the difference between hypothesis and theory

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Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

The term ‘hypothesis’ is often contrasted with the term theory which implies an idea, typically proven, which aims at explaining facts and events. Both hypothesis and theory are important components of developing an approach, but these are not same. There exist a fine line of difference between hypothesis and theory, discussed in this article, have a look.

Content: Hypothesis Vs Theory

Comparison chart.

Definition of Hypothesis

An unproven statement or a mere assumption to be proved or disproved, about a factor, on which the researcher is interested, is called a hypothesis. It is a tentative statement, which is concerned with the relationship between two or more phenomena, as specified by the theoretical framework. The hypothesis has to go through a test, to determine its validity.

In other words, the hypothesis is a predictive statement, which can be objectively verified and tested through scientific methods, and relates the independent factor to the dependent one. To a researcher, a hypothesis is more like a question which he intends to resolve. The salient features of hypothesis are:

• It must be clear and precise or else the reliability of the inferences drawn will be questioned.
• It can be put to the test.
• If the hypothesis is relational, it should state the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
• The hypothesis should be open and responsive to testing within the stipulated time.
• It should be limited in scope and must be clearly defined.

Definition of Theory

An idea or a broad range of ideas that are assumed to be true, which aims at explaining cause and effect relationship between multiple observed phenomena. It is based on hypothesis, which after a thorough analysis and continuous testing and confirmation through observation and experiments, becomes a theory. As it is backed by evidence, it is scientifically proven.

Just like hypothesis, theories can also be accepted or rejected. As more and more information is gathered on the subject, theories are modified accordingly, to increase the accuracy of prediction over time.

Key Differences Between Hypothesis and Theory

The points given below are vital, so far as the difference between hypothesis and theory is concerned:

• Hypothesis refers to a supposition, based on few pieces of evidence, as an inception of further research or investigation. A theory is a well-affirmed explanation of natural phenomena, which is frequently validated through experimentation and observation.
• While the hypothesis is based on a little amount of data, the theory is based on a wide set of data.
• The hypothesis is an unproven statement; that can be tested. On the other hand, the theory is a scientifically tested and proven explanation of fact or event.
• Hypothesis relies on suggestions, prediction, possibility or projects whereas a theory is supported by evidence and is verified.
• The hypothesis may or may not be proved true, so the result is uncertain. On the contrary, the theory is one, that is assumed to be true and so its result is certain.
• Hypothesis and theory are two levels of the scientific method, i.e. theory follows hypothesis and the basis for research is hypothesis whose outcome is a theory.

Both hypothesis and theory are testable and falsifiable. When a hypothesis is proved true, by passing all critical tests and analysis, it becomes a theory. So, the hypothesis is very different from theory, as the former is something unproven but the latter is a proven and tested statement.

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BELLENS MOTEBEJANE says

July 15, 2019 at 2:31 pm

AMAIZING !WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEORY AND LAW?

February 17, 2022 at 3:47 am

Thanks, I’m finally clear on this for the first time in my life of 65 years

Curtis Le Gendre says

September 14, 2022 at 8:02 am

Great Information

Kenneth says

November 19, 2022 at 2:10 am

I was looking for some takes on this topic, and I found your article quite informative. It has given me a fresh perspective on the topic tackled. Thanks!

Stefanie Banis says

February 9, 2024 at 6:35 pm

Very informative! Thank you! I understand the difference much better now!

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Hypothesis vs. Theory

A hypothesis is either a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena. In science , a theory is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. A theory is always backed by evidence; a hypothesis is only a suggested possible outcome, and is testable and falsifiable.

Comparison chart

Examples of Theory and Hypothesis

Theory: Einstein's theory of relativity is a theory because it has been tested and verified innumerable times, with results consistently verifying Einstein's conclusion. However, simply because Einstein's conclusion has become a theory does not mean testing of this theory has stopped; all science is ongoing. See also the Big Bang theory , germ theory , and climate change .

Hypothesis: One might think that a prisoner who learns a work skill while in prison will be less likely to commit a crime when released. This is a hypothesis, an "educated guess." The scientific method can be used to test this hypothesis, to either prove it is false or prove that it warrants further study. (Note: Simply because a hypothesis is not found to be false does not mean it is true all or even most of the time. If it is consistently true after considerable time and research, it may be on its way to becoming a theory.)

This video further explains the difference between a theory and a hypothesis:

Common Misconception

People often tend to say "theory" when what they're actually talking about is a hypothesis. For instance, "Migraines are caused by drinking coffee after 2 p.m. — well, it's just a theory, not a rule."

This is actually a logically reasoned proposal based on an observation — say 2 instances of drinking coffee after 2 p.m. caused a migraine — but even if this were true, the migraine could have actually been caused by some other factors.

