research interviewer job role

Market Research Interviewer Job Description [Updated for 2024]

In the increasingly competitive business landscape, the role of a Market Research Interviewer has become indispensable.

As the global economy evolves, the demand for skilled individuals who can explore, interpret, and leverage market trends is on the rise.

But let’s delve deeper: What’s truly expected from a Market Research Interviewer?

Whether you are:

• A job seeker looking to understand the core of this role,
• A hiring manager outlining the perfect candidate,
• Or simply fascinated by the dynamics of market research,

You’ve come to the right place.

Today, we present a customizable Market Research Interviewer job description template, tailored for easy posting on job boards or career sites.

Let’s dive in.

Market Research Interviewer Duties and Responsibilities

Market Research Interviewers play a crucial role in collecting data for market research.

They interact directly with participants, gathering important information that helps businesses make informed decisions.

Their duties and responsibilities include:

• Identifying and contacting potential survey participants
• Explaining the purpose of the interview and ensuring participants understand why their feedback is valuable
• Asking a variety of survey questions and recording responses accurately
• Maintaining confidentiality of participants and their responses
• Using different interviewing methods such as telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews or online surveys
• Assisting in the preparation of questionnaires or interview scripts
• Identifying and reporting any issues or problems that may arise during the interview process
• Assessing and reporting the results of the interviews to the research team
• Maintaining up-to-date records of interviews and participants
• Resolving any participant queries or concerns

Market Research Interviewer Job Description Template

We are searching for a detail-oriented and empathetic Market Research Interviewer to join our team.

The Market Research Interviewer will be responsible for conducting interviews, collecting data, and interpreting the results to provide insights to our clients.

In this role, you will be required to conduct surveys over the phone, face-to-face, or online, ensuring all information collected is accurate and valuable.

Our ideal candidate is a natural communicator with a knack for asking the right questions to gather valuable data.

Responsibilities

• Conducting market research interviews by phone, in-person, or online
• Recording and interpreting collected data
• Ensuring all collected data is accurate and reliable
• Adhering to set schedules and meeting set targets
• Following guidelines to ensure consistency in data collection
• Maintaining a professional demeanor during interviews
• Protecting interviewee data privacy
• Submitting reports on findings
• Providing feedback on interview processes and results

Qualifications

• Proven experience in market research or a similar role
• Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
• Strong organizational and multitasking abilities
• Ability to adhere to schedules and meet targets
• High attention to detail
• Proficiency in data collection and interpretation
• High school diploma or equivalent; a degree in a related field will be a plus
• Health insurance
• Dental insurance
• Paid time off
• Professional development opportunities

Additional Information

• Job Title: Market Research Interviewer
• Work Environment: Office setting with options for remote work. Some travel may be required for face-to-face interviews.
• Reporting Structure: Reports to the Market Research Manager or Team Lead.
• Salary: Salary is based upon candidate experience and qualifications, as well as market and business considerations.
• Pay Range: $25,000 minimum to $45,000 maximum
• Location: [City, State] (specify the location or indicate if remote)
• Employment Type: Full-time
• Equal Opportunity Statement: We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status.
• Application Instructions: Please submit your resume and a cover letter outlining your qualifications and experience to [email address or application portal].

What Does a Market Research Interviewer Do?

Market Research Interviewers typically work for market research firms, advertising agencies, or other businesses that need to gather data on consumer behavior.

Their primary role is to collect information from individuals on a variety of topics such as consumer products, political views, or industry trends.

This data is then used to help companies understand what consumers want and how they behave.

Market Research Interviewers conduct surveys and interviews both in person and over the phone.

They may also organize and moderate focus groups.

They ask a predetermined set of questions and record responses accurately.

Some surveys may involve showing participants product samples or promotional material.

At times, Market Research Interviewers may also be responsible for recruiting participants for their surveys or studies.

They need to ensure that they get a diverse and representative sample of the population for the data to be valid.

Analyzing the data gathered and reporting the findings accurately to the client or to their company is also part of their responsibilities.

All this requires strong communication skills, attention to detail, and an understanding of research methodologies.

Market Research Interviewer Qualifications and Skills

Market Research Interviewers require a blend of interpersonal skills, research acumen, and analytical thinking to accurately gather and interpret data, including:

• Exceptional communication skills to interact effectively with respondents, ensuring they understand the purpose of the interview, questions, and responses. This includes both speaking and active listening skills.
• Strong interpersonal skills to establish rapport with respondents, encourage participation, and maintain professional relationships.
• Research skills to accurately collect data through interviews, understand the context, and maintain the integrity of the information collected.
• Patience and empathy to handle respondents’ varying attitudes and potential resistance, while ensuring accurate data collection.
• Attention to detail and organization skills to record responses accurately, avoid errors, and manage the data collected effectively.
• Problem-solving skills to handle any issues that may arise during the interview process and ensure the completion of data collection.
• Knowledge of data analysis principles and practices to interpret and summarize the collected data accurately.
• Basic computer skills to operate data recording software and other technology tools used in data collection and analysis.

Market Research Interviewer Experience Requirements

Entry-level Market Research Interviewers generally require no experience and are often trained on the job.

This role typically involves learning how to conduct different types of interviews, such as phone or in-person interviews, and how to properly record and report the data collected.

Candidates with 1 to 2 years of experience may have gained experience through part-time roles or internships in market research or related fields.

These individuals may have developed their communication and analytical skills through these roles, and may be adept at administering surveys and interpreting the results.

Those with 3 to 5 years of experience may have refined their interviewing techniques and are likely to have a solid grasp of market research methodologies.

They may also have experience with more advanced tasks, such as designing surveys and conducting focus groups.

Candidates with more than 5 years of experience are likely to have significant experience in the field and may have supervised or trained less experienced interviewers.

These individuals may also have a background in data analysis or statistics, allowing them to interpret and present the results of market research in a meaningful way.

These experienced professionals may be suitable for managerial roles, overseeing a team of market research interviewers and ensuring the accuracy and validity of the data collected.

Market Research Interviewer Education and Training Requirements

Market Research Interviewers often have a bachelor’s degree in marketing, business, social sciences, or a related field.

In their degree programs, they learn about research methods, data analysis, consumer behavior, and other relevant topics.

While a degree is not always necessary to become a Market Research Interviewer, having one can provide a broad understanding of the industry and improve job prospects.

No specific license is needed to become a Market Research Interviewer.

However, some employers may require applicants to have certification from a market research organization, like the Marketing Research Association.

This certification signifies the applicant’s understanding of industry standards and ethical guidelines.

Practical training is also vital for this role.

This could be acquired through internships, on-the-job training, or workshops.

Market Research Interviewers must have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, and this hands-on training can greatly improve these abilities.

Continuing education is beneficial to stay updated with the latest market research techniques and technology.

This could be done through seminars, online courses, or attending industry conferences.

Market Research Interviewer Salary Expectations

A Market Research Interviewer can expect an average wage of around $14.76 (USD) per hour.

Actual earnings, however, can differ based on factors such as the level of experience, location, and the specific company for which they work.

Market Research Interviewer Job Description FAQs

What skills does a market research interviewer need.

Market Research Interviewers should have strong communication skills to effectively gather data from interviewees.

They should be able to understand and interpret complex information in a clear and concise manner.

Patience, perseverance, and the ability to handle rejection are important qualities, as they may have to conduct numerous interviews to collect enough data.

Also, they should have good listening skills and the ability to ask insightful questions to gain a deeper understanding of the interviewee’s perspective.

Do market research interviewers need a degree?

While a degree is not mandatory, a bachelor’s degree in market research, marketing, business, or a related field can be beneficial.

Certain positions may require a master’s degree.

The most critical aspect for this role is having a strong foundation in research methodologies, data analysis, and excellent interpersonal skills.

On-the-job training is common in this role to understand the specific requirements of the project.

What should you look for in a market research interviewer resume?

Look for experience in conducting surveys or interviews, collecting and analyzing data, and writing reports.

Familiarity with research methodologies and statistical analysis is a plus.

The resume should highlight strong communication, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills.

Knowledge of the industry the candidate will be working in can also be beneficial.

What qualities make a good market research interviewer?

A good market research interviewer is patient, persistent, and flexible, as they may need to adapt their approach to connect with different interviewees.

They should be impartial, maintaining a neutral stance during interviews to avoid bias.

Strong analytical skills are needed to interpret data effectively, and attention to detail is critical to ensure accurate data collection.

Also, they should possess good organizational skills to manage multiple interviews and keep records orderly.

What are the main responsibilities of a market research interviewer?

A market research interviewer is mainly responsible for gathering information by interviewing individuals or groups as per the research plan.

They prepare and conduct interviews, either in person, over the phone, or online.

They record responses accurately, analyze and interpret data, and present findings in a clear, concise report.

They are also responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of the interviewee’s information.

And there we have it.

We’ve just unpacked the dynamic role of a market research interviewer.

It’s not just about asking questions.

It’s about bridging the gap between corporations and consumers, one interview at a time.

Now, armed with our comprehensive market research interviewer job description template and real-world examples, you’re prepared to take the next step.

But don’t stop here.

Explore further with our job description generator . It’s your secret weapon for crafting precise job listings or refining your resume to excellence.

Every interview conducted is a step towards greater market understanding.

Let’s bridge that gap. Together.

How to Become a Market Research Interviewer (Complete Guide)

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The Editorial Team at InterviewGuy.com is composed of certified interview coaches, seasoned HR professionals, and industry insiders. With decades of collective expertise and access to an unparalleled database of interview questions, we are dedicated to empowering job seekers. Our content meets real-time industry demands, ensuring readers receive timely, accurate, and actionable advice. We value our readers' insights and encourage feedback, corrections, and questions to maintain the highest level of accuracy and relevance.

