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India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement

Last updated on July 23, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

In the  6-part framework to study modern Indian History , we have so far covered:

• India in 1750 .
• British Expansion .
• The changes introduced by the British .
• Popular Uprisings and Revolts against the British
• Socio-religious movements in India .

In this article (6th part), we discuss the emergence of Indian nationalism and India’s struggle for independence.

Table of Contents

Indian Nationalism

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India has been unified under many empires in its history like the Mauryan Empire and Mughal empire. A sense of oneness has been there for ages – even though most of the centralised administration in India didn’t last long.

With the end of Mughal rule, India broke into hundreds of princely states.  The British – which were instrumental in the fall of the Mughal Empire – held control over the princely states and created the British Indian Empire .

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However, most Indians were extremely dissatisfied with the exploitative foreign rule.

The educated Indians realised that the British always gave priority to their colonial interests and treated India only as a market.

They advocated for the political independence of India.

Foundation of Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885

The late nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of many political organisations in British India.

Indian National Congress (also known as Congress Party) founded in 1885 was the most prominent one.

Initially, its aim was to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between Indians and the British Raj and thus obtain a greater share of government for educated Indians.

Later, under the leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , Jawarhal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose , and Sardar Vallabhai Patel , the Congress party played a central role in organising mass movements against the British.

Partition of Bengal (1905)

Indian nationalism was gaining in strength and Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian nationalism in the early 1900s.

Lord Curzon, the Viceroy (1899-1905), attempted to ‘dethrone Calcutta’ from its position as the centre from which the Congress Party manipulated throughout Bengal, and indeed, the whole of India.

The decision to partition Bengal into two was in the air from December 1903.

Congress party – from 1903 to mid-1905 – tried moderate techniques of petitions, memoranda, speeches, public meetings and press campaigns. The objective was to turn to public opinion in India and England against the partition.

However, Viceroy Curzon 1905 formally announced the British Government’s decision for the partition of Bengal on 19 July 1905. The partition took effect on 16 October 1905.

The partition was meant to foster another kind of division – on the basis of religion. The aim was to place Muslim communalists as a counter to the Congress. Curzon promised to make Dacca the new capital.

This resulted in a lot of discontent among the Indians. Many considered this as a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ by the British.

This triggered a self-sufficiency movement popularly known as the Swadeshi movement.

Also read: Dr. Rajendra Prasad: Architect of the Indian Republic

The Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908)

From conservative moderation to political extremism, from terrorism to incipient socialism, from petitioning and public speeches to passive resistance and boycott, all had their origins in the movement.

Swadeshi is a conjunction of two Sanskrit words: swa (“self”) and desh (“country”).

The movement popularised the use and consumption of indigenous products. Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products.

Women, students, and a large section of the urban and rural population of Bengal and other parts of India became actively involved in politics for the first time with Swadeshi Movement.

The message of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods soon spread to the rest of the country.

The militant nationalists led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghosh were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India and carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full-fledged political mass struggle. For them, the aim was Swaraj.

In 1906, the Indian National Congress at its Calcutta Session presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress was ‘self-government or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies.

There were differences in the ideologies of the congressmen who were popularly known by the names Moderates and the Extremists. They had differences of opinion regarding the pace of the movement and the techniques of struggle to be adopted. This came to a head in the 1907 Surat session of the Congress where the party split (the two factions re-joined later).

This period also saw a breakthrough in Indian art, literature, music, science and industry.

It was, perhaps, in the cultural sphere that the impact of the Swadeshi Movement was most marked. The songs composed at that time by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kanta Sen etc became the moving spirit for nationalists of all hues.

In art, this was the period when Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over Indian art and sought inspiration from the rich indigenous traditions of Mughal, Rajput and Ajanta paintings.

In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, and others pioneered original research that was praised the world over.

The Swadeshi period also saw the creative use of traditional popular festivals and melas as a means of reaching out to the masses. The Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, popularized by Tilak, became a medium for Swadeshi propaganda not only in Western India but also in Bengal.

Another important aspect of the Swadeshi Movement was the great emphasis given to self-reliance or ‘Atmasakti’in various fields meant the re-asserting of national dignity, honour and confidence.

Self-reliance also meant an effort to set up Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises. The period saw a mushrooming of Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories etc.

One of the major features of the programme of self-reliance was Swadeshi or National Education. In 1906, the National Council of Education was established. The vernacular medium was given stress from the primary to university level.

Corps of volunteers (or samitis as they were called) were another major form of mass mobilization widely used by the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the most well-known volunteer organization of them all.

Reasons for the failure of the Swadeshi Movement

• The main drawback of the Swadeshi Movement was that it was not able to garner the support of the mass. The British use of communalism to turn the Muslims against the Swadeshi Movement was to a large extent responsible for this.
• During the Swadeshi phase, the peasantry was not organized around peasant demands. The movement was able to mobilize the peasantry only in a limited way.
• By mid-1908 repression took the form of controls and bans on public meetings, processions and the press.
• The internal squabbles, and especially, the split in the Congress (1907), the apex all-India organization, weakened the movement.
• The Swadeshi Movement lacked an effective organization and party structure.
• Lastly, the movement declined because of the very logic of mass movements itself — they cannot be sustained endlessly.

However, the movement made a major contribution in taking the idea of nationalism, in a truly creative fashion, to many sections of the people. The peasant participation in the Swadeshi Movement even though less, marked the very beginnings of modern mass politics in India.

Also read: Ghadar Party

The Split in the Congress (1907)

The main public leaders of the two wings, Tilak (of the Extremists) and Gokhale (of the Moderates) were aware of the dangers of disunity in the nationalist ranks.

A split was avoided in 1906 by choosing Dadabhai Naoroji as president of INC in the Calcutta session. Also, four compromise resolutions on the Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and Self-Government demands were passed. However, the hope of a united Congress was short-lived.

The Extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movement from Bengal to the rest of the country but the Moderators opposed it.

The Extremists were fumed by the rumours that the Moderates wanted to scuttle the four Calcutta resolutions. This created friction among them which led to the split at the Congress session was held on 26 December 1907 at Surat, on the banks of the river Tapti.

The Indian National Congress split in December 1907. By 1907, the Moderate nationalists had exhausted their historical role. They failed to meet the demands of the new stage of the national movement and even failed to attract the younger generation.

Almost at the same time, revolutionary terrorism made its appearance in Bengal.

Britain’s policy towards  INC

• The British had been suspicious of the National Congress from its inception but they were not overtly hostile either.
• In 1888 Viceroy Dufferin ridiculed INC as representing only the elite — ‘a microscopic minority’.
• Lord Curzon said: “The Congress is tottering to its fall, and one of my greatest ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise.”
• The intimidating policies of the British towards INC changed once the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement began. The strengthening of the militant nationalist trend alarmed the British.
• A new policy, known as the policy of the carrot and the stick was invoked. It was three-pronged. It was described as a policy of r epression-conciliation-suppression .
• The Extremists were repressed, though mildly in the first stage. The purpose is to frighten the Moderates. The British also tried to pacify Moderates through some concessions and promises if they disassociated themselves from the Extremists. However, the British always wanted to suppress Extremists.

Minto-Morley constitutional reforms (1909)

The Government of India which was headed by Lord Minto as Viceroy and John Morley as the Secretary of State offered fresh reforms in the Legislative Councils. They began discussions with Moderates within Indian National Congress regarding this. However, when the decision was taken, not just Moderates but the country as a whole were disappointed.

Major Provisions:

• The Indian Councils Act of 1909 increased the number of elected members (but most of them were still indirectly elected) in the Imperial Legislative Council and the provincial legislative councils.
• An Indian was to be appointed a member of the Governor-General’s Executive Council.
• The Act permitted members to introduce resolutions; it also increased their power to ask questions.
• Voting on separate budget items was allowed.

The real purpose of the Morley-Minto Reforms was to divide the nationalist ranks and encourage the growth of Muslim communalism. For the latter, they introduced the system of separate electorates under which Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates in constituencies specially reserved for them.

The Ghadar Movement (1914)

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 gave impetus to the nationalist feelings of Indians. The Home Rule League by Lokmanya Tilak and Annie Besant were formed during First World War.

At the same time, a revolutionary movement gained popularity – The Ghadar Movement. (Note: The word Ghadar means ‘revolt’)

The Ghadar Movement was an international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India.

The early membership was composed mostly of Punjabi Indians who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada. The movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world.

The main leader initially was Bhagwan Singh, a Sikh priest who had worked in Hong Kong and the Malay States.

Later Har Dayal took leadership and played a crucial role in the Ghadar movement. He issued a Yugantar Circular praising the attack on the Viceroy. He urged Indians in the USA not to fight against the US but use their freedom in the US to fight the British.

The Ghadar militants toured extensively, visiting mills and farms where most of the Punjabi immigrant labour worked. The Yugantar Ashram became the home and headquarters and refuge of these political workers.

Komagatamaru Incident

• The Komagata Maru incident involved the Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in April 1914. Most of the ship passengers were denied entry and forced to return to Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 22 people.
• British Government passed orders that no passenger be allowed to disembark anywhere on the way — not even at the places from where they had joined the ship — but only at Calcutta.
• It triggered off a wave of resentment and anger among the Indian community and became the occasion for anti-British mobilization.
• A number of Ghadar leaders, like Barkatullah and Tarak Nath Das, used the inflammatory passions surrounding the  Komagata Maru incident as a rallying point and successfully brought many disaffected Indians in North America into the party’s fold.

Ghadar’s weakness

• Ghadar leaders completely underestimated the extent of preparation needed at every level — organizational, ideological, strategic, tactical, and financial — that was necessary before an armed revolt could be organized.
• An almost non-existent organizational structure; the Ghadar Movement was sustained more by the enthusiasm of the militants than by their effective organization.
• The movement failed to generate an effective and sustained leadership that was capable of integrating the various aspects of the movement. Har Dayal’s ideas did not form a structured vision but remained a shifting amalgam of various theories that attracted him from time to time.
• Lacking a mass base, despite the remarkable heroism of the individual revolutionaries who operated in small secret groups, the movement could not withstand suppression by the strong colonial state.
• The Ghadar Movement came to an abrupt end with the arrest of Har Dayal.

The Home Rule Movement (1916-1918)

The Home Rule Movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an important political movement that set the stage for India’s struggle for independence.

Annie Besant, who was a proponent of Free Thought, Radicalism, Fabianism and Theosophy, had come to India in 1893 to work for the Theosophical Society.

In 1914, she decided to enlarge the sphere of her activities. She started a movement for Home Rule on the lines of the Irish Home Rule League.

She realized that she needs the cooperation of both Moderates and Extremists. In the annual session of the Congress 1915, it was decided that the Extremists be allowed to rejoin the Congress along with the Moderates.

Tilak set up the Home Rule League in the Bombay Province.

The two leagues worked in different areas.

Tilak promoted the Home Rule campaign which linked the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of linguistic states and education in the vernacular medium.

Members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society, though not permitted to become members of the League, encouraged the demand for Home Rule by undertaking lecture tours and publishing pamphlets.

During the Lucknow session of the Congress in December 1916, the famous Congress-League Pact was declared. Both Tilak and Annie Besant had played a role in bringing about this agreement between the Congress and the League, much against the wishes of many important leaders, including Madan Mohan Malaviya. This pact is popularly known as the Lucknow Pact where separate electorates for Muslims were accepted.

The turning point in the home rule movement came with the decision of the Government of Madras in 1917 to place Mrs Besant and her associates, B.P. Wadia and George Arundale, under arrest.

Montague Declaration was introduced by the British government as a sign of a conciliatory effort. Henceforth, Home Rule or self-government movement was not treated as a seditious activity. However, this did not mean that the British were ready to grant self-government.

In 1920 All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha.

The main achievement of the Home Rule Movement was that it created a generation of ardent nationalists who formed the backbone of the national movement. In the later years, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , the Indian freedom struggle entered its truly mass phase.

Champaran movement in Bihar (1917)

Mahatma Gandhi, after his struggle against apartheid in South Africa (racial discrimination against blacks) for almost twenty years, returned to India in 1915.  On Gokhale’s advice, he spent a year travelling around British India to understand the problems of Indians.

He initially maintained a distance from political affairs, including the Home Rule Movement that was gathering momentum at this time.

Mahatma Gandhi began his experiments with Satyagraha against the oppressive European indigo planters at Champaran in Bihar in 1917.

Champaran issue had actually begun in the early 19th century when European planters made agreements with Indian farmers that forced them to cultivate indigo on the 3/20th of their holdings (known as the Tinkathia system).

Resistance kept surfacing within planters and cultivators, because of the exploitation measures adopted by the British behind the indigo cultivation.

In 1908 Raj Kumar Shukla, a local man persuaded Gandhiji to come to Champaran to investigate the problem. Gandhi reached Champaran but faced resistance from the Commissioner who ordered him to immediately leave the district. Gandhiji refused. He preferred to take the punishment for his defiance of the law. This step was unusual because even Home Rule leaders used to obey the Government.

The British Indian government didn’t want to create a controversy and ordered the local Government to retreat. They allowed Gandhiji to proceed with his enquiry and even nominated him as one of the enquiry members of the Government.

