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Hiroshima Essays

John Hersey’s writing career was mostly dedicated to writing compositions about important and moving events in history. Because the United States of America is one of the pioneer in both World War I and World War II, the American-born John Hersey saw things firsthand, if not had an easy...

Hiroshima traces the experiences of six people who survived the atomic blast of August 6, 1945 at 8:15 am. The six people vary in age, education, financial status and employment. Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a personnel clerk; Dr. Masakazu Fuji, a physician; Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailor's widow with...

The most significant theme in John Hersey's book "Hiroshima" are the long- term effects of war, confusion about what happened, long term mental and physical scars, short term mental and physical scars, and people being killed. The confusing things after the A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima where...

Hiroshima is a work of nonfiction that illuminates the terrors of nuclear warfare. The novel begins introducing the six main characters, Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, Dr. Masakazu Fujii, Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki and Toshiko Sasaki. John Hersey goes on...

John Hersey was born in China on June 17th, 1914. John Hersey wrote the book Hiroshima on August 31, 1946. The book is about six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. The survivors was: Mrs. Hatsuy Nakamura, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, Toshiko Sasaki, Dr. Masakazu Fujii, and...

I. Manhatten Project (C)before German & Japanese, Pearl Harbor opportunity, Japan already defeat, Hiroshima (70,000), Nagasaki (40,000), “complete destruction” “utter destruction” a. Through many see the bombing as immoral, the atomic bombings actually saved lives of both Japanese and U. S...

Y9 Hiroshima PLP On August 6, 1945, a new step in technological warfare was taken when the first atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The impact of the bomb alone killed at least 66,000 people. This was an event that would not soon be forgotten in history. The Americans, who...

Hiroshima - John Hersey Book Report – Natalie Kirby Hiroshima by John Hersey is a collection of biographies from six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. John Hersey wrote this book as an essay at first, but then the New York newspaper made a big deal out of it and how good it was. So a few...

Griffin Dangler Shawn Smith Honors American Literature 27 June 2012 The Use of Atomic Weapons On August 6th, 1945, the world was forever changed when the world’s first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. The attack was made as an attempt to end World War 2, and it succeeded at a...

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Alexa Gombert English-Kiernan 10/28/12 Period 1 On August 6, 1945, America was responsible for the death of over 100,000 innocent souls. On this day, an American aircraft dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. This was the first atomic bomb ever used in the history of warfare. In...

The Hiroshima bomb, dropped in (insert year, i forget which) was a deadly atomic bomb that drastically affected the lives of Japanese citizens in both novels and in reality. In the fictional novel, The Street of a Thousand Blossoms, written by Gail Tsukiyama, the author portrays a very accurate...

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In the book Hiroshima by John Hersey, six characters were shown as survivors during the Hiroshima bomb in 1945. The highlighted character given was Dr. Masakazu Fuiji. Out of the six characters that were chosen by Hersey, Dr. Fuiji was one of two scientists, but may have been the most affected or...

John Hersey's journalist narrative, Hiroshima focuses on the detonation of the atomic bomb, Little Boy, that dropped on the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Although over one hundred thousand people died in the dropping of the bomb, there were also several survivors. John Hersey travelled...

? The setting of a story can help show the progress of a character. The setting may also be the reason the main character(s) act a certain way. In the novel Hiroshima by John Hersey he describes the life of six different individuals who were effected by the atomic bomb in 1945. The setting of the...

?Final Seminar Chapter 2: The Fire, closely follows the story of the 6 survivors or hibakusha, immediately after the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Each individual struggles to find a place of refuge amongst the chaos as spot fires cover the entire city. There is an emphasis on the...

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For the book you are reading, write a paragraph of five to six sentences summarizing what you have read so far. What are your predictions about the story? Use proper spelling and grammar. What I have read so far in my book is that after the explosion, three of the main characters got very ill do...

?Deliver a tutorial presentation on the following statement to other students about Module B: Texts and Ways of Thinking, Elective 1: After the Bomb. Texts emerge from, respond to, critique, and shape our understanding of ways of thinking during a particular historical period, however valuing of...

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Hiroshima Pearl Harbour was one of the most terrible acts in history. December 7, 1941 Japan bombed a naval base in Hawaii that was called Pearl Harbor. After this incident the U. S. declared decided to declare war on Japan. After a number of years in battle the U. S. was forced to make a major...