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Research Interviews: An effective and insightful way of data collection

Research interviews play a pivotal role in collecting data for various academic, scientific, and professional endeavors. They provide researchers with an opportunity to delve deep into the thoughts, experiences, and perspectives of an individual, thus enabling a comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena. It is important for researchers to design an effective and insightful method of data collection on a particular topic. A research interview is typically a two-person meeting conducted to collect information on a certain topic. It is a qualitative data collection method to gain primary information.

The three key features of a research interview are as follows:

Table of Contents

The Significance of Research Interviews in Gathering Primary Data

The role of research interviews in gathering first-hand information is invaluable. Additionally, they allow researchers to interact directly with participants, enabling them to collect unfiltered primary data.

1. Subjective Experience

Research interviews facilitate in-depth exploration of a research topic. Thus, by engaging in one-to-one conversation with participants, researchers can delve into the nuances and complexities of their experiences, perspectives, and opinions. This allows comprehensive understanding of the research subject that may not be possible through other methods. Also, research interviews offer the unique advantage of capturing subjective experiences through personal narratives. Moreover, participants can express their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, which add depth to the findings.

2. Personal Insights

Research interviews offer an opportunity for participants to share their views and opinions on the objective they are being interviewed for. Furthermore, participants can express their thoughts and experiences, providing rich qualitative data . Consequently, these personal narratives add a human element to the research, thus enhancing the understanding of the topic from the participants’ perspectives. Research interviews offer the opportunity to uncover unanticipated insights or emerging themes. Additionally, open-ended questions and active listening can help the researchers to identify new perspectives, ideas, or patterns that may not have been initially considered. As a result, these factors can lead to new avenues for exploration.

3. Clarification and Validation

Researchers can clarify participants’ responses and validate their understanding during an interview. This ensures accurate data collection and interpretation. Additionally, researchers can probe deeper into participants’ statements and seek clarification on any ambiguity in the information.

4. Contextual Information

Research interviews allow researchers to gather contextual information that offers a comprehensive understanding of the research topic. Additionally, participants can provide insights into the social, cultural, or environmental factors that shape their experiences, behaviors, and beliefs. This contextual information helps researchers place the data in a broader context and facilitates a more nuanced analysis.

5. Non-verbal Cues

In addition to verbal responses, research interviews allow researchers to observe non-verbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice. Additionally, non-verbal cues can convey information, such as emotions, attitudes, or levels of comfort. Furthermore, integrating non-verbal cues with verbal responses provides a more holistic understanding of participants’ experiences and enriches the data collection process.

Research interviews offer several advantages, making them a reliable tool for collecting information. However, choosing the right type of research interview is essential for collecting useful data.

Types of Research Interviews

There are several types of research interviews that researchers can use based on their research goals , the nature of their study, and the data they aim to collect. Here are some common types of research interviews:

1. Structured Interviews

• Structured interviews are standardized and follow a fixed format.
• Therefore, these interviews have a pre-determined set of questions.
• All the participants are asked the same set of questions in the same order.
• Therefore, this type of interview facilitates standardization and allows easy comparison and quantitative analysis of responses.
• As a result, structured interviews are used in surveys or studies which aims for a high level of standardization and comparability.

2. Semi-structured Interviews

• Semi-structured interviews offer a flexible framework by combining pre-determined questions.
• So, this gives an opportunity for follow-up questions and open-ended discussions.
• Researchers have a list of core questions but can adapt the interview depending on the participant’s responses.
• Consequently, this allows for in-depth exploration while maintaining some level of consistency across interviews.
• As a result, semi-structured interviews are widely used in qualitative research, where content-rich data is desired.

3. Unstructured Interviews

• Unstructured interviews provide the greatest flexibility and freedom in the interview process.
• This type do not have a pre-determined set of questions.
• Thus, the conversation flows naturally based on the participant’s responses and the researcher’s interests.
• Moreover, this type of interview allows for open-ended exploration and encourages participants to share their experiences, thoughts, and perspectives freely.
• Unstructured interviews useful to explore new or complex research topics, with limited preconceived questions.

4. Group Interviews (Focus Groups)

• Group interviews involve multiple participants who engage in a facilitated discussion on a specific topic.
• This format allows the interaction and exchange of ideas among participants, generating a group dynamic.
• Therefore, group interviews are beneficial for capturing diverse perspectives, and generating collective insights.
• They are often used in market research, social sciences, or studies demanding shared experiences.

5. Narrative Interviews

• Narrative interviews focus on eliciting participants’ personal stories, views, experiences, and narratives. Researchers aim to look into the individual’s life journey.
• As a result, this type of interview allows participants to construct and share their own narratives, providing rich qualitative data.
• Qualitative research, oral history, or studies focusing on individual experiences and identities uses narrative interviews.

6. Ethnographic Interviews

• Ethnographic interviews are conducted within the context of ethnographic research, where researchers immerse themselves in a specific social or cultural setting.
• These interviews aim to understand participants’ experiences, beliefs, and practices within their cultural context, thereby understanding diversity in different ethnic groups.
• Furthermore, ethnographic interviews involve building rapport, observing the participants’ daily lives, and engaging in conversations that capture the nuances of the culture under study.

It must be noted that these interview types are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, researchers often employ a combination of approaches to gather the most comprehensive data for their research. The choice of interview type depends on the research objectives and the nature of the research topic.

Steps of Conducting a Research Interview

Research interviews offer several benefits, and thus careful planning and execution of the entire process are important to gather in-depth information from the participants. While conducting an interview, it is essential to know the necessary steps to follow for ensuring success. The steps to conduct a research interview are as follows:

• Identify the objectives and understand the goals
• Select an appropriate interview format
• Organize the necessary materials for the interview
• Understand the questions to be addressed
• Analyze the demographics of interviewees
• Select the interviewees
• Design the interview questions to gather sufficient information
• Schedule the interview
• Explain the purpose of the interview
• Analyze the interviewee based on his/her responses

Considerations for Research Interviews

Since the flexible nature of research interviews makes them an invaluable tool for data collection, researchers must consider certain factors to make the process effective. They should avoid bias and preconceived notion against the participants. Furthermore, researchers must comply with ethical considerations and respect the cultural differences between them and the participants. Also, they should ensure careful tailoring of the questions to avoid making them offensive or derogatory. The interviewers must respect the privacy of the participants and ensure the confidentiality of their details.

By ensuring due diligence of these considerations associated with research interviews, researchers can maximize the validity and reliability of the collected data, leading to robust and meaningful research outcomes.

Have you ever conducted a research interview? What was your experience? What factors did you consider when conducting a research interview? Share it with researchers worldwide by submitting your thought piece on Enago Academy’s Open Blogging Platform .

Frequently Asked Questions

• Identify the objectives of the interview • State and explain the purpose of the interview • Select an appropriate interview format • Organize the necessary materials for the Interview • Check the demographics of the participants • Select the Interviewees or the participants • Prepare the list of questions to gather maximum useful data from the participants • Schedule the Interview • Analyze the participant based on his/ her Responses

Interviews are important in research as it helps to gather elaborative first-hand information. It helps to draw conclusions from the non-verbal views and personal experiences. It reduces the ambiguity of data through detailed discussions.

The advantages of research interviews are: • It offers first-hand information • Offers detailed assessment which can result in elaborate conclusions • It is easy to conduct • Provides non-verbal cues The disadvantages of research interviews are: • There is a risk of personal bias • It can be time consuming • The outcomes might be unpredictable

The difference between structured and unstructured interview are: • Structured interviews have well-structured questions in a pre-determined order; while unstructured interviews are flexible and do not have a pre-planned set of questions. • Structured interview is more detailed; while unstructured interviews are exploratory in nature. • Structured interview is easier to replicate as compared to unstructured interview.

Focus groups is a group of multiple participants engaging in a facilitated discussion on a specific topic. This format allows for interaction and exchange of ideas among participants.

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Market research interviewer - overview

As a market research interviewer, you'll conduct interviews and research to collect information on the opinions, likes and dislikes of consumers, businesses and other groups. Read our job profile to see if you're suited to this role and what you might need to study to get employed.

Learn what the role involves below.

Learn what the role involves

See what opportunities are out there

Career development

Find out how you'll build skills and experience

Requirements

Know what you'll need to land a job

What does a market research interviewer do?

As a market research interviewer, there's a good chance you'll be employed by a market research agency. These agencies vary in size and carry out work on behalf of clients on a variety of projects, in all sorts of industries. Or, you may be employed directly by a company (client-side), where you'll conduct market research for them exclusively.

The exact type of work you'll do depends on who you're employed by. But your main responsibility will be to gather information about customer opinions and trends, marketing effectiveness, customer requirements and more. You're likely to specialise in either quantitative research (statistics and numbers) or qualitative research (opinion-based).

What will your days involve?

Daily tasks will vary but could involve:

• Analysing research methods in view of improving them

How much can you earn as a market research interviewer?

The average salary for a market research interviewer in the UK is £19,240.

Does a market research interviewer role involve travel in the UK or overseas?

You might travel within the UK or overseas if you need to for a research project.

Can you work from home as a market research interviewer?

You can work from an office, agency, call center or from home depending on your employer. Much of your work will be over the phone or via email but you may also meet people in person for interviews.