Meanwhile, Gandhiji started investigating the grievances of peasants along with Brij Kishore, Rajendra Prasad and other members of the Bihar intelligentsia. J.B. Kripalani toured the villages and recorded the statements of peasants.

Gandhiji had little difficulty in convincing the Commission that the Tinkathia system needed to be abolished and that the peasants should be compensated for the illegal enhancement of their dues. The Commission founder planters guilty of exploitation.

The commission of enquiry decided to make refunds to the peasants. Gandhi asked for 50%. But the representative of planters offered to refund to the extent of 25%. In order to break the deadlock, Gandhiji agreed to a 25 per cent refund to the farmers. For Gandhi, it was not the money but the principles that were of utmost importance. In his belief, the submission of British landlords was more significant than the percentage of refunds.

Ahmedabad Satyagraha in Gujarat (1918)

In Ahmedabad, a dispute was brewing between workers and mill owners over the question of a ‘plague bonus’.

The employers wanted to withdraw the bonus once the epidemic had passed but the workers insisted it stay.

The British Collector asked Gandhiji to work out a compromise. Gandhiji persuaded the mill owners and the workers to agree to arbitration.

The workers demanded a 50% wage hike while the mill owners offered only a twenty per cent wage hike. They threatened to dismiss all workers who did not accept it.

Gandhiji advised the workers to go on strike. He himself started fasting for workers.

Gandhiji was peculiar in that workers should get at least a thirty-five per cent increase in wages.

Finally, the strike was withdrawn after mill owners agreed to a thirty-five per cent increase the workers had demanded.

Anasuya Behn was one of the main lieutenants of Gandhiji in this struggle.

Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat (1918)

The Kheda district of Gujarat was on the verge of famine owing to the failure of the crops.

The yield had been so low that the cultivators were unable to pay the revenue. But the government insisted that the cultivators should pay the tax.

Gandhi saw the justice of the cause of the cultivators. Enquiries by members of the Servants of India Society and Vithalbhai Patel too confirmed the genuineness of the peasants’ case.

Gandhiji advised the withholding of tax payments, and asked the peasants to ‘fight unto death against such a spirit of vindictiveness and tyranny’.

The peasants of Kheda, already deprived because of plague, high prices and drought, were showing signs of weakness when Gandhiji came to know that the Government had issued secret instructions directing that revenue should be recovered only from those peasants who could pay.

The Government said that if well-to-do cultivators paid up the poorer section would be granted suspension. This was agreed to and the campaign ended.

The Kheda Satyagraha marked the beginning of an awakening among the peasants of Gujarat, the beginning of their true political education. In addition, it gave the educated public workers the chance to establish contact with the actual life of the peasants.

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)

During the First World War of 1914-18, the British instituted censorship of the press and permitted detention without trial.

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War.

It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable.

This act was passed on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee chaired by Sir Sidney Rowlatt.

Gandhiji launched Satyagraha against the inhuman Rowlatt Act.

The protests were particularly intense in the Punjab Gandhiji was detained while proceeding there.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)

The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 resulted in large-scale political unrest throughout India.

A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal.

In response to the public gathering, the British Brigadier-General R. E. H. Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers.

General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the nationalist meeting killing hundreds. The brutality at Jallianwala Bagh stunned the entire nation.

This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920)

Gandhiji called for a campaign of “non-cooperation” with British rule. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges, and law courts. They were asked to not pay taxes. In sum, they were asked to adhere to a “renunciation of all voluntary association with the British Government”.

Gandhiji said that if non-cooperation was effectively carried out India would win swaraj within a year.

When Congress met for its annual session at Nagpur, C.R. Das moved the main resolution on non-cooperation. Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially in Bengal, also pledged support to the movement.

The goal of the Congress, by this time, changed from the attainment of self-government by constitutional means to the attainment of Swaraj by peaceful means.

Khilafat Movement (1919-24)

The Khilafat movement was a political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of the Muslims.

To further broaden the Indian freedom struggle, Gandhiji joined hands with the Khilafat Movement.

The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards Nationalism. By 1924, Turkey abolished the role of the caliph.

However, the tremendous participation of Muslims in the Non-Cooperation Movement and the maintenance of communal unity, despite the Malabar developments, was in itself no mean achievement.

Chauri Chaura incident (1922)

On 4 February 1922, at Chauri Chaura (a place in modern Uttar Pradesh), the British police opened fire at a large group of people who were participating in the Non-cooperation movement.

In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. The incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen.

Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-cooperation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura incident.

In spite of Gandhi’s decision, 19 arrested demonstrators were sentenced to death and 14 to imprisonment for life by the British colonial authorities.

Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose, and many others recorded their disagreement on Gandhiji’s views.

Bardoli Satyagraha in Gujarat (1928)

In January 1926, the officer charged with the duty of reassessment of the land revenue demand of the taluq had recommended a 30% increase over the existing assessment.

The Congress leaders were quick to protest against the increase and set up the Bardoli Inquiry Committee to go into the issue.

In July 1927, the Government reduced the enhancement to 21.97 per cent. But the concessions were too meagre and came too late to satisfy anybody.

The constitutionalist leaders now began to advise the peasants to resist by paying only the current amount and withholding the enhanced amount.

Gradually as the limitations of constitutional leadership became more apparent, Vallabhbhai Patel was invited to lead the campaign.

The government ignored Vallabhai’s request which resulted in the start of Bardoli Satyagraha.

The no-tax movement was launched in Bardoli taluq of Surat district in Gujarat in 1928.

The main mobilization was done through extensive propaganda via meetings, speeches, pamphlets, and door-to-door persuasion. Special emphasis was placed on the mobilization of women and many women activists were recruited for the purpose.

Members of the Bombay Legislative Council like K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji, the representatives of the Indian Merchants Chamber, resigned their seats.

The government was forced to conduct an inquiry. The inquiry was done by a judicial officer, Broomfield, and a revenue officer, Maxwell. They came to the conclusion that the increase had been unjustified. The government later reduced the enhancement to 6.03 per cent.

The boycott of the Simon Commission (1927)

On 8 November 1927, an all-white, Simon Commission was appointed to recommend whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms.

Indian National Congress boycott Simon Commission because no Indian was present in the commission. There were protests in many places.

In Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, the hero of the extremist days and the most revered leader of Punjab was hit. He succumbed to the injuries in November 1928.

Bhagat Singh and his comrades sought to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. They killed the white police official, Saunders, in December 1928.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose emerged as the leaders during the Simon Commission boycott movement.

Nehru Report (1928) and the attempt to draft the Indian Constitution

Britain did not acknowledge the right of Indians to frame their own constitution.

British policy, until almost the end of the Raj, was that the timing and nature of Indian constitutional development were to be decided exclusively by the British Parliament, but it was assumed that Indians would be consulted as appropriate.

In December 1927, at its Madras session, the Indian National Congress took two major decisions in response to the setting up the Simon Commission: first, it decided to not cooperate with the Commission; second, it set up an All Parties Conference to draft a Constitution for India.

The committee of the All Parties Conference to draft the Constitution was chaired by Motilal Nehru  with his son  Jawaharlal Nehru acting as a secretary. There were nine other members in this committee.

The report submitted by the committee in 1928 was called the Nehru Report – which was actually a memorandum to appeal for dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India.

The Nehru Report also rejected the principle of separate communal electorates on which previous constitutional reforms had been based. Seats would be reserved for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces in which they were in a minority, but not in those where they had a numerical majority.

The Nehru Report also recommended universal adult suffrage, equal rights for women, freedom to form unions, and dissociation of the state from religion in any form.

However, Jinnah withdrew his support to the report and proposed his ‘Fourteen Points’ which were basically a reiteration of his objections to the Nehru Report.

Young and radical nationalists led by Jawaharlal Nehru had objections to the Nehru Report of Motilal Nehru. Their slogan was ‘Complete Independence.’

Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence Campaign (1929)

In the Lahore session in 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of INC. He declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ or Complete Independence as the only honourable goal Indians could strive for.

On the banks of the river Ravi, at midnight on 31 December 1929, the tricolour flag of Indian independence was hosted.

The first task that the Congress set itself in the new year was that of organizing all over the country public meetings at which the Independence Pledge would be read out and collectively affirmed on 26 January.

Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March (1930)

The Lahore Session of Congress (1929) authorized the Working Committee to launch a programme of civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes.

Gandhi’s ultimatum to Lord Irwin, stating the minimum demands in the form of 11 points, had been ignored, and there was now only one way out: civil disobedience. Gandhi selected salt as his main tool of disobedience.

In every Indian household, salt was indispensable; yet people were forbidden from making salt even for domestic use, compelling them to buy it from shops at a high price. The state monopoly over salt was deeply unpopular. By making salt his target, Gandhiji hoped to mobilise a wider discontent against British rule.

Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of the Sabarmati Ashram started to march from Ahmedabad to the coast at Dandi. There he broke the salt laws by collecting salt from the beach.

On 6 April 1930, by picking up a handful of salt, Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement – a movement that was to remain unsurpassed in the history of the Indian national movement for the country-wide mass participation it unleashed.

Like other parts of India, the civil disobedience movement was also launched in North-West Frontier Province (Khyber–Pakhtoonkhwa). The local Congress sought help from the Khudai Khidmatgars, the most popular socio-political organization in the province.

Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s Khudai Khidmatgars, popularly known as the Red Shirts,  played an extremely active role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The city came under the control of the masses for at least a week and the soldiers of the Garhwali regiment refused to fire at the unarmed crowds of Peshwar demonstrations.

Nehru’s arrest on 14th April was followed by public protests in Madras, Calcutta and Karachi.

The Salt March was notable for at least three reasons:

• It was this event that first brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.
• It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay had persuaded Gandhi for this issue.
• It was the Salt March that forced upon the British the realisation that their Raj would not last forever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and the Round Table Conferences (1930-32)

British convened a series of “Round Table Conferences” in London to discuss constitutional reforms in India.

The first meeting was held in November 1930. However, without the pre-eminent political leader in India, it was an exercise in futility.

Gandhi was released from jail in January 1931. In the following month, he had several long meetings with the Viceroy. These culminated in what was called the “Gandhi-Irwin Pact’.

The terms of the agreement included the immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted for violence, the remission of all fines not yet collected, the return of confiscated lands not yet sold to third parties, and lenient treatment for those government employees who had resigned. The Government also conceded the right to make salt for consumption to villages along the coast. They also gave the right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing.

The Congress’s demand for a public inquiry into police excesses was not accepted, but Gandhiji’s insistent request for an inquiry was recorded in the agreement.

Congress, on its part, agreed to discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM).

A second Round Table Conference was held in London in the latter part of 1931. Here, Gandhiji represented the Congress. Gandhi opposed the demand for separate electorates for “lower castes”. For him, separate electorates to the “Untouchables” will ensure their bondage in perpetuity. He thought this would prevent their integration into mainstream society and permanently segregate them from other caste Hindus.

But Ambedkar was in favour of separate electorates for depressed classes. He believed it is the only path for a community so handicapped to succeed in the struggle for life against the organised tyranny of higher castes.

During the second Round Table Conference in London, Winston Churchill, leader of the right wing, strongly objected to the British Government negotiating on terms of equality with the ‘seditious fakir’. He demanded a strong government in India.

The discussions with Gandhi failed as the British Government refused to concede the basic Indian demand for freedom. Gandhiji resumed Civil Disobedience after reaching back

The government launched its strike against the national movement by arresting Gandhi. British government promulgated ordinances that gave the authorities unlimited power – the ‘Civil Martial Law.’ Civil liberties no longer existed and the authorities could seize people and property at will.

In 1934 the inevitable decision to withdraw Civil Disobedience Movement was taken by Gandhi.

However, many political activists were not in favour of stopping the movement. They included Jawaharlal Nehru who was critical of Gandhiji’s decisions regarding the timing of the withdrawal of CDM.

The support that the movement had garnered from the poor and the illiterate, both in the town and in the country, was remarkable indeed.

Nevertheless, the participation of Muslims in the Civil Disobedience Movement was certainly nowhere near that of the Non-cooperation movement 1920-22.

For Indian women, the movement was the most liberating experience to date and can truly be said to have marked their entry into the public space.

The Communal Award (1932)

After the Third Round Table Conference, in November 1932, the then Prime Minister of Britain Ramsay McDonald gave an order which is known as the Communal Award.

It was part of Britain’s policy of ‘Divide and Rule.

The award granted separate electorates in British India for the Forward Caste, Lower Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Untouchables (Dalits) etc.

The Congress Party was unhappy at the extension of communal representation but became particularly outraged at the British offer of separate-electorate seats for “depressed classes”.

Gandhi viewed the McDonald Award as a nefarious British plot to wean more than 50 million Hindus away from their higher-caste brothers and sisters.

The idea of a separate electorate for Muslims had been accepted by Congress as far back as 1916 as a part of the compromise with the Muslim League. Hence, Congress took the position it was opposed to separate electorates but not in favour of changing the Award without the consent of the minorities.

Gandhi demanded that the representatives of the Depressed Classes should be elected if possible by the universal, common franchise. At the same time, he did not object to the demand for a larger number of reserved seats for the Depressed Classes. He went on a fast unto death on 20 September 1932 to enforce his demand.

