cash flow for business plan

Cash Flow Basics for Small Business Explained

Noah Parsons

13 min. read

Updated May 11, 2024

Cash is the lifeblood of every business, and running out of it is the number one reason that small businesses fail. Even if you are making plenty of sales, if you don’t have enough cash in the bank your business won’t be able to pay its bills and stay open.

That’s why it’s so important for businesses to understand the basics of cash flow and cash flow forecasting. We’ll be covering those elements and more throughout this guide.

• What is cash flow?

Cash flow measures how much money moves into and out of your business during a specific period.

Businesses bring in money through sales, returns on investments, and loans and investments—that’s cash flowing into the business.

And businesses spend money on supplies and services, utilities, taxes, loan payments, and other bills—that’s cash flowing out.

Cash flow is measured by comparing how much money flows into a business during a certain period to how much money flows out of that business during that period. 

You usually measure cash flow over a month or a quarter.

• How to calculate cash flow

The simplest formula for calculating cash flow is:

CASH RECEIVED – CASH SPENT = NET CASH FLOW

If your net cash flow number is positive, your business is cash flow positive, and accumulating cash in the bank.

If your net cash flow number is negative, your business is cash flow negative, and you are finishing the month with less cash than you started with.

What’s the difference between Cash and Profit?

Believe it or not, it’s possible for your business to be profitable but still run out of cash. That may not be intuitive initially, but it’s because cash and profits are very different. Here’s why.

Profits can include sales you’ve made but haven’t been paid for yet.

Cash, on the other hand, is the amount of money you actually have in your bank account. It represents your business’s liquidity; it’s not cash if you can’t use it right now to pay your bills.

For example, if you’re making a lot of sales but you invoice your customers, and they pay you “net 30,” or within 30 days of receiving the invoice, you could have lots of revenue on paper but not a lot of cash in your bank account because your customers haven’t paid you yet. Those sales will only show up on your income statement .

If the money your customers owe you hasn’t entered your bank account, it won’t appear on your cash flow statement yet. It isn’t available to your business at this point. It’s still in your customers’ hands, even though you’ve invoiced them. You keep track of the money your customers owe you in accounts receivable .

Meanwhile, you can only pay your bills with real cash in your bank account. It will be tough to fulfill orders, meet payroll, and pay rent without that cash. That’s why keeping track of cash flow is so important. 

To keep your business afloat, you need to have a good sense of what comes in and what goes out of your business every month and do everything you can to remain cash flow positive.

Dig deeper:

The difference between cash and profits

Learn more about the specific differences between cash and profits and how they impact your business.

The difference between cash flow and working capital

Cash flow and working capital tell different financial stories about your business. Cash flow deals with money moving in and out of your business while working capital compares assets and liabilities.

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• How to analyze a cash flow statement

When analyzing your historical cash flow statement, you’re looking at the amount of real cash you have on hand at the beginning of the month, compared to your cash at the end of the month. 

You can also look at your cash flow over different time frames – quarterly, for example – but a good rule of thumb is to regularly look at your cash flow to better understand any changes in the health of your business.

To see a visual example of how this works within a business, you can download this free cash flow example as a PDF or Excel sheet .

When conducting a cash flow analysis, you’ll want to be sure you understand the following key terms. 

Positive cash flow

Positive cash flow is defined as ending up with more liquid money on hand at the end of a given period of time compared to what was available when that period began.

Let’s say you started with $1000 in cash at the beginning of the month. You paid $500 in bills and expenses, and your customers paid you $2,000 for your services. Good news: Your cash flow is positive, at $1,500 for the month, leaving you with $2500 in cash.

If you have positive trending cash flow, it’s easier to:

• Pay your bills: Positive cash flow ensures employees get checks during each payroll cycle. It also gives decision makers the funds they need to pay suppliers, creditors, and the government.
• Invest in new opportunities: Today’s business world moves quickly. When cash is readily available, business owners can invest in opportunities that may arise at any given point in time.
• Stomach the unpredictable: Having access to cash means that whenever equipment breaks, clients don’t pay their invoices on time, or when new government regulations come into effect, businesses can survive.

Negative cash flow

Negative cash flow is when more cash is leaving the business than is coming in. When cash flow is negative, the amount of cash in your bank account is shrinking. This might not be a problem if your business has plenty of cash in the bank. But, it does mean that your business will eventually run out of money if it doesn’t become cash flow positive at some point.

Let’s say you started with $2,000 in the bank at the beginning of the month. You paid $1,500 in bills and expenses, and even though you did plenty of work and invoiced your customers for $3,000 worth of services, your customers only actually paid you $200. You’re still waiting for the rest of your payments to come in. Your cash flow is negative: -$1,300 for the month, leaving you with only $700 in cash.

If you don’t have any reserves, your rent check might bounce. If you have an established line of credit, you might rely on that to pay part of your bills. Maybe you forecasted your cash flow and knew that you were going to be short that month, so you made a plan to cover your expenses.

One month of negative cash flow won’t necessarily tank your business. But your business is at risk when you start to see a trend, and you don’t do nothing to reverse it (or when you’re unpleasantly surprised because you haven’t been tracking your cash flow). 

Cash Burn Rate and Runway

New businesses and startups often have negative cash flow when starting. They have lots of bills to pay while they’re getting up and running, and there aren’t a lot of sales yet. As revenue from sales starts to come in, hopefully, cash will flow into the business instead of just flowing out. 

This is why new businesses often need investment and loans to get started—they need cash in the bank to cover all of the negative cash flow during the business’s early days.

When starting out, it’s important to track Cash Burn Rate, which is essentially your negative cash flow number – the amount of money you are “burning” each month. You can then use that number to determine how many months of cash you have left – this is your “runway.” 

Read our detailed explanation of cash burn rate and cash runway to learn more about how to find, measure, and adjust these metrics.

Negative cash flow can also happen when a business chooses to invest in a new opportunity. The business could be betting that investing in a new opportunity now will pay off in the future. That investment could cause negative cash flow for some time, so it’s important to keep a close eye on cash and have a solid cash flow forecast in place so you know if your business is on track to stay in the black.

How positive and negative cash flow impact your business

Learn more about your relationship with positive and negative cash flow and how understanding these concepts will help you better understand your business health.

The importance of your burn rate and cash runway

Learn to calculate how much cash you’re using up and how long you have until it’s depleted.

15 tips for dealing with clients who won’t pay

A major factor that impacts your positive cash flow is clients paying on time. If delays in payment are leading to a cash flow crunch, there are a few things worth trying.

• Why cash flow forecasting is important

You’ll want to monitor your historical cash flow at least once a month so you can start spotting trends with what’s actually happening with your cash inflow and outflow.

But it’s not just measuring the past and present, forecasting your cash flow can also help you anticipate when your business might run low on cash in the future. You can then plan ahead and open a line of credit or find other loans and investments to help you cover that point in the future when you’re going to need a little extra cash.

It’s a lot easier to get help from a bank or investor before you’re actually in a crisis where you’re not sure you can cover your bills. If you wait until you’re really in trouble to take action, lenders may see you as too much of a risk and turn down your request.

Your cash flow forecast can also help you plan the best time to make a big purchase, like a new piece of equipment or a company vehicle.

Don’t forget to account for the unknown, though. Business owners can’t predict the future—particularly when it comes to any unforeseen expenses they might incur (e.g., a truck breaking down prematurely and needing replacement, or a data breach resulting in a forced increase in IT spend). And they also can’t know for certain that their clients will pay their bills on time.

So, when you’re forecasting or looking at your cash flow statement for last month, remember that having some buffer is a good thing. You don’t want to be in a position where you’ve allocated every single penny, to the point where you can’t accommodate unexpected expenses.

Part of reviewing your cash flow should be thinking about risk, and the effect an unexpected expense will have on your available cash—and ultimately, your ability to pay your bills.

How to forecast your cash flow and build a cash flow statement

A cash flow projection is all about predicting your money needs in advance. 

Unfortunately, though, forecasting your cash flow is a bit more complicated than forecasting other aspects of your business such as your sales and expenses. Your cash flow statement takes inputs from your revenue projections, your expense projections, and also your inventory purchase plans if your business keeps inventory on hand.

In addition to that, you need to predict when your customers will pay you – will all of them pay on time? Or will some take longer to pay?

A tool like LivePlan can greatly simplify cash flow forecasting, but you can also do it yourself with spreadsheets.

There are two methods you can use to build a cash flow statement : the direct method and the indirect method. While they will both arrive at the same end-result and predict how much cash you will have in the bank in the future, they accomplish that goal in different ways.

The direct method of forecasting cash flow

The direct method provides a very clear view of how cash moves in and out of a business. You essentially add up all the cash your business has received from various sources and then subtract all the cash that is paid out to suppliers, vendors, employees, etc. 

This number will be the amount of cash you’ve added or subtracted from your bank account during the month.

The indirect method of forecasting cash flow

The indirect method starts with your net income from your Profit and Loss Statement and then makes adjustments to that number to account for non-cash expenses such as depreciation. 

From there you make adjustments to account for changes in inventory, accounts receivable , and accounts payable .

The indirect method is very common for building historical cash flow statements because the required numbers are all easily generated from your accounting system. This makes it a fairly popular method for forecasting cash flow. 

However, the direct method is generally easier for people who aren’t as familiar with the intricacies of accounting.

Read our guide for a more detailed explanation of the two methods of creating a cash flow statement .

Forecasting cash flow

If you’re forecasting cash flow using spreadsheets, I recommend using the direct method. It’s easier and more straightforward.

Essentially, you want to create future estimates of when you’ll receive money from customers and when you’ll pay your bills. 

It’s not critical to forecast every invoice and bill payment, though. Forecasting is about helping you make strategic decisions about your business, so making broader estimates in your forecast is OK.

How to manage cash flow with an accurate forecast

Learn how to leverage your cash flow forecast to actively manage your business and improve your chances for growth.

• How to improve your cash flow

If your cash flow is negative or you’re just looking for ways to improve your cash flow in general, there are plenty of options available. Here’s a quick list of things you can do:

• Convince your customers to pay you faster
• Pay your own bills a bit slower
• Purchase less inventory and keep less inventory on hand
• Follow up on bad debts
• Establish a line of credit or other type of business loan

Depending on your situation, you may use these methods or even consider more drastic measures if the broader economy is impacting your ability to create positive cash flow.

Tips to improve your cash flow

Are you struggling to maintain healthy cash flow? Check out these ten tips to improve the health of your business.

How to prevent cash flow problems

The best way to improve your cash flow is by preventing problems before they ever start. Here are four ways to do it.

How to manage cash flow in a crisis

Here are five tips to help strengthen your cash position and keep your business healthy even when dealing with terrible circumstances.

How to balance cash flow in a seasonal business

Seasonal businesses have unique challenges you’ll want to consider, including variations on cash flow management. Check out these techniques to effectively balance your cash flow and avoid seasonal surprises.

Noah is the COO at Palo Alto Software, makers of the online business plan app LivePlan. He started his career at Yahoo! and then helped start the user review site Epinions.com. From there he started a software distribution business in the UK before coming to Palo Alto Software to run the marketing and product teams.

Table of Contents

• Cash vs profit
• How to forecast cash flow

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More From Forbes

How To Create A Cash Flow Plan That Works For Your Business

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If you're a business owner, you know that cash flow is the lifeblood of your business. Without a solid cash flow plan, your business can quickly run into trouble, and it can be challenging to stay afloat.

Fortunately, creating a cash flow plan that works for your business is not as complicated as it may seem. Many accounting software programs will generate cash reports with accuracy. But you must understand the information to make it useful.

Let's go through the essential steps you need to take to create a cash flow plan that will help your business thrive:

1. set up a cash flow projection.

First, you need to understand your current cash flow situation and develop a projection for the next few months. You can do this by reviewing your previous financial statements, reviewing recent trends, and forecasting future revenue and expenses. Create a spreadsheet or use accounting software to create a cash flow projection that you can update regularly. Make sure to factor in all your regular expenses, such as payroll, rent, and inventory and factor in unexpected fees or variable costs.

2. Monitor your accounts receivable

Keeping track of your payments and collections is essential. Ensure to send out invoices promptly and follow up with clients who have yet to pay you on time. You can also consider offering incentives or discounts for clients who pay early or charge penalties for those who pay late. Consider also assigning someone to monitor and manage your accounts receivable actively.

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Best covid-19 travel insurance plans, 3. manage your accounts payable.

As a business owner, you likely have several expenses that you need to pay, such as rent, utilities, and inventory. Managing these expenses carefully is essential so you can handle cash flow problems. Review your expenses and prioritize them by their payment deadlines. Consider setting up recurring payments, negotiating payment terms or extending payment deadlines for bills that aren't urgent.

4. Use incentives to get customers to pay quickly

By offering something extra to customers who pay their bills quickly, you're more likely to motivate them to do so. This could be a discount on their next purchase, a free service, or even a small gift card. Not only does this help you get paid faster, but it can also enhance your relationship with your customers by showing them that you value their commitment and loyalty to your business. So, go ahead and try incentivizing your customers to pay quickly – it's a win-win situation for everyone.

5. Ensure your business is profitable

One of the biggest risks you'll face as a business owner is having cash flow issues that threaten the stability of your operations. But what's the root cause of these financial challenges? It's simple - running a business that isn't profitable. Without consistent profits , you'll struggle to pay your bills, meet payroll obligations, or invest in new opportunities that can drive growth. That's why focusing on profitability is critical as a core aspect of your business strategy. Doing so gives you the financial stability you need to weather any storm and reach your long-term goals.

The bottom line is that creating a cash flow plan that works for your business requires careful analysis, regular monitoring, and adjusting your priorities. Whether you're a start-up or an established business owner, developing a cash flow plan is crucial for keeping your business healthy and sustainable. You have multiple options, from using budgeting software to seeking support from financial advisors. Following the steps outlined in this blog post, you can develop a comprehensive cash flow plan that sets your business on the path to success.

Melissa Houston, CPA is the author of Cash Confident: An Entrepreneur’s Guide to Creating a Profitable Business . She is the founder of She Means Profit, which is a podcast and blog . As a Finance Strategist for CEOs, Melissa helps successful business owners increase their profit margins so that they keep more money in their pocket and increase their net worth.

The opinions expressed in this article are not intended to replace any professional or expert accounting and/or tax advice whatsoever.

