powerpoint presentation on persuasive writing

How Clarence Thomas laid groundwork for Trump's classified documents case being dismissed

A federal judge's controversial move to throw out the charges against former President Donald Trump in his long-running classified documents case on Monday may have been inspired by a legal aside by Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas two weeks earlier.

On July 1, Thomas joined the high court's conservative majority in dramatically expanding the scope of presidential immunity for crimes committed in office. But he also, in his separate, concurring opinion, lit the fuse on U.S. District Judge Aileen Cannon's Monday bombshell.

Thomas, the court's longest-serving justice, suggested that the appointment of special counsel Jack Smith − who is prosecuting both the classified documents case and a separate election interference case − was unconstitutional.

This previously marginal notion, that special counsels − used for decades by administrations from both parties − are illegitimate without specific legislation or Senate confirmation, had been raised by Trump in Cannon' Florida courtroom.

On July 15, Cannon cited Thomas' argument four times when dismissing the charges.

More: How Jack Smith might get Donald Trump's classified docs charges reinstated

“This is an aggressive ruling,” Jonathan Adler, a law professor at Case Western Reserve University, told USA TODAY. “The ruling calls into question a broad range of Justice Department appointments. I’m not sure she got it right on the merits.”

Thomas “laid the table and Judge Cannon took a seat,” NYU law professor Melissa Murray wrote on social media . 

From Supreme Court aside to Florida bombshell

Supreme Court justices usually issue opinions only on the question before them, but Thomas is known for using his written opinions to raise issues that aren't before the court.

In his immunity opinion, he wrote, “I am not sure that any office for the Special Counsel has been ‘established by Law,’ as the Constitution requires.”

If there is “no law establishing the office that the Special Counsel occupies, then he cannot proceed with this prosecution," Thomas added. "A private citizen cannot criminally prosecute anyone, let alone a former President.”

Trump is charged with hoarding classified documents taken from the White House at his private club in Florida and asking employees to erase security camera footage of documents being hidden away from investigators.

Cannon − a 2020 Trump appointee who had already made several widely criticized pro-Trump rulings in the documents case − had signaled openness to this argument by holding a hearing on the constitutional question , an unusual measure for a district court judge.

Cannon agreed with a group of conservative legal thinkers who filed briefs with the court, ruling that Smith’s office in the Justice Department was unconstitutional – to howls of derision from many legal commentators who said the decision was likely to be reversed .

Trump, coming off his brush with death after Saturday's failed assassination attempt in Butler, Penn., celebrated "this dismissal of the Lawless Indictment in Florida" and called for the other criminal and civil cases against him to be thrown out.

Clarence Thomas and 'persuasive authority'

Adler, a conservative legal scholar, noted that when a constitutional question hasn’t been settled by the Supreme Court or their regional appellate court, lower-level district judges like Cannon are left to stand on less certain legal ground. 

The legality of a special counsel “is something that there is no controlling authority on,” he said. Absent controlling authority, “judges cite what we call ‘persuasive authority’ all the time,” in this case, Thomas’s July 1 opinion.

While Adler said there is nothing abnormal about a judge citing a lone Supreme Court justice's concurrence in that situation, he added, “I’m skeptical that she’s right. I would not be surprised to see her decision overturned.” 

Other legal eagles say the constitutionality of special counsels was established decades ago, when the Supreme Court turned away President Richard Nixon’s challenge to a special counsel investigating the Watergate affair. 

More: Trump rejects Jack Smith's authority in classified documents case hearing

In 2019, a Washington, D.C. appellate panel shot down a challenge to special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election on the same grounds.

But Cannon had legal firepower of her own, citing Thomas in her ruling that the Supreme Court’s decision in the Nixon case was “dictum,” an opinion that didn’t set a legal precedent, thus opening the door for her to dismiss the prosecution. 

Constitutional 'spidey sense'

Thomas “has a long habit of writing separate opinions that flag constitutional issues that are not before the court,” Adler said. 

None of the other eight justices signed onto Thomas' his opinion questioning the legality of Smith’s office – a possible suggestion that, if the conservative 11th Circuit Court of Appeals reverses Cannon’s decision, Trump may not get relief from the high court.