In the end, political leaders succeeded in bringing an agreement, known as the Poona Pact.

In this pact, the idea of separate electorates for the Depressed Classes was abandoned but the seats reserved for them in the provincial legislatures and Central Legislature were increased.

After being released from prison Gandhiji shifted to Satyagraha Ashram at Wardha after abandoning Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad for he had vowed in 1930 not to return to Sabarmati till Swaraj was won.

Government of India Act (1935)

The growing demand for constitutional reforms in India led the British Parliament to enact the Government of India Act 1935.

The Act promised some form of representative government.

The Act provided the establishment of an All-India Federation based on the union of British Indian provinces and the Princely States.

Defence and foreign affairs would remain outside the control of the federal legislature, while the Viceroy would retain special control over other subjects.

Governors, appointed by the British Government, retained special powers. They could veto legislative and administrative measures, especially those concerning minorities, the rights of civil servants, law and order, and British business interests.

The Governor also had the power to take over and indefinitely run the administration of a province.

The Act of 1935 was condemned and unanimously rejected by Congress. The Congress demanded the convening of a Constituent Assembly elected on the basis of adult franchise to frame a constitution for an independent India.

Resignation of Congress ministries (1939)

Congress won the elections to the provincial assemblies held in February 1937. Its election manifesto reaffirmed its total rejection of the 1935 Act.

One of the first acts of the Congress Government was to release thousands of political prisoners and to cancel deportation orders on political workers.

The difference between the Congress provinces and the non-Congress provinces of Bengal and Punjab was most apparent in this realm. In the latter, especially in Bengal, civil liberties continued to be curbed and they never released prisoners.

However, Congress could not attempt a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure by completely eliminating the Zamindari system .

Later the Second World War broke out. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru promised Congress support to the war effort if the British, in return, promised to grant India independence once hostilities ended. The offer was refused. Gandhi withdrew support to the British in War.

The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow’s action of declaring India to be belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people.

The resignations brought the Left and the Right in Congress closer because of a common policy on the question of participation in the war.

Crisis at Tripuri (1939)

Subhas Bose had been a unanimous choice as the President of Congress in 1938. In 1939, he decided to stand again — this time as the spokesperson of militant politics and radical groups.

However, with the blessings of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, J.B. Kripalani other leaders put up Pattabhi Sitaramayya as a candidate for the post.

Bose accused Patel and other top leaders of Congress as ‘rightists’. He openly accused them of working for a compromise with the Government on the question of the federation. Bose had, therefore, appealed to Congressmen to vote for a leftist and ‘a genuine anti-federationist.’

Nevertheless, in reality, the difference between ‘right’ and ‘left’ was not very vivid within the Congress and most Congressmen were anti-federationist.

Subhas Bose won the election on 29 January on the popularity of his militant politics but only by a narrow margin – 1580 votes against 1377.

But the election of Bose brought the brewing crisis to a head at the Tripuri session of the Congress.

Gandhiji declared that Sitaramayya’s defeat was ‘more mine than his.

Bose argued in his presidential address at Tripuri for a programme of immediately giving the British Government a six-month ultimatum to grant the national demand for independence and of launch a mass civil disobedience movement if it failed to do so.

Subhas Bose believed that the Congress was strong enough to bunch an immediate struggle and that the masses were ready for such a struggle.

However, Gandhi’s perceptions were very different. Gandhi believed the time was not yet ripe for an ultimatum because neither Congress nor the masses were yet ready for struggle.

The internal strife reached its climax at the Tripuri session of the Congress, held from 8 to 12 March 1939.

Bose had completely misjudged his support and the meaning of his majority in the presidential election. Congressmen had voted for him not because they wanted to have him as the supreme leader of the national movement – but mainly because of his policies and militant politics. They were not willing to reject Gandhi’s leadership or his views.

Bose resigned from the presidency. This led to the election of Rajendra Prasad in his place.

Subsequently, Subhas Bose and his followers formed the Forward Bloc as a new party within Congress.

As Bose planned a protest against an AICC resolution, the Working Committee removed Bose from the presidentship of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and debarred him from holding any Congress office for three years.

Individual Satyagraha (1940)

Gandhiji decided to initiate a limited satyagraha on an individual basis by a few selected individuals in every locality. The demand of a satyagrahi was for the freedom of speech to preach against participation in the War.

The satyagrahi would beforehand inform the district magistrate of the time and place where he or she was going to make the anti-war speech. If the Government did not arrest a satyagrahi, he or she would not only repeat the performance but move into the villages and start a trek towards Delhi, thus participating in a movement that came to be known as the ‘Delhi Chalo’ (onwards to Delhi) movement.

Vinoba Bhave was to be the first satyagrahi on 17 October 1940 and Jawaharlal Nehru the second.

Individual Satyagraha served a dual purpose — (1) it gave expression to the Indian people’s strong political feelings, (2) it gave the British Government another opportunity to peacefully accept the Indian demands.

Cripps Mission (1942)

The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II.

The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps, traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule.

However, he was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who had long been the leader of the movement to block Indian independence.

Churchill was persuaded to send Sir Stafford Cripps, to India to try and forge a compromise with Gandhiji and the Congress.

The Declaration promised India Dominion Status and a constitution-making body after the War. He proposed that the Constitutional Assembly members would be elected by the provincial assemblies and nominated by the rulers in the case of the princely states.

At that time, the demand for a separate nation for Muslims – Pakistan – also got momentum.

The Pakistan demand was accommodated by the provision that any province which was not prepared to accept the new constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.

Talks broke down, when, Congress objected to the provision for Dominion Status rather than full independence.

Congress insisted that if it was to help the British defend India from the Axis powers, then the Viceroy had first to appoint an Indian as the Defence Member of his Executive Council.

After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch the “Quit India” campaign also known as the ‘August Revolution’.

Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement was launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee by  Mahatma Gandhi  on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

In this struggle, the common people of the country demonstrated unparalleled heroism and militancy.

However, the repression that they faced was the most brutal that had ever been used against the national movement.

At the historic August meeting at Gowalia Tank in Bombay, Gandhiji was particular about complete freedom and no more piece-meal approach from the British.

He proclaimed: ‘Do or Die’ – which meant either free India or die in the attempt.

Gandhi asked government servants to openly declare their allegiance to congress and not to resign.

In the meantime, underground networks were consolidated in various parts of the country. The prominent members of underground activities were Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Sucheta Kripalani.

The pattern of activity of the underground movement was that of organizing the disruption of communications by blowing up bridges, cutting telegraph and telephone wires, and derailing trains.

Congress Radio operated clandestinely from different locations in Bombay city, whose broadcast could be heard as far as Madras. Usha Mehta was an important member of the small group that ran the Congress Radio.

A significant feature of the Quit India Movement was the emergence of what came to be known as parallel governments in some parts of the country. Satara (Maharashtra) emerged as the base of the longest-lasting and most effective parallel government.

A significant feature of peasant activity was its total concentration on attacking symbols of British authority and a total lack of any incidents of anti-zamindar violence.

In February 1943, Gandhiji declared the fast in Aga Khan Palace where he was held in detention, as this was his answer to the Government which had been constantly exhorting him to condemn the violence of the people in the Quit India Movement. Gandhiji not only refused to condemn the people’s resort to violence but unequivocally held the Government responsible for it.

The resignation of the three Indian members of the Viceroy’s Executive Council, M.S. Aney, N.R. Sarkar and H.P. Mody, who never wished Gandhi to suffer, made a severe blow to the British.

Finally, the Congress leaders were released to participate in the Simla Conference in June 1945. That marked the end of the phase of confrontation that had existed since August 1942.

Simla Conference (1945) and the Wavell Plan

The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India (Lord Wavell) and the major political leaders of British India at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla.

Wavell proposed a separate representation of Muslims within a united India. Talks, however, stalled on the issue of the selection of Muslim representatives. The All-India Muslim League claimed to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims. The Indian National Congress opposed this claim as the Congress had more Muslims in its support than the Muslim League.

This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India.

On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force.

RIN Mutiny (1946)

The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) revolt started in February 1946 at Mumbai when the naval ratings on HMIS Talwar protested against the poor quality of food and racial discrimination by British officers.

From the initial flashpoint in Mumbai, the revolt spread and found support throughout India, from Karachi to Kolkata, and ultimately came to involve over 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and shore establishments.

Karachi was a major centre, second only to Bombay. Sympathetic strikes took place in military establishments in Madras, Vishakhapatnam, Calcutta, Delhi, Cochin, Jamnagar, the Andamans, Bahrain and Aden.

A revolt in the armed forces, even if soon suppressed, had a great liberating effect on the minds of people.

The naval mutiny proved to be the last nail in the coffin of British colonial aspirations in India.

India was seen to be on the brink of a revolution. The mutiny witnessed the demoralization of British officials and the changing loyalties of Indian officials.

However, communal unity evident in the RIN revolt was limited despite the Congress, League and Communist flags being jointly hoisted on the ships’ masts. Muslim ratings went to the League to seek advice on future action for Pakistan.

The  Indian National Congress  and the  Muslim League  condemned the mutiny, while the  Communist Party of India  was the only party that supported the rebellion.

The mutiny was suppressed by British troops and Royal Navy warships.

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and Sardar Vallabhai Patel who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis.

Mountbatten Plan (1947)

The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This plan was the last plan for independence.

The plan announced by the Viceroy Mountbatten on 3 June 1947 included these principles:

• The principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government.
• Successor governments would be given dominion status.
• Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries.
• The successor governments could make their own constitution
• The Princely States were given the right to join either Pakistan or India, based on two major factors: Geographical contiguity and the people’s wishes.

The Mountbatten plan led to the enactment of the India Independence Act of 1947.

India Independence Act (1947)

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom divided British India into two new independent dominions; the Dominion of India ( later to become the Republic of India ) and the Dominion of Pakistan ( later to become the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ).

This Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947.

India and Pakistan became independent on August 15th, 1947.

India continues to celebrate August 15th as her Independence day, while Pakistan chose to celebrate August 14th as her Independence day as per their cabinet decisions.

Learn more about India’s Struggle for Independence

Hope you liked the mega article on the Indian freedom struggle.

This article on India’s struggle for independence is the 6th part of the article series on Modern Indian History. Click the link to read the  6-part framework to study modern Indian History . This is an easy-to-learn approach to mastering the history of modern India as a story.

Apart from the 6-part approach, we have also published many other articles on  Indian History , which can be accessed from the  ClearIAS Study materials  section.

If you loved this article, please subscribe to ClearIAS and share this post with your friends.

Books referred to prepare this article on India’s Struggle for Independence

• NCERT Books Class 6-12
• History Of Modern India by Bipan Chandra
• India’s struggle for independence by Bipan Chandra
• Modern Indian History by Sonali Bansal and Snehil Tripathi

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February 6, 2022 at 9:52 am

Pls allowed to download in pdf form

February 7, 2022 at 11:38 am

@Zizoo – There is a ‘Print PDF’ button that you can use to download the article as a PDF.

July 29, 2023 at 1:02 pm

“India’s Struggle for Independence” on ClearIAS is a comprehensive and enlightening read. The blog beautifully captures the essence of India’s journey towards freedom, providing valuable historical context and key insights. It’s an essential resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of India’s rich and inspiring struggle for independence.

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Essay on Freedom Struggle

India’s freedom struggle is a tale of courage, sacrifice, and determination that spanned decades and eventually led to the country’s independence from British rule. In this essay, I will argue why the freedom struggle in India is a significant and inspiring chapter in history, supported by evidence, examples, and expert opinions.

Colonial Rule in India

To understand the freedom struggle, it’s essential to recognize the context. India was under British colonial rule for nearly 200 years, starting in the mid-18th century. The British Empire controlled India, exploiting its resources and people for their own gain.

Early Movements and Leaders

The freedom struggle began with the voices of early leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who advocated for social reforms, and Dadabhai Naoroji, who stressed economic self-sufficiency for India. These leaders laid the foundation for the larger movement.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Mahatma Gandhi, often called the Father of the Nation, played a pivotal role in the freedom struggle. His non-cooperation movement urged Indians to boycott British goods and institutions, sparking a sense of unity and defiance among the people.

Civil Disobedience and Salt March

Gandhi’s civil disobedience campaign involved acts of peaceful protest, such as the famous Salt March. This movement showcased the power of nonviolence and stirred the world’s attention to India’s plight.

World War II and Quit India Movement

During World War II, India’s support was sought by the British, but the Indian National Congress, under Gandhi’s leadership, demanded immediate independence in exchange for cooperation. The Quit India Movement of 1942 intensified the call for freedom.

Impact of World War II

The global context also played a role in India’s freedom struggle. The weakening of the British Empire after World War II made it increasingly challenging to maintain control over India.

Partition and Independence

As the struggle for freedom continued, a difficult decision was made to partition India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947. India finally gained its long-awaited independence on August 15, 1947.

Legacy of the Freedom Struggle

The legacy of India’s freedom struggle is profound. It not only secured India’s independence but also inspired other nations in their quests for freedom. Leaders like Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru became symbols of peaceful resistance and nation-building.