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• Cash Flow Projection – The Comple...

Cash Flow Projection – The Complete Guide

Table of Content

Key takeaways.

• Cash flow projection is a vital tool for financial decision-making, providing a clear view of future cash movements.
• Cash flow is crucial for business survival and includes managing cash effectively and providing a financial planning roadmap.
• Automation in cash flow management is a game-changer. It enhances accuracy, efficiency, and scalability in projecting cash flows, helping businesses avoid common pitfalls.

Introduction

Cash flow is the lifeblood of any business. Yet, many companies constantly face the looming threat of cash shortages, often leading to their downfall. Despite its paramount importance, cash flow management can be overwhelming, leaving businesses uncertain about their financial stability.

But fear not, there’s a straightforward solution to this common problem – cash flow projection. By mastering the art of cash flow projection, you can gain better control over your finances and steer your business away from potential financial crises. Cash flow projections offer a proactive approach to managing cash flow, enabling you to anticipate challenges and make informed decisions to safeguard the future of your business.

If you’re unsure how to accurately perform cash flow projections or if you’re new to the concept altogether, this article explains everything you need to know, provides you with a step-by-step guide to preparing cash flow projections and highlights the key role automation plays in enhancing the effectiveness of these projections. 

What Is Cash Flow Projection?

Cash flow projection is a financial forecast that estimates the future inflows and outflows of cash for a specified period, typically using a cash flow projection template. It helps businesses anticipate liquidity needs, plan investments, and ensure financial stability.

Think of cash flow projection as a financial crystal ball that allows you to peek into the future of your business’s cash movements. It involves mapping out the expected cash inflows (receivables) from sales, investments, and financing activities and the anticipated cash outflows (payables) for expenses, investments, and debt repayments.

It provides invaluable foresight into your business’s anticipated cash position, helping you plan for potential shortfalls, identify surplus funds, and make informed financial decisions.

Why Are Cash Flow Projections Important for Your Business?

Managing cash flow is a critical aspect of running a successful business. It can be the determining factor between flourishing and filing for Chapter 11  bankruptcy .

In fact, studies reveal that 30% of business failures stem from running out of money. To avoid such a fate, by understanding and predicting the inflow and outflow of cash, businesses can make informed decisions, plan effectively, and steer clear of potential financial disasters.

Calculating projected cash flow is a crucial process for businesses to anticipate their future financial health and make informed decisions. This process involves forecasting expected cash inflows and outflows over a specific period using historical data, sales forecasts, expense projections, and other relevant information. Regularly updating and reviewing projected cash flow helps businesses identify potential cash shortages or surpluses, allowing for proactive cash management strategies and financial planning.

Cash Flow Projection vs. Cash Flow Forecast

Having control over your cash flow is the key to a successful business. By understanding the differences between cash flow forecasts and projections, business owners can use these tools more effectively to manage their finances and plan for the future. 

Step-by-Step Guide to Creating a Cash Flow Projection

An effective cash flow projection enables better management of business finances. Here is a step-by-step process to create cash flow projections:

Step 1: Choose the type of projection model

• Determine the appropriate projection model based on your business needs and planning horizon.
• Consider the following factors when choosing a projection model:
• Short-term projections : Covering 3-12 months, these projections are suitable for immediate planning and monitoring.
• Long-term projections : Extending beyond 12 months, these projections provide insights for strategic decision-making and future planning.
• Combination approach : Use a combination of short-term and long-term projections to address both immediate and long-range goals.

Step 2: Gather historical data and sales information

• Collect relevant historical financial data, including cash inflows and outflows from previous periods.
• Analyze sales information, considering seasonality, customer payment patterns, and market trends.

Pro Tip: Finance teams often utilize accounting software to ingest a range of historical and transactional data. 

Step 3: Project cash inflows

• Estimate cash inflows based on sales forecasts, considering factors such as payment terms and collection periods.
• Utilize historical data and market insights to refine your projections.

Step 4: Estimate cash outflows

• Identify and categorize various cash outflow components, such as operating expenses, loan repayments, supplier payments, and taxes.
• Use historical data and expense forecasts to estimate the timing and amount of cash outflows.

Pro Tip: By referencing the cash flow statement, you can identify the sources of cash inflows and outflow s. 

Step 5: Calculate opening and closing balances

• Calculate the opening balance for each period, which represents the cash available at the beginning of the period.
• Opening Balance = Previous Closing Balance
• Calculate the closing balance by considering the opening balance, cash inflows, and cash outflows for the period.
• Closing Balance = Opening Balance + Cash Inflows – Cash Outflows

Step 6: Account for timing and payment terms

• Consider the timing of cash inflows and outflows to create a realistic cash flow timeline.
• Account for payment terms with customers and suppliers to align projections with cash movements.

Step 7: Calculate net cash flow

• Calculate the net cash flow for each period, which represents the difference between cash inflows and cash outflows.
• Net Cash Flow = Cash Inflows – Cash Outflows

Pro Tip: Calculating the net cash flow for each period is vital for your business, as it gives you a clear picture of your future cash position. Think of it as your future cash flow calculation.

Step 8: Build contingency plans

• Incorporate contingency plans to mitigate unexpected events impacting cash flow, such as economic downturns or late payments.
• Create buffers in your projections to handle unforeseen circumstances.

Step 9: Implement rolling forecasts

• Embrace a rolling forecast approach, where you regularly update and refine your cash flow projections based on actual performance and changing circumstances.
• Rolling forecasts provide a dynamic view of your cash flow, allowing for adjustments and increased accuracy.

Cash Flow Projection Example

Let’s take a sneak peek into the cash flow projection of Pizza Planet, a hypothetical firm. In March, they began with an opening balance of $50,000. This snapshot will show us how their finances evolved during the next 4 months.

Here are 5 key takeaways from the above cash flow projection analysis for Pizza Planet:

Upsurge in Cash Flow from Receivables Collection (April):

• Successful efforts at collecting outstanding customer payments result in a significant increase in cash flow.
• Indicates effective accounts receivable management and timely collection processes.

Buffer Cash Addition (May and June):

• The company proactively adds buffer cash to prepare for potential financial disruptions.
• Demonstrates a prudent approach to financial planning and readiness for unexpected challenges.

Spike in Cash Outflow from Loan Payment (May):

• A noticeable cash outflow increase is attributed to the repayment of borrowed funds.
• It suggests a commitment to honoring loan obligations and maintaining a healthy financial standing.

Manageable Negative Net Cash Flow (May and June):

• A negative net cash flow during these months is offset by a positive net cash flow in other months.
• Indicates the ability to handle short-term cash fluctuations and maintain overall financial stability.

Consistent Closing Balance Growth:

• The closing balance exhibits a consistent and upward trend over the projection period.
• Reflects effective cash flow management, where inflows cover outflows and support the growth of the closing cash position.

Overall, the cash flow projection portrays a healthy cash flow for Pizza Planet, highlighting their ability to collect receivables, plan for contingencies, manage loan obligations, have resilience in managing short-term fluctuations, and steadily improve their cash position over time.

How to Calculate Projected Cash Flow?

To calculate projected cash flow, start by estimating incoming cash from sources like sales, investments, and financing. Then, deduct anticipated cash outflows such as operating expenses, loan payments, taxes, and capital expenditures. The resulting net cash flow clearly shows how much cash the business expects to generate or use within the forecasted period. 

Calculating projected cash flow is a crucial process for businesses to anticipate their future financial health and make informed decisions. This process involves forecasting expected cash inflows and outflows over a specific period using historical data, sales forecasts, expense projections, and other relevant information. Regularly updating and reviewing projected cash flow helps businesses identify potential cash shortages or surpluses, allowing for proactive cash management strategies and financial planning. 

Download our cash flow calculator to effortlessly track your company’s operating cash flow,

net cash flow (in/out), projected cash flow, and closing balance.

6 Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Creating Cash Flow Projections

At HighRadius, we recently turned our research engine toward cash flow forecasting to shed light on the sources of projection failures. One of our significant findings was that most companies opt for unrealistic projection models that don’t mirror the actual workings of their finance department.

Cash flow projections are only as strong as the numbers behind them. No one can be completely certain months in advance if they will encounter any unexpected events. Defining a realistic cash flow projection for your company is crucial to achieving more accurate results. Don’t let optimism cloud your key assumptions. Stick to the most likely numbers for your projections.

A 5% variance is acceptable, but exceeding this threshold warrants a closer look at your key assumptions. Identify any logical flaws that may compromise accuracy. Take note of these pitfall insights we’ve gathered from finance executives who have shared their experiences:

• Avoid overly generous sales forecasts that can undermine projection accuracy.
• Maintain a realistic approach to sales projections to ensure reliable cash flow projections.

Accounts Receivable: 

• Reflect the payment behaviour of your customers accurately in projections, especially if they tend to pay on the last possible day despite a 30-day payment schedule.
• Adjust the projection cycle to align with the actual payment patterns.
• Factor in annual and quarterly bills on the payables side of your projections.
• Consider potential changes in tax rates if your business is expected to reach a new tax level.
• Account for seasonal fluctuations and cyclical trends specific to your industry.
• Analyze historical data to identify patterns and adjust projections accordingly to reflect these variations.
• Incorporate contingencies in your projections to prepare for unforeseen circumstances such as economic downturns, natural disasters, or changes in market conditions.
• Build buffers to mitigate the impact of unexpected events on your cash flow.
• Failing to create multiple scenarios can leave you unprepared for different business outcomes.
• Develop projections for best-case, worst-case, and moderate scenarios to assess the impact of various circumstances on cash flow.

By addressing these pitfalls and adopting these best practices shared by finance executives, you can create more reliable and effective cash flow projections for your business. Stay proactive and keep your projections aligned with the realities of your industry and market conditions.

How Automation Helps in Projecting Cash Flow?

Building a cash flow projection chart is just the first step; the real power lies in the insights it can provide. Cash flow projection is crucial, but let’s face it – the traditional process is resource-consuming and hampers productivity. 

However, there’s a solution: a cash flow projection chart automation tool. 

Professionals in treasury understand this need for automation, but it requires an investment of time and money. Building a compelling business case is straightforward, especially for companies prioritizing cash reporting, forecasting, and leveraging the output for day-to-day cash management and investment planning.

Consider the following 3 business use cases shared by finance executives, highlighting the benefits of automated cash flow projections that far outweigh the initial investment:

Scalability and adaptability:

Forecasting cash flow in spreadsheets is manageable in the early stages, but as your business grows, it becomes challenging and resource-intensive. Manual cash flow management struggles to keep up with the increasing transactions and customer portfolios.

Many businesses rely on one-off solutions that only temporarily patch up cash flow processes without considering the implications for the future. Your business needs an automation tool that can effortlessly scale with your business, accommodating evolving needs.

Moreover, by opting for customization options, you can tailor the cash flow projections to your specific business requirements and adapt to changing market dynamics.

Time savings:

Consider a simple example of the time and effort involved in compiling a 13-week cash flow projection for stakeholders every week. The process typically includes:

• Capture cash flow data from banking and accounting platforms and classify transactions.
• Create short-term forecasts using payables and receivables data.
• Model budgets and other business plans for medium-term forecasts.
• Collect data from various business units, subsidiaries, and inventory levels.
• Consolidate the data into a single cash flow projection.
• Perform variance and sensitivity analysis.
• Compile reporting with commentary.

This process alone can consume many hours each week. Let’s assume it takes six hours for a single resource and another six hours for other contributors, totalling 12 hours per week or 624 hours per year. 

By implementing a cash flow projection automation tool, you can say goodbye to tedious manual tasks such as logging in, downloading data, updating spreadsheets, and compiling reports. Automating these processes saves your team countless hours, allowing them to focus on strategic initiatives and high-value activities.

Imagine the added time spent on data conversations, information requests, and follow-ups. Cash reporting can quickly become an ongoing, never-ending process.

By implementing a cash flow projection automation tool, you can say goodbye to tedious manual tasks such as logging in, downloading data, manipulating spreadsheets, and compiling reports. Automating these processes saves your team countless hours, allowing them to focus on strategic initiatives and high-value activities.

Accuracy and efficiency:

When it comes to cash flow monitoring and projection, accuracy is paramount for effective risk management. However, manual data handling introduces the risk of human error, which can have significant financial implications for businesses. These challenges are:

• Inaccurate financial decision-making
• Cash flow uncertainty
• Increased financial risks
• Impaired stakeholder confidence
• Wasted resources and time
• Compliance and reporting challenges
• Inconsistent data processing

Automating cash flow projections mitigates these risks by ensuring accurate and reliable results. An automation tool’s consistent data processing, real-time integration, error detection, and data validation capabilities instill greater accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the projected cash flow figures.

For example, Harris, a leading national mechanical contractor, transformed their cash flow management by adopting an automation tool. They achieved up to 85% accuracy across forecasts for 900+ projects and gained multiple 360-view projection horizons, from 1 day to 6 months, updated daily. This improvement in accuracy allowed the team to focus on higher-value tasks, driving better outcomes.

Cash Flow Projections with HighRadius

Managing cash flow projections today requires a host of tools to track data, usage, and historic revenue trends as seen above. Teams rely on spreadsheets, data warehouses, business intelligence tools, and analysts to compile and report the data.

Discover the power of HighRadius cash flow forecasting software , designed to precisely capture and analyze diverse scenarios, seamlessly integrating them into your cash forecasts. By visualizing the impact of these scenarios on your cash flows in real time, you gain a comprehensive understanding of potential outcomes and can proactively respond to changing circumstances.

Here’s how AI takes variance analysis to the next level and helps you generate accurate cash flow forecasts with low variance. It automates the collection of data on past cash flows, including bank statements, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other financial transactions, and integrates with most financial systems. This data is analyzed to detect patterns and trends that can be used to anticipate future cash flows. Based on this historical analysis and regression analysis of complex cash flow categories such as A/R and A/P, AI selects an algorithm that can provide an accurate cash forecast.

When your forecast is off, you can miss opportunities to invest in growth or undermine your credibility and investor confidence. An accurate forecast means predictable growth and increased shareholder confidence. 

1. How do you prepare a projected cash flow statement?

Steps to prepare a projected cash flow statement:

• Analyze historical cash flows.
• Estimate future sales and collections from customers.
• Forecast expected payments to suppliers and vendors.
• Consider changes in operating, investing, and financing activities.
• Compile all these estimates into a projected cash flow statement for the desired period.