Because this observation is merely a reasoned possibility, it is testable and can be falsified — which makes it a hypothesis, not a theory.

• What is a Scientific Hypothesis? - LiveScience
• Wikipedia:Scientific theory

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Comments: Hypothesis vs Theory

Anonymous comments (2).

October 11, 2013, 1:11pm "In science, a theory is a well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven hypotheses." But there's no such thing as "proven hypotheses". Hypotheses can be tested/falsified, they can't be "proven". That's just not how science works. Logical deductions based on axioms can be proven, but not scientific hypotheses. On top of that I find it somewhat strange to claim that a theory doesn't have to be testable, if it's built up from hypotheses, which DO have to be testable... — 80.✗.✗.139

May 6, 2014, 11:45pm "Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." this statement is poorly formed because it implies that a thing is a theory until it gets proven and then it is somehow promoted to fact. this is just a misunderstanding of what the words mean, and of how science progresses generally. to say that a theory is inherently dubious because "it isn't a fact" is pretty much a meaningless statement. no expression which qualified as a mere fact could do a very good job of explaining the complicated process by which species have arisen on Earth over the last billion years. in fact, if you claimed that you could come up with such a single fact, now THAT would be dubious! everything we observe in nature supports the theory of evolution, and nothing we observe contradicts it. when you can say this about a theory, it's a pretty fair bet that the theory is correct. — 71.✗.✗.151

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“Theory” vs. “Hypothesis”: What Is The Difference?

Chances are you’ve heard of the TV show The Big Bang Theory . Lots of people love this lighthearted sitcom for its quirky characters and their relationships, but others haven’t even given the series a chance for one reason: they don’t like science and assume the show is boring.

However, it only takes a few seconds with Sheldon and Penny to disprove this assumption and realize that this theory ab0ut The Big Bang Theory is wrong—it isn’t a scientific snoozefest.

But wait: is it a theory or a  hypothesis about the show that leads people astray? And would the actual big bang theory— the one that refers to the beginning of the universe—mean the same thing as a big bang hypothesis ?

Let’s take a closer look at theory and hypothesis to nail down what they mean.

What does theory mean?

As a noun, a theory is a group of tested general propositions “commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena .” This is what is known as a scientific   theory , which by definition is “an understanding that is based on already tested data or results .” Einstein’s theory of relativity and the  theory of evolution are both examples of such tested propositions .

Theory is also defined as a proposed explanation you might make about your own life and observations, and it’s one “whose status is still conjectural and subject to experimentation .” For example:  I’ve got my own theories about why he’s missing his deadlines all the time.  This example refers to an idea that has not yet been proven.

There are other uses of the word theory as well.

• In this example,  theory is “a body of principles or theorems belonging to one subject.” It can be a branch of science or art that deals with its principles or methods .
• For example: when she started to follow a new parenting theory based on a trendy book, it caused a conflict with her mother, who kept offering differing opinions .

First recorded in 1590–1600, theory originates from the Late Latin theōria , which stems from the Greek theōría. Synonyms for theory include approach , assumption , doctrine , ideology , method , philosophy , speculation , thesis , and understanding .

What does hypothesis mean?

Hypothesis is a noun that means “a proposition , or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation” that describe “some specified group of phenomena.” Sounds familiar to theory , no?

But, unlike a theory , a scientific  hypothesis is made before testing is done and isn’t based on results. Instead, it is the basis for further investigation . For example: her working hypothesis is that this new drug also has an unintended effect on the heart, and she is curious what the clinical trials  will show .

Hypothesis also refers to “a proposition assumed as a premise in an argument,” or “mere assumption or guess.” For example:

• She decided to drink more water for a week to test out her hypothesis that dehydration was causing her terrible headaches.
• After a night of her spouse’s maddening snoring, she came up with the hypothesis that sleeping on his back was exacerbating the problem.

Hypothesis was first recorded around 1590–1600 and originates from the Greek word hypóthesis (“basis, supposition”). Synonyms for hypothesis include: assumption , conclusion , conjecture , guess , inference , premise , theorem , and thesis .

How to use each

Although theory in terms of science is used to express something based on extensive research and experimentation, typically in everyday life, theory is used more casually to express an educated guess.

So in casual language,  theory and hypothesis are more likely to be used interchangeably to express an idea or speculation .

In most everyday uses, theory and hypothesis convey the same meaning. For example:

• Her opinion is just a theory , of course. She’s just guessing.
• Her opinion is just a hypothesis , of course. She’s just guessing.

It’s important to remember that a scientific   theory is different. It is based on tested results that support or substantiate it, whereas a hypothesis is formed before the research.