Expert Opinions

Historians worldwide acknowledge the significance of India’s freedom struggle. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a renowned civil rights leader in the United States, drew inspiration from Gandhi’s nonviolent methods in his own fight for equality and justice.

Conclusion of Essay on Freedom Struggle

In conclusion, India’s freedom struggle was a monumental journey that culminated in the end of colonial rule and the birth of an independent nation. The courage and determination of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, the sacrifices made by countless Indians, and the eventual triumph of nonviolent resistance make this struggle an inspiring chapter in history. India’s path to freedom serves as a reminder that, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges, the pursuit of justice, liberty, and self-determination can lead to remarkable achievements. The legacy of the freedom struggle continues to shape India’s identity and inspire movements for justice and equality worldwide. It is a testament to the power of unity, perseverance, and the unwavering belief in the principles of freedom and justice.

Also Check: Simple Guide on How To Write An Essay

History of India’s Independence

Over the course of history, India has faced several invasions. While most of the invaders made their intentions clear right from the word go, the British managed to bring India under their control through a business venture. It all started with the British East India Company, which started off as a mere joint-stock company, but slowly went about spreading its wings and influence, before the British government finally took control of the entire country. 

The British company had landed in India in the early seventeenth century as traders, but began interfering in Indian affairs around 1750s. After the battle of Plassey (1757), it began to transform from a trading company to a ruling force. As the British began to spread their tentacles over a large part of India, the exploitation of local resources and people began in full force. The British were concerned just about consolidating their rule and power. 

The British rule had a damaging effect on the social, economic, cultural and political life of Indians, which gradually forced common masses and rulers to rise in revolt against the British rule. Several agrarian, tribal, and political rebellions broke out against the foreign rule, but it was the rebellion of 1857, which proved as a launch pad for all the subsequent struggles against the British rule. 

The continuously increasing awareness, contact with the outside world, and the urge to free the motherland, gave rise to an organized movement by the end of the nineteenth century, which uprooted the 200-year-old British rule in 1947.

The History of British Colonialism in India 

After the fall of the Mughal Empire, the British gained the support of many local rulers by offering them help against their adversaries. Since the British were equipped with huge cannons and newer war technology their support proved helpful to many Indian rulers. In exchange for their support, the East India Company managed to set up trading centers in places like Madras, Calcutta and Bombay. The British gradually started to extend their fortification. When they were asked to stop their extension by Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, they defeated him in the Battle of Plassey (1757). This win against Siraj-ud-daulah played a crucial role in colonizing the whole of India.      

Early Rebellions Against the British Rule

For their short-term benefit, many Indian rulers supported the British colonization in India, but many of them opposed the idea of foreign rule. This created a conflict between Indian rulers, which was further used by the British to their advantage. Among the early rebellion, South Indian rulers, such as Puli Thevar, Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan, Pazhassi Raja, Rani Velu Nachiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Dheeran Chinnamalai, Maruthu Pandiyar, etc. revolted against the British and fought several wars and battles. 

Many rulers like Hyder Ali and Dheeran Chinnamalai sought the help of Maratha rulers in their fight against the British. 

Agitated by the ill-impact of the British rule on the social, cultural, tribal, and economic fabric of society, many individuals like Sidhu Murmu, Kanhu Murmu and Tilka Manjhi stood up against the British colonization. 

While the British managed to defeat bigger ruler like Tipu Sultan via local alliances (supporting one ruler against the other), they did not have must difficulty in suppressing local agrarian and tribal rebellions. The British not only used better weapons, but they also resorted to devious tactics like the ‘divide and rule policy’ in to consolidate their rule and might.             

Even though the British tried their best to suppress rebellions across India, these revolts would not stop as the British not only subjected people to a foreign rule but also exploited people economically.

The Revolt of 1857

Often referred to as the ‘First War of Indian Independence,’ the revolt of 1857 was the result of a series of incidents, but the immediate reason for the revolt was the issue of ‘greased cartridges.’ The East India Company mistreated the Indian soldiers and discriminated between the Indian and the European soldiers. While the soldiers knew that the British were using factors like religion and caste against them, the news of the newly introduced Enfield P-53 rifles using cartridges made out of fat extracted from beef and pork sparked a widespread rebellion against the British. Since the soldiers had to bite the cartridge in order to load the rifle, it did not go down well with the Hindu and Muslim soldiers as it hurt their religious belief. Since consuming beef and pork is against the religious beliefs of Hindus and Muslims respectively, the allegation convinced Indian soldiers that the British were trying to convert them into Christians. 

This, along with many other factors, played a crucial role in the revolt of the soldiers. Many Indian rulers from different states followed suit and locked horns with the British. At the end of it all, at least 800,000 people, including many civilians, were killed. As a result of the rebellion, the British government took control of the administration of India from the East India Company.

Organized Movements

The revolt of 1857 was the first large-scale rebellion against the British rule, and inspired the future generation to fight for the independence of the motherland. Slowly and gradually many organizations were formed that started to demand for some sort of self-governance and rights for Indians. 

In 1867, Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association, while Surendranath Banerjee came up with the Indian National Association in 1876. 

With more and more people coming up with the demand for more rights, several prominent people came forward and decided to form a platform that will demand for self rights and self governance. It led to the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

Since the British failed to grant even the moderate demands set by the Congress, many Indians started questioning the moderate leaders of the Congress, and advocated more radical approach in dealing with the British, which gave rise to several revolutionary organizations that advocated use of force and violence. 

Works done by socio-religious groups like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj played a crucial role in creating awareness among Indians. The works of reformers like Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Subramanya Bharathy evoked a sense of nationalism among Indians.

The Rise of Nationalism

Radical leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak straightway pushed for self-rule for Indians. Tilak was also saddened by the fact that the education system of the British government did not portray India’s history and culture in a positive light. He advocated complete freedom (Swaraj) and managed to inspire many Indians with his famous slogan, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” He was joined by other like-minded leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai. The trio together came to be known as ‘Lal-Bal-Pal,’ but they were expelled from the Congress for advocating violence and disorder. However, they had done enough to instill nationalism into the minds of thousands of Indians. 

The Partition of Bengal

Since pre-independent Bengal was as big as France in terms of its geography, the then Viceroy and Governor-General, Lord Curzon, ordered the partition of Bengal in 1905. He argued that the partition would lead to a better administration and ease the rising conflict between the Hindus and the Muslims. 

The Indian nationalists, however, believed that the move was an attempt to slow down the momentum gathered by the recent nationalist movements. They also believed that Lord Curzon was employing the divide and rule policy to create a rift between Hindus and Muslims. This led to a large-scale protest against the British rule, including boycotting British products and publications of several rebellious newspapers and articles. The government was eventually forced to reunite Bengal in 1911. But a new partition, based on the languages spoken, was created soon after. The partition of Bengal left an indelible mark on the people and political scenario of Bengal. 

The Rise of the Muslim League

In 1886, Syed Ahmed Khan, an Islamic reformist and philosopher, founded the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The conference was set-up in an attempt to provide quality education to Indian Muslims. The conference organized annual meetings to discuss various methods to improve the quality of education, among other things. In 1906, during the 20th session of the conference, the members decided to set up a political party called the ‘All India Muslim League.’ After the creation of the All India Muslim League, the party strived towards achieving equal civil rights for the Muslim population in India. Slowly and gradually, the Muslim league started to propagate the theory that the Indian National Congress was a pro-Hindu outfit, and that the political party was incapable of ensuring equal rights for the Muslim community in India. This belief found many takers, and slowly and gradually more and more Muslim leaders started contemplating the idea of creating another political entity where Muslims would form the majority.

National Movement & the First World War

The national movement started picking-up at the end of the nineteenth century and by the turn of the new century it had gathered a critical mass, which would propel it further in the coming years. More and more people were joining hands with nationalist leaders and the Congress to raise the demand of self-rule. Led by leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, more and more commoners began to protest against the British government. 

Though the Indian National Congress was still advocating the importance of the British rule, people had begun to participate in mass movements, which inspired others as well. Meanwhile, just before the beginning of the First World War, the British government had promised special benefits to India in return for their support during the First World War. As many as 1.3 million Indian soldiers were sent to places like the Middle East, Europe and Africa to fight for the British in the First World War. Also, many individual rulers of different princely states supported the British by sending large supplies of money, food and ammunition. 

The Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi had mastered the methods of civil disobedience through non-violent means in South Africa, where he worked as a barrister. In 1914, many political prisoners were freed by General Jan Smuts, thanks to Gandhi's non-violent protests. Impressed by his methods, a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress Gopal Krishna Gokhale requested Gandhi to return to India and join the national movement. Upon his arrival, Gandhi joined the Indian National Congress and accepted Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his mentor. He then went on to establish Satyagraha ashram and led a Satyagraha campaign in 1917. For the next three years, Gandhiji led many non-violent protests that included Satyagraha and fasting. The Kheda Satyagraha and the Champaran satyagraha were some of the early movements where he applied the concept of Satygraha to fight for the rights of farmers and other peasants.

The Non-Cooperation Movement

In 1919, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered to shoot at a peaceful gathering of men, women and children in Jallianwala Bagh, who had gathered to celebrate Baisakhi and to condemn the arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satya Pal. This inhuman act of the British sent shockwaves across India, and received strong criticism and protests all over India. Mahatma Gandhi too denounced this cowardly behavior and strongly condemned it. 

The national movement was slowly building-up and the Jallianwalah Bagh incident played an important role in the start of the ‘Non-cooperation Movement.’ It was the first big Satyagraha movement under Gandhi’s leadership. He requested the support of other political and religious leaders and gave a call to Indians to stop using British products. 

Gandhiji advocated the use of Khadi over British textiles. He also asked government servants to quit their jobs, and return the British titles and honors. Many Indians refused to pay taxes and many teachers and lawyers gave up their respective profession. The non-co-operation movement became a huge success throughout India until it was called off by Gandhiji in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident, in which three civilians and 22 policemen were killed.   

The Non-cooperation movement had seen an unprecedented and large-scale participation from the people of all regions and status. The entire country was transformed into a different zone and the protests were largely successful, but the unfortunate incident at Chauri Chaura forced Gandhi to call the movement off. He said that people were still not ready for mass-movements of this nature. 

The decision to call-off the non-cooperation movement left many disappointed and was criticized by several leaders.

Revolutionary Movement & its Role in Freedom Movement

While the Indian National Congress, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mahatma Gandhi, advocated civil disobedience and non-violent protests, many firebrand leaders believed in overthrowing the British with the use of force. The revolutionary movement had begun as early as the late 1750s, but it was during the Partition of Bengal that it began to take shape. Under the leadership of Barin Ghosh, many revolutionaries began to collect arms and explosives. They even started manufacturing bombs and some were even sent to foreign countries to acquire knowledge about bomb-making and other military training. 

By 1924, Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed and firebrand revolutionaries like Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Shivaram Rajguru, Surya Sen, etc. began to involve themselves in various revolutionary activities. Some of the famous revolutionary activities include Alipore bomb conspiracy, Chittagong armoury raid, Kakori train robbery, Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case, etc.

Azand Hind Fauz

Subhas Chandra Bose quit the Indian National Congress and travelled to many countries to seek help for India’s independence. Bose wanted to raise an Indian army to fight against the British. Based on Hitler’s advice, he went to Japan and formed the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Government). During the Second World War, the Indian National Army managed to capture Andaman and Nicobar islands with the help of the Japanese army. However, the setback to Japan in the Second World War impacted the prospects of the INA as well and it’s march was blocked on the Border and many soldiers and officers were arrested.

Quit India Movement

As the World War II progressed, Mahatma Gandhi intensified his protests for the complete independence of India. He drafted a resolution calling for the British to Quit India. The 'Quit India Movement' or the 'Bharat Chhodo Andolan' was the most aggressive movement launched by the Indian National Congress. Gandhi was arrested on 9th August 1942, and was held for two years at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. The Quit India Movement came to an end by the end of 1943, when the British gave hints that complete power would be transferred to the people of India. Gandhi called off the movement which resulted in the release of 100,000 political prisoners.

Partition & Independence of India

Though prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were not willing to accept the formula of partition based on religion, but communal clashes between religious groups hastened the creation of Pakistan. The independence cum partition proposal offered by the British Cabinet Mission in 1946 was accepted by the Congress. Sardar Patel convinced Gandhi that it was the only way to avoid civil war and the Mahatma reluctantly gave his consent. The British Parliament passed the famous Indian Independence Act 1947, and on August 14, Pakistan was declared a free nation. Few minutes later at 12:02 am, India became a democratic nation, much to the joy and relief of the entire Indian subcontinent. 

After India's independence, Gandhiji focused on peace and unity among the Hindus and Muslims. He began a fast-unto-death in Delhi, asking for all communal violence to be stopped and the payment of Rs. 55 crores, as per the Partition Council agreement, to be made to Pakistan. Ultimately, all political leaders conceded to his wishes. 

The Constituent Assembly was given the responsibility of creating the constitution. Headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect.

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• Freedom Fighters Essay

Introduction

The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Individuals who selflessly sacrifice their lives so that their country and countrymen can be free are identified as freedom fighters. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen. Freedom fighters did not only fight for their country but for everyone who suffered in silence, lost their family and freedom, and even their rights to live for themselves. People of the country look up to the freedom fighters with respect for their patriotism and the love they had for their motherland. These people provide examples by which other citizens aim to live by.