2. What is a projected cash flow budget?

A projected cash flow budget is a financial statement that estimates the amount of cash your business is expected to receive and pay out over a specific time period. This information can help your business have enough cash flow to maintain its regular operations during the given period.

3. What is a 3-year projected cash flow statement?

A 3-year projected cash flow statement forecasts cash inflows and outflows for the next three years. It helps businesses assess their expected cash position and plan for future financial needs and opportunities.

4. What are projected cash flow and fund flow statements?

A projected cash flow statement forecasts cash inflows and outflows over a period, aiding in budgeting and planning. The fund flow statement tracks the movement of funds between sources and uses, analyzing the financial position. Both provide insights into a company’s liquidity and financial health.

5. What are the four key uses of a cash flow forecast?

• Evaluate cash availability for operational expenses and investments.
• Identify potential cash flow gaps or surpluses.
• Support financial planning, budgeting, and decision-making.
• Assist in securing financing or negotiating favorable terms with stakeholders.

6. What is the cash flow projection ratio?

The term cash flow projection ratio is not a commonly used financial ratio. However, various ratios like operating cash flow ratio, cash flow margin, and cash flow coverage ratio are used to assess a company’s cash flow generation and management capabilities.

7. What is the formula for projected cash flow?

The projected cash flow formula is Projected Cash Flow = Projected Cash Inflows – Projected Cash Outflows . It calculates the anticipated net cash flow by subtracting projected expenses from projected revenues, considering all sources of inflows and outflows.

8. What are the advantages of cash flow projection?

Cash flow projection helps businesses:

• Anticipate future financial needs
• Manage cash shortages effectively
• Make informed decisions
• Ensure stability and growth
• Provide a roadmap for financial planning
• Stay proactive in managing finances

Related Resources

How do cash flow management tools help treasurers plan for the future confidently?

What are the Different Sources of Working Capital

Financial Forecasting Models: Pros, Cons & Tips from Experts [Free Templates]

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Small Business Trends

How to create a business plan: examples & free template.

Whether you’re a seasoned entrepreneur or launching your very first startup, the guide will give you the insights, tools, and confidence you need to create a solid foundation for your business.

Table of Contents

How to Write a Business Plan

Executive summary.

It’s crucial to include a clear mission statement, a brief description of your primary products or services, an overview of your target market, and key financial projections or achievements.

Our target market includes environmentally conscious consumers and businesses seeking to reduce their carbon footprint. We project a 200% increase in revenue within the first three years of operation.

Overview and Business Objectives

Example: EcoTech’s primary objective is to become a market leader in sustainable technology products within the next five years. Our key objectives include:

Company Description

Example: EcoTech is committed to developing cutting-edge sustainable technology products that benefit both the environment and our customers. Our unique combination of innovative solutions and eco-friendly design sets us apart from the competition. We envision a future where technology and sustainability go hand in hand, leading to a greener planet.

Define Your Target Market

Market analysis.

The Market Analysis section requires thorough research and a keen understanding of the industry. It involves examining the current trends within your industry, understanding the needs and preferences of your customers, and analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors.

Our research indicates a gap in the market for high-quality, innovative eco-friendly technology products that cater to both individual and business clients.

SWOT Analysis

Including a SWOT analysis demonstrates to stakeholders that you have a balanced and realistic understanding of your business in its operational context.

Competitive Analysis

Organization and management team.

Provide an overview of your company’s organizational structure, including key roles and responsibilities. Introduce your management team, highlighting their expertise and experience to demonstrate that your team is capable of executing the business plan successfully.

Products and Services Offered

This section should emphasize the value you provide to customers, demonstrating that your business has a deep understanding of customer needs and is well-positioned to deliver innovative solutions that address those needs and set your company apart from competitors.

Marketing and Sales Strategy

Discuss how these marketing and sales efforts will work together to attract and retain customers, generate leads, and ultimately contribute to achieving your business’s revenue goals.

Logistics and Operations Plan

Inventory control is another crucial aspect, where you explain strategies for inventory management to ensure efficiency and reduce wastage. The section should also describe your production processes, emphasizing scalability and adaptability to meet changing market demands.

We also prioritize efficient distribution through various channels, including online platforms and retail partners, to deliver products to our customers in a timely manner.

Financial Projections Plan

This forward-looking financial plan is crucial for demonstrating that you have a firm grasp of the financial nuances of your business and are prepared to manage its financial health effectively.

Income Statement

Cash flow statement.

A cash flow statement is a crucial part of a financial business plan that shows the inflows and outflows of cash within your business. It helps you monitor your company’s liquidity, ensuring you have enough cash on hand to cover operating expenses, pay debts, and invest in growth opportunities.

Tips on Writing a Business Plan

4. Focus on your unique selling proposition (USP): Clearly articulate what sets your business apart from the competition. Emphasize your USP throughout your business plan to showcase your company’s value and potential for success.

FREE Business Plan Template

To help you get started on your business plan, we have created a template that includes all the essential components discussed in the “How to Write a Business Plan” section. This easy-to-use template will guide you through each step of the process, ensuring you don’t miss any critical details.

What is a Business Plan?

Why you should write a business plan.

Understanding the importance of a business plan in today’s competitive environment is crucial for entrepreneurs and business owners. Here are five compelling reasons to write a business plan:

What are the Different Types of Business Plans?

Using Business Plan Software

Upmetrics provides a simple and intuitive platform for creating a well-structured business plan. It features customizable templates, financial forecasting tools, and collaboration capabilities, allowing you to work with team members and advisors. Upmetrics also offers a library of resources to guide you through the business planning process.

Business Plan FAQs

What is a good business plan.

A good business plan is a well-researched, clear, and concise document that outlines a company’s goals, strategies, target market, competitive advantages, and financial projections. It should be adaptable to change and provide a roadmap for achieving success.

What are the 3 main purposes of a business plan?

Can i write a business plan by myself, is it possible to create a one-page business plan.

Yes, a one-page business plan is a condensed version that highlights the most essential elements, including the company’s mission, target market, unique selling proposition, and financial goals.

How long should a business plan be?

What is a business plan outline, what are the 5 most common business plan mistakes, what questions should be asked in a business plan.

A business plan should address questions such as: What problem does the business solve? Who is the specific target market ? What is the unique selling proposition? What are the company’s objectives? How will it achieve those objectives?

What’s the difference between a business plan and a strategic plan?

How is business planning for a nonprofit different.

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How to Prepare a Cash Flow Statement

• 07 Dec 2021

Cash flow statements are one of the three fundamental financial statements financial leaders use. Along with income statements and balance sheets, cash flow statements provide crucial financial data that informs organizational decision-making. While all three are important to assessing a company’s finances, some business leaders might argue that cash flow statements are the most important.

Business owners, managers, and company stakeholders use cash flow statements to better understand their companies’ value and overall health and guide financial decision-making. Regardless of your position, learning how to create and interpret financial statements can empower you to understand your company’s inner workings and contribute to its future success.

Related: The Beginner's Guide to Reading & Understanding Financial Statements

Here’s a look at what a cash flow statement is and how to create one.

Access your free e-book today.

What Is a Cash Flow Statement?

A cash flow statement is a financial report that details how cash entered and left a business during a reporting period.

According to the online course Financial Accounting : “The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to provide a more detailed picture of what happened to a business’s cash during an accounting period.”

Related: How to Read & Understand a Cash Flow Statement

Since cash flow statements provide insight into different areas a business used or received cash during a specific period, they’re important financial statements for valuing a company and understanding how it operates.

A typical cash flow statement comprises three sections: cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities, and cash flow from financing activities.

If you’re wondering how to make a cash flow statement, these steps can guide you through the process, from gathering initial data to calculating the final cash balance.

How to Create a Cash Flow Statement

1. Determine the Starting Balance

The first step in preparing a cash flow statement is determining the starting balance of cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the reporting period. This value can be found on the income statement of the same accounting period.

The starting cash balance is necessary when leveraging the indirect method of calculating cash flow from operating activities. However, the direct method doesn’t require this information.

2. Calculate Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Once you have your starting balance, you need to calculate cash flow from operating activities. This step is crucial because it reveals how much cash a company generated from its operations.

Cash flow from operations are calculated using either the direct or indirect method.

Direct Method

The direct method of calculating cash flow from operating activities is a straightforward process that involves taking all the cash collections from operations and subtracting all the cash disbursements from operations. This approach lists all the transactions that resulted in cash paid or received during the reporting period.

Indirect Method

The indirect method of calculating cash flow from operating activities requires you to start with net income from the income statement (see step one above) and make adjustments to “undo” the impact of the accruals made during the reporting period. Some of the most common and consistent adjustments include depreciation and amortization.

Related: Financial Terminology: 20 Financial Terms to Know

The direct and indirect methods will result in the same number, but the process of calculating cash flow from operations differs.

While the direct method is easier to understand, it’s more time-consuming because it requires accounting for every transaction that took place during the reporting period. Most companies prefer the indirect method because it's faster and closely linked to the balance sheet. However, both methods are accepted by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Related: GAAP vs. IFRS: What Are the Key Differences and Which Should You Use?

3. Calculate Cash Flow from Investing Activities

After calculating cash flows from operating activities, you need to calculate cash flows from investing activities. This section of the cash flow statement details cash flows related to the buying and selling of long-term assets like property, facilities, and equipment. Keep in mind that this section only includes investing activities involving free cash, not debt.

4. Calculate Cash Flow from Financing Activity

The third section of the cash flow statement examines cash inflows and outflows related to financing activities. This includes cash flows from both debt and equity financing—cash flows associated with raising cash and paying back debts to investors and creditors.

When using GAAP, this section also includes dividends paid, which may be included in the operating section when using IFRS standards. Interest paid is included in the operating section under GAAP but sometimes in the financing section under IFRS.

5. Determine the Ending Balance

Once cash flows generated from the three main types of business activities are accounted for, you can determine the ending balance of cash and cash equivalents at the close of the reporting period.

The change in net cash for the period is equal to the sum of cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities. This value shows the total amount of cash a company gained or lost during the reporting period. A positive net cash flow indicates a company had more cash flowing into it than out of it, while a negative net cash flow indicates it spent more than it earned.

Cash Flow Statement Example

Understanding cash flow statements can help you manage your business's finances by revealing not just the amounts but also the sources and uses of cash. To help visualize each section of the cash flow statement, here’s a cash flow statement example of a fictional company generated using the indirect method.

Go to the alternative version .

This cash flow statement is for a reporting period that ended on Sept. 28, 2019. As you'll notice at the top of the statement, the opening balance of cash and cash equivalents was approximately $10.7 billion.

During the reporting period, operating activities generated a total of $53.7 billion. The investing activities section shows that the business used a total of $33.8 billion in transactions related to investments. The financing activities section shows that a total of $16.3 billion was spent on activities related to debt and equity financing.

At the bottom of the cash flow statement, the three sections are summed to total a $3.5 billion increase in cash and cash equivalents over the course of the reporting period. Therefore, the final balance of cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year equals $14.3 billion.

The Difference Between a Balance Sheet and a Cash Flow Statement

The balance sheet and cash flow statement are fundamental tools in financial analysis. However, these documents serve distinct purposes and offer different insights into your organization's financial health .

A balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time, detailing assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. As a result, it offers an overview of what a company owns and owes. In contrast, a cash flow statement focuses specifically on the movement of cash within an organization over a reporting period, categorizing cash activities into operating, investing, and financing activities.

Therefore, the cash flow statement is crucial for understanding the liquidity and operational efficiency of the business, which is vital for day-to-day operations and strategic planning .

How to Enhance Decision-Making with Financial Statements

Understanding how to create, interpret, and effectively use financial statements is pivotal for strategic decision-making. Financial statements, particularly, are essential tools that extend beyond simple record-keeping that can guide your business strategy .

The cash flow statement is crucial because it delves into how a company manages its cash—detailing how cash is generated from everyday operations, how it’s reinvested back into the business, and how it’s allocated in financing efforts. These insights are indispensable for evaluating a company’s liquidity and financial agility.

Understanding the cash flow statement is key to answering vital business questions, such as:

• Is the company generating enough cash from its core operations to sustain itself?
• Are the capital investments proportionate to the available cash?
• Is the financial strategy effective over the long term?

By learning how to create and analyze cash flow statements, you can make better, more informed decisions, regardless of your position.

Are you interested in gaining a toolkit for making smarter financial decisions and the confidence to clearly communicate them to key stakeholders? Explore Financial Accounting —one of three courses comprising our Credential of Readiness (CORe) program —to discover how you can unlock critical insights into your organization’s performance and potential. Not sure which course is right for you? Download our free business essentials flowchart .

This post was updated on June 13, 2024. It was originally published on December 7, 2021.

Data Tables

Company a - statement of cash flows (alternative version).

Year Ended September 28, 2019 (In millions)

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the year: $10,746

OPERATING ACTIVITIES

INVESTING ACTIVITIES

FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Increase / Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents: 3,513

Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year: $14,259

Go back to the article .

About the Author

Cash Flow Forecasting: A How-To Guide (With Templates)

Janet Berry-Johnson, CPA

Reviewed by

May 30, 2023

This article is Tax Professional approved

Most small business owners just want their accounting done so they can focus on doing what they love. But tracking and forecasting cash flow—despite the time and effort required—is essential for starting, operating, and expanding a business.

I am the text that will be copied.

In 2018, CB Insights analyzed 101 failed startups and found that running out of cash was the second most common cause of failure, impacting 29% of businesses.

To avoid that fate, you need a cash flow forecast to help you estimate how much your cash outflows and inflows will affect your business.

What is a cash flow forecast?

A cash flow forecast (also known as a cash flow projection) is like a budget, but rather than estimating revenues and expenses, it estimates cash coming in and going out based on past business performance.

It’s not uncommon for a business to experience a cash shortage, even when sales are good. This usually happens when customers are allowed to pay after the product or service is delivered. In cases like these, a business owner must plan how they will cover costs before receiving the payment.

For example, say Hana Enterprises ships $50,000 worth of security products to customers in January, along with invoices that are due in 30 days. The company will have $50,000 of revenues for the month but won’t receive any cash until February. On paper, the business looks healthy, but all of its sales are tied up in the accounts receivable. Unless Hana Enterprises has plenty of cash on hand at the beginning of the month, they will have trouble covering their expenditures until they start receiving cash from clients.

