal stage, students should discuss their research interests with CM faculty members, identify a research topic, conduct preliminary literatu. e review and develop a project proposal. The proposal should discuss problem statement, objectives, research methodology, research activities.
Research Proposal Examples. Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section. 1. Education Studies Research Proposals.
Definition. Research Proposal. The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify a research idea you have and to present the practical ways in which you think this research should be conducted. The forms and procedures for such research are defined by the field of study, so guidelines for research proposals are generally more exacting ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
Research proposal example/sample - Master's-level (PDF/Word) ... Proposal research departemet management. Reply. Salim on September 13, 2023 at 9:41 am ... kindly assist me in writing the proposal in psychology education. Reply. Akpan Desola Dorcas on June 29, 2024 at 8:13 pm
In the opening paper of this issue, he reports on one such review, of educational leadership and management in Africa. He identified 506 sources, which he describes as 'surprisingly large', adding that much of this literature is 'hidden' and 'covert'. He notes that 90% of the literature is recent, dating from 2005, and adds that is ...
Your RP is being submitted for an academic purpose, namely to get you into a university or help you to earn a degree. So, you should state its scope, aims and objectives that are realistically achievable (Burns, 2000). State exactly what you want to learn as a result of conducting your proposed research.
Dissertation proposal is a blueprint of the proposed dissertation study, which. provides the background information for the study topic, states the study aim and. research questions, and discusses the methodological procedures. Distance education is a formal instruction in which a majority of the teaching.
In education, school management is the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so as to effectively and efficiently accomplish functions of teaching, extension work and research. And the objectives of school management are:1) achievement of the
Writing a research proposal. As part of the process of applying for a research degree, you will need to prepare an outline of your proposed research. This must be 5-10 pages long (font 11pt minimum) excluding the bibliography. Please see our guidance on what to include below: Your research topic A clear and succinct description of your research.
PDF | On Apr 2, 2014, Kerwin A. Livingstone published Master of Education (M.Ed.) Research Proposal - Exploring the potential of implementing E-Learning practices at the University of Guyana ...
Example Proposals: Department of Education. Research Academy. January 06, 2022. The U.S. Department of Education offers example applications directly from their website, where you can also find tools to assist you in preparing a proposal. U.S. Department of Education Tools for Grant Applications.
Educational Management Dissertation Topic Ideas. Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On August 11, 2023. Students will inevitably experience anxiety while working on their dissertations on educational management. There is no doubt that a topic of this importance requires in-depth study, and you must follow a proper writing ...
refining the goals of public education in the united states: an exploratory single-case embedded study of a student-centered path-goals setting, tuan pham PDF BUILDING BRIDGES: AN IMPROVEMENT SCIENCE APPROACH TO FOSTERING CROSS-GROUP CONNECTIONS AND FRIENDSHIPS AMONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS , Cody Russelburg
Research proposals. Your research proposal is a key part of your application. It tells us about the question you want to answer through your research. It is a chance for you to show your knowledge of the subject area and tell us about the methods you want to use. We use your research proposal to match you with a supervisor or team of supervisors.
Developing Research in Educational leadership (2003) described that effective educational leaders help their schools to develop or endorse visions that embody the best thinking about teaching and learning. School leaders inspire others to reach ambitious goal.
What's Included: Research Proposal Template. Our free dissertation/thesis proposal template covers the core essential ingredients for a strong research proposal. It includes clear explanations of what you need to address in each section, as well as straightforward examples and links to further resources. The research proposal template covers ...
Sample Thesis Proposal Educational Management - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document provides an overview of writing a thesis proposal in educational management. It discusses some of the challenges involved, such as formulating an original research question, conducting a thorough literature review, and developing a strong methodology.
The role of school management to ensure constructive discipline in secondary schools in the Lulekani Circuit, Limpopo Province. Ndhlovu, Percy (2023-08-27) The aim of this study was to explore the role of school management in ensuring constructive discipline for effective teaching and learning. This study is based on Skinnerian Model ...
RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION AT ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA. BY KERAMBO PHILEMON REG. NO BAED 38198 JANUARY, 2015 1. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction This research intends to assess the perception of teachers towards the new grading system at ... the education acquired to solve various issues in the ...
Gamification in Education: Engagement and Learning Outcomes. Mobile Learning Apps and Student Performance. The Impact of Social Media on Learning and Socialization. Technology Integration in Low-Resource Classrooms. Online vs. Traditional Education: A Comparative Study. The Use of Big Data in Educational Assessment.
Research Instruments The researcher used a researcher-made questionnaire adapted from Department of Education Financial Management Manual and DepEd Order no. 12, s. 2014 entitled Implemented Guidelines on the Direct Release of Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE) Allocation of Schools to the Respective Implementing Units.
research proposal - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document outlines a proposed collaborative research project between the National University on Educational Planning and Administration in India and the Institute of Educational Leadership at the University of Malaya in Malaysia.
The Historically Black Colleges and Universities-Excellence in Research (HBCU-EiR) program within the Research and Capacity Section (RCC) in the Office of Integrative Activities (OIA) under the Office of the Director, announces a nationwide search to fill a rotator Program Director position. The RCC section supports the development and enhancement of science, technology, engineering, and ...
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