For ordinary people, sacrificing their lives is a big deal but freedom fighters selflessly make this unimaginable sacrifice for their country without thinking of any repercussion. The amount of pain and hardships that they have to endure to achieve their goal cannot be described in mere words. The entire country remains forever indebted to them for their struggles.

The Influence Left by the Freedom Fighters

One can't stress enough the importance of the deeds of the freedom fighters. On every Independence Day, the country remembers the thousands who once struggled so that their countrymen could be free. Their sacrifices are never forgotten by their countrymen. 

If we delve into history, we see most freedom fighters joined the freedom struggle without prior formal training in war or related fields. They went to wars and protests knowing very well that they may get killed by the opposite power. The freedom fighters were not just people who fought with arms against the tyrants but they were people who joined protests through literature, legal advocates, people who contributed money to the freedom struggle, and so on. Most of the brave hearts led the fight against foreign powers. They made their fellow people realize their rights and pointed out all the existing social injustice and crimes committed by the ones in power. 

The most important effect that the freedom fighters left on the people of the society are that they inspired others to understand their rights and stand up against the people in power. They inspired others to join their struggle. It was because of the freedom fighters that the countrymen united with a bond of Nationalism and patriotic feelings. 

Freedom fighters are considered to be the propelling force behind the success of the freedom struggle. They are the reason why we can now prosper in a free country.

Some Noteworthy Indian Freedom Fighters

India had been under British rule for 200 years approximately. There were a lot of brave hearts who laid down their lives for the freedom of India. Within the limited scope of this essay, we will discuss the contributions made by only a few freedom fighters.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi is known as the father of the nation. Mahatma Gandhi, the reason behind the Dandi march, led the path to freedom following the principles of ahimsa or non-violence. He prioritised ‘ swadeshi ’ and ‘non-cooperation’ to expedite the freedom movement. 

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was an excellent leader. He travelled to other countries to form alliances and formed Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj which eventually helped our nation prosper. He was successful in freeing a portion of the Indian Territory from British rule.

Bhagat Singh

The fearless patriot was hanged to death at a very young age after being convicted in several cases of dissent against the then British empire. He was indeed a true patriot and we still remember him as Shaheed Bhagat Sing. 

Conclusion  

Freedom fighters are the reason we live in a free country. We must honour their sacrifices and aim to live together in harmony and peace ensuring social justice. 

The motivation for today’s youth is alive in the stories of freedom fighters. The struggles of their lives show the difference in life and the dept of the value they believe in and fought for. We as a citizen of India should respect and honor the sacrifice by creating a peaceful environment in the country.

FAQs on Freedom Fighters Essay

1. What is freedom means to the people living in a country?

Freedom means to live freely without any restrictions to their values. Freedom means people can live according to their opinions, people can work according to their capabilities, there won’t be any discrimination against them by any third party. Freedom means that no one is heading any individual, or controlling them according to their needs. It also means that people can freely live their lives in their own country without any disturbance from any third party.

2. How do freedom fighters affect the independence of our country?

Our country had a huge population at the time of British rule. But then also our country was under British rule for many years. The people of our country are huge in numbers so they need leaders who lead them. These leaders of that time are the freedom fighters, who lead people to come in the majority and revolt against the British empire. Freedom fighters played the most important role to give our people the causes for the revolt.

3. How freedom fighters were brought up to become leaders at that time?

Freedom fighters had their will and the passion to fight for the country. Looking back to the days when our country was under British rule, everybody who fought for the country was not trained professionally to be a freedom fighter. They fought and made us and our country the proudest country of all. Only freedom fighters are the reason behind the freedom struggle that our ancestors faced.

4. Describe the role of Mahatma Gandhi as a freedom fighter.

Mahatma Gandhi was the backbone of the freedom fighters. He was the leader who fought on his will without any hand war. His principle of non-violence helped this country from scratch.

He believed in himself and fought against the British empire. He also owned the honor of The Father of the Nation. The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was the reason behind the Dandi march and other struggles.

5. What was the agenda of being independent at the time of British rule?

The agenda of becoming independent at the time of British rule was to live freely in our country without any discrimination. Our people were tortured by the British empire to the max. Our children were not allowed to attain an education. Even we in our own country were not able to live the way we want.

Essay on Freedom Fighters for Students and Children

500+ words essay on freedom fighters.

Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of freedom fighters . People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one’s country. They are considered the epitome of patriotic people.

Freedom fighters made sacrifices which one cannot even imagine of doing for their loved ones, leave alone the country. The amount of pain, hardships, and opposite they have endured cannot be put into words. The generations after them will always be indebted to them for their selfless sacrifices and hard work .

Importance of Freedom Fighters

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of freedom fighters. After all, they are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day . No matter how small a role they played, they are very much significant today as they were in those times. Moreover, they revolted against the colonizers so as to stand up for the country and its people.

Furthermore, most of the freedom fighters even went to war to safeguard the freedom of their people. It did not matter that they had no training; they did it for the pure intention of making their country free. Most of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives in the war for independence.

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power. It is all because of the freedom fighters that we prospered into a free country free from any kind of colonizers or injustice.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

My Favourite Freedom Fighters

Secondly, Rani Lakshmi Bai was a great freedom fighter. I have learned so many things from this empowering woman. She fought for the country despite so many hardships. A mother never gave up her country because of her child, instead took him to the battlefield to fight against injustice. Moreover, she was so inspiring in numerous ways.

Next, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose comes in my list. He led the Indian National Army to show the power of India to the British. His famous line remains to be ‘give me your blood and I will give you freedom.’

Finally, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was also one of the greatest leaders. Despite being from a rich family, he gave up the easy life and fought for India’s freedom. He was imprisoned a number of times but that did not stop him from fighting against injustice. He was a great inspiration to many.

In short, freedom fighters are what made our country what it is today. However, we see nowadays people are fighting for everything they stood against. We must come together to not let communal hatred come between and live up to the Indian dream of these freedom fighters. Only then will we honor their sacrifices and memory.

FAQ on Freedom Fighters

Q.1 Why were freedom fighters important?

A.1 Freedom fighters made our country independent. They gave up their lives so we could have a bright future free from colonization.

Q.2 Name some of the Indian freedom fighters.

A.2 Some of the famous India freedom fighters were Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Indian Freedom Struggle, List, Phases and Impact

Indian Freedom Struggle is a monumental chapter in history of India, marking the nation's relentless fight against British colonial rule. Check Indian Freedom Struggle, List, Phases and Impact here.

Table of Contents

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a monumental chapter in the history of India, marking the nation’s relentless fight against British colonial rule. Spanning over a century, this struggle saw the rise of several leaders, ideologies, movements, and events that ultimately led to India’s independence on August 15, 1947. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the intricacies of this struggle is crucial, as it not only shaped modern India but also provides key insights into the socio-political dynamics of the time.

List of Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-1942)

In 1857, the first war for Indian independence was fought. The Indian National Congress afterwards attempted to continue the freedom-related momentum. Numerous extremist leaders appeared. There were several leaders of the revolt. The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi , was crucial to the fight for Indian independence.

Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian Freedom Struggle can be broadly divided into several phases, each marked by distinct strategies, movements, and key events. Understanding these phases is crucial for comprehending the evolution of India’s fight for independence.

1. The Early Resistance (1757-1857)

Key Events:

• Battle of Plassey (1757): Marked the beginning of British political dominance in India.
• Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellions (1760-1800): Early revolts in Bengal against British exploitation.
• Polygar and Pazhassi Revolts (1799-1805): Resistance by local chieftains in South India.
• Vellore Mutiny (1806): An early armed resistance by Indian soldiers against British rule.

Characteristics:

• This phase was characterized by localized resistance, revolts by displaced rulers, and early signs of discontent against British policies.

2. The First War of Independence (1857-1858)

• Sepoy Mutiny (1857): Often termed the First War of Indian Independence, it was a widespread, albeit uncoordinated, rebellion against British rule.
• Key Leaders: Rani Lakshmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, and others led the revolt.
• This phase saw a collective yet regionally fragmented uprising against British authority, symbolizing the first large-scale challenge to British power. The revolt led to the end of the East India Company’s rule and the beginning of direct control by the British Crown.

3. Rise of Nationalism (1885-1905)

• Formation of Indian National Congress (1885): Established as a platform for dialogue and reforms, initially with moderate demands.
• Partition of Bengal (1905): Lord Curzon’s partition of Bengal ignited widespread protests and the Swadeshi Movement.
• This period witnessed the birth of Indian nationalism. The educated middle class began to organize politically, leading to the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC). The Swadeshi Movement marked the beginning of organized, peaceful protests against British policies.

4. The Extremist Phase (1905-1919)

• Swadeshi and Boycott Movements: In response to the Partition of Bengal, Indians boycotted British goods and promoted indigenous products.
• Formation of Revolutionary Groups: Groups like Anushilan Samiti and Ghadar Party sought independence through armed struggle.
• Lucknow Pact (1916): A significant alliance between the INC and the Muslim League, showing unity between different communities.
• This phase saw the rise of more radical and militant approaches to freedom, alongside moderate constitutional methods. The period was marked by increased assertiveness and the demand for self-governance.

5. Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

• Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): Initiated by Mahatma Gandhi, calling for the boycott of British goods, institutions, and services.
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): Highlighted by the Salt March, it involved the refusal to obey British laws.
• Quit India Movement (1942): A mass protest demanding an end to British rule, marked by widespread arrests and violence.
• The Gandhian era was dominated by Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. The struggle became more inclusive, involving various sections of society, including women and the rural masses.

6. The Final Phase (1945-1947)

• Cabinet Mission Plan (1946): Proposed to form an interim government and frame a constitution, leading to India’s independence.
• Mountbatten Plan (1947): Led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.
• Independence (1947): India achieved independence on August 15, 1947, ending nearly two centuries of British rule.
• This phase was marked by the final negotiations for independence, the tragic partition of India, and the transfer of power from British to Indian hands.

Impact of the Indian Freedom Struggle

• Formation of a National Identity: The freedom struggle fostered a sense of national identity, transcending regional, religious, and cultural differences. It united diverse communities under the common goal of independence.
• Legacy of Non-Violence: The Indian freedom struggle is unique in its emphasis on non-violent resistance, which became an inspiration for civil rights movements worldwide, including those led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Constitutional Development: The struggle led to the establishment of a democratic framework in India. The leaders of the freedom movement played a pivotal role in drafting the Indian Constitution, which enshrines the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a testament to the resilience and determination of the Indian people. It was a multi-faceted movement that involved diverse groups and ideologies, yet remained united in its goal of achieving independence. For UPSC aspirants, understanding the complexities of this struggle is essential for comprehending the broader narrative of India’s journey towards becoming a sovereign, democratic republic.

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Indian Independence Struggle FAQs

What was the struggle of indians for freedom.

Indian nationalism began to take shape in the late nineteenth century. The rebellion of 1857 marked the conscious beginning of the fight for independence from the British empire's colonial oppression.

Who started Indian freedom struggle?

Mahatma Gandhi led Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha. Non-violence was his ideology. He started Civil disobedience. He started the Quit India movement.

What was the freedom struggle of India from 1919 to 1947?

The third and final phase of the Nationalist Movement [1919-1947] is known as the Gandhian era. During this period Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National Movement. His principles of non-violence and Satyagraha were employed against the British Government.

What was the Indian struggle for?

The Indian Struggle, 1920–1942 is a two-part book by the Indian nationalist leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose that covers the 1920–1942 history of the Indian independence movement to end British imperial rule over India.

Why is freedom struggle important?

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power.

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Essay on Freedom Fighters: 100, 200 & 300 Words

• Updated on  
• Oct 16, 2023

Essay on Freedom Fighters: Indian Freedom fighters are often referred to as the backbone of India’s freedom struggle for independence. India was a British for almost two centuries; from the Battle of Buxar in 1764 to the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946. During this long span of 2 centuries, several freedom fighters emerged at the forefront and fought for the country’s independence and against social evil practices.

Freedom fighters are often known for their courage and determination, their undying willpower for the country’s independence and their commitment to justice and equality. Such ideals are important for every human being, as they not only make us a responsible citizen but also serve as an opportunity to work towards nation-building. Today, we will list down some essay on freedom fighters which will help students with their overall knowledge about them.

Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom! – Subhash Chandra Bose

Master the art of essay writing with our blog on How to Write an Essay in English .

Table of Contents

• 1 Significance of Freedom Fighters in Indian Culture
• 2 Essay on Freedom Fighters in 100 Words
• 3 Essay on Freedom Fighters in 200 Words

Significance of Freedom Fighters in Indian Culture

Indian history has a lot of tales and stories about sacrifice, and love for the country through these freedom fighters. The importance of these freedom fighters dates back to the revolutionary days. 

They are responsible for restoring the country’s independence and also represent the struggles and aspirations of the people of the country. The untold stories told by them depict courage and determination and also share the identity sense and pride of their betterment and courage. 

Freedom fighters fought not just for political freedom, but for a society founded on equality and justice. The significance of freedom fighters in Indian culture is immeasurable. 