Average Annual Pay

Annual Survey of Hours and Earning 2020

Average Weekly Hours

Annual Survey of Hours and Earning 2019

Unemployment Rate

Labour Force Survey 2020

Future employment projections (Working Futures UK)

Description.

Market research interviewers conduct interviews to collect information on the opinions and preferences of consumers, businesses, the electorate and other selected groups.

Qualifications

Typical tasks.

• approaches members of the public, individuals, households and organisations to arrange and conduct face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, focus groups, panel interviews etc.;
• records progress of interviews by noting answers, completing questionnaires, making audio or visual recordings or inputting responses into a computer;
• collects questionnaires, diaries, and other research materials left with interviewees and conducts follow-up interviews;
• collates and reviews information collected and compiles reports to pass back to the organisation/individual commissioning the market research.

Common job titles

Education background.

Destination of Leavers survey, supplied by the Higher Education Statistics.

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Employment type

Gender breakdown, female average weekly pay, male average weekly pay, gender pay gap ranking, compare the gender pay gap for market research interviewers with other careers., average weekly pay by age and gender: market research interviewers, pay change between years, contact info.

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Methodology

• Types of Interviews in Research | Guide & Examples

Types of Interviews in Research | Guide & Examples

Published on March 10, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on June 22, 2023.

An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking questions in order to collect data . Interviews involve two or more people, one of whom is the interviewer asking the questions.

There are several types of interviews, often differentiated by their level of structure.

• Structured interviews have predetermined questions asked in a predetermined order.
• Unstructured interviews are more free-flowing.
• Semi-structured interviews fall in between.

Interviews are commonly used in market research, social science, and ethnographic research .

Table of contents

What is a structured interview, what is a semi-structured interview, what is an unstructured interview, what is a focus group, examples of interview questions, advantages and disadvantages of interviews, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about types of interviews.

Structured interviews have predetermined questions in a set order. They are often closed-ended, featuring dichotomous (yes/no) or multiple-choice questions. While open-ended structured interviews exist, they are much less common. The types of questions asked make structured interviews a predominantly quantitative tool.

Asking set questions in a set order can help you see patterns among responses, and it allows you to easily compare responses between participants while keeping other factors constant. This can mitigate   research biases and lead to higher reliability and validity. However, structured interviews can be overly formal, as well as limited in scope and flexibility.

• You feel very comfortable with your topic. This will help you formulate your questions most effectively.
• You have limited time or resources. Structured interviews are a bit more straightforward to analyze because of their closed-ended nature, and can be a doable undertaking for an individual.
• Your research question depends on holding environmental conditions between participants constant.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Semi-structured interviews are a blend of structured and unstructured interviews. While the interviewer has a general plan for what they want to ask, the questions do not have to follow a particular phrasing or order.

Semi-structured interviews are often open-ended, allowing for flexibility, but follow a predetermined thematic framework, giving a sense of order. For this reason, they are often considered “the best of both worlds.”

However, if the questions differ substantially between participants, it can be challenging to look for patterns, lessening the generalizability and validity of your results.

• You have prior interview experience. It’s easier than you think to accidentally ask a leading question when coming up with questions on the fly. Overall, spontaneous questions are much more difficult than they may seem.
• Your research question is exploratory in nature. The answers you receive can help guide your future research.

An unstructured interview is the most flexible type of interview. The questions and the order in which they are asked are not set. Instead, the interview can proceed more spontaneously, based on the participant’s previous answers.

Unstructured interviews are by definition open-ended. This flexibility can help you gather detailed information on your topic, while still allowing you to observe patterns between participants.

However, so much flexibility means that they can be very challenging to conduct properly. You must be very careful not to ask leading questions, as biased responses can lead to lower reliability or even invalidate your research.

• You have a solid background in your research topic and have conducted interviews before.
• Your research question is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking descriptive data that will deepen and contextualize your initial hypotheses.
• Your research necessitates forming a deeper connection with your participants, encouraging them to feel comfortable revealing their true opinions and emotions.

A focus group brings together a group of participants to answer questions on a topic of interest in a moderated setting. Focus groups are qualitative in nature and often study the group’s dynamic and body language in addition to their answers. Responses can guide future research on consumer products and services, human behavior, or controversial topics.

Focus groups can provide more nuanced and unfiltered feedback than individual interviews and are easier to organize than experiments or large surveys . However, their small size leads to low external validity and the temptation as a researcher to “cherry-pick” responses that fit your hypotheses.

• Your research focuses on the dynamics of group discussion or real-time responses to your topic.
• Your questions are complex and rooted in feelings, opinions, and perceptions that cannot be answered with a “yes” or “no.”
• Your topic is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking information that will help you uncover new questions or future research ideas.

Depending on the type of interview you are conducting, your questions will differ in style, phrasing, and intention. Structured interview questions are set and precise, while the other types of interviews allow for more open-endedness and flexibility.

Here are some examples.

• Semi-structured
• Unstructured
• Focus group
• Do you like dogs? Yes/No
• Do you associate dogs with feeling: happy; somewhat happy; neutral; somewhat unhappy; unhappy
• If yes, name one attribute of dogs that you like.
• If no, name one attribute of dogs that you don’t like.
• What feelings do dogs bring out in you?
• When you think more deeply about this, what experiences would you say your feelings are rooted in?

Interviews are a great research tool. They allow you to gather rich information and draw more detailed conclusions than other research methods, taking into consideration nonverbal cues, off-the-cuff reactions, and emotional responses.

However, they can also be time-consuming and deceptively challenging to conduct properly. Smaller sample sizes can cause their validity and reliability to suffer, and there is an inherent risk of interviewer effect arising from accidentally leading questions.

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview that can help you decide if you’d like to utilize this research method.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Student’s  t -distribution
• Normal distribution
• Null and Alternative Hypotheses
• Chi square tests
• Confidence interval
• Quartiles & Quantiles
• Cluster sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Data cleansing
• Reproducibility vs Replicability
• Peer review
• Prospective cohort study

Research bias

• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Placebo effect
• Hawthorne effect
• Hindsight bias
• Affect heuristic
• Social desirability bias

The four most common types of interviews are:

• Structured interviews : The questions are predetermined in both topic and order. 
• Semi-structured interviews : A few questions are predetermined, but other questions aren’t planned.
• Unstructured interviews : None of the questions are predetermined.
• Focus group interviews : The questions are presented to a group instead of one individual.

The interviewer effect is a type of bias that emerges when a characteristic of an interviewer (race, age, gender identity, etc.) influences the responses given by the interviewee.

There is a risk of an interviewer effect in all types of interviews , but it can be mitigated by writing really high-quality interview questions.

Social desirability bias is the tendency for interview participants to give responses that will be viewed favorably by the interviewer or other participants. It occurs in all types of interviews and surveys , but is most common in semi-structured interviews , unstructured interviews , and focus groups .

Social desirability bias can be mitigated by ensuring participants feel at ease and comfortable sharing their views. Make sure to pay attention to your own body language and any physical or verbal cues, such as nodding or widening your eyes.

This type of bias can also occur in observations if the participants know they’re being observed. They might alter their behavior accordingly.

A focus group is a research method that brings together a small group of people to answer questions in a moderated setting. The group is chosen due to predefined demographic traits, and the questions are designed to shed light on a topic of interest. It is one of 4 types of interviews .

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

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Job Description

Market Research Interviewer job description

Example market research interviewer requirements on a job description.

• Bachelor's Degree in Market Research or related field
• Proficiency in data collection and analysis
• Strong working knowledge of SPSS, SAS, or similar software
• Knowledge of survey design
• Experience in conducting interviews
• Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
• Ability to think critically and draw conclusions
• Strong attention to detail
• Ability to meet deadlines
• Excellent organizational skills

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The aes market research interviewer job description, market research interviewer job description example 2, universal market research interviewer job description, market research interviewer job description example 3, nbcuniversal market research interviewer job description, resources for employers posting market research interviewer jobs.

Market Research Interviewer job description FAQs

What are the most common skills on a job description for a market research interviewer.

Updated March 14, 2024

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The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

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A product manager who switched from Snap to Meta walks through her interview practice, including her favorite question to ask the hiring manager

• Sarra Bounouh is a product manager at Meta. She previously worked at Microsoft and Accenture.
• For interviews, she emphasized the importance of mock interviews and role research.
• Bounouh advised preparing a list of questions to ask both leaders and hiring managers.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Sarra Bounouh , a product manager in Meta's Seattle office. It has been edited for length and clarity. Business Insider has verified her employment history.

I grew up in Morocco and moved to France after completing high school.

I studied applied mathematics at university and had a couple of career options.

I decided to go into consulting because I wanted to explore different types of projects and different types of problems, work with different industries, and find out what I'm passionate about. I interned at Accenture and eventually converted to a full-time job.

Working on artificial intelligence projects built my interest in tech, and I started pursuing some courses after work. It was difficult to keep up with my consulting schedule, and I decided to go back to college to study computer science.

I moved to the US to pursue a master's from Texas A&M and landed a product manager role at Microsoft after graduating in 2020.

I worked at Microsoft for about three years, before moving to Snap. I made the switch from Snap to Meta earlier this year.

Product manager applications typically involve between five to eight rounds of interviews and include a mix of technical and behavioral sessions.

Here are four ways I prepare before an important Big Tech interview:

Mock interviews

Product management has several frameworks, and there are too many things to learn. There are also far too many resources, and it is very easy to get distracted and overwhelmed.

Related stories

My go-to strategy has been mock interviews. One week before a big interview, I schedule practice interviews with mock partners and I select some questions I want to work on each day before the interview.