This, some scholars say, raises the question of why Cannon went forward.

“Following what one justice says when the others aren’t on board, staking out a position that’s disruptive… Judges would not typically go out on a limb, because it’s going to be reversed – and most judges don’t like to be reversed,” said Sam Erman, a former clerk to Justice Anthony Kennedy who teaches at the University of Michigan Law School.

In cases like this, he added, “your constitutional law spidey sense tingles. You say, ‘What’s going on?’”

But Cannon is not most judges: her moves in the documents case have come under harsh scrutiny .

She's raised eyebrows since the first days of the case. Her order freezing the documents investigation was overturned in a sharp opinion by a unanimous panel of Republican appointees on the 11th Circuit Court in December 2022.

One thing is certain: Cannon's most recent decision is good for the Republican presidential nominee. Even if her ruling is overturned and the charges reinstated, it won't happen before Election Day.

“I have no particular insight into Judge Cannon’s motives,” Erman said. “But she’s made a series of decisions that ensure this case isn’t going to be tried until after the election.”

Persuasive Writing Techniques

Jul 27, 2014

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Persuasive Writing Techniques. ELACC8W1: Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. Persuasive Writing Techniques. To be most effective, persuasive writing should not rely upon a single technique, but a combination of them, to make a strong case. . Reason.

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Persuasive Writing Techniques ELACC8W1: Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Persuasive Writing Techniques • To be most effective, persuasive writing should not rely upon a single technique, but a combination of them, to make a strong case.

Reason • Also known as Logos or Logical Appeal • An appeal to the audience’s logic and reason • Involves relevantand convincing facts and up-to-date evidence from reliable sources to support the central claim • Evidence can include: • Testimonials • Research studies • Statistics • Expert accounts

Emotional Appeal • Also known as Pathos • Taps into readers' humanity by appealing to their emotions • Uses emotionally charged language and vivid images to provide examples that can help readers feel more personally invested in your case • Use metaphors, similes, and analogies

Emotional Appeal • Logical fallacy which uses the manipulation of the reader’s emotions, rather than valid logic, to win an argument. • Examples of logical fallacy are: 1. Appeal to consequences 2. Appeal to fear 3. Appeal to flattery 4. Appeal to vanity 5. Appeal to pity 6. . Appeal to ridicule 7. Appeal to spite 8. Wishful thinking

Loaded Words • Elicit an emotional response—positive or negative—beyond their literal meaning and can significantly contribute to persuading others to adopt our point of view/claim • Examples of loaded words are: • Newly improved • Better than ever • Extremely unfair • Immature

Ethical Appeal • Also known as Ethos • Gain readers' trust by demonstrating your own ethical appeal • You may achieve this by: • Thoroughly researching your issue • Knowledge/expertise on the subject you're writing • Consider a variety of perspectives on the issue • Your commitment to lines of reasoning and ideas that are morally and ethically valid • If your audience does not trust you, you will not persuade them with other techniques.

Counterarguments • Acknowledge and address counterarguments from potential opponents. • Defend your claim or argument before opposing ideas or questions can even attempt to dismantle it. • This technique boosts credibility by showing that you've given every aspect of the issue sufficient consideration.

Conviction • Acknowledging that there is more than one side to your issue/claim helps you gain credibility with your readers.

Repetition • Repeating select phrases or structures lends credibility to the point being made

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Persuasive Techniques. How advertising influences consumers. Virginia English SOLs. 6.2 The student will listen critically and express opinions in oral presentations. Distinguish between fact and opinion. Compare and contrast viewpoints. Present a convincing argument.

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Persuasive Techniques. Glittering Generality. Information that is so general it sounds like a fact, but isn’t. Folgers. The best part of waking up is Folger’s in your cup. Exaggeration. Making something seem better or more important than it is Bridgestone tires. They are selling a tire. .

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Persuasive Techniques. ELA. Would this technique get your attention?. Read each sentence. Would it get your attention? Would it make you think about it? Rate it on a scale from 1-9 with 1 being most likely to get your attention and 9 being no, not likely to get your attention.