With a cash flow forecast, you ignore sales on credit, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, instead focusing on the revenue you actually expect to collect and the expenses you actually expect to pay during a given period. You can also use the information provided on past cash flow statements to estimate your expenses for the period you’re forecasting for.

( If you just want to dive into cash flow forecasting, check out our free cash flow forecast template . )

The benefits of cash forecasting

Cash forecasting may sound like something boring that accountants do in big companies. Not so! It’s absolutely essential for every single business. Here’s why:

• It helps you identify potential problems. Cash forecasting can help you predict the months in which you’re likely to experience a cash deficit and make necessary changes, like changing your pricing or adjusting your business plan.
• It decreases the impact of cash shortages. When you can predict months in which you might experience a cash shortage, you can take steps to plan for them. You might save more in months where you have a surplus, step up your receivables collection efforts, or establish a line of credit with your bank to guarantee enough working capital to last the period.
• It keeps suppliers and employees happy. Late payments and missing paychecks damage your reputation with suppliers and employees. When you can predict how much money you’ll have on hand in any given month, you can confirm that you’ll be able to meet your payroll obligations and pay suppliers by the due date.

Free cash flow forecast template

To make this a lot easier, we’ve created a business cash flow forecast template for Excel that you can start using right now.

Access Template

The template has three essential pieces:

• Beginning cash balance. This is the actual cash you expect to have on hand at the beginning of the month. It should include bank accounts, PayPal, Venmo, anything you use that’s currently holding just business funds. This information can be found on your balance sheet .
• Sources of cash. These are all of your cash inflows each month. It can include cash sales, receivables collections, repayments from money you’ve loaned out, etc.
• Uses of cash. This is every expense your business may incur, including payroll, payments to vendors, utilities, rent, loan payments, etc.

Here’s an example of a completed cash flow projection for a three month period:

Hana Enterprises, Inc.

Cash Flow Projection

January to March 2022

As you can see from the example above, Hana Enterprises expects to have a cash shortage in March. This results from a negative net cash flow (when more cash goes out than comes in). Knowing that information ahead of time, the company can take steps to prevent the shortage from occurring.

Hana Enterprises has several options to avoid this shortage in March. They might secure a line of credit from the bank, purchase fewer computers in February, negotiate longer payment terms from vendors, contact late-paying customers to speed up the collection of receivables, or take other cost-cutting measures to reduce their overhead expenses.

When you’re ready to get started, download your copy of the cash flow forecasting sheet here .

How Bench can help

Use Bench’s simple, intuitive platform to get all the information you need to project your cash flow. Each month, your transactions are automatically imported into our platform then categorized and reviewed by your bookkeeper. Bench helps you stay on top of your business’s top expenses so you can make informed budgeting decisions on the fly. Explore our platform with a free demo .

Tips for improving your cash flow spreadsheet

Keep in mind: a cash flow forecast isn’t something you create once a year and never look at again. It’s a living, breathing business tool you should review and update on a monthly basis.

Though projections are helpful, they can’t perfectly predict the future. As the months pass, you should expect to see that your projections aren’t quite matching up with your actual results. That means it’s time to re-run your forecast to take into account these differences.

To improve the accuracy of your cash flow worksheet, consider the following:

• Account for extra pay periods. If you pay employees bi-weekly, make sure your projection takes into account any months with three payrolls.
• Remember annual payments. If certain insurance policies, subscriptions, or other expenses are paid annually rather than monthly, be sure to include them in your spreadsheet.
• Remember estimated tax payments. For most calendar-year businesses, estimated tax payments are due on April 15th, June 15th, September 15th, and January 15th.
• Don’t forget about savings. Try to allocate a portion of any cash surpluses to save for lean months.
• Identify seasonal fluctuations. If you’re expecting a period of time with lower sales, make sure your forecast reflects this so you can have enough cash on hand to ramp up when business picks up again.
• Don’t forecast too far out. Creating a rolling 12-month cash flow forecast that you update at the end of each month can help you identify issues before your business faces financial troubles, but don’t try to forecast more than 12 months out. The longer the reporting period you want to forecast, the more likely you’ll end up spending a lot of time creating a cash flow projection that doesn’t provide any useful information.

Your cash flow forecast is key to good cash flow management . Try to account for all cash sources and uses in your projection and maintain an emergency fund or backup plan to ensure you don’t get sidelined by slow-paying customers or unexpected expenses. When you do, this simple but valuable tool can help you keep an eye on cash and ensure you don’t compromise growth or put your business in jeopardy.

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How to create a cash flow projection (and why you should)

For small business owners, managing cash flow (the money going into and out of your business) can be the difference between a thriving, successful company and filing for chapter 11 (aka bankruptcy).

In fact, one study showed that 30% of businesses fail because the owner runs out of money, and 60% of small business owners don’t feel knowledgeable about accounting or finance .

Understanding and predicting the flow of money in and out of your business, however, can help entrepreneurs make smarter decisions, plan ahead, and ultimately avoid an unnecessary cash flow crisis.

After all, knowing whether the next month will see a financial feast or famine can help you make better decisions about spending, saving, and investing in your business today.

One way to do this (without hiring a psychic)? Cash flow projection.

What is cash flow projection?

Cash flow projection is a breakdown of the money that is expected to come in and out of your business. This includes calculating your income and all of your expenses, which will give your business a clear idea on how much cash you'll be left with over a specific period of time.

If, for example, your cash flow projection suggests you’re going to have higher than normal costs and lower than normal earnings, it might not be the best time to buy that new piece of equipment.

On the other hand, if your cash flow projection suggests a surplus , it might be the right time to invest in the business.

Cash flow projections: The basics

In order to properly create a cash flow forecast, there are two concepts you should be aware of: accounts receivable (cash in) and accounts payable (cash out)

• Accounts Receivable: refers to the money the business is expecting to collect, such as customer payments and deposits, but it also includes government grants , rebates, and even bank loans and lines of credit .
• Accounts Payable: refers to the exact opposite—that is, anything the business will need to spend money on. That includes payroll , taxes, payments to suppliers and vendors, rent, overhead, inventory, as well as the owner’s compensation.

A cash flow projection (also referred to as a cash flow forecast) is essentially a breakdown of expected receivables versus payables. It ultimately provides an overview of how much cash the business is expected to have on hand at the end of each month .

Cash flow projections typically take less than an hour to produce but can go a long way in helping entrepreneurs identify and prepare for a potential shortfall, and make smarter choices when running their business.

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How to calculate your cash flow projection

Calculating your cash flow projection can seem intimidating at first, but once you start pulling together the necessary information, it isn’t so scary. Let’s walk through the first steps together.

1. Gather your documents

This includes data about your business’s income and expenses.

2. Find your opening balance

Your opening balance is the balance in your bank at the start of a period. (So, if you’ve just started your business, this is zero.)

Your closing balance is the amount in your bank at the end of the period.

So the opening balance in one month should equal the closing balance at the end of the previous month. But more on this later.

3. Receivables (money received/cash in) for next period

This is an estimate of your anticipated sales (such as invoices you expect to be paid, or payments made on credit), revenue, grants , or loans and investments.

4. Payables (money spent/cash out) for next period

Again, this is an estimate. You should consider things like materials, rent, taxes, utilities, insurance, bills, marketing, payroll, and any one-time or seasonal expenses.

“Seasonality can have a material effect on the cash flow of your business,” Andy Bailey, CEO of Petra Coach, wrote in an article for Forbes . “A good cash flow forecast will anticipate when cash outlays and cash receipts are higher or lower so you can better manage the working capital needs of the company.”

5. Calculate cash flow

Now, let’s bring it all together using this cash flow formula : Cash Flow = Estimated Cash In – Estimated Cash Out

6. Add cash flow to opening balance

Now, you’ll want to add your cash flow to your opening balance, which will provide you with your closing balance.

Put it all together: How a cash flow projections look on paper

In practical terms, a cash flow projection chart includes 12 months laid out across the top of a graph, and a column on the left-hand side with a list of both payables and receivables.

Here are all the categories you’ll need for your cash flow projection:

• Opening balance/operating cash
• Money received (cash sales, payments, loans, investments, etc.
• Money spent (expenses, materials, marketing, payroll and taxes, bills, loans, etc.)
• Totals for money received and money spent, respectively
• Total cash flow for the period
• Closing balance

This column typically begins with “operating cash”/opening balance or unused earnings from the previous month. For example, if your cash flow projection for January suggests a surplus of $5,000, your operating cash for February is also $5,000.

Below operating cash, list all expected accounts receivable sources—such as sales, loans, or grants—leaving a space at the bottom to add them all up.

Next, list all potential payable items—such as payroll, overhead, taxes, and inventory—with another space to add their total below.

Once you have your numbers prepared, simply subtract the total funds that are likely to be spent from the cash that is likely to be received to arrive at the month’s cash flow projection.

Once you’ve calculated your monthly cash flow, take the final number and list it at the top of the next month’s column under operating cash, and repeat the process until you’ve got a forecast for the next 12 months.

After the end of each month, be sure to update the projection accordingly, and add another month to the projection.

If you’re a Wave customer and you prefer to use a ready-made chart to help you create your projection, you can pull your financial data from the Reports section of Wave and feed it into this cash flow forecast template .

Be realistic with your cash flow forecast

Cash flow projections are only as strong as the numbers behind them, so it’s important to be as realistic as possible when putting yours together.

For example, being overly generous in your sales estimates can compromise the accuracy of the projection.

Furthermore, if you provide customers with a 30-day payment schedule and a majority pay on the last possible day, make sure that cycle is accurately reflected in your projection.

On the payables side of the equation, try to anticipate annual and quarterly bills and plan for an increased tax rate if the business is likely to reach a new tax level.

Those who pay their staff on a bi-weekly basis also need to keep an eye out for months with three payroll cycles, which typically occurs twice each year.

“Monthly or quarterly forecasts generally are more useful for stable, established businesses,” Bailey also wrote . “Weekly projections will be essential for companies scaling up or going through significant changes, such as a restructuring or merger/acquisition.”

“We like to encourage business owners—especially those who are starting out—to create a 13-week forecast for cash,” William Lieberman, the Managing Partner of The CEO’s Right Hand, told Forbes . “Each week, update the forecast based on what happened the previous week and extend the forecast window by one more week. In this way, you can keep a close watch on exactly what’s coming in and going out so you can be more proactive in addressing potential cash crunches.”

Those who want to be extra cautious with their projections can even include an “other expenses” category that designates a certain percentage of revenues for unanticipated costs. Putting aside some extra cash as a buffer is especially useful for those building their first projections, just in case they accidentally leave something out.

What now: Use your cash flow forecast to make data-driven decisions

Building the cash flow projection chart itself is an important exercise, but it’s only as useful as the insights you take away from it. Instead of hiding it away for the remainder of the month, consult your cash flow projection when making important financial decisions about your business.

If, for example, you anticipate a deficit in the months ahead, consider ways to cut your costs , increase sales, or save surpluses to help make up the difference. If you notice that payments often come in late, consider introducing a late penalty for bills past due.

You can also consult your cash flow projection to determine the best time to invest in new equipment, hire new staff, revise your pricing and payment terms, or when to offer promotions and discounts.

Have clients that regularly procrastinate on payments? Check out these tactics to get your clients to pay you faster .

Improving the accuracy of cash flow projections over time

Once you’re in the habit of creating cash flow projections, it becomes easier to improve their accuracy over time.

Comparing projections to actual results can help you improve the accuracy of your cash flow projections, and help identify longer-term patterns and cycles. Seasonal changes in revenue, patterns that contribute to late payments, and opportunities to cut costs will all become more apparent with each new cash flow projection.

While all these benefits won’t come all at once, entrepreneurs can use their cash flow projection to become better operators and better decision makers with each passing month.

Cash flow projection FAQs

How do cash flow projections affect business decisions, and how can small business owners improve their accuracy.

Cash flow projections play a key role in how you make business decisions by giving you important info on the movement of money in and out of your business You can up their accuracy by regularly updating projections, comparing them to actual results, and adjusting for any discrepancies. This helps you make smart choices about spending, saving, and investing in your business.

What industry-specific factors should small business owners consider in cash flow projections?

Small business owners need to consider various industry-specific factors when creating cash flow projections. For instance, seasonal changes in revenue, payment cycles, and market trends can significantly impact cash flow. By analyzing these factors, you can tailor your projections to better reflect the realities of your industry and adjust your strategies accordingly.

How can small business owners make sure their cash flow projections are reliable?

Small business owners often face challenges in making cash flow projections due to uncertainties in revenue, expenses, and market conditions. To ensure reliability, you should try to be realistic in your estimates, account for potential fluctuations, and regularly update your projections based on actual performance. Additionally, seeking advice from financial experts and using tools like cash flow forecasting templates can help with these challenges and improve the accuracy of projections over time.

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• Example of a cashflow
• Business Finance
• Business plans and cashflow
• Back to Business plans and cashflow
• Writing your business plan
• Example of a business plan

As well as your business plan, a set of financial statements detailing you cashflow is essential. This will provide details of actual cash required by your business on a day-to-day, month-to-month and year-to-year basis.

The needs of a business constantly change and your cashflow will highlight any shortfalls in cash that will need to be bridged. Many established, viable, and even profitable businesses fail due to cash not being available when they need it most.

Good cashflow management is critical to running a successful business. You must be able to pay your bills while you await payment from your customers. There are many well-documented cases of businesses failing not because they weren't profitable but due to poor cashflow management.

You're in business to make a profit. It's a simple principle, but one that can occasionally become lost amid dreams of building multinational empires worth millions of pounds. You won't be able to stay in business, however, unless you have cash, hence the famous adage 'cash is king'.

There will probably be a time lag between your business providing its goods or services and getting paid. This means you have to make sure there is sufficient cash in your company's bank account for it to pay all its bills in the meantime – whether these relate to invoices from suppliers, employees' wages, rent, rates, tax, VAT or anything else.

Even if your business is profitable, there may be times when you are short of cash because you are awaiting payment for a large order. This is likely to be a particular problem during your first year when you are building up your business and don't have regular cash inflows.

The general principle of cashflow management is that you should speed up your cash inflows (customer payments, interest from bank accounts etc) and slow down your cash outflows within reason (purchase of stock and equipment, loan repayments and tax charges etc) as much as possible.