Research the role and company

In the days leading up to the interview, I do some research about the role. I read the job description again and think of instances in my past experiences that map to the responsibilities listed.

I also look into the company and research the recent releases from the company or even from the team I plan to join, if possible. I like going into the interview having an overview of the company, and what their strategy is so far.

Prepare a list of questions

An important part of my interview strategy is to prepare a list of questions to ask the interviewer. I separate my questions based on whether it is someone in a leadership position or a hiring manager.

For a leader:

• What is the strategy of the team and the company? How do this team's objectives and key results fit into the overall mission and strategy of the company?
• What do you have in mind for the team in the next six months and the next 12 months?
• What would make the person in the role that you're hiring for stand out?

For a hiring manager:

• Who are the people someone in this role will be working closely with?
• What does success mean for this role?
• Tell me about a project the team worked on recently, and the impact it had?

This is one of my favorite questions. I like it a lot because it helps me evaluate the scope of work that the team has and then link it back to the role they're hiring for. I make sure to ask all hiring managers this question if there are multiple interviews.

Switch gears 24 hours before

I've tried two strategies for the day before an interview, and I've found one to be far better for me mentally.

In the past, I continued to work on preparing for technical product management questions even on the last day. I've observed that I'm much more nervous and anxious on the day of the interview, and I felt that it impacted my overall interview performance the next day.

More recently, I have decided to relax and not do too much 24 hours before a big interview. I just try to reflect on what I have learned so far and not work on any new problems.

I have found that it helps me feel less stressed on the day before the interview. I have also come to realize that the last 24 hours cannot change much, and it is better to go in feeling confident that you have done your best and are prepared.

Do you have a story to share about your career journey? Please reach out to [email protected] .

Watch: "Don't run too fast" – the best advice Delta CMO Alicia Tillman received

• Main content

Top 12 Market Research Interviewer Skills to Put on Your Resume

In the dynamic field of market research, possessing a robust set of skills can significantly enhance your resume and set you apart as a highly valuable candidate. This article delves into the top 12 skills that market research interviewers should highlight on their resumes to demonstrate their expertise and adaptability in capturing insightful data and driving strategic decisions.

Market Research Interviewer Skills

• SurveyMonkey
• Google Analytics

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a software tool used for data analysis and statistical research, commonly utilized in market research to organize, analyze, and visualize survey data for informed decision-making.

Why It's Important

SPSS is important because it provides powerful tools for data analysis and interpretation, enabling market research interviewers to uncover insights from survey data, identify trends, and make evidence-based decisions.

How to Improve SPSS Skills

To improve your skills in SPSS for market research, focus on the following concise steps:

Learn the Basics: Start with understanding the SPSS interface, data entry, and basic data manipulation. IBM offers a Getting Started Tutorial that covers these fundamentals.

Master Data Analysis Techniques: Enhance your ability to perform various statistical analyses such as descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and ANOVA. The UCLA Institute for Digital Research and Education provides excellent guides for conducting these analyses in SPSS.

Improve Data Visualization Skills: Develop your skills in creating and interpreting graphs and charts in SPSS. The IBM SPSS Visualization Designer can help create compelling data visualizations.

Automate Tasks with Syntax: Learning SPSS syntax can greatly improve your efficiency. Raynald's SPSS Tools offers a comprehensive SPSS Syntax Introduction that can help you automate repetitive tasks.

Stay Updated: SPSS is continuously updated; staying informed about new features and functionalities enhances proficiency. The official IBM SPSS Software page is a great resource for updates and tutorials.

Join SPSS Communities: Engage with other SPSS users through forums and communities. The IBM Community is a valuable platform for sharing knowledge, solving problems, and learning from experienced users.

By focusing on these areas, you can significantly improve your SPSS skills which are crucial for a Market Research Interviewer.

How to Display SPSS Skills on Your Resume

2. Qualtrics

Qualtrics is a cloud-based software platform that enables users to collect and analyze data for market research, customer satisfaction, and experience management through surveys and other feedback mechanisms.

Qualtrics is important because it offers a comprehensive suite of tools for creating, distributing, and analyzing surveys, enabling Market Research Interviewers to efficiently gather and interpret data to inform business decisions.

How to Improve Qualtrics Skills

To enhance Qualtrics for a Market Research Interviewer, consider the following concise strategies:

Customize Surveys: Tailor surveys with advanced logic and branching to ensure relevancy for each respondent. Utilize Qualtrics' survey logic to guide this customization.

Integrate Data Sources: Connect Qualtrics with CRM and analytics tools for a unified view of customer insights. Explore Qualtrics integrations for seamless data synchronization.

Enhance Data Analysis: Leverage Qualtrics' statistical analysis and AI capabilities to uncover deep insights and trends within the data collected.

Improve Response Rates: Use engaging question types and distribution channels that match your target audience's preferences to boost participation.

Ensure Data Privacy: Follow best practices for data collection and storage, adhering to regulations. Refer to Qualtrics' security statement to understand and implement necessary security measures.

Continuous Learning: Stay updated with Qualtrics training and certifications to leverage the platform's full potential effectively.

Implementing these strategies can significantly improve your efficiency and effectiveness as a Market Research Interviewer using Qualtrics.

How to Display Qualtrics Skills on Your Resume

3. SurveyMonkey

SurveyMonkey is an online survey tool that enables users, including market research interviewers, to create, distribute, and analyze surveys to gather data for market research purposes.

SurveyMonkey is a crucial tool for a Market Research Interviewer as it provides a user-friendly platform for designing, distributing, and analyzing surveys efficiently, enabling the collection of valuable data and insights to inform market trends and consumer behavior.

How to Improve SurveyMonkey Skills

To enhance SurveyMonkey for a Market Research Interviewer, focus on these key areas:

Advanced Question Logic : Implement more sophisticated question logic to tailor surveys based on respondent answers, improving relevance and response rates. SurveyMonkey's Advanced Logic offers insights.

Integration with CRM Tools : Streamline data analysis by integrating SurveyMonkey with CRM platforms like Salesforce, enabling seamless data transfer and insights. SurveyMonkey's Salesforce Integration provides a starting point.

Mobile Optimization : Optimize surveys for mobile devices to increase response rates, as more users are likely to respond on-the-go. Mobile Optimization Tips from SurveyMonkey can guide improvements.

Enhanced Reporting Features : Implement more robust reporting tools for deeper analysis, including cross-tabulation and filter options for more granular insights. Explore SurveyMonkey's Analyze Features for details.

User Experience (UX) Improvement : Focus on simplifying the survey creation and distribution process, making it more intuitive for market researchers. SurveyMonkey User Experience offers a glimpse into current capabilities.

By focusing on these areas, SurveyMonkey can become a more powerful tool for market research interviewers, enhancing data collection and analysis capabilities.

How to Display SurveyMonkey Skills on Your Resume

Excel is a versatile spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft, used for data analysis, storage, and visualization, essential for organizing and interpreting market research data.

Excel is crucial for a Market Research Interviewer as it enables efficient organization, analysis, and visualization of data collected from surveys or interviews, facilitating the extraction of insights and trends critical for making informed decisions.

How to Improve Excel Skills

To improve your Excel skills for a Market Research Interviewer role, focus on the following concise steps:

Master Basic Functions: Start with understanding and using basic functions like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, and MIN. Excel functions .

Learn Data Analysis Tools: Get familiar with PivotTables, charts, and slicers to analyze and visualize data. PivotTable tutorial .

Understand Conditional Formatting: Use conditional formatting to highlight trends and patterns in your data. Conditional formatting guide.

Develop Data Validation Skills: Implement data validation rules to maintain data integrity. Data validation.

Use Formulas for Market Analysis: Learn to use advanced formulas relevant to market research like VLOOKUP, INDEX+MATCH, and IF statements. Advanced formulas .

Enhance Reporting with Dashboards: Create interactive dashboards for insightful reporting. Dashboard creation.

Automate Repetitive Tasks with Macros: Learn basic VBA to automate repetitive tasks, saving time and reducing errors. Introduction to VBA .

Practice Regularly: Practice by working on real-life market research data sets or Excel project simulations.

Seek Feedback and Keep Learning: Join Excel forums or groups on LinkedIn to share your work, get feedback, and learn from others. Excel Forum and LinkedIn Excel Groups .

By focusing on these areas, you can significantly improve your Excel skills, making you more effective and efficient in your role as a Market Research Interviewer.

How to Display Excel Skills on Your Resume

Tableau is a powerful data visualization tool used to analyze and present data insights effectively, often utilized in market research to transform complex datasets into intuitive, interactive dashboards and reports.

Tableau is important for a Market Research Interviewer because it enables efficient data visualization and analysis, allowing for clear insights and trends identification from market research data, facilitating informed decision-making and strategic planning.

How to Improve Tableau Skills

Improving your Tableau skills, especially for a Market Research Interviewer role, involves a mix of enhancing your technical proficiency, understanding of data visualization principles, and knowledge of market research methodologies. Here's a concise guide:

Master the Basics : Ensure you're comfortable with Tableau basics. Tableau provides an official learning path tailored for different skill levels.

Advanced Tableau Techniques : Dive into advanced topics such as complex calculations, custom visualizations, and dynamic dashboards via Tableau's Advanced Training.

Data Visualization Best Practices : Understand the principles behind effective data visualization to make your findings more impactful. Edward Tufte’s book, "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information", is a great resource, and so is Storytelling with Data .

Market Research Specific Learning : Focus on how to effectively use Tableau in market research contexts. Resources like GreenBook Blog provide insights into market research trends and how tools like Tableau can be leveraged.