For example:

• His  hypothesis  for the class science project is that this brand of plant food is better than the rest for helping grass grow.
• After testing his hypothesis , he developed a new theory based on the experiment results: plant food B is actually more effective than plant food A in helping grass grow.

In these examples, theory “doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess,” according to Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University. “A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

So if you have a concept that is based on substantiated research, it’s a theory .

But if you’re working off of an assumption that you still need to test, it’s a hypothesis .

So remember, first comes a hypothesis , then comes theory . Now who’s ready for a  Big Bang Theory marathon?

Now that you’ve theorized and hypothesized through this whole article … keep testing your judgment (Or is it judgement?). Find out the correct spelling here!

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Alchem Learning

Similarities and Differences Between Hypothesis and Theory

In the realm of scientific inquiry, two terms that are often used interchangeably but hold distinct meanings are “hypothesis” and “theory.” Both play crucial roles in the scientific method, contributing to the understanding and advancement of knowledge. This article delves into the similarities and differences between these two fundamental scientific concepts.

Hypothesis: The Starting Point

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. It is an educated guess or a tentative solution to a problem based on existing knowledge. Scientists formulate hypotheses to guide their research and make predictions that can be tested through experimentation or observation.

Characteristics

• Testability: A good hypothesis is testable, meaning it can be investigated through empirical methods.
• Falsifiability: It should be possible to prove the hypothesis false through experimentation or observation.
• Specificity: The hypothesis must be clear and specific, outlining the expected outcome of the experiment.

If plants receive more sunlight, then their growth rate will increase.

Theory: A Comprehensive Explanation

On the other hand, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world. Unlike a hypothesis, a theory has withstood extensive testing and scrutiny, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding a particular phenomenon.

• Explanatory Power: Theories explain a wide range of phenomena and observations.
• Predictive Capability: They can predict future observations and experiments accurately.
• Consistency: The components of a theory are internally consistent and align with existing scientific knowledge.

The theory of evolution explains the biodiversity of life through the processes of natural selection and genetic variation.

Similarities

1. both guide scientific inquiry.

Both hypotheses and theories play integral roles in the scientific method, guiding researchers in the pursuit of knowledge. Hypotheses set the initial direction for experiments, while theories provide overarching frameworks.

2. Subject to Revision

Scientific knowledge is dynamic, and both hypotheses and theories are subject to revision based on new evidence. As more data becomes available, scientists may refine or even discard hypotheses and theories.

Differences

1. level of certainty.

The primary distinction lies in the level of certainty associated with each term. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that requires testing, while a theory is a well-established explanation supported by a substantial body of evidence.

Hypotheses are narrow in scope, addressing specific questions or problems, while theories have a broader scope, encompassing a wide range of related phenomena.

In conclusion, hypotheses and theories are essential components of the scientific process, each serving distinct roles. Hypotheses initiate investigations, while theories provide robust explanations for observed phenomena. Recognizing the differences and similarities between these concepts is crucial for understanding how scientific knowledge evolves and progresses.

Related References:

• Scientific Method – Wikipedia
• Understanding Science – University of California Museum of Paleontology
• The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory – ThoughtCo

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Hypothesis vs. Theory

What's the difference.

Hypothesis and theory are two terms commonly used in scientific research, but they have distinct meanings and purposes. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. It is based on limited evidence and serves as a starting point for further investigation. In contrast, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation that has been extensively tested and supported by a wide range of evidence. It is a comprehensive framework that explains a broad set of phenomena and is widely accepted within the scientific community. While a hypothesis is more tentative and subject to change, a theory represents a higher level of confidence and understanding in the scientific field.

Further Detail

Introduction.

In the realm of scientific inquiry, hypotheses and theories play crucial roles in the development and understanding of knowledge. While both are essential components of the scientific method, they differ in their scope, level of evidence, and the degree of generalization they offer. This article aims to explore and compare the attributes of hypotheses and theories, shedding light on their distinct characteristics and their contributions to scientific progress.

Hypothesis: The Foundation of Scientific Inquiry

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction for a specific phenomenon or observation. It serves as the initial step in the scientific method, where researchers formulate educated guesses based on existing knowledge and observations. Hypotheses are typically testable and falsifiable, allowing scientists to design experiments or gather data to either support or reject them.

One key attribute of a hypothesis is its specificity. It focuses on a particular aspect of a phenomenon and aims to explain or predict it. For example, a hypothesis might propose that increased exposure to sunlight leads to higher vitamin D levels in humans. This hypothesis is specific to the relationship between sunlight and vitamin D, providing a clear direction for further investigation.