It can be difficult to affect your outflows other than extending your credit terms with your suppliers, which will often occur on fixed dates in the month and your employees and suppliers might also not take too kindly to you delaying payment to them. But there is more scope for you to improve your cash inflows.

This could mean billing regularly, chasing bad debt, selling your debt to a third party (factoring), negotiating extended credit terms with suppliers, managing your stock effectively (which could entail ordering little and often) and giving your customers 30-day payment terms.

Also, as businesses naturally have peaks and troughs, it is important that you put money away during the peaks so that you can dip into it during the troughs.

It is a good idea to think about investing in some accounting software to help you manage your cashflow. There are many software providers: an internet search should reveal the most common. Most provide software that can help you with cashflow analysis and forecasting, so that your business is never caught short of cash in the bank. Your accountant should be able to help advise you on which software package to buy.

How to use the cashflow forecast template

Our cashflow template will show you how a cashflow works and should be amended to suit your own business.

All figures to be entered are actual cash. This includes bank payments and receipts, cheques, bank transfers, cash payments and receipts – all of these should be included in your opening balance.  

Then complete the shaded area opening balance, which includes bank, loan and cash balances and should be put in the sheets:

• monthly cashflow forecast
• monthly actual cashflow

This provides the starting point for the rest of the cashflow. Next, input your month 1 forecast – all the sales broken down into the elements of your particular business – and do the same for expenditure. Base your figures on your own experience and what you forecast to receive or pay. The sections can be amended to reflect your business's requirements.

Repeat this process for the actual cashflow; here the figures you input are based on actual. This should then automatically be displayed in the third sheet:

• monthly cashflow forecast/actual comparison

This is where the real analysis work is done and will determine the accuracy of your forecast figures. The forecasts sheet should be used to determine when you may have a cash shortfall before the event arises and will help determine whether you will need to obtain additional funding.

Download the cashflow template from 'Related documents'.

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ACCA Cashflow Template

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Preparing a cash flow forecast: Simple steps for vital insight

One of the questions we’re often asked by small business owners is, “how do I prepare a cash flow forecast?” It’s an important part of financial planning for any business. But, if you’re an entrepreneur or founder, you may not have an accounting or finance background.

It’s really simple to create your own forecast. And once you know how, it will become one of the most important pieces of insight into your business you have.

Why is a cash flow forecast important?

Cash flow planning is essential: you need cash in the bank to pay your bills. Staying on top of your cash flow will help you see if you’re going to run out of money - and when - so you can prepare ahead of time. Perhaps it will show you that you need to cut overheads, find new investment, or spend time generating sales.

On the flip side, you might be doing well, and you’re considering expanding into new markets, investing in new products, taking on bigger premises, or recruiting new staff. Having accurate cash flow projections will help you see if you can afford to take the plunge.

Four steps to a simple cash flow forecast

One option is to use free financial forecasting software online, which can help you plan ahead for the next week, 30 days, or six weeks. Or you can follow the four steps below to build your own cash flow forecast.

1. Decide how far out you want to plan for

Cash flow planning can cover anything from a few weeks to many months. Plan as far ahead as you can accurately predict. If you’re well-established, you might have a predictable sales pipeline and data from previous years. If you’re a new business, you might not have a huge amount of data - so the further out you go, the less accurate your predictions will be.

Don’t worry too much if you can’t plan far ahead. Your cash flow forecast can change over time. In fact, it should. As things change, or you get more exact estimates, you can update your plan.

2. List all your income

For each week or month in your cash flow forecast, list all the cash you’ve got coming in. Have one column for each week or month, and one row for each type of income.

Start with your sales, adding them to the appropriate week or month. You might be able to predict this from previous years’ figures, if you have them. Remember though, this is about when the cash is actually in your bank account. Put the figures in for when you know clients will pay invoices, or bank payments will clear.

Also remember to include all non-sales income, for example:

• Tax refunds
• Investment from shareholders or owners
• Royalties or licence fees

Add up the total for each column to get your net income.

3. List all your outgoings

Now you know what’s coming in, work out what you’ve got going out. For each week or month, make a list of all the money you’ll be spending, for example:

• Raw material
• Bank loans, fees and charges
• Marketing and advertising spend

Once you’ve listed everything you spend, add up the total for each column to get your net outgoings.

4. Work out your running cash flow

For each week or month column, take away your net outgoings from your net income. That will give you either a positive cash flow figure (you’ve got more cash coming in than you’re spending) or a negative cash flow figure (you’re spending more than you’ve got coming in).

You can then keep a running total, from week to week, or month to month, to get a picture of your cash flow forecast over time. Too many negative weeks might spell trouble, and you’ll need to do some forward-planning to make sure you can meet your commitments - e.g. paying salaries, loan payments, and rent. Equally a few positive months might signal that you’ve got money to expand or invest.

Jenni Chance

Senior Manager, Entrepreneurial & Private Business, PwC United Kingdom

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What Is Cash Flow?

• Formula & Calculation

Understanding Cash Flow

• Financial Statement
• Analyzing Cash Flows

Example of Cash Flow

The bottom line.

• Corporate Finance

Cash Flow: What It Is, How It Works, and How to Analyze It

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Cash flow is the net cash and cash equivalents transferred in and out of a company. Cash received represents inflows, while money spent represents outflows. A company creates value for shareholders through its ability to generate positive cash flows and maximize long-term free cash flow (FCF) . This is the cash from normal business operations after subtracting any money spent on capital expenditures (CapEx) .

Key Takeaways

• Cash flow is the movement of money in and out of a company.
• Cash received signifies inflows, and cash spent is outflows.
• The cash flow statement is a financial statement that reports a company's sources and use of cash over time.
• A company's cash flow can be categorized as cash flows from operations, investing, and financing.

Investopedia / NoNo Flores

Formula and Calculation of Cash Flow

You can easily calculate a company's cash flow using the formula below. To do this, make sure you locate the total cash inflow and the total cash outflow.

CF = TCI - TCO

• TCI = Total cash inflow
• TCO = Total cash outflow

Cash flow refers to the money that goes in and out of a business. Businesses take in money from sales as revenues (inflow) and spend money on expenses (outflow). They may also receive income from interest, investments, royalties , and licensing agreements and sell products on credit. Assessing cash flows is essential for evaluating a company’s liquidity , flexibility, and overall financial performance.

Positive cash flow indicates that a company's liquid assets are increasing, enabling it to cover obligations, reinvest in its business, return money to shareholders, pay expenses, and provide a buffer against future financial challenges. Companies with strong financial flexibility fare better, especially when the economy experiences a downturn, by avoiding the costs of financial distress .

Cash flows are analyzed using the cash flow statement , which is a standard financial statement that reports a company's cash source and use over a specified period. Corporate management, analysts, and investors use this statement to determine how well a company earns to pay its debts and manage its operating expenses. The cash flow statement is an important financial statement issued by a company, along with the balance sheet and income statement.

Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement acts as a corporate checkbook to reconcile a company's balance sheet and income statement . The cash flow statement includes the bottom line , recorded as the net increase/decrease in cash and cash equivalents (CCE) .

The bottom line reports the overall change in the company's cash and its equivalents over the last period. The difference between the current CCE and that of the previous year or the previous quarter should have the same number as the number at the bottom of the statement of cash flows.

Types of Cash Flow

Cash flows from operations (cfo).

Cash flow from operations (CFO) describes money flows involved directly with the production and sale of goods from ordinary operations. Also known as operating cash flow , CFO indicates whether or not a company has enough funds coming in to pay its bills or operating expenses .

Operating cash flow is calculated by taking cash received from sales and subtracting operating expenses that were paid in cash for the period. Operating cash flow is recorded on a company's cash flow statement, indicates whether a company can generate enough cash flow to maintain and expand operations, and shows when a company may need external financing for capital expansion.

Cash Flows From Investing (CFI)

Cash flow from investing (CFI) or investing cash flow reports how much cash has been generated or spent from various investment-related activities in a specific period. Investing activities include purchases of speculative assets , investments in securities, or sales of securities or assets.

Negative cash flow from investing activities might be due to significant amounts of cash being invested in the company, such as research and development (R&D) , and is not always a warning sign.

Cash Flows From Financing (CFF)

Cash flows from financing (CFF) shows the net flows of cash used to fund the company and its capital. CFI is also commonly referred to as financing cash flow . Financing activities include transactions involving issuing debt, equity, and paying dividends.

Cash flow from financing activities provides investors insight into a company’s financial strength and how well its capital structure is managed.

How to Analyze Cash Flows

Using the cash flow statement in conjunction with other financial statements can help analysts and investors arrive at various metrics and ratios used to make informed decisions and recommendations.

Below is Walmart's ( WMT ) cash flow statement for the fiscal year ending on Jan. 31, 2024. All amounts are in millions of U.S. dollars.

Investments in property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) and acquisitions of other businesses are accounted for in the cash flow from the investing activities section. Proceeds from issuing long-term debt, debt repayments, and dividends paid out are accounted for in the cash flow from the financing activities section.

Walmart's cash flow was positive, showing an increase of $1.09 billion, which indicates that it retained cash in the business and added to its reserves to handle short-term liabilities and fluctuations in the future.

How Are Cash Flows Different Than Revenues?

Revenue is the income earned from selling goods and services. If an item is sold on credit or via a subscription payment plan, money may not yet be received from those sales and are booked as accounts receivable. These do not represent actual cash flows into the company at the time. Cash flows also track outflows and inflows and categorize them by the source or use.

What Is the Difference Between Cash Flow and Profit?

Cash flow isn't the same as profit. Profit is specifically used to measure a company's financial success or how much money it makes overall. This is the amount of money that is left after a company pays off all its obligations. Profit is found by subtracting a company's expenses from its revenues.

What Is Free Cash Flow and Why Is It Important?

Free cash flow is left over after a company pays for its operating expenses and CapEx. It is the remaining money after items like payroll, rent, and taxes. Companies are free to use FCF as they please.

Do Companies Need to Report a Cash Flow Statement?

The cash flow statement complements the balance sheet and income statement. It is part of a public company's financial reporting requirements since 1987.

Why Is the Price-to-Cash Flows Ratio Used?

The price-to-cash flow (P/CF) ratio is a stock multiple that measures the value of a stock’s price relative to its operating cash flow per share. This ratio uses operating cash flow , which adds back non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization to net income.

P/CF is especially useful for valuing stocks with positive cash flow but are not profitable because of large  non-cash charges .

Cash flow refers to money that goes in and out. Companies with a positive cash flow have more money coming in, while a negative cash flow indicates higher spending. Net cash flow equals the total cash inflows minus the total cash outflows.

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. " Beginners' Guide to Financial Statements ."

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. " Explanation of Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures ."

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. " Form 10-K ," Page 5.

FASB. " Summary of Statement No. 95 ."

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• Building Your Business

How to Create a Cash Flow Projection for Your Business

Doing so can give you a more accurate financial outlook

What Is a Cash Flow Projection?

• How to Create One
• Revising Your Cash Flow Projection

The Bottom Line

andresr / Getty Images

A cash flow projection provides an estimate of how much cash is expected to flow in and out of your business within a specified time period. This statement includes expected sales figures and any flow of money, namely loans or equity funding received, and expenses forecasted within the timeframe—which includes operating expenditures, and capital and financing expenditures. Because it can both impact your overall finances and ultimately help you grow your company, it’s important to understand how to create, update, and manage the cash flow statement.

Key Takeaways

• A cash flow projection is used in business to estimate how much cash is expected to flow in and out.
• Business owners and entrepreneurs can create cash flow projections by simply using a spreadsheet, document, or software offered by banks. 
• To create a cash flow projection, you’ll need to determine the time frame, calculate all revenue and costs, and create a simple chart to fill in all financial data for corresponding months or weeks.  

Purposes of a Cash Flow Projection

A cash flow projection is used to determine the estimated amounts of cash that are expected to flow in and out of the business. It is essentially a forecast of where the business expects to generate income and where that money is expected to go out. 

Businesses use the cash flow projection for various purposes, though it is generally created to keep track of income and expenses. It’s important to learn how to create a cash flow projection properly so that you can have an accurate outlook on your business’s finances. 

Cash flow analysis can also help to prevent insufficient funds by identifying potentially challenging areas early on. 

How to Create Your Cash Flow Projection

To create a cash flow projection, you can either use a spreadsheet, document, or software that will provide easy-to-use templates and can even keep track of your cash flow automatically. If you decide to do it yourself, you’ll need to create a chart with several columns and rows to display all the relevant information. The top column represents the months or weeks, and the left row includes the different types of cash inflows and outflows (income and expenses, respectively). You’ll then fill in the amounts within the corresponding columns and rows. 

Here is a sample version from Microsoft:

Once you’ve decided how you are going to set up the document, there are a few steps to follow as you begin filling it out. 

Choose Your Time Frame

When you begin to create your cash flow projection, you’ll need to decide on the time frame you’ll be covering. This can include the upcoming months or weeks depending on how far out you want to forecast your cash flow. You can opt for a long-term projection or a short-term projection. With the latter, however, you may be able to identify what regular expenses are too costly, which can help you develop a more accurate forecast. 

The cash flow projection can be adjusted along with your business plan. You should update your cash flow projection as changes are made within your business.

Estimate Sales and Revenue

Reporting your business income accurately is crucial to creating your forecast. To properly calculate business income, you’ll need to include all income that goes into the business. You’ll also need to know your total revenue , which is a combination of the sales made by the business and income from other sources such as grants, investments, and royalties. Each of the different types of income are listed on the left column of the statement with the amounts filled in the rows for the corresponding months.  

Being realistic is key to creating an accurate cash flow projection. In other words, you shouldn’t focus only on higher-end sales, try to round your numbers up, or enhance them in any way. 

This ensures your estimate is based upon realistic factors and, therefore, can generate a more realistic and accurate projection.    

Estimate Expenses and Other Cash Out

Just as all income is needed on a cash flow projection, so is all the debt incurred by the business. You’ll need to report all current and upcoming expenses for the time period of the projection, which can vary from business to business. Like income, the types of expenses incurred should also be included on the left column of the statement if they need to be paid within the specific time frame of the projection. Some examples of these expenses include: 

• Operating expenses such as rent and utilities
• Charges associated with bank loans
• Money spent on marketing and advertising efforts

Make sure to include all expenses relating to the business so that your numbers are accurate.