Tableau Public : Practice your skills and get inspired by exploring and publishing to Tableau Public , a free platform to share your visualizations with the world.

Stay Updated : The field of data visualization and tools like Tableau are constantly evolving. Follow the Tableau Blog for the latest updates, tips, and tricks.

Networking and Community Engagement : Join Tableau User Groups (TUGs) and participate in forums like the Tableau Community Forums to exchange knowledge with peers.

Certification : Consider obtaining a Tableau certification to validate your skills officially. Information on certification paths can be found on the Tableau Certification Page .

Combining these resources and strategies will significantly enhance your Tableau skills, making you more effective in your role as a Market Research Interviewer.

How to Display Tableau Skills on Your Resume

SAS is a software suite used for advanced analytics, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics, widely utilized in market research for analyzing data, generating reports, and deriving insights.

SAS (Statistical Analysis System) is crucial for a Market Research Interviewer because it enables efficient data analysis and interpretation, facilitating the extraction of actionable insights from market research data, and supports decision-making based on empirical evidence.

How to Improve SAS Skills

To improve your SAS (Statistical Analysis System) skills, especially for a Market Research Interviewer role, focus on the following short and concise steps:

Learn SAS Basics : Start with understanding the basics of SAS programming. Use the official SAS tutorials to grasp foundational knowledge.

Practice Data Manipulation : Master data manipulation techniques including importing, cleaning, and transforming data. The UCLA IDRE SAS resources offer excellent guides and examples.

Understand Statistical Procedures : Familiarize yourself with statistical procedures used in SAS for analysis, such as PROC MEANS, PROC FREQ, and PROC REG. The SAS documentation is a valuable resource.

Explore SAS Macros : Learn how to automate repetitive tasks with SAS Macros to increase efficiency. The SAS Macro Programming Made Easy book is a great starting point.

Use SAS Visual Analytics : Gain skills in SAS Visual Analytics to present data findings effectively. Explore the Visual Analytics tutorials for hands-on learning.

Join SAS Communities : Engage with the SAS Community to learn from experienced professionals and participate in discussions.

Apply Knowledge in Projects : Apply your skills in real or simulated market research projects. This hands-on experience is invaluable.

By focusing on these steps and utilizing the linked resources, you can significantly improve your SAS skills for a Market Research Interviewer position.

How to Display SAS Skills on Your Resume

R is a programming language and software environment used for statistical computing and graphics, widely utilized in data analysis, data visualization, and statistical modeling, including applications in market research for analyzing consumer data and trends.

R is important for a Market Research Interviewer because it offers powerful statistical analysis, data visualization capabilities, and flexibility in managing and interpreting large datasets, enabling insightful and evidence-based decision-making.

How to Improve R Skills

Improving your R skills, especially for a market research interviewer role, involves a combination of enhancing your coding capabilities, understanding statistical analysis, and mastering data visualization. Here’s a concise guide:

Learn the Basics : Begin with the fundamentals of R syntax and programming concepts. The R for Data Science book is an excellent starting point.

Statistical Analysis : Since market research heavily relies on interpreting data, focus on statistical models and analysis techniques. DataCamp’s Statistics with R track is practical for this.

Data Visualization : Mastering data visualization with ggplot2 will enhance your ability to communicate insights. The Data Visualization with ggplot2 guide is a valuable resource.

Survey Data Analysis : Learn to handle survey data specifically, as it's core to market research. Useful resources include the Survey package in R for analysis and the Qualtrics website for integrating survey data into R.

Practice with Real-world Datasets : Apply your skills on market research datasets to simulate real-world scenarios. Kaggle is an excellent platform for finding datasets and participating in competitions.

Stay Updated and Network : Join R-related forums and networks like R-bloggers and Stack Overflow to stay updated on the latest trends and solutions.

Advanced Techniques : As you progress, delve into advanced topics such as machine learning with R to uncover deeper insights from your data. The caret package is a great place to start.

By following these steps and continuously practicing, you’ll significantly improve your R skills, making you a more effective market research interviewer.

How to Display R Skills on Your Resume

Python is a high-level, versatile programming language that is widely used for web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and automation.

Python is important because it offers a simple and versatile programming language that can efficiently handle data analysis, automation, and integration tasks, crucial for gathering, processing, and interpreting market research data effectively.

How to Improve Python Skills

To improve your Python skills for a role as a Market Research Interviewer, focus on learning and practicing the following key areas:

Data Analysis : Master libraries like Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation and analysis. Pandas Documentation , NumPy Tutorial

Data Visualization : Learn to use Matplotlib and Seaborn to create insightful charts and graphs. Matplotlib Tutorials , Seaborn Guide

APIs : Understand how to use APIs to fetch data for analysis. Practice with requests or HTTPx library. Requests Documentation , HTTPx Documentation

Automating Surveys : Automate the process of sending and analyzing surveys with Python scripting. Automate the Boring Stuff with Python

Machine Learning : For advanced insights, learn basics of machine learning with scikit-learn. Scikit-learn Tutorial

Practice and Projects : Apply your skills in real-world projects or contribute to open-source. GitHub is a great platform for collaboration and project hosting.

Continuous Learning : Stay updated with the latest in Python and data science through platforms like Real Python and DataCamp.

Remember, consistent practice and real-world application of these skills will significantly enhance your proficiency in Python for market research.

How to Display Python Skills on Your Resume

NVivo is a qualitative data analysis software that helps market research interviewers organize, analyze, and find insights in unstructured data, such as interview transcripts, surveys, and social media content.

NVivo is important for a Market Research Interviewer because it enables the efficient organization, analysis, and interpretation of complex qualitative data, providing deeper insights into consumer behavior and market trends.

How to Improve NVivo Skills

To improve NVivo for Market Research Interviewers, consider the following concise strategies:

Enhance Your Coding Skills : Become proficient in thematic coding to categorize data effectively. Utilize NVivo's tutorials for advanced coding techniques.

Leverage Automation Features : Utilize NVivo’s auto-coding features for efficient data organization. Explore the auto-coding guide to streamline your analysis.

Integrate with Survey Tools : Connect NVivo with survey platforms like Qualtrics or SurveyMonkey for seamless data import. This integration simplifies data collection and analysis. Learn more about data import options.

Utilize Query Functions : Master NVivo’s query functions to dive deeper into your data. This allows for complex analysis and insights generation. The NVivo query guide offers comprehensive instructions.

Enhance Collaboration : If working in a team, use NVivo’s collaboration features for shared data analysis. Explore options for team-based analysis in the collaboration guide.

Stay Updated : Regularly update NVivo to the latest version for new features and bug fixes. Check the NVivo release notes for the latest updates.

Participate in Workshops and Webinars : Improve your expertise by attending NVivo workshops and webinars. These sessions can provide new insights and methodologies for market research.

By implementing these strategies, Market Research Interviewers can significantly enhance their proficiency and efficiency in using NVivo for qualitative data analysis.

How to Display NVivo Skills on Your Resume

10. Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a web analytics service that tracks and reports website traffic, providing insights into user behavior, which is vital for market research and understanding customer preferences.

Google Analytics is crucial for a Market Research Interviewer as it provides detailed insights into user behavior, preferences, and demographics, enabling the development of more targeted and effective market research strategies.

How to Improve Google Analytics Skills

To enhance your proficiency in Google Analytics as a Market Research Interviewer, focus on these concise strategies:

Get Certified: Start by completing the Google Analytics Academy courses . These courses range from beginner to advanced levels, providing a comprehensive understanding of Google Analytics.

Utilize Custom Reports: Tailor reports to your specific market research needs. Custom reports can help you analyze data that is most relevant to your projects. Learn more about custom reports here.

Leverage Segmentation: Use segmentation to drill down into your data. This allows for a more detailed analysis of user behavior and can be particularly useful in market research. Check out how to apply segments here.

Set Up Goals and Conversion Tracking: Identify what conversions are important for your market research and set up goals in Google Analytics to track these actions. This feature is crucial for measuring the success of your research objectives. Learn to set up goals here.

Stay Updated: Google Analytics is constantly evolving. Stay informed about the latest features and updates by regularly checking the Google Analytics Blog .

Participate in Forums and Groups: Engage with the Google Analytics community through forums and groups such as the Google Analytics Help Community to share insights, ask questions, and learn from experienced professionals.

By integrating these strategies, you can significantly improve your Google Analytics skills and leverage its full potential for market research.

How to Display Google Analytics Skills on Your Resume

11. Salesforce

Salesforce is a cloud-based software company that provides customer relationship management (CRM) services, along with a suite of enterprise applications focused on customer service, marketing automation, analytics, and application development.

Salesforce is crucial for a Market Research Interviewer because it provides a comprehensive CRM platform that streamlines data management, enhances customer interactions, and automates many processes, allowing for more efficient and effective market research activities.

How to Improve Salesforce Skills

To enhance Salesforce for a Market Research Interviewer, consider the following steps:

Customize Data Fields: Tailor Salesforce fields to capture specific data relevant to market research, such as respondent demographics and survey responses. Salesforce customization guide .

Integrate Survey Tools: Use third-party survey tools and integrate them with Salesforce for seamless data collection and analysis. Tools like SurveyMonkey or Qualtrics can be integrated. Salesforce AppExchange for survey tools .

Automate Workflows: Set up automated workflows for follow-ups, survey dissemination, and data entry to increase efficiency. Workflow automation guide.

Utilize Reports and Dashboards: Leverage Salesforce's reporting tools to analyze survey data, track respondent engagement, and generate insights. Custom reports and dashboards can be tailored to your specific needs. Creating reports and dashboards.