Also Read: Essay On Subhash Chandra Bose for Students

Essay on Freedom Fighters in 100 Words

Freedom fighters in Indian culture are brave heroes who fought for our country’s freedom from British rule. They include Mahatma Gandhi, who used peaceful protests, and Bhagat Singh, who stood up against injustice.

These fighters are symbols of courage and determination. They teach us about unity and different values for the country. 

Their sacrifices for the country also inspire and make us feel proud of their heritage and also stand up against oppression. In Indian culture, they’re like guiding stars, reminding us that even a single person’s actions can bring about big changes for the better. 

Essay on Freedom Fighters in 200 Words

Freedom fighters hold a special place in Indian culture. They were brave individuals who fought against British rule to gain independence. They have also displayed undeniable courage and determination for the country.

Mahatma Gandhi, known as the “Father of the Nation,” led the nonviolent movement against British rule. His life principles were inspired by non-violence and truth. He led many peaceful protests in the country. 

Another brave soul was Bhagat Singh, who fearlessly stood up against injustice. His sacrifice and dedication continue to inspire generations.

These freedom fighters are like role models in Indian culture. They teach us the importance of unity, sacrifice, and patriotism. With time, these stories have inspired and made an impact on people’s lives. 

Their legacy lives on in India’s cultural fabric through literature, movies, and monuments. To remember the struggle and principles of this Independence Day, we celebrate Independence Day every year. In Indian culture, these personalities are symbols of courage and hope and also remind ordinary people of their courage and values. 

Also Read: Holi Essay: Free Sample Essays 100 To 500 Words In English

Freedom fighters have a lot of importance in every country. They are important for restoring the country’s culture and also preserving the heritage.

Some of the prominent freedom figures in the country are Netaji Subash Chandrabose, Mahatma Gandhi, and Bhagat Singh.

The most prominent freedom movements in history are the Civil Disobedience Movement, Khilafat, and Non-Coorporation Movement. 

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Indian History

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Women Heroes of India's Freedom Struggle

• 18 Aug 2022
• GS Paper - 1
• Important Personalities
• Modern Indian History
• Indian National Movement

For Prelims : Nari Shakti, Indian Freedom Struggle, Rani Laxmibai, Jhalkari Bai, Durga Bhabhi, Rani Gaidinliu, Begum Hazrat Mahal

For Mains: Contribution of Women in Indian Freedom Struggle

Why in News?

Recently, Prime Minister in his Independence Day Speech paid tribute to women freedom fighters.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for (2011)

(a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of Quit India Movement (b) Participating in the Second Round Table Conference (c) Leading a contingent of Indian National Army (d) Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

• Usha Mehta was one of the most prominent Gandhians in India. Born in 1920 in Surat (Gujarat), she joined the freedom struggle when she was just eight years old, when she marched against the Simon Commission.
• On 14 th August 1942, Mehta along with her associates started the secret Congress Radio. The radio broadcasted the voice messages of Gandhi and several other leaders to the public. The station changed its place after every broadcast to avoid capture by the government. The secret radio was also assisted by veteran socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer

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Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

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Modern History

Table of Contents

• Characteristics of Womens Participation in Freedom Struggle
• Significance of Womens Participation in Freedom Struggle
• Womens Participation in National Movement

Significance of Women’s Participation in Freedom Struggle

• Women played a crucial role in providing cohesiveness to the nationalist movement due to the universal category of "woman" that transcended divisions.
• Nationalists used the concept of "Bharat Mata" to evoke nationalist sentiments and delegitimise British rule, which also legitimised women's involvement in the public sphere.
• Women's support was essential for effective forms of resistance, such as boycotting foreign-made cloth and picketing shops.
• The female intelligentsia took leadership roles and facilitated the participation of women from the extended female space, creating an intermediate social space between the household and the public world.
• Women's participation in the freedom struggle empowered them and brought them out of domestic confinement into public life, professions, and governance roles. It strengthened the national movement and opened doors for gender equality.

PYQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

Q)  Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (UPSC Mains 2016)

Q)  With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for ? (UPSC Prelims 2011)

a) running the secret congress radio in the wake of quit India movement

b) participating in the second round table conference

c) leading a contingent of Indian national army

d) assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Q)  Annie Besant was (UPSC Prelims 2013)

• responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
• the founder of the Theosophical Society
• once the President of the Indian National Congress

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

a) 1 only 

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only 

d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

FAQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

What was the background of the women who participated in the indian freedom struggle.

Women from diverse backgrounds, including royalty, aristocracy, and commoners, actively participated in the freedom struggle.

Which women freedom fighters took part in the Salt Satyagraha?

Women freedom fighters such as Sarojini Naidu, Mithuben Petit, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Matangini Hazra, etc., actively joined the Salt Satyagraha, which was a large-scale act of civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. 

Which Women Freedom Fighters made notable contributions in the field of education?

Some notable figures include Savitribai Phule, Ramabai Ranade, Rani Laxmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, and Madam Bhikaji Cama. They were actively involved in promoting education and empowering women through various initiatives.

What were the challenges faced by women during the freedom struggle? 

While taking part in the freedom struggle, women encountered various obstacles, such as social stigma, violence, and imprisonment at the hands of colonial authorities.

Who was Annie Besant?

Annie Besant, a notable British theosophist and reformer, played a significant role in advocating for Indian independence. Besant became a member of the Theosophical Society and later served as its representative. 

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Essay on Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters are people who fought to free their country from an oppressor. They often face hardships in the process of securing the freedom of their country and people. Because of the freedom fighters who fought for Indian independence, we celebrate Independence Day on August 15 every year. People honour them for their love and sacrifice made for their country.

Significance of Freedom Fighters

It is important to understand the contributions of freedom fighters because they fight for the rights and independence of people who face constant repression. They take risks to help people who do not have a voice or representation in their country. They work towards building an independent nation without borders and any separation between people.

Freedom fighters are often put in danger because they speak up against authorities, fight for democracy, gender equality, etc., but that doesn’t stop them from making a difference.

Freedom Fighters of India

In this essay, we will learn more about the brave people in India who fought for our country’s freedom. It helps kids to understand the history and struggle for India’s independence. Here is a  list of brave freedom fighters of India.

• Mahatma Gandhi : The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was India’s renowned political and spiritual leader during the Indian independence movement. Through the non-violent Civil Disobedience Movement, he led India to independence and inspired many civil rights and freedom movements across the world.
• Subhas Chandra Bose : Subhas Chandra Bose was a Bengali Indian nationalist leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. When World War II began, he escaped to Nazi Germany and made broadcasts rallying Indians to overthrow the British. He later took the leadership of the Indian National Army. His army cut off the British army’s supply lines and forced it to retreat.
• Tantya Tope : Tantya Tope was a fearsome leader of the 1857 Indian mutiny against British colonial rule. Tantya Tope served as an administrator for the East India Company and gradually lost faith in the rightness of British rule.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Essay on Freedom Fighters

When does india celebrate independence day.

India celebrates Independence Day on August 15 of every year.

What are the achievements of Mahatma Gandhi?

Mahatma Gandhi, who was the prominent political leader of India during the Indian independence movement, led the country to independence through his nonviolent protests. He also inspired movements for civil rights and independence across the world.

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Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English 500+ Words

Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English “, We will read about the Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

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Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English

“ Let’s salute the unsung heroes who give us beautiful today.”

“Freedom fighters gave us their today for our golden tomorrow.”

Introduction:

The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen.

Freedom fighters play a very important role in making any country independent. India is a land of endless freedom fighters.

Many are known and many are unsung. All of them have their way to fight for freedom like some have chosen the path of Non-violence. While some show their bravery with pistols in their hands and swords.

Our Independence was hard fought the British ruled over our leads for a long time. But then, there are heroes, aren’t there? There are always heroes.

The ones who stand up and fight. some get the spotlight while the same stay in the dark and contribute just as much as others.

The bodies are true for India’s freedom fighters as well. For those who fought equally hard but never got any share of the limelight, because they simply never cared.

There are so many freedom fighters of India who contributed to the Independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

Our country, India was colonized by the British. Our freedom fighters fought against the British for our independence.

Some Important freedom fighters of India are Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many more.

But there are many freedom fighters who we probably haven’t heard. Most of them sacrificed their lives in getting independence for India. we call them the “Unsung Heroes of India”.

Their only focus was seeing an independent India. But as citizens of this country, we should know about some of them.

Here are some freedom fighters you probably haven’t heard of. These unsung heroes are also the reason we live in a free country.

We must honor their sacrifices and aim to live together in harmony and peace ensuring social justice. In the freedom struggle, India has many unsung heroes, who devoted his life.

Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle Postcard Writing In English

My Vision For India In 2047 Postcard Writing In English

Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In Hindi

They were Matangini Hazra, Hazrat Mahal, Senapati Bapat, Aruna Asaf Ali, Bhikaji Cama, Tara rani, Peer Ali Khan, Kamala Devi, Garimella, Tiruppur Kumaran, Birsa Munda, Durgabai etc.

Let’s read in detail about Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle .

Matangini Hazra : Hazra was part of the Quit India movement and Non-co-operation movement during one procession, she continued to advance With the Indian flag even after even being short trice. she kept shouting “Vande Mataram”.

Peer Ali Khan : He was one of the initial rebels of India. he was part of the 1857 freedom struggle and among the 14 people who were given capital punishment due to their role in the freedom movement . Even still, his work inspired many who followed but generations later, his name just faded away.

Garimella Satyanarayana : He was an inspiration for the people of Andhra, As a writer, he used his skill to write influential poems and songs to motivate the people of Andhra to join the movement against the British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal : She was a vital part of the 1857 Indian Rebellion. After her husband was exiled, she took charge of Awadh and even seized control of Lucknow during the rebellion. Later, Begam Hazrat had to retreat to Nepal, where she died.

Conclusion:

This August 15, India will celebrate 74 years of Independence from the British Raj and also remember the 200- year old struggle for freedom of our countrymen.

The most famous freedom fighters are undoubtedly Mahatma Gandhi , Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey, and so on, but there are also others who contributed to the independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

There were many freedom fighters who looked into the eye of the tyrannical British rulers and dared to raise the slogan of an independent India.

Some are celebrated all across the world among the Indian community while there is, remain anonymous to the masses today.

Thanks For Reading “ Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English 500+ Words “.

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Unsung Heroes: 10 lesser-known Indian freedom fighters

There are so many freedom fighters of India who contributed to the independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

New Delhi:  This August 15, India will celebrate 74 years of independence from the British Raj and also remember the 200-year old struggle for freedom of our countrymen. The most famous freedom fighters are undoubtedly Mahatama Gandhi, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey and so on, but there are also others who contributed to the independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

There were many freedom fighters who looked into the eye of the tyrannical British rulers and dared to raise slogans of an independent India. Some are celebrated all across the world among the Indian community while there are others whose names despite being worthy of all the glory that there is, remain anonymous to the masses today.

Here is the list of 10 lesser-known freedom fighters of India:

Aruna Asaf Ali

At the age of 33, Ali gained prominence among Indian masses and infamy in the British Raj camp after she hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay during Quit India Movement in 1942.

An arrest warrant was issued in her name but she went underground to evade arrest and started an underground movement. Her property was seized and sold. The British government announced then a reward of 5,000 rupees for her capture.

Following India's Independence, she remained active in politics and social work but never received recognition.

Matangini Hazra

Hazra is another freedom fighter who never received her fair share of fame despite sacrificing her life for the country's freedom. She was part of the Quit India Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement.

During a procession against the British, she was shot thrice but that did not deter her from marching with the tricolour in her hands. She also kept shouting 'Vande Mataram' till she breathed her last.

Bhikaji Cama

People may have heard her name on roads and buildings, but very few know who she was and what she did for India.

Cama was not only a part of India's independence movement but also an iconoclast who stood for gender equality during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

She donated most of her personal belongings to an orphanage for girls. She also unfurled the Indian flag at the International Socialist Conference at Stuttgart in Germany, 1907.

Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi

Mushi was also known as Kulpati among peers for his active participation in India's freedom movement. He was a big proponent of the Quit India Movement.

He was arrested by the British regime a number of times for his involvement in freedom-related activities. He was also the founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

Peer Ali Khan

The most famous hero of the 1857 mutiny was Mangal Pandey, however, only a handful have heard of Peer Ali Khan. He was one of the initial rebels of India and among the 14 people who were hanged for their role in the mutiny.

Even still, his work inspired many who followed. But generations later, his name just faded away.

Lakshmi Sahgal

Captain Lakshmi was an officer in the Indian Army who also served in World War II. She also served time as a prisoner in Burma, now Myanmar.

When Sahgal heard that Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was building an army of women soldiers, she enlisted herself. She was directed by the high command to form a female regiment called 'Rani of Jhansi regiment, where she was appointed as a Captain.

Velu Nachiyar

Even before the Sepoy mutiny of 1857, Velu Nachiyar was the first Indian queen to wage a war against the British Raj. The former princess of Ramanathapuram opposed British rule and gave the rulers a good run for their money.

Khudiram Bose

Some might have heard his name as he was one of the youngest revolutionaries of India and is often discussed in history books. His contribution to the freedom struggle is also a significant one as he was just 18 years old when the British hanged him for his activities against the Raj.