Furthermore, hypotheses are often based on preliminary evidence or observations. They are formulated to address gaps in knowledge or to explain puzzling phenomena. Hypotheses can be derived from existing theories or can emerge from exploratory research. They serve as the foundation for scientific inquiry, guiding researchers towards the collection of empirical evidence.

It is important to note that a hypothesis is not considered a proven fact, even if it is supported by initial evidence. It requires rigorous testing and validation through experimentation and data analysis. If a hypothesis withstands repeated testing and scrutiny, it may evolve into a theory.

Theory: A Comprehensive Explanation

A theory, in the scientific context, is a well-substantiated explanation that encompasses a wide range of observations, experiments, and hypotheses. Unlike a hypothesis, a theory is supported by a substantial body of evidence and has withstood extensive testing and scrutiny. Theories provide a comprehensive framework for understanding natural phenomena and have a higher level of generalization compared to hypotheses.

One key attribute of a theory is its ability to explain and predict a broad range of related phenomena. For example, the theory of evolution by natural selection explains the diversity of life on Earth, the fossil record, and the similarities between different species. Theories are built upon a foundation of multiple lines of evidence, including experimental data, observational studies, and mathematical models.

Theories are also subject to revision and refinement as new evidence emerges. However, this does not undermine their validity or significance. The process of scientific inquiry involves constantly challenging and refining existing theories to accommodate new findings. Theories are not static, but rather dynamic frameworks that adapt to incorporate new knowledge.

Moreover, theories are widely accepted within the scientific community due to their robustness and explanatory power. They have undergone rigorous peer review and scrutiny, ensuring that they meet the highest standards of scientific integrity. Theories provide a solid foundation for further research and serve as a basis for the development of new hypotheses.

Comparing Hypotheses and Theories

While hypotheses and theories share the common goal of explaining natural phenomena, they differ in several key attributes. Let's explore some of the main points of comparison:

Scope and Generalization

Hypotheses are typically narrow in scope, focusing on specific aspects of a phenomenon. They aim to explain or predict a particular observation or relationship. In contrast, theories have a broader scope and offer a higher level of generalization. They provide comprehensive explanations that encompass multiple phenomena and observations.

Evidence and Testing

Hypotheses are formulated based on preliminary evidence or observations. They serve as starting points for scientific investigation and require empirical testing to determine their validity. Hypotheses are often tested through experiments, data analysis, or observational studies. Theories, on the other hand, are supported by a substantial body of evidence. They have withstood extensive testing and scrutiny, incorporating multiple lines of evidence from various sources.

Level of Certainty

Due to their preliminary nature, hypotheses do not offer a high level of certainty. They are educated guesses that require further testing and validation. In contrast, theories provide a higher level of certainty and confidence. They are well-substantiated explanations that have been extensively tested and supported by a wide range of evidence.

Development and Evolution

Hypotheses are often derived from existing theories or emerge from exploratory research. They serve as the initial step in scientific inquiry and can evolve into theories if supported by substantial evidence. Theories, on the other hand, are the result of extensive research, testing, and refinement. They are dynamic frameworks that adapt to incorporate new evidence and insights.

Acceptance and Consensus

While hypotheses are subject to individual interpretation and may vary among researchers, theories are widely accepted within the scientific community. Theories have undergone rigorous peer review and scrutiny, ensuring a high level of consensus among experts. They provide a solid foundation for scientific understanding and guide further research.

In summary, hypotheses and theories are integral components of the scientific method, each serving distinct roles in the pursuit of knowledge. Hypotheses provide specific explanations or predictions for phenomena and act as the initial step in scientific inquiry. They require empirical testing and validation to determine their validity. Theories, on the other hand, offer comprehensive explanations that encompass a wide range of observations and have withstood extensive testing. They provide a higher level of generalization and serve as the foundation for scientific understanding. While hypotheses and theories differ in their scope, level of evidence, and generalization, they both contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and our understanding of the natural world.

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Home » Education » Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

Main difference – hypothesis vs theory.

Hypothesis and theory are two words that are often used in the field of science and research. Although these two words have somewhat similar meanings, there is a fundamental difference between hypothesis and theory. Hypothesis is a suggested explanation to explain some phenomenon, and is based on limited data. Theory, on the other hand, is a set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events; they are based on concrete evidence. This is the main difference between hypothesis and theory.

This article explains,

1. What is a Hypothesis? – Definitions and Features

2. What is a Theory? – Definitions and Features

What is a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation based on some evidence.  According to the Oxford dictionary, hypothesis is “a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation” and Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as “an idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion.”

However, a hypothesis is not scientifically tested or proven; it is a logical assumption based on the available evidence. A hypothesis can be accurate or inaccurate. Once the hypothesis is scientifically tested and proven, it becomes a theory.