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PERSUASIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES

PERSUASIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES. THE POWER OF THE WRITTEN WORD!. PERSUASION. persuade verb (used with  object) 1. to  prevail on (a person) to do something, as by advising  or urging :  We could not persuade him to wait.

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Persuasive Techniques. Practice Test. Which sentence contains a logical appeal?. A. The New World Encyclopedia is the best encyclopedia on the market today. B. It is complete, affordable, and up-to-date. It’s only $89.95, and our online edition is always being revised!

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Persuasive Techniques. Persuasive Techniques. Testimonial Statistics Bandwagon Emotional appeals Glittering Generalities . Testimonial. An individual (often famous) endorses or promotes a product, service, political candidate, social cause, etc. Testimonial.

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Persuasive Techniques. What does it mean to persuade?. How Can We Persuade?. Rhetoric “Persuasion is clearly a form of demonstration, since we are most fully persuaded when we consider a thing to have been demonstrated.” - Aristotle. Three Rhetorical Appeals. Logos – Mind

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Persuasive Writing Techniques & Tips. Charged Words. Words that evoke a strong emotion – “freedom,” “love,” “passion,” “constitutional right”. Rhetorical Questions. A question not intended to be answered, used for emotional effect – “Are we going to stand by and take this abuse?”.

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Persuasive Techniques. The 3 Forms of Persuasion. Persuasion has been around as long as mankind has existed. The ancient philosopher, Aristotle , had the following to say about how we persuade people:

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Persuasive Techniques. Of Awesomeness!. FIRM POSITION. 1.Choose one side and stick with it 2.Take a very clear position in your thesis statement 3.Take the words straight from the prompt Prompt Example:

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Want to convince your readers to do something or agree with your point of view? OK, that was a silly question. Of course you do. Persuasion is generally an exercise in creating a win-win situation. You present a case that others find beneficial to agree with. You make them an offer they can’t refuse, but not in the manipulative Godfather sense. It’s simply a good deal or a position that makes sense to that particular person. But there are techniques that can make your job easier and your case more compelling. While this list is in no way comprehensive, these 10 strategies are used quite a bit because they work. for detail : http://www.buyassignment.com/

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Persuasive Techniques. Propaganda and Advertising. What is propaganda?. A means of convincing people: to buy a certain product to believe something or act in a certain way to agree with a point of view. Common persuasive techniques often used in advertising. Bandwagon

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Persuasive Techniques. Glittering Generality. Information that is so general it sounds like a fact, but isn’t. Folgers. The best part of waking up is Folger’s in your cup. Exaggeration. Making something seem better or more important than it is Bridgestone tires. They are selling a tire.

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Persuasive Techniques in Writing

Persuasive Techniques in Writing. Cons. Pros. Persuasive Appeals. The ethical or moral appeal. The source's credibility , the speaker's or author's authority .

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Persuasive Techniques. Convince people: to buy a certain product to believe something or act in a certain way to agree with a point of view. What do these different techniques do?. Bandwagon Bribery Card Stacking Call on Authority Faulty Reasoning Glittering Generality Humor

622 views • 61 slides

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Writing To Persuade Full lesson Powerpoint