Implement Salesforce Einstein: Use Salesforce Einstein for AI-driven predictions, recommendations, and insights based on your market research data. Salesforce Einstein details.

Enhance Security: Ensure data privacy and security, especially for sensitive respondent information, by utilizing Salesforce's security features. Salesforce security guide .

Continuous Training: Keep up with Salesforce updates and provide ongoing training for your team to leverage the platform's full potential. Salesforce training resources .

Implementing these strategies can significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of market research activities within Salesforce.

How to Display Salesforce Skills on Your Resume

12. ZoomInfo

ZoomInfo is a comprehensive B2B database software that provides detailed information on businesses and professionals, useful for market research, sales prospecting, and lead generation activities.

ZoomInfo is important for a Market Research Interviewer because it provides comprehensive and accurate data on companies and contacts, enabling targeted outreach and informed research, thus enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of market research efforts.

How to Improve ZoomInfo Skills

Improving ZoomInfo for a Market Research Interviewer involves enhancing data accuracy, integration capabilities, and user experience. Here's a concise guide:

Data Accuracy : Regularly update databases to ensure contact information is current. Utilize machine learning algorithms for continuous data verification and enrichment. ZoomInfo

Integration Capabilities : Enable seamless integration with CRM systems and market research tools for efficient workflow. Offer APIs for custom integrations. ZoomInfo Integrations

User Experience : Simplify the user interface for easy navigation. Provide comprehensive training materials and responsive customer support. ZoomInfo Learning Hub

Enhancing these areas can significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of market research activities.

How to Display ZoomInfo Skills on Your Resume

Related Career Skills

• Research Interviewer
• Market Research Analyst
• Marketing Research Analyst
• Market Research Assistant
• Market Research Associate
• Market Research Manager

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Health care needs and barriers to care among the transgender population: a study from western Rajasthan

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BMC Health Services Research volume  24 , Article number:  989 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Transgender people comprise an estimated 0.3–0.5% (25 million) of the global population. The public health agenda focuses on understanding and improving the health and well-being of gender minorities. Transgender (TG) persons often have complex healthcare needs and suffer significant health disparities in multiple arenas. The international literature suggests that this community is at a higher risk of depression, and other mental health problems, including HIV. Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria and seek specific medical needs such as sex reassignment surgeries, implants, hormonal therapies, etc., but are unable to access these services due to financial or social reasons. The objective of this study was to assess the healthcare needs and associated barriers experienced by transgender people in Western Rajasthan. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out in which multilevel stakeholder interviews were conducted using interview and focus group discussion guides. Data was analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis technique. Results: Findings reveal that transgender people have expressed their need to access health services for general health needs, including but not limited to mental health, non-communicable diseases, and infectious diseases. Barriers to healthcare services were identified on 3 levels: health system, social and personal. Health system barriers include policy, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability issues. Social factors such as inadequate housing, education, and job opportunities also play an important role in affecting the individual’s health-seeking behavior. The knowledge of healthcare providers in this context was also limited in context of health insurance schemes, package of services available for transgenders and the importance of gender sensitive healthcare. Conclusion: Transgender people expressed the need for mental health services, programs targeting nutritional improvement, gender-affirmation procedures besides regular screening of non-communicable diseases as operational for males and females. Levels of barriers have been identified at various levels ranging from absence of targeted policies to individual behavior.

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Introduction

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means that all people have access to quality healthcare services (service coverage) without any financial hardships (catastrophic health expenditure) [ 1 ]. To achieve UHC, National Health Policy 2017 projects to increase the government’s health expenditure to 2.5% of GDP by 2025 [ 2 ]. In alignment with this objective, the budgeted health sector spending has increased from 1.3% (2019-20) to 2.1% of GDP (2021–2022). According to National Health Accounts 2018-19, Out of Pocket Expenditure per capita (in Rupees) is 2155 [ 3 ].

Incidence of catastrophic health spending is felt at a higher rate by vulnerable communities due to gender, socio-economic position, disability status, or sexual orientation, besides other characteristics. The Transgender (TG) community is one such community whose gender expression (masculine, feminine, other) differs from their assigned sex (male, female) at birth. They can be identified as trans-man or trans-woman [ 4 ]. In the Indian context, transgender individuals identify themselves differently including Hijras, Aravanis, Kothis, Jogtas/Jogappas, and Shiv-Shakthis. For the first time, this population was included in India’s 2011 census. Reports suggest that 4.8 million Indians identified themselves in the ‘other’ category.

Recent legal and policy changes in India have significantly affected gender-diverse communities. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill formulated in 2014 went through changes over a period of 5 years and was finally declared an Act in 2019. The Act highlighted the need to prohibit discrimination including denial of service or unfair treatment in relation to healthcare [ 5 ]. With respect to UHC, there are evident disparities in service coverage across the transgender population [ 6 ]. Transgender persons face a disproportionate burden of certain diseases, including HIV, viral hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infections. They also pose a higher risk for mental health issues or substance abuse. Literature also suggests that transgenders may seek gender-affirming health services apart from general healthcare services. This might involve counseling support for themselves and their family related to gender id entity or undergoing gender transitioning procedures and surgeries. Transition-related treatment may include cross-sex hormonal therapy, hair removal, and gender-affirming surgeries.

In India, there are significant disparities in the availability and accessibility of healthcare. Existing research has identified various challenges and barriers encountered by transgenders in accessing and navigating the healthcare system. These include a lack of provider expertise in transgender care, the gap in health systems delivery mechanisms, lack of culturally sensitive healthcare training, inadequate financial coverage or low socio-economic condition, and poor community health-seeking behavior [ 7 ]. Rajasthan is one of the high focus states under the National Health Mission [ 8 ]. Since Western Rajasthan is a desert area, healthcare becomes even more challenging [ 9 ]. It further causes adverse impact on the desire and ability of transgender people to access healthcare. Poor healthcare access and health outcomes among the transgender population can also be attributed to lower levels of health literacy [ 10 ]. Rajasthan is one of the states with the lowest literacy rates among the transgender population [ 11 ].

In order to improve the health of transgenders and address the barriers to healthcare, it is crucial to identify the health priorities. A growing body of research regarding the healthcare experiences of transgenders exists worldwide, but there is still a paucity of research in the Indian context. This study has been conducted with the aim of reviewing the health issues and challenges faced by them in the existing healthcare system in Western Rajasthan. Although behavioral and social factors play a pivotal role in transgender health, this research focused on health needs and healthcare system-related barriers and challenges.

Research questions:

What are the basic health needs of the transgender community?

What are the barriers they encounter in the process of obtaining healthcare services?

How are the experiences of transgender persons in healthcare facilities?

What is the level of knowledge among healthcare providers regarding health of transgender persons?

How can healthcare services be enhanced for the transgender population?

Methodology

The study was conducted in the state of Rajasthan during the year 2022.

Research Design: This study utilizes a descriptive qualitative research design to allow in-depth insight into the existing health-related needs of transgender persons, their experiences in healthcare facilities and the barriers they encounter in meeting their needs. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur in July 2022.

Setting: The study was conducted in a community-based organization.

Sampling and sample size: Purposive sampling was utilized for this research. Transgender people above or equal to 18 years of age residing in different geographical region of western Rajasthan were approached with the help of established Civil Service Organizations (CSO). People who responded back were included in the study.

Data collection: All recruitment and data collection procedures were completed by public health scholars trained in research under the supervision of a community medicine professor. Multi-stakeholder interviews were conducted. It includes identification of relevant stakeholders to understand facilitators and barriers of the topic of interest. The identified stakeholders included specialist healthcare providers, representatives of civil service organizations and transgender persons (target population). All the individuals who agreed to participate in the study were approached by the interviewer. They were explained the purpose of the study and an appropriate time was decided to ensure active participation. This was also done keeping in view the sensitivity of the subject matter. All the interviews and the focus group discussion were conducted face-to-face in English and translated to Hindi for participants who did not understand English. Key informant interviews ( n  = 7) of specialist healthcare providers central to providing transgender care were conducted. The specialists included of a psychiatrist, plastic surgeon, endocrinologist, gynecologist, and community medicine experts. All interviews with specialist healthcare providers had a duration of 20–30 min. Transgenders residing in different geographical region of western Rajasthan were invited for a focus group discussion (FGD). Informed consent was taken from all the study participants who agreed to participate in the study. Audio and video recordings were done for focus group discussion as well as key informant interviews. The focus group discussion lasted for 2 h. Apart from this, CSO representatives were also interviewed ( n  = 3) i.e., a nurse, social worker and the administrative head of the organization. Data was collected over a period of 2 months.

Before the focus group, socio-demographic data was recorded, including age, gender, education, and income. An FGD guide and interview schedules were prepared and used for focus group and key informant interviews, respectively. They were designed to cover information about:

Knowledge and experience on transgender issues.

Challenges in providing transgender care.

Methods for improvement of the healthcare system.

Analytic approach: Audio-recorded focus group data and key informant interviews were transcribed and translated into English by four researchers. The data obtained through key informant interviews were also transcribed. The data was analyzed manually using thematic analysis. The available data was actively and repeatedly read to familiarize and valuably orient towards the available raw data. Subsequently, codes were identified using an inductive approach i.e., they were reflective of the issues that were apparent in the data and were not dependent or guided by any existing theoretical frameworks. In the next step, themes were constructed by analyzing, combining, and comparing codes. The developed themes were such that they reflected the significance of the entire dataset. Lastly, the themes were reviewed, defined, and named, along with the identification of narratives that justify and explain all the mentioned themes. In the final stage of analysis, the identified themes from the coded data were used to construct a framework using grounded theory approach such that it accurately represents a concise picture of the data.