The hypothesis of Andreas Cellarius, showing the planetary motions in eccentric and epicyclical orbits.

What is a Theory

Theory is an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events. A theory is formulated after in-depth research analysis. It is always proven scientifically with evidence. The Oxford dictionary defines theory as “supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.”

As mentioned above, a theory is usually formulated from a hypothesis. Once a hypothesis is tested and proven, it is accepted as a theory. Copernicus’ Heliocentric theory, Darwin’s theory of evolution, quantum theory, special relativity theory, are examples of are some important scientific theories.

A theory can be used to understand, explain and make predictions over a concept. However, theories can be proven to be wrong as well, depending on the proof. However, theoretical knowledge is important in understanding different concepts and situations.

Special Theory of Relativity

Definition 

Hypothesis is a proposed explanation for some phenomenon based on limited evidence.

Theory is an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.

Testing and Proof

Hypothesis is not scientifically tested or proven.

Theory is scientifically tested and proven.

Hypothesis is based on limited data.

Theory is based on a wide range of data.

Interdependence

Hypothesis can lead to a theory.

Theory can be formulated through a hypothesis.

Image Courtesy:

“Cellarius Harmonia Macrocosmica – Hypothesis Ptolemaica” By Andreas Cellarius – (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia

“World line” By SVG version: K. Aainsqatsi at en.wikipediaOriginal PNG version: Stib at en.wikipedia – Transferred from en.wikipedia.(Original text : self-made) (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikimedia 

About the Author: Hasa

Hasanthi is a seasoned content writer and editor with over 8 years of experience. Armed with a BA degree in English and a knack for digital marketing, she explores her passions for literature, history, culture, and food through her engaging and informative writing.

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Scientific Theory Definition and Examples

A scientific theory is a well-established explanation of some aspect of the natural world. Theories come from scientific data and multiple experiments. While it is not possible to prove a theory, a single contrary result using the scientific method can disprove it. In other words, a theory is testable and falsifiable.

Examples of Scientific Theories

There are many scientific theory in different disciplines:

• Astronomy : theory of stellar nucleosynthesis , theory of stellar evolution
• Biology : cell theory, theory of evolution, germ theory, dual inheritance theory
• Chemistry : atomic theory, Bronsted Lowry acid-base theory , kinetic molecular theory of gases , Lewis acid-base theory , molecular theory, valence bond theory
• Geology : climate change theory, plate tectonics theory
• Physics : Big Bang theory, perturbation theory, theory of relativity, quantum field theory

Criteria for a Theory

In order for an explanation of the natural world to be a theory, it meets certain criteria:

• A theory is falsifiable. At some point, a theory withstands testing and experimentation using the scientific method.
• A theory is supported by lots of independent evidence.
• A theory explains existing experimental results and predicts outcomes of new experiments at least as well as other theories.

Difference Between a Scientific Theory and Theory

Usually, a scientific theory is just called a theory. However, a theory in science means something different from the way most people use the word. For example, if frogs rain down from the sky, a person might observe the frogs and say, “I have a theory about why that happened.” While that theory might be an explanation, it is not based on multiple observations and experiments. It might not be testable and falsifiable. It’s not a scientific theory (although it could eventually become one).

Value of Disproven Theories

Even though some theories are incorrect, they often retain value.

For example, Arrhenius acid-base theory does not explain the behavior of chemicals lacking hydrogen that behave as acids. The Bronsted Lowry and Lewis theories do a better job of explaining this behavior. Yet, the Arrhenius theory predicts the behavior of most acids and is easier for people to understand.

Another example is the theory of Newtonian mechanics. The theory of relativity is much more inclusive than Newtonian mechanics, which breaks down in certain frames of reference or at speeds close to the speed of light . But, Newtonian mechanics is much simpler to understand and its equations apply to everyday behavior.

Difference Between a Scientific Theory and a Scientific Law

The scientific method leads to the formulation of both scientific theories and laws . Both theories and laws are falsifiable. Both theories and laws help with making predictions about the natural world. However, there is a key difference.

A theory explains why or how something works, while a law describes what happens without explaining it. Often, you see laws written in the form of equations or formulas.

Theories and laws are related, but theories never become laws or vice versa.

Theory vs Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposition that is tested via an experiment. A theory results from many, many tested hypotheses.

Theory vs Fact

Theories depend on facts, but the two words mean different things. A fact is an irrefutable piece of evidence or data. Facts never change. A theory, on the other hand, may be modified or disproven.