When creating your cash flow projection, you can include subsections of your expenses on the left column so that you can stay organized with your data. This way, you can consider listing expenses that are specific to your industry and have an impact on your overall cash flow. 

Use and Revise Your Cash Flow Projection

Once you’ve included all revenue and expenses, you can begin to calculate your cash flow projection on the bottom row by subtracting the outgoing cash from the incoming cash and entering the totals. You can then figure out whether you have a positive or negative cash flow. A positive cash flow means you have more money coming in than going out. A negative cash flow means you have less money than the amount going out for expenses and bills.

If you find you have a positive cash flow based on the data, you can then make financial decisions about your business knowing that you can afford it. On the other hand, if you calculate a negative cash flow, you can look into areas where you can cut costs so that you prevent owing more than you bring in. It’s important to keep your cash flow statement updated with recent data as this will improve accuracy. As changes are made within your business, make sure to revise your cash flow projection so it consists of recent trends and data.    

How Do You Improve Cash Flow?

To improve your cash flow, you’ll want to increase the amount of cash going into your business so that you can pay all debts and possibly have extra cash flow to improve or upgrade your business. To increase your sales, you can consider conducting more research about competitors, targeting your products for specific customers, and adjusting prices to potentially increase overall sales. Minor changes, such as accepting more methods of payment at checkout. could also have an impact on revenue. 

What Is Free Cash Flow?

Free cash flow is the amount of cash left after operating expenses, dividends, and capital expenditures are deducted. It is used to provide insight into a business’s ability to pay interest owed and how it can reduce its debts as well as inform other business decisions.

As a business owner, freelancer , or entrepreneur , it’s important to understand how and where cash flows in and out of your business. A cash flow projection can help you determine where your business stands within a specific time frame, whether that includes the upcoming months, weeks, or just a few days. Listing all income and expenses is key to being accurate with your projection. Having small differences between your estimated figures and your actual figures is workable if there is only a small percentage in the variance. Always make sure to keep it updated and revise as needed.

Microsoft Office. " Small Business Cash Flow Projection ."

Wells Fargo. " Creating a Cash Flow Projection ."

• Cashflow management

How to create a cashflow plan and why it's so important

A cash flow plan helps those responsible to make optimal decisions because it shows how the cash situation will develop in the coming months . Here we show you how to create and work with a cash flow plan.

Cash flow plan: Definition

A cash flow plan shows the current and future cash position of a company. It shows the expected cash flows on a monthly, weekly or even daily basis. The cash flows represent all income and expenses of the company that are related to its operating activities.

To create a cash flow plan, you need to have insight into all the business accounts of a company where transactions take place. Each transaction is a cash flow, where an outgoing cash flow is an expense and an incoming cash flow is a revenue.

By subtracting these expenses from the income each month, week or day, you get the expected cash balance, which can be either positive or negative, i.e. a surplus or a deficit.

If the cash balance is regularly negative, a cash shortage occurs, which in the worst case leads to insolvency. The cash flow plan helps to identify cash shortages at an early stage so that you have enough time to act.

Cash flow plan in 3 steps

Revenue & expenses from the last 6 months up to now.

If you have never prepared a cash flow plan before, we recommend that you first get an overview of your past cash situation. This will help you later to make better estimates for your expected income and expenses.

Go through all your bank statements from the last six months and divide the different income and expenses into categories, for example:

• Revenue from sales
• Income from financial investments
• Tax refunds
• Revenue from licences
• Other revenues
• Salary payments and wages
• Expenses for marketing
• General expenses (electricity, bin collection, etc.)
• Fees for software subscriptions and licenses
• Investments
• Tax payments

For each month, add up the individual transactions in each category, e.g. all salary payments to your employees in the category "Salary payments and wages". You then enter the result for the respective month in a table.

Proceed in this way for each category so that at the end you have an overview of the past six months.

Calculate the cash balance for each month

Then deduct the expenses from the revenues in each month:

• Balance per month = Total revenue in month - total expenses in month
• You offset the result against the cash balance of the previous month and then get the total cash balance, which shows you how much cash you have available in total for the respective month:
• Total cash balance = Cash balance from previous month + cash balance from current month

Anticipate future cash flows

Once you have calculated the cash balance for the past six months, take a closer look at the values in the individual categories: In some cases, you will find that the expenses are the same or vary only slightly from month to month, e.g. salary payments and fees for software subscriptions.

You now enter these recurring expenses in your table for the coming months, because you can assume that they will remain the same. For all other categories where the values fluctuate strongly, you derive estimated values.

For the expected revenues, take into account how customer demand will develop. If you assume that this will increase, enter a larger value for revenue from sales in the coming months.

Once you have entered your expected values for all categories in the table, calculate the expected cash balance and the total cash balance. You will then see how much cash you will have available in the coming months. The more you know about your business and its development, the more accurate estimates you can make and the more accurate your cash flow plan will be.

Cash flow plan Example

The following table shows two months of how cash flow planning works in principle:

Cash flow plan template

You can easily create such a table in Excel or download our free cash flow plan template here. You can adapt the table according to your needs, as there may be many more categories in your company.

It is important that you record all your revenues and expenses in the cash flow planning, because this is the only way to get an accurate overview of your current and future cash situation. How to work with a cash flow plan

Once you have completed the table and calculated the total cash balance for the coming months, you can see exactly how much cash you are likely to have available.

For example, if you assume that income will fall, you can see whether your cash will be sufficient to cover running costs or whether a cash shortage will arise. If you recognise such situations at an early stage, you can take measures beforehand so that the cash shortage does not arise in the first place.

On the other hand, you can also see how much cash you will have available for investments. With the help of the cash flow plan, you can estimate favourable times when making an investment will put the least strain on your liquidity. Your cash flow plan therefore helps you to optimally manage your operative business.

Digital tools to create a cash flow plan

You have probably noticed that creating a cash flow plan is very time-consuming because you first have to collect all income and expenses, enter them into categories and then offset them against each other. Errors can easily occur and distort the result.

With the help of a digital cash flow management tool, this process becomes easier. For example, Agicap's software automatically connects to all your business accounts and retrieves the transactions from there every day.

Recurring deposits and withdrawals are also automatically sorted into a category you define. The tool then also updates your cash flow plan based on the current transactions, so you have an up-to-date cash flow every day.

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Plan Projections

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Home > Financial Projections > Cash Flow Forecast for Start Up Business

Cash Flow Forecast for Start Up Business

The cash flow forecast is one of the three main accounting statements for business plan financials.

There are many cash flow forecast forms, the layout below acts as a quick reference, and sets out the most commonly encountered accounting terms when dealing with a business plan cash flow forecast.

Types of Cash Flows

It can be seen from the cash flow format below that cash flows are normally separated into three different categories.

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Firstly the cash flow from operating activities represents cash from the day to day trading operations of the business. This section starts with the net income of the business from the income statement, and then adjusts this for non-cash flow items such as depreciation, and cash used to provide working capital .

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Cash flow from financing activities.

Finally the cash flows from financing activities relate to amounts of cash received from equity and debt financing less cash used to fund dividend payments and interest on debt. Consequently the cash flows from financing activities result in a change in the size in the equity or borrowings of a business.

The Need to Understand the Forecast

Undoubtedly the business plan financial section for most businesses tends to concentrate on the income statement and fails to get to grips with the cash flow forecast. For this reason our financial projections template  always includes the cash flow forecast template.

Cash flow forecasting is important for many reasons:

• A business can continue for a period of time without profits but it cannot continue if the cash runs out. The cash flow forecast is used to ensure this does not happen.
• If working capital (inventory plus accounts receivable less accounts payable) is growing as the business expands, management should use the cash forecast to make sure that the growth can be properly funded, with additional facilities if necessary (cash, overdraft, equity, loans etc).
• Bank managers utilise the cash flow forecast, as they base their lending ratios on certain aspects of it to determine liquidity and the risk of non repayment of a loan. The bank needs to know that the business has sufficient cash flow from its operating activities to make loan and interest repayments.
• Cash flow forecasts are used by investors to decide whether to invest or not and at what price. For example, they will look at the discounted free cash flow as one method to determine the valuation they place on the business.

As can be seen any number of people could be using your cash flow forecast to make decisions about your business. As a result it is important that you have an understanding of what information the cash flow forecast is providing and what that information is telling you.

About the Author

Chartered accountant Michael Brown is the founder and CEO of Plan Projections. He has worked as an accountant and consultant for more than 25 years and has built financial models for all types of industries. He has been the CFO or controller of both small and medium sized companies and has run small businesses of his own. He has been a manager and an auditor with Deloitte, a big 4 accountancy firm, and holds a degree from Loughborough University.

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Free Cash Flow Statement Templates

By Andy Marker | May 8, 2017

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A cash flow statement, also referred to as a statement of cash flows, shows the flow of funds to and from a business, organization, or individual. It is often prepared using the indirect method of accounting to calculate net cash flows. The statement is useful for analyzing business performance, making projections about future cash flows, influencing business planning, and informing important decisions. The term “cash” refers to both income and expenditures and may include investments and assets that you can easily convert to cash. By conducting a cash flow analysis, a business can evaluate its liquidity and solvency, compare performance among accounting periods, identify cash flow drivers to support growth, and plan ahead to maintain a positive cash position.

Below you’ll find a collection of easy-to-use Excel templates for accounting and cash flow management, all of which are fully customizable and can be downloaded for free. 

Accounts Payable Template

Download Accounts Payable Template

Excel | Smartsheet

This accounts payable template tracks suppliers, order numbers, and amounts due to help you manage payments and due dates. Easily organize ordering stock or supplies from multiple vendors with this template for greater efficiency and fewer errors.

Accounts Receivable Template

Download Accounts Receivable Template

Excel   | Smartsheet

Don’t let balances owed to your business slip through the cracks. This template accounts receivable template lists customers, invoice tracking details, amounts due, and outstanding balances. Keeping track of these accounts can inform your collections process by helping you quickly identify which overdue payments have aged significantly.

Balance Sheet Template

Download Balance Sheet Template

A balance sheet provides a summary of financial health in a single, brief report. With this balance sheet template, you can assess the financial standing of a business by examining assets, liabilities, and equity. Business owners can use it to evaluate performance and communicate with investors.

Income Statement Template

Download Income Statement Template

Use this income statement template to assess profit and loss over a given time period. This template provides a clear outline of revenue and expenses along with net income figures. You can edit the template to match your needs by adding or removing detail, and create an income statement for a large or small business.

Simple Cash Flow Template

Download Simple Cash Flow Template

This template works for any length of time and allows you to compare different periods for a quick analysis of cash flows. It include sections for an itemized list of revenue and expenditures, automatic calculations of totals and net cash flows, and a simple layout for ease of use. You can modify the template by adding or removing sections to tailor it to your business.

3-Year Cash Flow Statement Template

Download 3-Year Cash Flow Statement Template

Use this statement of cash flows template to track and assess cash flows over a three-year period. The template is divided into sections for operations, investing, and financing activities. Simply enter the financial data for your business, and the template completes the calculations.

Monthly Cash Flow Template

‌ Download Monthly Cash Flow Template

This comprehensive template offers an annual overview as well as monthly worksheets. Create a detailed monthly cash flow report to analyze performance or plan for the future. Each month has a separate sheet so that you can get a thorough picture of cash inflows and outflows for both short- and long-term periods.

Daily Cash Flow Template

‌ Download Daily Cash Flow Template

Add receipts and payments to this daily cash flow template to get a deep understanding of business performance. You can customize the list of cash inflows and outflows to match your company’s operations.

12-Month Cash Flow Forecast

Download 12-Month Cash Flow Forecast

Use this template to create a cash flow forecast that allows you to compare projections with actual outcomes. This template is designed for easy planning, with a simple spreadsheet layout and alternating colors to highlight rows. You get a snapshot of cash flows over a 12-month period in a basic Excel template.

Quarterly Cash Flow Projections Template

‌ Download Quarterly Cash Flow Projections Template

Cash flow projection templates can cover a variety of time frames, including the quarterly format offered here. Quarterly projections are useful for new businesses and those wanting to align cash flow projections with upcoming goals and business activities. Use the template to create projections and then compare the variance between estimated and actual cash flows.

Cash Flow Analysis Template

‌ Download Cash Flow Analysis Template

You can use this template to perform a cash flow sensitivity analysis in order to anticipate shortfalls and help your business maintain a positive cash position. This analysis can help you make more accurate cash flow predictions and inform your business decisions.

Discounted Cash Flow Template

‌ Download Discounted Cash Flow Template

This template allows you to conduct a discounted cash flow analysis to help determine the value of a business or investment. Enter cash flow projections, select your discount rate, and the template calculates the present value estimates. This template is a useful tool for both investors and business owners.

Nonprofit Cash Flow Projection Template

‌ Download Nonprofit Cash Flow Projection Template

This template is designed with nonprofit organizations in mind and includes some common income sources, such as donations and grants, as well as expenditures. The template covers a 12-month period and makes it easy to see annual and monthly carryover so that you can track a rolling cash balance. Create a detailed list of all receipts and disbursements that are relevant to your organization.

Personal Cash Flow Template

‌ Download Personal Cash Flow Template

Individuals can manage their personal cash flow with this free template. The simple layout makes it easy to use and provides a financial overview at a glance. Keep track of how you are spending money to gain more control over your financial habits and outlook.

Trial Balance Worksheet

Download Trial Balance Worksheet

Use this trial balance template to check your credit and debit balances at the end of a given accounting period, and to support your financial statements. The template shows ending balances for specific accounts, as well as total amounts for the activity period and the overall difference. This is a simple worksheet that you can customize to reflect your business type and the products or services it offers.

Excel Bookkeeping and Cash Flow Templates

To help you get started creating a cash flow statement or forecast, we’ve included a variety of customizable templates that you can download for free. Simply adjust your chosen template to fit your specific goals and the intended audience. Each template offers a clean, professional design and is intended to save you time, boost efficiency, and improve accuracy. Just enter your financial data, and the templates will perform automatic calculations for you to analyze. By combining your cash flow statement with a balance sheet, income statement, and other forms, you can manage cash flow and get a comprehensive understanding of business performance. Smartsheet offers additional Excel templates for financial management, including business budget templates .