Ethical considerations: Confidentiality emerged as an ethical concern in this study. All transgender individuals were provided with detailed information about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of research. Participants were ensured that their participation was voluntary, and they had the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. All data and identifying information collected during the discussion was restricted to the research team and anonymized to prevent identification of individual participants.

A total of 12 transgenders participated in the FGD. Their socio-demographic characteristics are summarized in Table  1 . All Participants in the study belonged to Rajasthan, India. Eleven out of the total 12 participants self-identified themselves as transgender woman. The mean age of transgender individuals who participated in the study was 23.8 ± 3.6. The selected cohort represented a range of educational qualifications from secondary school to post-graduation. The majority of the participants were employed, but none was employed in the government sector. More than half of the participating individuals had an income of less than INR 10,000 (66.7%) (Table  1 ).

Health needs of the transgender community

The need for regular screening of non-communicable diseases at peripheral healthcare centers was expressed by the transgender participants. Lack of accessible and/or affordable health services and social barriers contribute to anxiety and depression among them, which further leads to their inability to control the use of tobacco and alcohol. This indicates the need for mental health support tailored specifically for this population.

Healthcare provider 1 (HCP-1) “ Gender dysphoria is diagnosed in later stages of life, late adolescence, or early adulthood because individuals are not able to seek help due to a lack of knowledge on available medical options and familial pressure.”

Specifically, they expressed the need for public healthcare facilities to provide gender transitioning procedures ranging from hormone replacement therapies to sex reassignment surgeries.

Figure  1 illustrates coding tree for health needs of transgender participants.

Coding tree for health needs of transgender participants

Barriers enumerated by transgenders in accessing healthcare services were segregated into personal, healthcare system and social barriers (Table  2 ).

Personal barriers

Transgender participants revealed a lack of awareness regarding the provision of transgender identity cards being issued by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Moreover, the growing need was identified to educate them regarding their entitlements which may have implications on health. These include but are not limited to recognition of their gender identity, provision of medical facilities for their surgical and hormonal needs, and facilitation of access in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. (Transgender Act 2019)

During a key informant interview, one of the medical practitioners highlighted the need to introduce and explain the range of medical options available to transgenders for their transition.

HCP-2 “ Internationally, I have worked in fertility clinics. Before undergoing hormonal therapies or surgeries, transgender patients usually preserve oocytes and sperms to bear children in the future. The basket of available options must be known to the community. This also improves their quality of life.”

The health outcomes of an individual are dependent on their timely health-seeking behaviors. An interview revealed that many transgenders prefer the traditional removal method of male genitals rather than conventional gender affirming surgery. This reflects multiple dimensions such as lack of awareness regarding appropriate health practitioners and discrimination by the qualified professionals. Other underlying reasons for this include the lack of public hospitals providing these services and the unaffordable costs of surgeries. A study participant has also revealed being comfortable getting the surgery done by the ‘guru’ . Moreover, the distance between their households and healthcare facility makes it inaccessible for them.

Health system barriers

Both transgender persons and healthcare providers reported a lack of knowledge of any insurance schemes specifically for transgenders or insurance coverage for the minority population under the available schemes. Their awareness regarding the inclusion of gender-specific needs such as sexual reassignment surgeries or hormonal therapies in the existing insurance schemes was limited.

The study participants also addressed the need for the inclusion of a third gender column in the patient information / outpatient cards across all the hospitals. This is in alignment with the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019, which prohibits discrimination against them in healthcare [ 5 ]. It would also lead to a transgender-inclusive environment in the hospital and greater acceptance by other people.

TG participant 7 “ Whenever we go to the hospital, we are asked whether to write male or female. There is no option of transgender in the OPD cards.”

In India, nationally recognized identity cards are being provided by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment as a step towards mainstreaming their identity. One participant revealed that recently when she visited a hospital, the authorities denied accepting the TG identity card. This incident reflects the need of generating awareness across all sectors, including healthcare, to prevent the exclusion of transgender people in society.

TG participant 8 I had fever for a few days, I went to a hospital for treatment. I gave my transgender ID card issued by the ministry. They said this is not valid.

Accessibility

Majority of the participants revealed having negative experiences in healthcare settings. They reported that they had to wait very long to access health services.

One participant complained about the long counselling procedure and time to access hormone replacement therapy. Furthermore, many qualified practitioners discourage and demotivate the use of hormones. This reluctance among medical practitioners to prescribe hormones often compels transgenders to refer to the unfiltered content on the internet, resulting in the self-administration of hormones. Since transgenders are unaware of the side effects of unregulated dosages of hormones, it can result in adverse health outcomes.

Sometimes, the health facilities with available resources are situated far away from the residence of transgenders leading to difficulty in access. In one of the key informant interviews, a medical practitioner shared her experience with a transgender patient whose vaginal canal got stenosed as a complication of post Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS). Since the health facility was around 500 km from her hometown, she could not reach the hospital on time.

Availability

One of the most significant barriers to healthcare reported by transgenders was a dearth of healthcare providers trained to address their specific health problems. Healthcare providers also emphasized the need for training to understand the best practices for their care. Some parts of clinical training should also include the importance and impact of physician-patient communication. The use of correct pronouns should be taught to collect sufficient and accurate information on their gender identity and thus, making the hospital settings friendly for them. Additionally, awareness sessions should also be conducted for medical professionals to make them comfortable and culturally competent while dealing with this section of society.

Some participants also shared that there is a need for designated facilities in healthcare, such as separate queues in OPDs and dedicated wards or beds in hospitals. It was felt that these facilities’ absence contributed to their fear and delay in access and utilization of desired appropriate care. Due to contributory social factors, such as real or perceived stigma, it is challenging for them to accommodate within the general ward. Medical providers had contrasting views in lieu of the unavailability of designated facilities. While most believed that providing separate queues and beds for them in hospitals was essential, one of the doctors felt this would promote social exclusion.

TG participant 1 Where should we stand in hospitals? Queues made for males or females? Separate beds shall be assigned for us so that we can access the services without hesitancy or fear of discrimination . HCP-3 Providing them separate facilities for all services cannot be the ultimate solution. Will this promote equity or rather advance social exclusion? We should think about it.

Moreover, there is a lack of specialist care in hospitals that are accessible to them. There is no provision to address transgender-specific health problems at the primary healthcare level. Lack of robust referral mechanisms leading to delayed or denied care was also reported.

Affordability

Transgenders are not registered and do not have access to benefits under the insurance schemes functioning in the country. All hospitals in the country do not provide gender transition services. Those services provided by the private sector often have charges beyond their paying capacity. As a result, accessing and affording healthcare becomes a challenge for them. This is one reason that urges them to go to unqualified traditional medical practitioners for gender transitioning surgeries or ‘Dai Nirwan.’

Breast augmentation is another common procedure utilized by transgenders. One participant discussed the availability of various implant materials and how their costs vary depending on the quality. Additionally, due to financial reasons and lack of awareness, low-quality implant materials are utilized in surgeries, which increases their risk for breast cancer.

Social barriers

The non-medical factors play a crucial role in impacting health outcomes. Addressing social determinants is central to reducing existing health inequities. In this study, all the participants reported stigma and discrimination while sharing their experiences in healthcare settings. They further added that this discouraged them from utilizing available health services.

The participants reported that even the healthcare providers were uncomfortable with their presence and did not treat them like other patients.

Poor housing conditions and lack of job opportunities further push them into this vicious cycle of stigma and sickness. Transgenders have also reported experiencing psychological distress due to a lack of social support. Positive attitude and gender-supportive relationships in society can promote their well-being. The need for their inclusion in society through awareness generation by government initiatives was emphasized.

TG participant 3 We can promote family planning through condom advertisements, so why not involve transgender figures in government health awareness advertisements and campaigns .

Healthcare provider expertise in TG health

All the healthcare providers felt the need for training to improve physician-patient communication and transgender persons care. A culturally competent healthcare perspective is fundamental for treating the transgender population. Those providers who had experience with such patients were more likely to provide perspectives on their care and barriers than those who had never encountered such cases. They highlighted that very few transgender patients are registered in the hospitals of Rajasthan. This can be attributed to the stigma associated with their presence rather than assuming they do not wish to seek healthcare services.

This study sought to investigate and fill the gap in the domain of transgender healthcare. The purpose of the research was to characterize the health needs and barriers faced by transgender individuals in navigating through the health system. Previous international and Indian studies have reported a lack of transgender-sensitive care. The findings of this research corroborate this premise. There is a wide and serious gap between the population’s needs and the healthcare system’s ability to respond to these needs.

The socio-demographic profile of the participants in this study revealed that the income of the majority of the participants was below INR 10,000. This finding is in alignment with the results (70%) of a study conducted among transgenders in Vadodara, Gujarat, India [ 12 ].

The FGD gave an opportunity to the study participants to express their general and gender-specific health needs. The health needs of the participants in this study included available medical services common to the general population and certain specific transgender needs, particularly psychiatric support, hormonal therapies, and sex-reassignment surgeries. This is in accordance with the previous studies, which also identified general health problems that need to be addressed, including the high prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, substance abuse, anxiety, and depression [ 13 ].