Difference Between a Theory and a Model

Both theories and models allow a scientist to form a hypothesis and make predictions about future outcomes. However, a theory both describes and explains, while a model only describes. For example, a model of the solar system shows the arrangement of planets and asteroids in a plane around the Sun, but it does not explain how or why they got into their positions.

• Frigg, Roman (2006). “ Scientific Representation and the Semantic View of Theories .”  Theoria . 55 (2): 183–206. 
• Halvorson, Hans (2012). “What Scientific Theories Could Not Be.”  Philosophy of Science . 79 (2): 183–206. doi: 10.1086/664745
• McComas, William F. (December 30, 2013).  The Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning . Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-497-0.
• National Academy of Sciences (US) (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences (2nd ed.). National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6024  ISBN 978-0-309-06406-4. 
• Suppe, Frederick (1998). “Understanding Scientific Theories: An Assessment of Developments, 1969–1998.”  Philosophy of Science . 67: S102–S115. doi: 10.1086/392812

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Difference Between Theory and Hypothesis

Many of them belittle evolution because “it is just a theory.” Gravity, on the other hand, must be real because it is a law. The words “theory,” “facts,” “laws” and “hypothesis” have a very specific meaning in the scientific world that doesn’t quite match the ones we use in everyday language. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of an observation that can be tested. It acts as a starting point for further explanation. Theory, on the other hand, is an explanation of some aspect of the natural world that’s well-justified by facts, tested hypotheses, and laws. Let us look at more differences between hypothesis and theory given in a tabular column below.

Theory vs Hypothesis

From the above differences, we can infer that a hypothesis might change significantly as the testing occurs. A hypothesis can either be right or wrong. When a hypothesis is tested and proved true, it becomes a theory. At BYJU’S, learn more differences like the difference between asteroid and comet.

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Difference between Hypothesis and Theory

• Categorized under Science | Difference between Hypothesis and Theory

The term hypothesis is used to refer to an explanation of things that occur. In some cases, it may refer to a simple guess. In other instances it may be a well-developed set of propositions that are crafted to explain the detailed workings of some occurrence or occurrences. One definition states specifically that it is the antecedent to a conditional proposition.

The hypothesis is formed and tested within the scientific process . One may develop the hypothesis while observation is occurring, but that may also be considered premature. The act of observation (outside of experimentation) may actually present opportunity to disprove a hypothesis. The hypothesis though is necessarily well defined and inclusive of details. This allows for accurate testing. It also in many cases distinguishes it from a theory.

The term theory is one of a rather scientific nature, but of a less limited nature. Some uses can refer to explanations of occurrences; some do include usage as referencing a simple guess. There is more though. Theory is used to refer to a branch of study that is focused on the general and conceptual, as compared to the practical and the applied of the same subject. It is significant that a theory is conjectural in nature.

Within the scientific process, the use of a theory is like a working model or understanding of what is occurring. The theory is often developed in the course of observation (in a non-experiment setting). Though, it is further developed by experimenting and the testing of hypotheses, a theory is only a theory. By its existence it maintains its validity. Once a theory is disproved, it is usually dismissed.

An illustration of sorts: If one watches water fall from a table after being spilled, one might develop the theory that water moves toward the floor. Then a hypothesis may be developed that states, water will move toward the flooring regardless of its direction relative to the table. Then testing of the hypothesis might include holding samples of the flooring in numerous directions relatively to the table and then releasing the same amount of water with the same vector on the table. If the water does not move upward from the edge of the table toward the flooring above the table, the hypothesis is incorrect and must be replaced.

Those are the major distinctions of theory and hypothesis and their similarities.

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Key Difference: A Hypothesis is a tentative statement which provides explanations regarding a phenomenon or event. It is widely used as a base for conducting tests and the results of the tests determine the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis. A Theory is the scientific explanation of an observed activity or a phenomenon. It explains the observations or events that are based upon any proven hypothesis. Therefore, hypothesis forms the base for a theory.

It can always be tested by experimentation after the formulation. It is generated by gathering possible evidence. Later, the investigation is carried out to test the hypothesis. It is either accepted or assumed.

A Theory is basically a system comprising of ideas through which explanations are made. A theory is based on the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is able to survive and pass all critical tests then it is eligible to be mentioned as a theory. A theory is always supported by evidence. Therefore, it is regarded to be a well confirmed type of explanation. A theory may also be used for predicting any of the future observations. One of the famous theories is Darwin’s Revolutionary Theory. Darwin derived and used the information from various fields and subjects to establish this theory.

Hypothesis and theory are related to each other but still differ in many aspects. Hypothesis is a testable proposition, whereas theory is a coherent set of propositions. Hypothesis is always testable and this property defines the very basic property of a hypothesis. On the other hand, theory is a result that is obtained by rigorous testing and investigations.