Elements of a Cash Flow Statement

A cash flow statement is typically divided into the following sections to distinguish among different categories of cash flow:

• Operating Activities: Cash flows in this section will follow a company’s operating cycle for an accounting period and include things like sales receipts, merchandise purchases, salaries paid, and various operating expenses.  
• Investing Activities: Some examples of investing activities include buying or selling assets, making loans and collecting payments, and generating cash inflows or outflows from other investments.
• Financing Activities: This section may include activities such as receiving money from creditors or shareholders, repaying loans and paying dividends, and selling company stock, as well as other activities that impact equity and long-term liabilities.

A statement of cash flows can summarize information for any accounting period, but if you’re starting a new business or planning for the months ahead, creating a cash flow projection can help you anticipate how much money your business will have coming in and going out during a future time frame.

Creating a Cash Flow Forecast

Projecting future cash flows can give you greater financial control, provide a deeper understanding of a company’s performance, help identify shortfalls in advance, and support business planning so that activities and resources are properly aligned. New businesses trying to secure a loan may also require a cash flow forecast. 

In order to set yourself up for success, it’s imperative to be realistic when forecasting cash flows. You can build your projections on a foundation of key assumptions about the monthly flow of cash to and from your business. For instance, knowing when your business will receive payments and when payments are due to outside vendors allows you to make more accurate assumptions about your final funds during an operating cycle. Estimated cash flows will always vary somewhat from actual performance, which is why it’s important to compare actual numbers to your projections on a monthly basis and update your cash flow forecast as necessary. It’s also wise to limit your forecast to a 12-month period for greater accuracy (and to save time). On a monthly basis, you can add another month to create a rolling, long-term projection.

A cash flow forecast may include the following sections:

• Operating Cash: The cash on hand that you have to work with at the start of a given period. For a monthly projection, this is the cash balance available at the start of a month.
• Revenue: Depending on the type of business, revenue may include estimated sales figures, tax refunds or grants, loan payments received or incoming fees. The revenue section covers the total sources of cash for each month.
• Expenses: Cash outflows may include your salary and other payroll costs, business loan payments, rent, asset purchases, and other expenditures.
• Net Cash Flow: The closing cash balance, which reveals whether you have excess funds or a deficit.

Keep in mind that while many costs are recurring, you also need to consider one-time costs. Additionally, you should plan for seasonal changes that could impact business performance, and upcoming promotional events that may boost sales. Depending on the size and complexity of your business, you may want to delegate the responsibility of creating a cash flow forecast to an accountant. However, small businesses can save time and money with a simple cash flow projections template.

A More Collaborative Cash Flow Statement Template in Smartsheet

Using a template is essential to helping you get started managing your organization's financials quickly. But, creating and managing your cash flow statement may require multiple stakeholders to weigh in and make updates. That’s why it’s important to find a template with more advanced functionality like notifications and reminders and enhanced collaboration features to ensure everyone is kept in the loop. One such template is the cash flow statement template in Smartsheet.

A Smartsheet template can improve how your team tracks and reports on cash flow - use row hierarchy to sum line items automatically, checkboxes to track stakeholder approval, and attachments to store item details directly to the rows in your sheet. Easily create reports to roll up annual, quarterly, or monthly cash flow details so you’ll always have a real-time view of the financial health of your business.

See how easy it is to track and manage your cash flow statement with a template in Smartsheet.

Create a Cash Flow Statement in Smartsheet

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Cash Flow Statement (CFS)

Written by True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

Reviewed by subject matter experts.

Updated on March 27, 2023

Get Any Financial Question Answered

Table of contents, what is a cash flow statement (cfs).

A cash flow statement (CFS) is a financial statement that captures how much cash is generated and utilized by a company or business in a specific time period.

By looking at the cash flow statement, one can see whether the company has sufficient cash flowing in to pay its debts, fund its operations, and return money to shareholders via dividends or stock buybacks.

CFS bridges the income statement and balance sheet because it shows how money moves in and out of the business via three main channels: operating, investing, and financing activities.

It produces what is called the net cash flow by breaking down where the changes in the beginning and ending balances came from.

The cash flow statement is focused on the cash accounting method, which means that business transactions reflect in the financial statement when the cash flows into or out of the business or when actual payments are received or distributed.

Structure of the Cash Flow Statement

The Cash Flow Statement has three main sections: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

Together, these different sections can help investors and analysts determine the value of a company as a whole. Let us learn more about them below.

Cash Flow From Operating Activities (CFO)

This section covers cash transactions from all of a business’ operational activities, such as receipts from sales of goods and services, wage payments to employees, payments to suppliers, interest payments, and tax payments.

For an investment company or a trading portfolio, equity instruments or receipts for the sale of debt and loans are also included because it is counted as a business activity.

It can be considered as a cash version of the net income of a company since it starts with the net income or loss, then adds or subtracts from that amount to produce a net cash flow figure.

Items that are added or subtracted include accounts receivables, accounts payables, amortization, depreciation, and prepaid items recorded as revenue or expenses in the income statement because they are non-cash.

Cash Flow From Investing Activities (CFI)

This section is the result of investment gains and losses. It includes cash spent on property, plant, and equipment. Analysts look in this section to see if there are any changes in capital expenditures (CapEx) .

Companies could generate cash flow from investing by selling equipment, property, or assets . Loans given to vendors or received from customers, as well as any payments associated with mergers and acquisitions (M&A) , are also included in this section.

Cash-out items are those changes caused by the purchase of new equipment, buildings, or marketable securities. Cash-in items are when a company divests an asset.

Cash Flow From Financing Activities (CFF)

This section records the cash flow between the company, its shareholders, investors, and creditors. It provides an overview of cash utilized in business financing.

Transactions in CFF typically involve debt, equity , dividends , and stock repurchases.

Cash-out transactions in CFF happen when dividends are paid, while cash-in transactions occur when the capital is raised.

Thus, when a company issues a bond to the public, the company receives cash financing. In contrast, when interest is given to bondholders, the company decreases its cash.

How Cash Flow Is Calculated

There are two accepted methods in calculating cash flow: direct and indirect.

Direct Cash Flow Method

This method measures only the cash received, typically from customers, and the cash payments made, such as to suppliers. These inflows and outflows are then calculated to arrive at the net cash flow.

This method of calculating cash flow takes more time since you need to track payments and receipts for every cash transaction.

Figures used in this method are presented in a straightforward manner. They can be calculated using the beginning and ending balances of various asset and liability accounts and assessing their net decrease or increase.

Indirect Cash Flow Method

Using this method, cash flow is calculated through modifying the net income by adding or subtracting differences that result from non-cash transactions. This is done in order to come up with an accurate cash inflow or outflow.

Instead of presenting transactional data like the direct method, the calculation begins with the net income figure found in the income statement of the company and makes adjustments to undo the impact of accruals that were made during the accounting period.

The major differences between the two methods are outlined in the table below:

Examples of a Cash Flow Statement

To present a clearer picture of the two methods, there are some examples presented below.

Calculated Using the Direct Cash Flow Method

An example of the cash flow statement using the direct method for a hypothetical company is shown here:

In the above example, the business has net cash of $50,049 from its operating activities and $11,821 from its investing activities. It has a net outflow of cash, which amounts to $7,648 from its financing activities.

As a result, the business has a total of $126,475 in net cash flow at the end of the year.

Calculated Using the Indirect Cash Flow Method

This is another example of a cash flow statement of Nike, Inc. using the indirect method for the fiscal year ending May 31, 2021.

This cash flow statement shows that Nike started the year with approximately $8.3 million in cash and equivalents.

The business brought in $6.65 million through its operating activities. Meanwhile, it spent approximately $3.8 million in investment activities, and a further $1.45 million in financing activities.

The changes in the value of cash balance due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates amount to $143 million.

Consequently, the business ended the year with a positive cash flow of $1.5 million and total cash of $9.88 million.

Importance of a Cash Flow Statement

The CFS is one of the most important financial statements for a business. Cash is the lifeblood of any organization, and a company needs to have a good handle on its cash inflows and outflows in order to stay afloat.

There are several reasons why the cash flow statement is so important:

Provides an Overview of Spending

The cash flow statement presents a good overview of the company’s spending because it captures all the cash that comes in and goes out.

This information is helpful so that management can make decisions on where to cut costs. It also helps investors and creditors assess the financial health of the company.

Maintains an Optimum Cash Balance

Another important function of the cash flow statement is that it helps a business maintain an optimum cash balance.

Management can use the information in the statement to decide when to invest or pay off debts because it shows how much cash is available at any given time.

Focuses on Generating Cash

The cash flow statement also encourages management to focus on generating cash.

This is because when a company knows where its cash is going, it can take steps to make sure that more cash is coming in than going out.

Useful as a Basis for Short-Term Planning

A cash flow statement is an important measurement because it provides information that can be used to make short-term plans.

For instance, if a company realizes that it will have a cash shortfall in the next month, it can take steps to ensure enough funds are available.

Limitations of the Cash Flow Statement

The Cash Flow Statement has a few limitations:

Inability to Compare Similar Industries

The cash flow statement is useful when analyzing changes in cash flow from one period to the next as it gives investors an idea of how the company is performing.

However, it does not measure the efficiency of the business in comparison to a similar industry. This is because terms of sales and purchases may differ from company to company.

Other companies may also have a higher capital investment which means they have more cash outflow rather than cash inflow.

Does not Replace the Income Statement

The cash flow statement does not replace the income statement as it only focuses on changes in cash. In contrast, the income statement is important as it provides information about the profitability of a company.

Lack of Focus on Profitability

The cash flow statement will not present the net income of a company for the accounting period as it does not include non-cash items which are considered by the income statement.

Therefore, it does not evaluate the profitability of a company as it does not consider all costs or revenues.

Cash Flow Statement vs Income Statement vs Balance Sheet

Three financial statements provide insights into the financial performance of a company and potential issues that may need to be addressed: the income statement, balance sheet , and cash flow statement.

These three documents offer unique information that serves as the foundation of corporate accounting.

Below is a comparison between cash flow statement, income statement, and balance sheet:

Final Thoughts

The cash flow statement is an essential financial statement for any business as it provides critical information regarding cash inflows and outflows of the company.

It helps businesses to make crucial decisions about spending, investments , and credit.

Cash flow statements display the beginning and ending cash balances over a specific time period and points out where the changes came from (i.e operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities).

This information allows businesses to forecast future cash needs, make informed investment decisions, and track actual performance against budgeted targets.

However, the cash flow statement also has a few limitations, such as its inability to compare similar industries and its lack of focus on profitability.

Therefore, it should always be used in unison with the income statement and balance sheet to get a complete financial overview of the company.

Cash Flow Statement (CFS) FAQs

What are the implications of positive and negative cash flows.

Positive cash flow reveals that more cash is coming into the company than going out. This is a good sign as it tells that the company is able to pay off its debts and obligations. Negative cash flow typically shows that more cash is leaving the company than coming in, which can be a reason for concern as the company may not be able to meet its financial obligations in the future. However, this could also mean that a company is investing or expanding which requires it to spend some of its funds.

What is the difference between direct and indirect cash flow statements?

Direct cash flow statements show the actual cash inflows and outflows from each operating, investing, and financing activity. While the indirect cash flow method makes adjustments on net income to account for accrual transactions.

What is the importance of cash flow statements?

Cash flow statements are important as they provide critical information about the cash inflows and outflows of the company. This information is important in making crucial decisions about spending, investments, and credit.

What are the main components of a cash flow statement?

The main components of a cash flow statement are cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

How are cash flow and free cash flow different?

Cash flow is the total amount of cash that is flowing in and out of the company. Free cash flow is the available cash after subtracting capital expenditures.

About the Author

True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

True Tamplin is a published author, public speaker, CEO of UpDigital, and founder of Finance Strategists.

True is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance (CEPF®), author of The Handy Financial Ratios Guide , a member of the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing, contributes to his financial education site, Finance Strategists, and has spoken to various financial communities such as the CFA Institute, as well as university students like his Alma mater, Biola University , where he received a bachelor of science in business and data analytics.

To learn more about True, visit his personal website or view his author profiles on Amazon , Nasdaq and Forbes .

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• Cash Flow Management
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• Minimal: $50 - $200
• Steady Saver: $200 - $500
• Serious Planner: $500 - $1,000
• Aggressive Saver: $1,000+

How much will you need each month during retirement?

• Bare Necessities: $1,500 - $2,500
• Moderate Comfort: $2,500 - $3,500
• Comfortable Lifestyle: $3,500 - $5,500
• Affluent Living: $5,500 - $8,000
• Luxury Lifestyle: $8,000+

Part 4: Getting Your Retirement Ready

What is your current financial priority.

• Getting out of debt
• Growing my wealth
• Protecting my wealth

Do you already work with a financial advisor?

Which of these is most important for your financial advisor to have.

• Tax planning expertise
• Investment management expertise
• Estate planning expertise
• None of the above

Where should we send your answer?

Submit to get your retirement-readiness report., get in touch with, great the financial professional will get back to you soon., where should we send the downloadable file, great hit “submit” and an advisor will send you the guide shortly., create a free account and ask any financial question, learn at your own pace with our free courses.

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The essential steps for creating a cash plan

Small Business Finance

6 min read

If you’re like many other business owners, the mere thought of managing your finances makes you want to bury your head in the sand. You may find yourself asking, “How can I create a cash plan? Wait—what is a cash plan?” And that’s a great place to start: What exactly is a cash plan? Think about it like this: If your business is a car, cash is the gas. And sometimes, despite our best efforts, the tank hits empty before the next gas station. In order to keep driving your business toward the future you envision, a cash plan ensures that you won’t stall out.

Before you begin, it’s key to understand the difference between profit and cash flow . In other words, the difference between your revenue and expenses as you’ve anticipated versus how they’re actually flowing . You may have already encountered a scenario in which your anticipated profit remains the same even while your current cash position decreases, or maybe your net profit decreases but your cash position increases—no matter the scenario, changes to cash surplus create an immediate impact. And though your business may run unprofitably for a period of time, it won’t run this way forever. In short, your cash plan is a budget for your cash. It’s a cash flow statement for the future, including forecasts of receipts and expected disbursements in the coming months.