Transgender individuals discussed a range of experiences and barriers encountered in the healthcare system in accessing the available services. The barriers were categorized at the healthcare system, social and individual levels. The system-level barriers ranged from policy issues to hospital or organizational problems. It included a lack of coverage for the transgender population in government health insurance schemes. The introduction of a comprehensive package master in the Ayushman Bharat scheme has now addressed the lack of coverage for transgenders in the existing insurance schemes. It includes the existing packages as well as specific packages for transgenders [ 14 ]. This paves the way for a new chapter in their care. The unavailability of trained healthcare providers is another major problem. In 2019, National Medical Commission (NMC) updated the medical education curriculum and added a new module on Attitude, Ethics, and Communication (AETCOM) competencies [ 15 ]. It could be used as an opportunity to introduce culturally sensitive communication training for medical professionals, especially focusing on LGBTQ + community, to advance our aim to achieve equity. In addition to the unavailability of trained doctors, the inaccessibility of healthcare facilities and unaffordability also negatively impact the people’s health. All these underlying factors contribute to their practice of getting surgeries done by traditional and untrained medical practitioners. These findings are consistent with another study conducted in India to assess the health-seeking behavior of transgender people. They also reported long waiting times in hospitals affecting their health behaviors and are confirmed to have undergone medical procedures performed by gurus or technicians [ 16 ].

The finding of concern that emerged in our study sample was the use of unprescribed hormone therapy. This finding is similar to a study conducted in Maharashtra to assess the practices related to hormonal therapy [ 17 ]. It states that participants reported going for unsupervised hormone replacement therapy due to unaffordability, lack of trained healthcare providers and prior experiences in healthcare settings [ 17 ]. In order to avail the hormonal therapy, transgender patients require to undergo psychological counseling’s for confirmation of gender dysphoria. In our study, transgender individuals felt that the psychotherapy sessions are too long, leading to a delay in the initiation of hormone replacement therapy. World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) mentioned in their Standards of Care (SOC) that any minimum number of sessions cannot be fixed and is an individualistic approach. It depends whether someone wishes to avail psychological support before, during, or throughout the transition process [ 18 ]. Gender transitioning may involve but not be limited to procedures such as hormonal therapy and sex reassignment surgeries. Moreover, there are only a few public health facilities providing gender-transition services and there is no government support in the form of subsidies to avail these services from a private hospital. The government, is however, working on extending and empaneling public and private hospitals in order to make these services accessible to the population.

This need assessment study also attempted to address the social determinants barring healthcare access. Stigma, discrimination, support from family and friends, and difficulty in seeking housing determine health and healthcare accessibility. These factors have also been highlighted by the study conducted in Vadodara, India [ 12 ]. It re-emphasizes the findings from our study that social determinants such as lack of economic and educational opportunities, rejection, and isolation from society have an impact beyond gender identity issues, rather, they pose a risk to the psychological status of the transgender population.

The health disparities and barriers to care faced by transgenders should be addressed to promote health equity and justice. Comprehensive approaches to improve access, utilization, and quality of healthcare services are currently lacking. These challenges can also be addressed at the following levels:

Individual Level.

Healthcare system Level.

Community Level.

Garima Greh facilities have been introduced as shelter homes for transgender individuals where basic amenities are being provided to them [ 19 ]. They can be utilized as launchpad sites to improve their awareness of their rights and available entitlements and medical interventions. IEC materials can be displayed at Garima Greh facilities for health promotion and modification of their health-seeking behaviors. Similar to ASHA workers who are community members working for their healthcare, volunteers can be appointed from their community. Training of these volunteers can be done (Training of Trainers) so that they can improve their health-seeking behavior, increase awareness, and aid in the overall empowerment of the community.

All hospitals and clinical settings shall provide a safe and welcoming environment for gender-diverse people [ 20 ]. The fact that their physical, mental, and cultural differences affect their behaviors must be known but, more importantly, understand these differences and assigning them value is the key. Actions can be taken to promote transgender identity across healthcare settings by displaying Information, Education and Communication (IEC) material regarding their health needs and promoting their acceptance in society – ‘This hospital is LGBTQIA + friendly.’ Transgenders can also be part of the healthcare system, whereby; they can act as resource persons and promote the inclusivity of gender-diverse individuals. Medical students shall be trained to communicate sensitively to the needs of transgenders, and doctors shall be trained in a culturally competent way to treat their gender-specific needs. To promote access and utilization of health services, specific transgender clinics are being set up across the country. All participants in the study felt this would help them to access available services without hesitancy. Separate general health camps for regular and dental check-ups can also aid in health promotion and equity. Another potential solution to promote transgender health is through digital solutions. Tele-consultation can be an effective way to address their needs as well as to protect them from social stigma and discrimination that hinder their access and utilization of available services.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), social determinants account for 30–55% of health outcomes [ 21 ]. The most effective way to address SDH is by action at the community level. General campaigns and community awareness sessions are essential to promote acceptance by the general population. Moreover, the study suggests that there is a need for awareness and sensitization of transgenders regarding the basket of medical options available for them such as techniques for fertility preservation.

In summary, the study demonstrates the health issues of transgenders and reflects upon the various factors influencing health and access to care. It urges the stakeholders to contemplate the need to safeguard the rights of transgenders by providing equitable access to the available resources.

This study is an attempt to explore health needs from beneficiary as well as service provider perspectives. Our findings are consistent with the previous literature. Findings from this study provide evidence base for future research and a helpful tool for the policymakers and advocates to better address the needs of transgender people.

The study’s major limitation was that only one focus group discussion was undertaken due to limited time and difficulty in accessing the desired population. However, one FGD allowed for exploration of issues related to transgender experiences and healthcare needs. It allowed the researchers to gather detailed narratives that might not emerge from individual interviews. Given the paucity of literature in the Western Indian context, a single focus group discussion can be valuable for informing advocacy efforts and policy reforms. Participants in the study were recruited through purposive sampling and did not differentiate between cultural identities of transgender persons; therefore, the results might vary geographically and according to the social context, thus, limiting the external validity. The health needs might vary between transgender male and female populations, but there was only one transgender male participant in our study. Additionally, the service providers’ knowledge was not directly assessed by explicitly questioning the standards of care.

Proposed framework

Based on study findings, a Gender Responsive Healthcare System Framework is designed. (Fig.  2 ) This framework illustrates and emphasizes on the need for planning, interventions, and actions at 3 levels – policy (a), health system (b), social, and individual (c) in alignment with the identified themes represented in Table  1 . The framework describes how the barriers can be addressed at these 3 levels to have a robust and gender-responsive healthcare delivery system in India.

The concept of healthcare is multi-dimensional. Combined action is required at the administrative, service provider and beneficiary level for a gender responsive healthcare system. Inclusion of the transgender population in existing health insurance schemes is central to reducing their out-of-pocket expenditure and helping them gain recognition in the society through the treatments that they wish to access. Outpatient cards in hospitals should include options of male, female and transgenders/others (gender diverse) creating a safe and welcoming environment. Existing health programs shall also target transgender population for reducing the burden of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and non-communicable diseases. At the healthcare system level, medical professionals competent to provide transgender specific care and availability of specialists shall be ensured. A robust referral mechanism from primary healthcare centers to higher levels could ensure uninterrupted care for the transgender population. Moreover, hospitals have distinct queues, for men and women. There is a need to understand that gender is not a visibly readable or unchanging phenomenon, rather it is a social construct. Proper queue management can address not only the issues of stigma, but also make healthcare accessible to them. At an individual level, good health seeking behavior and familial support can aid in improving health outcomes. Altogether, these efforts at the policy, health system and individual level can lead to improvement in accessibility, availability, affordability and acceptability of services by the transgender people.

Gender Responsive Healthcare System Framework

This study has explored experiences of transgender people navigating through the healthcare system. These accounts have highlighted their health needs and the barriers they face in accessing care. They expressed the need for mental health services, programs targeting nutritional improvement, gender-affirmation procedures besides regular screening of non-communicable diseases as operational for males and females. Levels of barriers have been identified ranging from absence of targeted policies to individual behavior. Targeted efforts and intersectoral collaboration are required for effective establishment and delivery of healthcare services.

Data availability

The data generated and reviewed are fully available in this article and its supplementary files. For any further data, Dr. Tanvi Kaur Ahuja ([email protected] could be contacted).

All relevant data analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary Information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Sambhali trust, Jodhpur and Nai Bhor Sanstha, Jaipur for helping us to get in touch with the transgender participants.

This research received no funding.

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School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Tanvi Kaur Ahuja, Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Nitin Joshi, Annu Choudhary, Swati Suman, Kajal Taluja & Pankaj Bhardwaj

Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Manoj Kumar Gupta & Pankaj Bhardwaj

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Madhukar Mittal

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

Navdeep Kaur Ghuman

Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India

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T.A., A.G. Conceptualized the research study done, A.G., M.G., N.J., P.B. framed the Methodology was framed, T.A., N.K., M.M., N.S., N.G., A.C. contributed in collection of data; T.A., A.G. prepared the Original draft; T.A., A.G., S.S., K.T. Reviewed and edited the manuscript; P.B. M.G., N.J. Supervised the research study, All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tanvi Kaur Ahuja or Akhil Dhanesh Goel .

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The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board in July 2022. The certificate reference number granted by the Institutional Ethics Committee is AIIMS/IEC/2022/4023. Informed consent was taken from all participants who agreed to participate in the study. Participants were informed that they could withdraw consent to participate at any time during the interview. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Ahuja, T.K., Goel, A.D., Gupta, M.K. et al. Health care needs and barriers to care among the transgender population: a study from western Rajasthan. BMC Health Serv Res 24 , 989 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11010-2

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Received : 29 May 2023

Accepted : 18 April 2024

Published : 26 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11010-2

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