?Student Name Mr. Insert Name History Date Research Paper Outline: The Atomic Bombing of Japan I. Introduction A. Background Information 1. Atomic bombing of Hiroshima occurred on August 6, 1945. a) Estimated 140,000 casualties in the attack and aftermath b) Nuclear weapon named “Little Boy” 2...

Hiroshima: Necessary Warnings Bill Eckley HIST560 4026624 “The final decision of where and when to use the atomic bomb was up to me. Let there be no mistake about it. I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used. ”1 –President Harry S. Truman By the...

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The human mind cannot comprehend the split-second deaths of 100 000 people when the atomic bomb hit the people of Japan in August, 1945. However this event, which has changed the world forever, can be relived through the lives of six survivors in John Hersey's Hiroshima. Expository texts such...

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At 8:15, Japanese time, August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. About a hundred thousand people were killed by the inhumane act of those Americans. John Hersey tells the story of six lucky survivors: Miss Toshinki Sasaki, Dr. Masakazu Fuji, Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, Father Wilhelm...

There is fundamental relationship between literature and society. In fact, literature does not exist without society. Indian writing in English has travelled a long journey and is now fully matured. The writers of the Indian diaspora have been centerstage in the last decades. The critique of their...

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“Do not work primarily for money; do your duty to patients first and let the money follow; our life is short, we don't live twice; the whirlwind will pick up the leaves and spin them, but then it will drop them and they will form a pile.” — Page 78 — “There, in the tin factory, in the first moment...

Ionizing radiation is normally utilized in our day-to-day lives in little sums e.g. X raies. However, radiation exposure consequences in harmful effects on Deoxyribonucleic acid construction, taking to establish alterations ( oxidization, alkylation ) , cross-link formation or bulky lesions...

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About all chest malignant neoplastic disease patients receive radiation therapy after undergoing chest preservation or mastectomy. The benefits of radiation therapy on long term endurance may non basically be free of complications. Patients may hold a broad scope of normal tissue reactions, and...

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Gorman timely presents the inquiry “Do historiographers as historiographers have an ethical duty. and if so to whom? ” in his essay Historians and their Duties particularly in an epoch which has seen the usage of history as a manner to foster political docket. invent or falsify historical fact to...

It was the forenoon of Aug 6 1945. It was a really beautiful rose-colored sky. You heard the birds chirping and yet it was so peaceable and unagitated. All of a sudden there was a thump. Then all of a sudden everything went rather and nil was left of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Then three yearss...

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The period in history normally considered to hold begun with the first usage of the atomic bomb ( 1945 ) . It is characterized by atomic energy as a military. industrial. and sociopolitical factor. Besides called atomic age. The Nuclear Age Began When The US Detonated The First Atomic BombOn June...

Introduction:The cold war originated from the difference between the Soviet Union and the United States of America over Poland. The Americans accused the Russians of go againsting the Yalta understanding that was signed between the allied powers and the Soviet Union. The cold war was more of an...

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The legacy of john hersey’s “hiroshima”.

Seventy-five years ago, journalist John Hersey’s article “Hiroshima” forever changed how Americans viewed the atomic attack on Japan.

On August 31, 1946, the editors of The New Yorker  announced that the most recent edition “will be devoted entirely to just one article on the almost complete obliteration of a city by one atomic bomb.” Though President Harry S. Truman had ordered the use of two atomic bombs  on Hiroshima and Nagasaki a year earlier, the staff at The New Yorker  believed that “few of us have yet comprehended the all but incredible destructive power of this weapon, and that everyone might well take time to consider the terrible implications of its use.”

Theirs was a weighty introduction to wartime reporter John Hersey’s four-chapter account of the wreckage of the atomic bomb, but such a warning was necessary for the stories of human suffering The New Yorker ’s readers would be exposed to.

Hersey was certainly not the first journalist to report on the aftermath of the bombs. Stories and newsreels provided details of the attacks: the numbers wounded and dead, the staggering estimated costs—numerically and culturally—of property lost, and some of the visual horrors. But Hersey’s account focused on the human toll of the bombs and the individual stories of six survivors of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima rather than statistics. 

View of Hiroshima after the bombing, courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.