Subject: English

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

9 April 2018

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Persuasive Writing

Persuasive writing [adapted from writing and grammar: communication in action, prentice-hall, publishers, 2001] persuasion in everyday life the art of persuasion ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• adapted from Writing and Grammar Communication in Action, Prentice-Hall, Publishers, 2001
• The art of persuasiongetting others to do something or to think as you dois a part of daily life.
• Persuasion may involve convincing a friend to see a movie with you or bargaining over the cost of a comic book at a flea market.
• Persuasion sometimes is verbal, sometimes visual, sometimes written, and often a combination of all these elements.
• Persuasion is often a part of various types of writing, as well as a type of writing itself.
• For example, a character in a short story may speak persuasively to a group of friends, or a poem may contain a plea to readers about an important issue.
• Persuasive writing gives you an opportunity to make your voice heard and to express your opinion on an issue about which you feel strongly.
• A persuasive essay is a piece of writing that tries to convince readers to accept a particular viewpoint or to take a certain action.
• Most effective persuasive essays contain
• A clearly stated opinion or argument on an issue that has more than one side.
• Evidence to support the opinion or argument.
• Memorable and convincing details and vivid, persuasive language.
• An effective, logical organization.
• Editorials and letters to the editor appear in newspapers. Editorials express the newspapers stand on a current issue letters to the editor present readers viewpoints.
• Persuasive speeches are an oral form of a persuasive essay. They often contain allusions and sound devices to make them stirring and memorable.
• Position papers address one side of a controversial issue. They are often directed at a person or group with some power to shape policy on a particular issue.
• Grant proposals make a request for financing a program or a project of the writers. They are usually addressed to members of a government agency or private corporation.
• To write a powerful persuasive essay, start with a topic that is important to you.
• For help in generating topics, use the strategies below
• Scan Newspapers, looking for stories that matter to you on a personal level. What do you see that makes you angry, strikes you as unfair, or cries out this needs to be changed? Use one of the news stories to provide you with a topic for your persuasive essay.
• Make a Quicklist
• Come up with a topic for your persuasive writing by listing types of issues.
• For example, write headings like Community Issues, Political Issues, and Social Issues at the top of a sheet of paper, and quickly list ideas inspired by each.
• Review your lists, and choose the issue that interests you most as the topic of your persuasive.
• Use Sentence Starters
• To come up with a topic, copy the following sentence starters and fill in the blanks.
• Then, review your completed sentences
• Choose one issue as the topic of your persuasive essay.
• If I became (mayor/president/school principal), the first thing I would do is __?__.
• Something that needs to be changed at this school is ___?___.
• Teenagers today should ___?___.
• If you are having difficulty finding a suitable topic for your persuasive piece, use one of the following
• Persuasive Speech--Choose a global issuechild labor laws or deforestation, for exampleabout which you would like to take a stand. Write and deliver a persuasive speech in which you support your opinion.
• Persuasive Essay--Write an essay in which you support one candidate over another. Candidates may be actual, perhaps someone running for student council president, or imaginary, as in Hero of the year.
• Responding to Fine ArtStudy a piece of art such as Arrivals and Departures by Chester Arnold (see http//www.artnet.com/ artwork/41385/chester-arnol d-arrivals-and-departures.html)
• Determine what you think the artists message is.
• Then, write a persuasive essay in which you agree or disagree with that message.
• Read a story such as Ray Bradburys There Will Come Soft Rains that is set in a technologically advanced world.
• Draw on its images to write a persuasive essay on the effects of technology on our lives.
• Cooperative Writing OpportunityEditorial PageMost newspapers contain an editorial page on which appear editorials, cartoons, and letters to the editor.
• Work with a small group to prepare an editorial page about a particular issue.
• Then, assign one student to conduct a survey about the issue, another to write a letter to the editor about the issue, and another to draw a cartoon about the issue.
• When finished, work together to lay out the editorial page.
• Photocopy your completed project, and distribute it to classmates.
• Once youve chosen a general topic, narrow it into one you can argue effectively.
• Looping is one strategy you can use to ensure that your topic isnt too broad.
• Write freely on your general topic for about 5 minutes.
• Read what you have written. Circle the most important idea.
• Write freely on that idea for about five minutes.
• Repeat the process until you have found a topic that is narrow enough to address in your persuasive essay.
• If you keep writing, you may even be able to identify a thesis statement, or main idea that you want your persuasive essay to communicate.
• As you draft, identify your audience and their opinions. This will help you achieve your purposeto persuade them.
• Write for Various Audiences. A hostile audience is one that will not be immediately receptive to your argument. A friendly audience is one that is likely to be more sympathetic. Depending on whether you expect your audience to be hostile, friendly, or a mix, vary your argument accordingly (see next slide).