In order to create a sustainable and flexible cash plan, there are some vital steps to put in place. Whether you’re working in tandem with an in-house accountant, a financial advisor or going it alone , here’s an overview that’ll help get you started:

1. Set up your cash flow cycle

The whole goal of this process is to control the financial activities in your business to maximize cash flow—and to do that, you need to set a review cadence. Begin by establishing your goals based on a period of time. When will you check in to review the cash flow cycle? Weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, quarterly—or some combination? If your business is in a particularly uncertain position, you may even want to begin with daily reviews. Choose a timeline that works for you and stick with it. Use it not only to see your cash standing today , but also to look back to previous time periods and to project your future cash position.

2. Produce a cash flow statement

At the end of a cycle, generate your cash flow statement . With this, you’ll be able to review your cash position and make any adjustments you need based on the variance report. The critical formula of a cash flow statement is simple: 

Cash Receipts - Cash Disbursements = Net Cash Flow 

The result is a positive or negative net cash flow—that figure is your ending cash position for the cycle, as well as the beginning cash position for the next cycle’s report. 

Once you have a statement set up, don’t just use it going forward. Assuming you haven’t yet created any cash flow statements, work with your accountant (or use your accounting software) to generate cash flow reports for previous cycles. Start with your beginning cash position for this cycle, then pull receipts and disbursement data from your bank account statements and your accounting software, and plug it into the columns for the previous month. Work backward until you produce cash flow statements for three, six or twelve of the previous months. 

3. Forecast your cash 

Remember, your cash plan is nothing more than a cash flow statement for the future, using forecasted rather than historical numbers. With that in mind, here’s another formula for you: 

Projections + Predictions = Forecast

Projections are what you guess your likely sales figures will be based on previous years’ experience. Predictions , on the other hand, anticipate any possible changes in the future that could impact sales for better or worse—plans for marketing, new products or market expansion, for example.

As you forecast cash flow for future periods, you’ll need to anticipate cash receipts from your sales and from accounts receivable, and as well as other miscellaneous or occasional sources. I know, it can feel vague at first to “guess” at figures, but you’re basing this estimation on real numbers.

Cash from sales looks back to previous months in order to estimate an average, and take into account any upcoming factors that might affect this number. For example, say you have a seasonal business and revenue from one season vastly outweighs others. Or maybe you’re launching a highly anticipated new product or service. All of this matters.

Accounts receivable is a bit different. You likely know that your customers don't often pay you minute the minute they get the invoice (but wouldn’t that be nice?). Take a look at the history of your numbers with your accountant and calculate the average amount of time for collection of receivables. Ideally, you want to aim for 30 days or less. If it’s significantly slower than that, you may want to review your credit and collection policies.

Miscellaneous cash sources are things like interest gained, tax refunds, rental income, credit payments, etc. You should be able to predict these numbers fairly regularly and accurately. Don't worry much about predicting smaller, irregular receipts—just focus on major surprises. It’s okay to be conservative in your forecasts—having more cash than you predicted is never a bad thing! Just keep track of those numbers.

4. Review and manage your cash plan variance report

Review your cash flow on a regular basis so that you stay in the know on how things are flowing. If you end a cycle with net positive cash flow, great—you have a cash cushion for any unforeseen circumstances. And on the other end, knowing that your cash position is in the negative can help you plan ahead in other directions. 

Comparing variance reports—which show the difference between your expected cash flow in and the actual income—will also paint a bigger picture of what’s going right or wrong in your business in that given period. Maybe your accounts receivable cash is lower than anticipated, so it’s time to check in with those customers or tighten up your policy. Or maybe, you see that numbers are way up in response to a new salesperson, and you know they’re the right fit for the job. 

Keeping an eye on cash flow in real time is key to proactively managing budgets and staying on track with financial planning. But it’s also important to keep in mind that part of cash planning is to think about and create a cash reserve . In general, aim to determine your average monthly expenses, then build a reserve that’s 2-3 times that amount (or more depending on how big your company is). That way, your business can still run for a couple of months in case of an emergency or unforeseen circumstances. It may take several months to build that reserve up, but it's never too late to start now.

Feeling inspired to implement a cash flow system in your small business, but would like support to get started? We’re here to help.

Written by Adam Traub

Adam Traub is a senior member of the EMyth Coaching Team and an expert in the EMyth Approach. In his nearly 20 years with the company, his experience has included program development, coach training, customer satisfaction and success, and personally coaching hundreds of business owners through the joys and challenges of redesigning their businesses. Adam’s dedication to helping business owners and leaders comes from his own interest in culture and people dynamics, as well as personal experience working through the EMyth Program as a client, where he saw the possibility for all leaders to transform their companies, create a better culture, and achieve their vision.

TechBullion

A guide to debt restructuring for business financial stability.

Debt restructuring is a powerful strategy that businesses can use to regain financial stability and manage overwhelming debt. This process involves renegotiating the terms of existing debts to make them more manageable, often by extending repayment periods, reducing interest rates, or even forgiving a portion of the debt. Debt restructuring services for business financial stability can provide breathing room for businesses struggling with cash flow issues, allowing them to continue operations while working towards long-term financial health. When done effectively, it can be a lifeline for companies facing financial distress, helping them avoid more drastic measures like bankruptcy. Let’s explore the steps involved in debt restructuring and how it can contribute to business financial stability.

Assess Your Financial Situation

The first step in debt restructuring is to thoroughly evaluate your business’s financial position. This assessment forms the foundation for all subsequent decisions and negotiations.

Key areas to examine:

Current debts and their terms

• Cash flow projections
• Assets and liabilities
• Revenue trends and forecasts

Benefits of a comprehensive assessment:

• Identifies the true extent of financial challenges
• Helps in setting realistic restructuring goals
• Provides data to support negotiations with creditors

Use financial statements, cash flow reports, and profit and loss projections to build a clear picture of your business’s financial health. This information will be crucial in developing your restructuring plan.

Develop a Restructuring Plan

With a clear understanding of your financial situation, the next step is to create a detailed restructuring plan. This plan outlines how you intend to address your debt issues and return to financial stability.

Elements of a restructuring plan:

• Proposed new terms for each debt
• Cash flow projections under of the new terms
• Cost-cutting measures to improve profitability
• Strategies for increasing revenue

Why a solid plan matters:

• It demonstrates to creditors that you have a viable path forward
• Helps in prioritizing which debts to address first
• Provides a roadmap for your business’s financial recovery

Be realistic in your planning and consider multiple scenarios. Your plan should be flexible enough to the adapt to changed circumstances.

Negotiate with Creditors

Armed with your financial assessment and restructuring plan, it’s time to approach your creditors. The goal is to reach agreements that benefit both your business and the creditors.

Negotiation strategies:

• Clearly explain your business’s situation and future prospects
• Propose specific changes to debt terms
• Be prepared to offer something in return, like accelerated payments once your business recovers

Potential outcomes of negotiations:

• Extended repayment periods
• Reduced interest rates
• Debt-for-equity swaps
• Partial debt forgiveness

Remember, creditors often prefer restructuring over the possibility of getting nothing if a business fails. Approach negotiations with a collaborative mindset.

Implement the Restructuring Plan

Once agreements are reached with creditors, it’s time to put your restructuring plan into action. This phase requires careful management or attention to the detail.

Key implementation steps:

• Adjust financial systems to reflect new debt terms
• Implement cost-cutting measures outlined in your plan
• Execute strategies for increasing revenue
• Regularly monitor progress against projections

Why effective implementation is crucial:

• Ensures compliance with new agreements
• Helps in identifying any addressing or issues quickly
• Builds credibility with creditors for potential future negotiations

Stay focused on both short-term debt management and long-term financial stability during this phase.

Monitor and Adjust

Debt restructuring is not an one-time event but an ongoing process. Continuous monitoring or adjustment are essential for the long-term success.

Areas to monitor:

• Cash flow performance
• Adherence to new debt terms
• Progress towards financial stability goals
• Market conditions affecting your business

Benefits of ongoing monitoring:

• Allows for timely adjustments to the your plan
• Helps in identifying new opportunities for financial improvement
• Maintains transparency with creditors

Be prepared to make changes to your restructuring plan if circumstances change. Flexibility and adaptability are key to achieving and maintaining financial stability.

Debt restructuring can be a complex process, but when done effectively, it can provide a path to financial recovery and stability for struggling businesses. By thoroughly assessing your financial situation, developing a solid restructuring plan, negotiating effectively with creditors, implementing the plan diligently, and continuously monitoring and adjusting your approach, you can navigate through financial challenges and set your business on a course for long-term success .

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Some Federal Student Loan Interest Rates at Record Highs

Eliza Haverstock is NerdWallet's higher education writer, where she covers all aspects of college affordability and student loans. Previously, she reported on billionaires and investing for Forbes in New York, and she also covered private markets for PitchBook in Seattle. Eliza got started at her college newspaper at the University of Virginia and interned for Bloomberg, where she spent a summer writing a feature story about plastic straws. She is based in Washington, D.C.

Cecilia Clark is an assistant assigning editor on the loans team. She specializes in student loans and manages product reviews and roundups. Previously, she worked as a freelance writer and developed communications strategies for cybersecurity firms. Cecilia has also worked in post-secondary education, elevator operations management and sales and military nuclear command control, maintenance management and public affairs.

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Federal student loan interest rates for 2024-25 are now live. Some have reached record highs, increasing the cost of college for people who will take out student loans for the upcoming school year.

Here’s how the current 2024-25 federal student loan interest rates compare to 2023-24 rates:

Direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans for undergraduate students: 6.53% interest rate for 2024-25, up from 5.50%. 

Direct unsubsidized loans for graduate students : 8.08% interest rate for 2024-25, up from 7.05%

PLUS loans, available to parents and grad students to fill in funding gaps: 9.08% interest rate for 2024-25, up from 8.05%. 

Since 2006, all federal student loans have had fixed interest rates. Undergraduate direct loan interest rates haven’t been this high in 16 years, since the 2008-09 academic year. (The standing record is 6.8%, for loans disbursed between 2006 and 2008.) Interest rates on direct graduate loans and PLUS loans have never been this high.

The latest federal interest rate hikes come on the heels of major FAFSA errors , which impacted and delayed financial aid offers, including federal loan eligibility, for millions of students. For some families, private student loans with lower interest rates may look more attractive this year — but private loans come with fewer borrower protections and no forgiveness options.

Rising rates increase the total cost of college

Each spring, the government sets federal student loan interest rates for the academic year ahead. The rates are effective from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025, and they apply to all borrowers who take out new federal student loans for the 2024-25 school year. Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, so they won’t change during the repayment period — which typically lasts from 10 to 25 years, depending on your repayment plan. (If you’re already repaying older student loans, this interest rate hike doesn’t affect you.)

Ultimately, higher interest rates will make college more expensive for the millions of college students and their families who take out loans. Today, 42.8 million people collectively owe $1.62 trillion in outstanding federal student loans, per Department of Education data.

That tally may grow in the coming years: A 2024 high school graduate heading to college this fall could amass about $37,000 in student loan debt while pursuing their bachelor’s degree, according to a recent NerdWallet analysis . Dependent undergraduate students can take out no more than $31,000 in federal loans, so more students may turn to private loans to fill the gaps.

Here’s an example of how the higher interest rates can hit your wallet: If you start college in the fall and borrow $31,000 worth of unsubsidized federal direct loans over the course of your undergraduate education, with a 6.53% interest rate, you’ll wind up paying back about $42,315 under a standard 10-year repayment plan. If you’d started college in 2020-21 and taken out the same $31,000 in unsubsidized federal loans with a record-low 2.75% interest rate, you’d have had to repay around $35,510 over 10 years — a $6,805 difference.

In practice, you could pay even more. You can’t borrow the full $31,000 at once — the capped amount is split up over the years you’re in school. If you'll be a college freshman in the fall, interest rates could increase in the three (or more) years to follow.

Run the numbers with a student loan calculator to see how much your debt may cost over time.

Federal vs. private student loan interest rates

In recent years, federal student loans have offered lower interest rates than private alternatives — but that may no longer be true for some borrowers. Currently, private student loans for undergraduates have interest rates from 3.85% to 15.9%, according to a May 2024 NerdWallet analysis.

“More than ever, we are really encouraging our families to be good consumers,” says Stacey MacPhetres, senior director of education finance at EdAssist by Bright Horizons.

Shop around for private student loans and compare interest rates like you would for a mortgage, MacPhetres adds.

To qualify for the lowest rates on private student loans, borrowers must have a high credit score. Many students will need a parent or co-signer with excellent credit to co-sign the loan and accept equal legal responsibility for repaying it.

Federal student loans don’t allow co-signers, and only federal PLUS loans require a credit check. Other federal student loan borrower protections not typically offered by private lenders include:

Repayment plans that cap monthly bills at a certain percentage of your income, such as the new SAVE repayment plan . 

Extended payment pauses, like a student loan deferment or forbearance , for financial hardships. (Private loan forbearances are generally shorter and more difficult to qualify for.) 

Loan forgiveness programs, like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). 

Loan discharges for borrowers whose school closed or defrauded them. 

As a general guideline, borrowers should prioritize federal student loans. If they still have remaining costs, private student loans are a good option to fill in the gaps.

But when it comes to PLUS loans, private alternatives may be a better choice this year if you can qualify for a lower interest rate. PLUS loans don’t offer the same robust protections and flexible repayment options as other types of federal student loans, and they have a 4.228% origination fee that most private lenders don’t require.

Submit the FAFSA and free up cash flow to minimize borrowing

Evaluate your family’s capacity to pay out of pocket or consider using some savings or investments to cover education bills this year, MacPhetres says. “We’re really trying to encourage everybody to exhaust all of their other options before borrowing at all, which includes federal student loans.”

You can also minimize your total college debt and interest payments by leaning on funding sources you won’t have to repay, like scholarships, grants and work-study. You must submit the FAFSA for each year you’ll be in school to qualify for most grants and work-study. That includes the federal need-based Pell Grant , which can give you up to $7,395 per year in free money to pay for college. Many scholarships require applicants to submit the FAFSA. You also need to submit the form to be eligible for federal student loans.

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid is open until June 30, 2025, for the 2024-25 school year, but you should fill it out as soon as possible to increase your chances of getting more money — some types of aid draw from limited pools and can run out.

Another strategy to reduce borrowing: See where you or your child can trim college costs in the first place.

“Your student doesn't have to live in the best residence facility right now ... or maybe they don't need the 21-meal plan if they have never eaten breakfast in their lives,” MacPhetres says. “Little things that you might not think would have a significant impact can certainly help in trying to reduce your overall spending.”

On a similar note...