Comparison between Hypothesis and Prediction:

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Discussion with Kara Rogers of how the scientific model is used to test a hypothesis or represent a theory

Hypothesis, Model, Theory, and Law

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In common usage, the words hypothesis, model, theory, and law have different interpretations and are at times used without precision, but in science they have very exact meanings.

Perhaps the most difficult and intriguing step is the development of a specific, testable hypothesis. A useful hypothesis enables predictions by applying deductive reasoning, often in the form of mathematical analysis. It is a limited statement regarding the cause and effect in a specific situation, which can be tested by experimentation and observation or by statistical analysis of the probabilities from the data obtained. The outcome of the test hypothesis should be currently unknown, so that the results can provide useful data regarding the validity of the hypothesis.

Sometimes a hypothesis is developed that must wait for new knowledge or technology to be testable. The concept of atoms was proposed by the ancient Greeks , who had no means of testing it. Centuries later, when more knowledge became available, the hypothesis gained support and was eventually accepted by the scientific community, though it has had to be amended many times over the year. Atoms are not indivisible, as the Greeks supposed.

A model is used for situations when it is known that the hypothesis has a limitation on its validity. The Bohr model of the atom , for example, depicts electrons circling the atomic nucleus in a fashion similar to planets in the solar system. This model is useful in determining the energies of the quantum states of the electron in the simple hydrogen atom, but it is by no means represents the true nature of the atom. Scientists (and science students) often use such idealized models  to get an initial grasp on analyzing complex situations.

Theory and Law

A scientific theory or law represents a hypothesis (or group of related hypotheses) which has been confirmed through repeated testing, almost always conducted over a span of many years. Generally, a theory is an explanation for a set of related phenomena, like the theory of evolution or the big bang theory . 

The word "law" is often invoked in reference to a specific mathematical equation that relates the different elements within a theory. Pascal's Law refers an equation that describes differences in pressure based on height. In the overall theory of universal gravitation developed by Sir Isaac Newton , the key equation that describes the gravitational attraction between two objects is called the law of gravity .

These days, physicists rarely apply the word "law" to their ideas. In part, this is because so many of the previous "laws of nature" were found to be not so much laws as guidelines, that work well within certain parameters but not within others.

Scientific Paradigms

Once a scientific theory is established, it is very hard to get the scientific community to discard it. In physics, the concept of ether as a medium for light wave transmission ran into serious opposition in the late 1800s, but it was not disregarded until the early 1900s, when Albert Einstein proposed alternate explanations for the wave nature of light that did not rely upon a medium for transmission.

The science philosopher Thomas Kuhn developed the term scientific paradigm to explain the working set of theories under which science operates. He did extensive work on the scientific revolutions that take place when one paradigm is overturned in favor of a new set of theories. His work suggests that the very nature of science changes when these paradigms are significantly different. The nature of physics prior to relativity and quantum mechanics is fundamentally different from that after their discovery, just as biology prior to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is fundamentally different from the biology that followed it. The very nature of the inquiry changes.

One consequence of the scientific method is to try to maintain consistency in the inquiry when these revolutions occur and to avoid attempts to overthrow existing paradigms on ideological grounds.

Occam’s Razor

One principle of note in regards to the scientific method is Occam’s Razor (alternately spelled Ockham's Razor), which is named after the 14th century English logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. Occam did not create the concept—the work of Thomas Aquinas and even Aristotle referred to some form of it. The name was first attributed to him (to our knowledge) in the 1800s, indicating that he must have espoused the philosophy enough that his name became associated with it.

The Razor is often stated in Latin as:

entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem

or, translated to English:

entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity

Occam's Razor indicates that the most simple explanation that fits the available data is the one which is preferable. Assuming that two hypotheses presented have equal predictive power, the one which makes the fewest assumptions and hypothetical entities takes precedence. This appeal to simplicity has been adopted by most of science, and is invoked in this popular quote by Albert Einstein:

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.

It is significant to note that Occam's Razor does not prove that the simpler hypothesis is, indeed, the true explanation of how nature behaves. Scientific principles should be as simple as possible, but that's no proof that nature itself is simple.

However, it is generally the case that when a more complex system is at work there is some element of the evidence which doesn't fit the simpler hypothesis, so Occam's Razor is rarely wrong as it deals only with hypotheses of purely equal predictive power. The predictive power is more important than the simplicity.

Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

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Difference Between Hypothesis And Theory

Understanding the difference between a hypothesis and a theory is important in scientific research. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on limited evidence and requiring further investigation. While, a theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world, supported by strong evidence and repeated testing. This distinction highlights the progression from initial inquiry to established scientific understanding.