• EXAMPLE Imagine that you are writing an editorial calling for a ban on bicycle traffic from a park pathway.
• Hostile Audience Bicycle RidersEmphasize alternative paths that would remain available for people who ride bicycles.
• Friendly Audience Families with Small ChildrenEmphasize the dangers that are posed when bikes and pedestrians mix.
• Ultimately, you hope your persuasive writing will change the thinking or behavior of your audience.
• To do so, choose details that will lead your audience to think or behave in a certain way.
• A purpose planner can help you achieve your particular goals.
• Use the following purpose planner as a guide for making your own.
• Provide details about children who have been injured by careless bikers.
• Use emotionally charged language.
• Demonstrate that bicyclists have several alternative routes available.
• Provide statistics about bike-pedestrian accidents.
• Youll need facts and details from a variety of sources to support your position. Follow these strategies as you gather the evidence you need
• Find Unbiased ResearchThe foundation of an effective persuasive essay should contain reliable evidence in support of its position.
• Evidence from biased or unreliable sources will weaken your argument.
• As you perform research for your editorial, find sources of information that are objective and bias-free.
• Conduct InterviewsFor some issues, the most powerful evidence you can use to support your argument is evidence that you collect yourself.
• Interview an expert in that field.
• His or her words will prove more persuasive than a quotation from an unqualified person.
• Make a Pro-and-Con ChartMake a chart to help you see both sides of an issue.
• In the left column, list your arguments, or pros in the right column, list your arguments, or cons.
• When it is complete, note the evidence in the Opposing column. Brainstorm for ways to counter-argue the evidence listed there.
• Structure your persuasive writing in the way that best suits your argument and your evidence.
• Use TRI/PS/QA to Structure ParagraphsAs you draft paragraphs, think first about what you want to say and then choose a logical organization for each.
• Following are some ideas for organizing your paragraphs
• TRI Topic, Restatement, Illustration.
• This type of organization helps readers follow along as you explain your ideas.
• The elements TRI can occur in any order within a paragraph (TIR).
• You could also include two illustrations, or even three, within the same paragraph (TRII).
• T Ursuline Avenue should and must be converted to a one-way street. It cannot support traffic because it is too narrow
• R and it has too much traffic. For example, in a three-month period last year, I there were eleven accidents on Ursuline Avenue and at least thirty traffic tie- ups caused by traffic-flow problems.
• PS Problem and Solution.
• This type of organization emphasizes the problem-and-solution relationship between the facts you are presenting.
• To use this type of structure, begin by stating a problem.
• Follow it with one or more solutions to that problem.
• P Our town has been severely damaged by floods over the past ten years. Local officials must look into the solutions of S people in areas that have experienced similar problems. Starting from scratch wont gain us anything. We must use the knowledge and experience of others as a starting point so that we can solve our flooding problems soon.
• QA Question and Answer.
• Use this method of organization when you anticipate that your audience will have specific questions about your topic.
• Begin by posing a question or problem.
• Then, present your answer or answers in response to the question.
• Q Why is it necessary to build a new computer laboratory? The future is now.
• A Students must become familiar with current technology in order to better their chances of developing viable work skills. Current software applications will not run on our old computers, so many students miss out on becoming familiar with those all-important workplace tools.
• Elaborate on your ideas by providing details that explain restate, illustrate, or expand on them.
• Build your Argument with Evidence.
• As you draft, build and support your argument by providing evidence or support.
• Choose details of various types from various sources.
• Following are types of evidence you should consider including in your persuasive essay.
• Historical details may be provided through excerpts from government records, war records, and almanacs.
• EXAMPLE The Central School Stage Band has been in existence since 1922.
• Statistical information may be researched or gathered firsthand. This type of information may come from results of surveys, polls, scientific data, and weather records.
• EXAMPLE Four out of five high-school musicians go on to higher education.
• Expert testimony is provided by someone who is considered extremely knowledgeable about or familiar with your topic.
• EXAMPLE Dr. Rita Sohns, head of the American Student Agenda, strongly advocates music programs in schools. She said, There is no better way to learn discipline, art, and camaraderie, than through participation in music programs.
• Textual evidence may come from literature, letters, and personal documents.
• EXAMPLE In an open letter to Principal Ordonez, the band requested funding for new sheet music and new instruments.
• Once youve completed your first draft, make sure that it contains the details needed to be effective.
• Also, check to be sure that you develop and support your argument in the body of your paper.
• Color-Coding to Identify SupportReread your essay to see whether you have included enough supporting details to make your argument successful.
• As you read, use a colored pencil to circle each topic sentence.
• Then, use a different-colored pencil to circle supporting details.