Kushal Konwar

The President of Sarupathar Congress Committee was an Indian Tai-Ahom freedom fighter from Assam. He is the only martyr who was hanged in the last phase of the Quit India Movement of 1942-43.

Benoy-Badal-Dinesh

Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta were 22, 18 and 19 years old respectively when they wore European outfits and entered the Writer's Building. Their target was then Inspector General of Police, Colonel NS Simpson.

They succeeded in killing him but were outnumbered by the security personnel. Benoy took a cyanide pill while the other two shot themselves to avoid capture.

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Remembering Savitri Devi: The Hidden Heroine Of India's Freedom Struggle

Curated By : News Desk

Last Updated: August 07, 2024, 16:51 IST

Kolkata, India

She was away from the limelight all her life.

Savitri married Dr Kali Charam Sharma, who hailed from a family of freedom fighters in Malerkotla.

Savitri Devi is an unknown name in the Quit India movement. Everyone knows Shahid Matangini Hazra from West Bengal’s Tamluk. But not many people know about this unsung warrior. Her parents were Pandit Karta Ram and Ralli Devi. Savitri married Dr Kali Charam Sharma, who hailed from a family of freedom fighters in Malerkotla.

You will be surprised to hear the life story of this woman. Her name too deserves to be mentioned in history.

On the protest day, many patriots fell on the ground covered in blood and wounded, screaming for a drop of water because the British police were firing at them. Hearing the cries, a villager named Savitri Devi, despite all the fear of death, rushed to the Shankarara Pole near Tamluk police station and provided water to the wounded, bleeding and prostrate revolutionary patriots, which she distributed with utmost care. She devoted herself entirely to the service and care of the children of the motherland. She also made arrangements to take the injured to safety.

While Savitri Devi was supporting the injured, the British policemen raised their guns and threatened to shoot Savitri Devi repeatedly. The policemen stormed in with raised guns. Savitri Devi too started moving towards the British troops from the house with a broom and walking stick.

Along with her, many other warriors chased the English army with sticks and brooms. They could not control the fearless Savitri Devi that day. The British police also stopped at the sight of her fighting spirit that day.

Savitri Devi, on the other hand, was a so-called outcast woman from Barangana. This incident surprised the Bengal and the whole of India that day. How a neglected, humiliated, neglected, poor rural woman turns into a fighter all of a sudden.

In this connection, this news was published in various newspapers of the time. A poem by Charankabi on the heroism of Savitri Devi was also published in the newspapers. However, the last life of this heroic woman was very difficult. She spent the last days of her life in extreme poverty. In a shabby mud house, a clay stove, a broken aluminium plate, and hundreds of torn clothes, he sometimes ate and sometimes fasted. This was her daily life. Finally, the hero, hiding from the public, passed away in 1992.

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Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Students are often asked to write an essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

The birth of a leader.

Mahatma Gandhi was born in India in 1869. He studied law in England before returning to India. He later moved to South Africa, where he first used nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s Philosophy

Gandhi believed in ‘Satyagraha’, or truth-force. He thought peaceful protests were the best way to resist unfair laws. This was a new idea in the fight for freedom.

Gandhi and India’s Freedom Struggle

Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He led the Indian National Congress, guiding India towards independence. He organized nonviolent protests against British rule.

Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s nonviolent methods inspired many, and India gained independence in 1947. His ideas continue to influence people worldwide.

250 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Introduction, non-violent approach.

Gandhi’s primary weapon in the struggle was non-violence or ‘Ahimsa.’ His philosophy was grounded in the belief that moral superiority could not be achieved through violent means. This approach resonated with the masses and enabled widespread participation, thereby intensifying the struggle against the British Raj.

Mass Mobilization

Gandhi’s leadership was marked by his ability to mobilize the masses. His simple lifestyle and empathetic nature helped him connect with the common people. He initiated campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, which saw mass participation unprecedented in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Championing Swaraj

Gandhi’s concept of ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule was not just political independence but also economic and social self-reliance. He advocated for the boycott of British goods and promoted indigenous industries, enhancing India’s economic independence and providing a blueprint for post-colonial economic development.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in India’s freedom struggle was transformative. His non-violent approach, ability to mobilize the masses, and vision for Swaraj were instrumental in shaping the course of India’s freedom struggle. His philosophies have left an indelible mark on India’s ethos and continue to inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe.

500 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, famously known as Mahatma Gandhi, played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom struggle against British rule. His unique approach of ‘Satyagraha’ (insistence on truth) and ‘Ahimsa’ (non-violence) left an indelible mark on the world and significantly contributed to India’s independence.

Advent of Satyagraha

Non-cooperation movement.

Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress from an elitist party into a mass movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was the first large-scale initiative against British rule under his leadership. Gandhi called for a complete boycott of British goods and services, which included schools, courts, and government services. The movement stirred the nation, uniting Indians across regions, religions, and classes. Despite its abrupt end due to the Chauri Chaura incident, the movement marked the beginning of a nationwide struggle for freedom.

Civil Disobedience Movement

The Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated with the Dandi March in 1930, was another milestone in India’s struggle for freedom. Gandhi and his followers marched about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, where they made salt, defying the British salt laws. This act was a symbolic defiance of the British monopoly and a peaceful protest against their oppressive regime.

Quit India Movement

Gandhi’s philosophy and its impact.

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and truth was not merely a strategy for the freedom struggle, but a way of life. His principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal harmony continue to inspire millions around the world. His innovative methods of civil resistance have influenced numerous freedom struggles globally, including the civil rights movement in the U.S. led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Mahatma Gandhi’s role in the Indian freedom struggle was monumental. His non-violent resistance against British rule united the diverse Indian population and instilled in them a sense of national pride. His principles and methods, though criticized by some, proved to be effective in achieving India’s independence. Gandhi’s legacy continues to influence and inspire movements for civil rights and social change worldwide, making him a global icon for peace and justice.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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Independence Day 2024: The role of freedom fighters in India's independence

India gained independence on august 15, 1947. several freedom fighters sacrificed their lives for india's independence. check the list of top 9 freedom fighters.

Mahatma Gandhi

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• Independence Day Speech in English for Student on 15 August 2024

Every year, on August 15th, we celebrate Independence Day by hosting our National flag. It is a day of celebration of our nation's journey to Victory from 200 years of British rule. Read the Few sample of the 78th Independence Day Speech in English for students and Kids given here

Table of Contents

We, the proud Indians are going to celebrate the 78th Independence Day Speech on 15 August 2024. On this auspicious day, the entire country is immersed in patriotic feelings and enthusiasm, as the whole country observes Independence Day by organizing events to honor our liberation fighters. Schools and universities often commemorate the day by hosting events in which students deliver Independence Day speeches, dance performances on patriotic themes, and so on. Delivering a well-structured Independence Day speech in English is one of the best activities in remembrance of our freedom fighter scarifies. We’ve provided a few ideas of how to structure and deliver an engaging Independence Day speech in front of a large crowd along with some samples that should be delivered sincerely.

Independence Day Speech

To deliver an Independence Day Speech is not just an address of the facts, it is responsible for honoring India’s glorious history and the sacrifice and determination of the patriotic heroes in a good manner. Your 15 August Independence Day speech should highlight and address all significant aspects of Indian independence, the freedom struggle, great leaders, and much more. Your Independence Day 2024 Speech can only be spectacular if it engages the audience, provides a clear message, and has a lasting influence.

Independence Day Speech in English

Every year, on August 15th, we celebrate Independence Day by hosting our Tricolor National flag. The 15 August is not a regular day, it is a day of celebration of our nation’s journey to Victory from British colonial rule after nearly 200 years. It’s a day to honor the courageous hearts who fought for our freedom while also celebrating our country’s unity, variety, and spirit. It is a day of showing respect to courageous hearts that battled for the nation’s freedom and celebrating the spirit of freedom, togetherness, and equality that our country stands for.

This auspicious day is more than just a celebration of the past; it shines light on our forebears’ sacrifices. It’s a day to recommit ourselves to constructing a nation where every individual shines and upholds the principles of justice, equality, and brotherhood. Let us carry the flame of freedom for future generations, promoting unity, equality, and progress.

15 August 2024 Speech in English

The 15th of August 1947 marked the end of British colonial control in India, and the country became independent. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Indian Prime Minister to raise the National Flag and address the country from the Red Fort. Every year since then, the Indian Prime Minister has delivered the 15 August Independence Day Speech at the Red Port podium, remembering your brave hearts and our pledges. This year’s 78th India Independence Day 2024 will be held under the theme “Viksit Bharat,” which translates to “Developed India.” This symbolizes the Indian government’s ambition of transforming the country into a developed nation by 2047, the 100th anniversary of India’s independence.

Independence Day Speech for Students

Students are the foundation of our incredible Country India, equipped to reveal our glorious heritage on a global scale. In the spirit of Independence Day, the 15 August speech must stress the significance of instilling patriotism and ideals in students. Prepare your Independence Day speech in such a way that your audience will get goosebumps and be inspired to feel pride in India’s rich past, culture, and achievements. By doing so, they may raise a generation that values democracy, unity, and honesty. If you are selected to deliver the Independence Day Speech in your school or institution, then you must be well-prepared with your speech before the event.

Samples of 15 August Speech in English

Independence Day reminds us that we are all citizens of the same country, even though our traditions, languages, and cultures differ. It is a day that commemorates the sacrifices of countless heroes who battled tirelessly and sacrificed their lives for our freedom. On this auspicious day, giving a speech is an excellent approach to remember and honor those who gave their life for the cause of freedom. We have offered resources for children, students, and young people to use when preparing for a successful Independence Day speech in English.

Sample 1- Short Independence Day Speech in English for Students

Good morning, and happy 78th Independence Day to my respected teachers and friends.

“Give Me Blood, and I’ll Give You Freedom

These one line from Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose are enough to take you back in time to the Indian National Moment. This is a well-known speech given by Netaji in 1944 to members of the Indian National Army in Myanmar.

Today, as we observe our 78th Independence Day, we should be proud to be citizens of an independent country that allows us to express ourselves freely and live our lives as we see desirable.

On August 15, 1947, India became independent from British dominion. This day symbolizes the end of a long struggle for freedom. Our freedom fighters, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and many more, worked relentlessly and made significant sacrifices to make today a reality.

As we enjoy the unique gift of freedom and sovereignty, it is now our job to preserve the nation’s honor, promote the nation, and improve the nation. On this special occasion, let us pledge to build a more powerful and prosperous India in return for our brave heart’s sacrifice.

Sample 2- 15 August Speech in English for Students

Good morning, everyone, including my respected teachers and dear friends. We’ve come together to celebrate our country’s 78th year of independence

As we all know, the 15th of August 1947 is a significant day in Indian history, a day of honor and pride for all Indian citizens. It is the day when India gained independence after nearly 200 years of British rule. Freedom literally means achieving liberty; for India, it refers to the day the country was freed or liberated from British dominion and achieved independence.

Millions of people made sacrifices over many years to gain independence. Many freedom fighters struggled for independence throughout their entire lives. On this historic occasion, we will honor all of the freedom fighters who gave their lives to protect the nation’s freedom.

Independence is more than just being free of foreign control; it is also about unity and collaboration as a nation. On this historic day, it is now our responsibility to uphold the nation’s honor, promote the nation, and improve the country. I wish everyone a happy Independence Day and good luck in the future.

Thank you, and Happy Independence Day to you all!

Sample 3- Independence Day Speech for Students in English

Good morning, everyone! Today, we are all celebrating an extremely special day: Independence Day, a day that begins our union, represents the power of togetherness and honors the sacrifices of our most respected and beloved freedom fighters.

15 August 1947, the day we gained independence from colonial authority, the day we could say we were an independent nation, is always a significant day and will always hold a particular place in the hearts of all Indian citizens.

Independence is more than just being free of foreign control; it is also about unity and collaboration as a nation. Let us celebrate the diversity that makes our country rich and wonderful. My dear friends, we are the future of India. We inherited a great legacy from our forefathers. We must safeguard our sovereignty and integrity from both external and domestic attacks.

It is our duty to protect our democratic beliefs and fundamental rights. We must respect our national symbols and institutions. We must encourage peace and harmony among ourselves and with our neighbors. We must strive hard to eliminate poverty, illiteracy, corruption, violence, and discrimination in our society. We must contribute to the growth and well-being of our country and its people. On this auspicious day, let us commit to serving our homeland with dedication and devotion.

Let us take fulfillment in uttering, Jai Hind! Vande Mataram!

15 August Speech in English

Today, We are all gathering here to celebrate Mother India’s 78th Year of Independence from the British Colonial Raj. On the stairs coming to the stage, the lines of the Former Prime minister Sri Atal Bihar Bajpaye Ji are continuously boomeranged in my ears.