Differentiate between Hypothesis and Theory

Table of Content

What is a Hypothesis?

Examples of hypothesis, what is theory, examples of theory, difference between hypothesis and theory, similarities between hypothesis and theory, conclusion: difference between hypothesis and theory.

A hypothesis is a scientific ‘what if ‘ statement. It is your guess or prediction about something you’re curious about. It is the starting point of the scientific investigation, it is a way to make an informed guess that you can test through experiments and observations. In other words, hypothesis is the first step in unraveling the mysteries of the world.

• Biology: Hypothesis: If I water this plant every day it will grow taller than the plant I water only once a week – this hypothesis explores the cause and effect relationship between watering and frequency and plant growth .
• Physics: Hypothesis: Increase the temperature of a gas cause it to expand – this hypothesis explores the behavior of gases under changing temperature conditions
• Psychology: Hypothesis: Increased access to education will decrease crime rate in community – This Hypothesis explores to understand the potential of human emotions

A theory is not a wild guess, it is a robust and thoroughly tested idea that explains a particular phenomenon. Theory is a combination of evidence, data and experiments. It contains good standard in scientific understanding and is well established.

• Biology: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection : This Theory is proposed by Charles Darwin that explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection, here individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Physics: Theory of General Relativity: Albert Einstein’s Theory explains that gravity works by explaining relationship between space, time and presence of mass which leads to bending of light by massive objects.
• Psychology: Cognitive Development Theory: Jean Piaget’s Theory explains stages of cognitive development in children, emphasizing how they acquire knowledge, problem solving, thinking skills etc.

The difference between Hypothesis and Theory is as follows:

Similarities between Hypothesis and Theory are given below:

• Scientific Basis: Both are fundamental components of the scientific method.
• Explanation of Phenomena: Aim to explain natural phenomena and provide understanding of the natural world.
• Subject to Testing: Can be tested through experiments and observations.
• Require Evidence: Both rely on evidence to be validated or supported.
• Falsifiable: Both must be falsifiable, meaning they can be disproven by evidence.
• Predictive Power: Make predictions that can be tested by further research.
• Foundation for Research: Both serve as foundations for scientific research and experimentation.
• Dynamic Nature: Can be refined or revised based on new evidence and findings.
• Communication Tools: Used to communicate scientific ideas and findings to the broader community.
• Guidance for Studies: Both provide direction for future studies and experiments.

In conclusion, while both hypotheses and theories are important to scientific inquiry, they differ significantly in their roles and stages. A hypothesis is an initial, testable proposition, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on extensive evidence. Understanding these differences is essential for grasping the scientific method and the progression from questioning to comprehensive understanding.

Also Read: Hypothesis How to Write a Research Hypothesis- Step-By-Step Guide With Examples

FAQs on Difference Between Hypothesis And Theory

What is the main difference between a hypothesis and a theory in science.

A hypothesis is a guess based on limited evidence and theory is a well substantiated and comprehensive explanation that has extensive testing and research.

How do Hypotheses and Theories evolve in Science?

Hypotheses can evolve into theories when they are supported by a substantial evidence through repeated experiments and observations.

Can a Hypothesis become a Theory?

Yes, a hypothesis can develop into a theory when it contains significant evidence and is widely accepted within the scientific community. The process involves testing and validation.

Are Hypotheses less Important than Theories in Science?

No, both hypotheses and theories play crucial roles in scientific research. Hypotheses initiate investigations and guide experiments, theories provide a deep understanding of natural phenomena based on accumulated knowledge.

What Happens if a Hypothesis is not Supported by Evidence?

If a hypothesis is not supported by evidence from experiments or observations then it is either revised or rejected. This process of testing and modifying hypotheses is essential for scientific progress and accuracy.

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Definition of hypothesis

Did you know.

The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is usually tentative; it's an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.

A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, it is understood to be more likely to be true than a hypothesis is.

In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch, with theory being the more common choice.

Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.

The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)

This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.

The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."

• proposition
• supposition

hypothesis , theory , law mean a formula derived by inference from scientific data that explains a principle operating in nature.

hypothesis implies insufficient evidence to provide more than a tentative explanation.

theory implies a greater range of evidence and greater likelihood of truth.

law implies a statement of order and relation in nature that has been found to be invariable under the same conditions.

Examples of hypothesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'hypothesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Greek, from hypotithenai to put under, suppose, from hypo- + tithenai to put — more at do

1641, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Phrases Containing hypothesis

• counter - hypothesis
• nebular hypothesis
• null hypothesis
• planetesimal hypothesis
• Whorfian hypothesis

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hypothesize

Cite this Entry

“Hypothesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypothesis. Accessed 7 Sep. 2024.

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