• Next, review your markings. If a topic sentence has fewer than two supporting details, add more evidence to support it or reconsider whether the point is worth including.
• Make the main points in your essay memorable by using parallelismthe use of patterns or repetitions of grammatical structures.
• Parallelism adds rhythm and balance to your writing.
• Use it to emphasize important points and to forge links between related ideas.
• To form parallel structures in your draft, locate an important word, phrase, clause, or question.
• Then, experiment with building upon that word, phrase, clause, or question to make it into a passage containing parallelism.
• Check out the following examples
• Parallel Questions Who will step up first? Who will lead the way? Who will win the day?
• Parallel Phrases Respect for others shows itself not only in our actions but also in our language and in our private thoughts.
• Parallel Clauses Although we strive for greatness, although we work hard, although we deserve the best, sometimes, its just not enough.
• A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb.
• One way to make your persuasive essay memorable is by adding parallel clauses.
• These are clauses within a sentence that have matching grammatical forms or patterns.
• Following are some tips for revising your sentences to form parallel clauses
• Make sure that the verbs in each clause are in the same tense.
• Wrong The Garden Group planted, the Garden Group hoed, the Garden Group was persevering and the Garden Group triumphed.
• Right The Garden Group planted, the Garden Group hoed, the Garden Group persevered, and the Garden Group triumphed.
• Dont change the subject in subsequent clauses.
• Wrong After his efforts on our behalf, after Matts sacrifices on our behalf, and after his achievements on our behalf, isnt it time to elect him president of the class?
• Right After Matts efforts on our behalf, after his sacrifices on our behalf, and after his achievements on our behalf, isnt it time to elect him president of the class?
• Always use the same type of subordinate clause
• Wrong The corporation will sponsor only those projects that are worthy and it thinks have a chance at winning awards.
• Right The corporation will sponsor only those projects that are worthy and that might win awards.
• As you revise your essay look for two examples of parallel clauses. If you cannot identify any, revise to insert them.
• Add Variety to your SentencesWriting is much more persuasive if it is interesting.
• One way to add interest to your writing is to use a variety of sentence types and lengths.
• Review your draft, and analyze the sentences you have used.
• If you tend to use too many sentences of one type and of one average length, revise to make your writing more interesting to read and hear.
• Use this strategy to analyze the sentence variety in your writing
• Read through your essay. Underline declarative sentences in red, interrogative sentences in green, exclamatory sentences in blue, and imperative sentences in black.
• Review the underlined material. If you have little or no variety in sentence types, revise to make your writing more interesting.
• Revise Informal LanguageThe words you choose can influence the power of your essay.
• Using slang and informal language can mean that your writing may not be taken seriously.
• Instead, use formal language that reflects the seriousness of your topic.
• Anticipating counterarguments can strengthen your editorial.
• Share your revised draft with a partner who takes on the role of the opposition.
• Together, make a list of the main points in your writing.
• Then ask your partner to come up with counterpoints, or opposing arguments for these points.
• When your partner has finished, find evidence to weaken the oppositions argument.
• Incorporate that evidence into your draft to strengthen your own argument.
• Before you revise your final draft, proofread your writing, and correct errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
• Your readers will equate careless writing with a careless argument.
• Make sure that your persuasive essay is free of spelling errors.
• As you proofread, look for words you frequently misspell, as well as words with tricky endings, such as -ance and ence.
• Word endings that sound similar are sometimes difficult to spell. Among the most misspelled word endings are ance and ence.
• If a noun ends in ance, the corresponding adjective will end in ant. If the noun ends in ence, the corresponding adjective will end in ent.
• As you proofread your essay, check to be sure that you have spelled words ending in ance and ence correctly.
• Common Words Ending in ance abundance acquaintance appearance brilliance defiance importance radiance resonance romance tolerance
• Common Words Ending in ence absence convenience correspondence difference excellence independence patience presence reference violence
• Building Your PortfolioThe purpose of persuasive writing is to influence your audience.
• To achieve this goal, find a way to share your work with others.
• Following are a few possibilities for presenting your finished work
• School PaperIf the topic of your persuasive writing is school- or community-related, publish it in your school newspaper.
• Local NewspaperThe editorial page of your local newspaper is a place to make your voice heard. Contact the paper for the proper procedures for submitting a letter to the editor and revise your writing to conform to the newspapers guidelines.
• Once you have completed your persuasive essay, reflect on the experience of writing it.
• Answer the following questions, and record your responses in your portfolio
• What did you discover about your topic as you wrote about it?
• What did you learn about the process of writing persuasively?
• Can you apply what you learned to other types of Writing?