“ bhaarat kisee buoomi ka tukada nahin hai, isane jaagata raashtra purushon ko jeet liya hai.” ye vandan kee bhoomi hai, ye abhinandan kee bhoomi hai. ye arpan kee bhoomi hai ye tarpan kee bhoomi hai. isakee nadee-nadee hamaare lie ganga hai, isaka kankar-kankar hamaare lie shankar hai. ham jiyenge to is bhaarat ke lie aur marenge to is bhaarat ke lie, aur mrtyu ke baad bhee gangaajal mein nikalee hamaaree asthiyon ko koee kaan antatah sunega, to ek hee aavaaj aayegee- “bhaarata maata kee jay”

The Indian Independence Struggle saw numerous hardships and sacrifices made by courageous Indian freedom warriors. On this auspicious day, we celebrate visionary visionaries such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and countless more who fought for liberty with unwavering perseverance and bravery. We have the great gift of independence and sovereignty as a result of their tireless efforts and sacrifices.

Today, we meet to commemorate our nation’s extraordinary path toward freedom and sovereignty. This year’s 78th India Independence Day 2024 is being celebrated under the theme of “Viksit Bharat,” which implies establishing India as a developed nation in 2047.

Looking to the pages of History, the British East India Company came to India as spice traders. They arrived in the Indian subcontinent around 1608 and became traders to rulers after defeating numerous independent kings. At midnight on 14-15 August 1947, an important turning point in the history of the Indian independence struggle occurred. This day marked India’s liberation from British control and the end of a protracted 200-year war for freedom. Our liberation heroes, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and others, worked diligently and made significant sacrifices to make our goal a reality.

Looking back, the morning of August 15, 1947, marked the end of British colonial control and India’s emergence as a sovereign nation. Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister to raise the National Flag at the Red Fort, opposite Delhi’s Lahore Gate. Our struggle for independence was more than just a political movement; it demonstrated our people’s unbreakable spirit. From Mahatma Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance to the bravery of countless others, we stood together in our struggle for self-determination.

Nevertheless, we must remember that our freedom is accompanied by a tremendous deal of responsibility. We, the youth of India, are the architects of our country’s destiny. Our energy, excitement, and innovative spirit have the potential to catapult India to new heights. We must safeguard our sovereignty and integrity from both external and domestic attacks. We must encourage peace and harmony among ourselves and with our neighbors. We must strive hard to eliminate poverty, illiteracy, corruption, violence, and discrimination in our society is our responsibility to carry on the heritage of our liberation heroes and create a stronger, more affluent India.

Jai Hind| Wish you all a Happy Independence Day.

15 August Independence Day Speech in English 2024 for Girls

Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear friends,

Good morning to all of you!

On this special occasion of our nation’s 78th Independence Day, I feel honored and privileged to stand before you and share my thoughts.

Independence Day is a day of pride, a day when we celebrate our nation’s freedom and remember the sacrifices of those who fought bravely for it. On 15th August 1947, after years of struggle and determination, India finally broke free from the chains of British rule. It was a moment of triumph, a moment that marked the birth of a new, independent India.

Today, as we hoist our national flag and sing our national anthem, let us remember the countless freedom fighters who laid down their lives for our country. Great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Bhagat Singh, and many others played a pivotal role in our freedom struggle. Their courage, dedication, and love for the motherland inspire us even today.

But freedom is not just about the past. It is about the present and the future. As young citizens of this great nation, it is our responsibility to carry forward the legacy of our freedom fighters. We must strive to make India a land of peace, prosperity, and equality. Each one of us has a role to play in building a better tomorrow.

Education is our most powerful tool in this mission. By educating ourselves and others, we can break the barriers of ignorance and empower our nation. We must also stand united against the challenges that threaten our society, such as poverty, corruption, and discrimination.

On this Independence Day, let us pledge to work together to make our country proud. Let us respect our cultural diversity, cherish our values, and contribute to the progress of our nation in every possible way.

As I conclude, I would like to remind you all that the freedom we enjoy today is a precious gift. Let us honor it, protect it, and use it wisely for the betterment of our country.

Independence Day Speech for Kids

we are gathered here to celebrate a very special day—our Independence Day!

On this day, many years ago, on August 15, 1947, our country, India, became free from British rule. Our freedom fighters, like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhash Chandra Bose, worked very hard and even gave their lives so that we could live in a free country.

Because of them, today, we can go to school, play in the parks, and do whatever we want. We are free to make our own choices and live happily.

But with this freedom comes responsibility. It is our duty to be good citizens and make our country proud. We can do this by studying hard, helping others, and respecting everyone around us.

Let’s remember the sacrifices of our freedom fighters and promise to do our best for our country.

Thank you, and Happy Independence Day!

Heart Touching Speech on Independence Day

As we gather here to celebrate the 15th of August, our hearts swell with pride and joy. Independence Day is not just a day on the calendar; it is the day when we remember the sacrifices, the struggles, and the unwavering spirit of those who fought for our freedom.

Seventy-seven years ago, on this very day in 1947, India woke up to a new dawn—a dawn of freedom, self-respect, and dignity. The air was filled with the voices of millions who had long been silenced, and their cries for freedom finally found their echo in the corridors of power.

Our freedom fighters, known and unknown, laid down their lives for a cause greater than themselves. They dreamt of a free India—a nation where every individual would live with dignity, a nation where the chains of oppression would be broken forever. They did not fight for themselves; they fought for us, for the generations to come. Today, as we stand in a free nation, we owe everything to them.

Independence Day is a time for reflection. It is a day to look back at our journey, to honor the courage of those who came before us, and to pledge to uphold the values they held dear. But it is also a day to look forward, to envision the future of our great nation.

Our India is a land of diversity, where people of different religions, languages, and cultures live together in harmony. This unity in diversity is our strength. But we must remember that with freedom comes responsibility. It is up to us to ensure that the ideals of our freedom fighters are upheld, that we continue to work towards a society where every citizen is treated with equality, respect, and justice.

As we celebrate this day, let us not forget the challenges that lie ahead. We must fight against poverty, inequality, and corruption. We must work towards building a nation where every child is educated, every family has access to healthcare, and every individual has the opportunity to live a life of dignity.

On this Independence Day, let us pledge to be responsible citizens. Let us pledge to contribute to the growth and development of our nation. Let us pledge to keep the flame of freedom alive in our hearts and to pass it on to the next generation.

In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” Let us dedicate ourselves to the service of our motherland, to the service of humanity.

As we salute the tricolor today, let us remember that it is not just a flag; it is a symbol of our identity, our pride, and our unity. Let it inspire us to work together, to overcome our differences, and to build a nation that is strong, prosperous, and free.

Jai Hind! Jai Bharat!

Independence Day Speech in Telugu

స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవం

సభ్యులందరికీ నా నమస్కారాలు! నేడు మనం 77వ స్వాతంత్ర్య దినోత్సవాన్ని జరుపుకుంటున్నాం. ఈ సందర్భంగా మనం జాతీయ త్యాగజ్యోతులను, దేశసేవకులను, స్వాతంత్ర్య సమరయోధులను స్మరించుకోవాలి. ఈ మహనీయుల త్యాగం, నిరంతర శ్రమల ఫలితంగా మనం ఈ రోజు స్వేచ్ఛగా జీవించగలుగుతున్నాం.

స్వాతంత్ర్యం కోసం మహాత్మ గాంధీ, సుభాష్ చంద్ర బోస్, భగత్ సింగ్, సర్దార్ వల్లభభాయ్ పటేల్ వంటి అనేక మహనీయులు ఎంతో కృషి చేశారు. వాళ్ళ త్యాగం మనకు ఎంతో ప్రేరణగా నిలుస్తుంది. మనం ఈ స్వాతంత్ర్యాన్ని కాపాడుకోవాలి, భవిష్యత్ తరాల కోసం దేశాన్ని మరింత అభివృద్ధి పథంలో నడపాలి.

మన దేశం ఎన్నో రంగాలలో అభివృద్ధి సాధించింది, కానీ ఇంకా ఎన్నో సవాళ్లను ఎదుర్కోవాల్సి ఉంది. నిరక్షరాస్యత, బేడీబాధ, నిరుద్యోగం వంటి సమస్యలను పరిష్కరించడం మనందరి బాధ్యత.

స్వాతంత్ర్యం అనేది కేవలం ఒక పదం కాదు, అది ఒక బాధ్యత. మనందరం అందుకు కట్టుబడి ఉండాలి. మన దేశాన్ని మరింత శక్తివంతంగా, శాంతియుతంగా, అభివృద్ధి పథంలో నడిపించడానికి మనం కలసికట్టుగా పనిచేయాలి.

ఇంతటి గొప్ప స్వాతంత్ర్యం మనకు లభించడానికి కారణమైన మహనీయులకు మనం నిత్యం కృతజ్ఞతలు తెలుపుకోవాలి. వారి ఆశయాలను నిజం చేయడం మన కర్తవ్యం. ప్రతి భారతీయుడు సత్యం, ధర్మం, సమానత్వం, స్వేచ్ఛ, సౌభ్రాతృత్వం వంటి విలువలను కాపాడుతూ ముందుకు సాగాలి.

ఈ సువర్ణయుగంలో మనం మన బాధ్యతలను మరువకూడదు. మనం కలిసి పనిచేస్తే, భవిష్యత్ తరాలకు ఒక ఉత్తమ భారతాన్ని అందించగలుగుతాం.

Independence Day Speech in English 2024 – Themes

To differentiate your Independence Day Speech from others you may choose a theme to address your audience. However, your speech must contain 4 segments: An introduction, a brief history of the Independence struggle, then a talk about the theme you choose, and after that come to the conclusion of your address. Here we have enlisted some of themes based on the Independence day significance for your reference.

• The Significance of Independence Day: Celebrating Our Journey to Freedom
• From Struggle to Success: Lessons from Our Independence Heroes
• Talking to our Freedom Fighter:
• Unity in Diversity: How Independence Day Unites Us as a Nation
• Preserving Freedom: The Responsibilities of Citizenship
• Building a Better Future: The Vision for Our Better India

How to Prepare 78th Independence Day Speech in English

The 78th Independence Day speech should emphasize the importance of unity, diversity, and progress, as well as the country’s dedication to democratic values. Preparing a relevant and powerful 78th Independence Day speech in English entails numerous critical tasks. Follow these recommendations to guarantee that your speech resonates with the audience and effectively expresses the essence of this significant event:

• Choose a Relevant Theme: Given that this year’s topic is ‘Viksit Bharat’, tailor your speech to this overarching concept. Frame your material around the importance of prioritizing the national interest.
• Thorough Research: Collect accurate and relevant information about India’s war for independence, important freedom fighters, historical events, and post-independence achievements. This understanding will add credibility and depth to your discourse.
• Make an Outline: Plan your speech by generating a clear and logical outline. Divide it into sections: introduction, historical backdrop, contributions of liberation fighters, post-independence successes, and concluding views.
• Engaging Introduction: Start with an engaging introduction that grabs the audience’s interest. You may include a quotation, an interesting fact, or a thought-provoking question about the theme.
• Storytelling: Tell the story of great liberation warriors and their sacrifices. Describe their challenges and impact on the nation’s destiny.
• Include Personal Insights: Discuss your thoughts on the theme and its significance in today’s world. Express your ideas on how individuals can help the nation flourish while keeping the theme in mind.
• Conclude with Impact: Summarize your speech’s main ideas and end with a compelling statement that connects with the audience. Leave them feeling inspired and motivated.
• Practice and Rehearse: Practice giving your speech several times. Concentrate on your tone, tempo, and gestures. Rehearsing increases confidence and promotes a smooth delivery.

Independence Day Speech 2024 Quotes

An Independence Day speech can only be effective if it engages the audience, provides a clear message, and leaves a lasting impression. Including quotes from the greatest freedom fighters will make your speech more magnificent, as shown in the samples. Check out these notable Patriots Quotes to utilize in your speech for Happy Independence Day 2024.

• Bhagat Singh: “They may kill me, but they cannot kill my ideas. They can crush my body, but they will not be able to crush my spirit.”
• Jawaharlal Nehru: “At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.”
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: “Every citizen of India must remember that he is an Indian and he has every right in this country but with certain duties.”
• Mahatma Gandhi: “Freedom is never dear at any price. It is the breath of life. What would a man not pay for living?”
• Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: “Freedom is not just about independence; it is about self-discovery and self-realization.”
• Subhas Chandra Bose: “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”
• Lal Bahadur Shastri: “We believe in peace and peaceful development, not only for ourselves but for people all over the world.”

Related Links:

Independence Day Essay Anchoring Speech for Independence day Program

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What is Independence Day short speech?

Lajpat Rai emphasized that "Freedom is not given; it is taken. Fight for your rights," underscoring the need for individuals to actively engage and struggle to secure their independence. His statement reflects the belief that true freedom requires determined effort and action.

How can I start Independence Day speech?

Let's all salute our national flag and sing the national anthem with hearts full of patriotic pride. Independence Day reminds us that we are more than just individuals; we are part of a great community of people—the largest and greatest of its kind.

What to say in Independence Day speech?

Briefly touch on the history of the struggle for independence, mentioning key leaders and events. Example: "On this day in 1947, after years of struggle, sacrifices, and determination, our country broke free from the chains of colonial rule. The freedom we enjoy today was earned through the efforts of countless heroes like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and many others."

Soumyadeep specializes in content creation for board exams, catering to the demands of CBSE, ICSE, and other state boards students. He has two years of experience in the education industry. He has a graduate degree in Zoology Honours, he delivers content across several domains, including CUET (UG and PG), NEET, JEE, and universities. 

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