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Effective Persuasion

Developing Persuasive Documents

This presentation will cover:

• The persuasive context
• The role of the audience
• What to research and cite
• How to establish your

credibility

What is Persuasive Writing?

Definition: persuasive writing…

seeks to convince its readers to embrace the point-of-view presented by appealing to the audience’s reason and understanding through argument and/or entreaty.

Persuasive Genres

You encounter persuasion every day.

• TV Commercials
• Letters to the Editor
• Magazine ads
• College brochures

Can you think of other persuasive contexts?

Steps for Effective Persuasion

• Understand your audience
• Support your opinion
• Know the various sides of your issue
• Respectfully address other points of view
• Find common ground with your audience
• Establish your credibility

When to Persuade an Audience

• Your organization needs funding for a project
• Your boss wants you to make recommendations for a course of action
• You need to shift someone’s current point of view to build common ground so action can be taken

Understanding Your Audience

• Who is your audience?
• What beliefs do they hold about the topic?
• What disagreements might arise between you and your audience?
• How can you refute counterarguments with respect?

What concerns does your audience face?

For example:

• Do they have limited funds to distribute?
• Do they feel the topic directly affects them?
• How much time do they have to consider your document?
• Help your audience relate to your topic
• Appeal to their hearts as well as their minds.
• Use anecdotes when appropriate
• Paint your topic in with plenty of detail
• Involve the reader’s senses in these sections

Researching an Issue

• Become familiar with all sides of an issue.

-find common ground

-understand the history of the topic

-predict the counterarguments your

audience might make

-find strong support for your own

perspective

Point of Opposition : You might support a war, whereas your audience might not.

Common ground : Both sides want to see their troops come home.

• Predict counterarguments

Your Argument : Organic produce from local Farmers’ Markets is better than store-bought produce.

The Opposition : Organic produce is too expensive.

One Possible Counterargument :

Organic produce is higher in nutritional value than store-bought produce and is also free of pesticides, making it a better value. Also, store-bought produce travels thousands of miles, and the cost of gasoline affects the prices of food on supermarket shelves.

Support Your Perspective

• Appeal to the audience’s reason
• Use statistics and reputable studies
• Cite experts on the topic
• Do they back up what you say?
• Do they refute the other side?

Cite Sources with Some Clout

• Which source would a reader find more credible?
• The New York Times
• http://www.myopinion.com
• Which person would a reader be more likely to believe?
• Joe Smith from Fort Wayne, IN
• Dr. Susan Worth, Prof. of Criminology at Purdue University

Establish Credibility

• Cite credible sources
• Cite sources correctly and thoroughly
• Use professional language (and design)
• Edit out all errors

Cite Sources Ethically

Don’t misrepresent a quote or leave out important information.

Misquote : “Crime rates were down by 2002,” according to Dr. Smith .

Actual quote : “Crime rates were down by 2002, but steadily began climbing again a year later,” said to Dr. Smith.

Tactics to Avoid

• Don’t lecture or talk down to your audience
• Don’t make threats or “bully” your reader
• Don’t employ guilt trips
• Be careful if using the

second person, “you”

Have More Questions?

• Visit us at the Writing Lab
• Heavilon Hall 226
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/writinglab
• Visit us online at the OWL
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Effective Persuasion Presentation

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This presentation is designed to introduce your students to a variety of factors that contribute to strong, effective, and ethical persuasion in their writing. The slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator in an interactive presentation of the elements of persuasive writing and include examples and questions for those viewing the material. This presentation is ideal for any course in which students will be required to write a persuasive document and also helps students think in depth about audience.