Hersey was both a respected reporter and a gifted novelist, two occupations that provided him with the skills and compassion necessary to write his extensive essay on Hiroshima. Born in Tientsin, China in 1914 to missionary parents, Hersey later returned to the states and graduated from Yale University in 1936. Shortly after, he began a career as a foreign correspondent for Time  and Life  magazines and covered current events in Asia, Italy, and the Soviet Union from 1937 to 1946. Hersey won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel A Bell For Adano  (a story of the Allied occupation of a town in Sicily) in 1944, and his talents for fiction inspired his later nonfiction writing. He spent three weeks in May of 1946 on assignment for The New Yorker  interviewing survivors of the atomic attacks and returned home where he began to write what would become “Hiroshima.”

Hersey was determined to present a real and raw image of the impact of the bomb to American readers. They could not depend on censored materials from the US Occupying Force in Japan to accurately present the wreckage of the atomic blast. Hersey’s graphic and gut-wrenching descriptions of the misery he encountered in Hiroshima offered what officials could not: the human cost of the bomb. He wanted the story of the victims he interviewed to speak for themselves, and to reconstruct in dramatic yet relatable detail their experiences. 

Portrait of John Hersey by Carl Van Vechten from 1958, courtesy of The Library of Congress.

Hersey organized his article around six survivors he met in Hiroshima. These were “ordinary” Japanese with families, friends, and jobs just like Americans. Miss Toshiko Sasaki was a 20 year old former clerk whose leg had been severely damaged by fallen debris during the attack and she was forced to wait for days for medical treatment. Kiyoshi Tanimoto was a pastor of a Methodist Church who appeared to be suffering from “radiation sickness,” a plight that befell another of Hersey’s interviewees, German-born Jesuit Priest Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge. Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura’s husband died while serving with the Japanese army, and she struggled to rebuild her life with her young children after the attack. Finally, two doctors—Masakazu Fujii and Terufumi Sasaki—were barely harmed but witnessed the death and destruction around them as they tended to the victims.

Each of the essay’s four chapters delves into the experiences of the six individuals before, during, and after the bombing, but it’s Hersey’s unembellished language that makes his writing so haunting. Unvarnished descriptions of “pus oozing” from wounds and the stench of rotting flesh are found throughout all of the survivors’ stories. Mr. Tanimoto recounted his search for victims and encountering several naked men and women with “great burns…yellow at first, then red and swollen with skin sloughed off and finally in the evening suppurated and smelly.” Tanimoto—for all of the chaos that surrounded him—recalled that “the silence in the grove by the river, where hundreds of gruesomely wounded suffered together, was one of the most dreadful and awesome phenomena of his whole experience.” 

“The hurt ones were quiet; no one wept, much less screamed in pain; no one complained; none of the many who died did so noisily; not even the children cried; very few people even spoke.” 

John Hershey 

At the same time, Hersey also describes the prevalence of radiation sickness amongst the victims. Many who had suffered no physical injuries, including Mrs. Nakamura, reported feeling nauseated long after the attack. Father Kleinsorge “complained that the bomb had upset his digestion and given him abdominal pains” and his white blood count was elevated to seven times the normal level while he consistently ran a 104 degree temperature. Doctors encountered many instances of what would become known as radiation poisoning but often assured their patients that they would “be out of the hospital in two weeks.” Meanwhile, they told families, “All these people will die—you’ll see. They go along for a couple of weeks and then they die.”

Hersey’s interviews also highlighted the inconceivable impact of the nuclear blast. Americans may have believed that such a powerful explosion would be deafening, but the interviewees offered a different take. More than a sound, most of the interviewees described blinding light at the moment of the attack. Dr. Terufumi Sasaki remembered the light of the bomb “reflected, like a gigantic photographic flash,” through an open window while Father Kleinsorge later realized that the “terrible flash” had “reminded him of something he had read as a boy about a large meteor colliding with the earth.” Hersey’s title of the first chapter is, in fact, “A Noiseless Flash.”

The attack also left a bizarre mark on the landscape. While buildings were reduced to rubble, the power of the bomb “had not only left the underground organs of plants intact; it had stimulated them.” Miss Sasaki was surprised upon her return to Hiroshima in September by the “blanket of fresh, vivid, lush, optimistic green” plants that grew over the destruction and the day lilies that blossomed from the heaps of debris. Others remembered eating pumpkins and potatoes that were perfectly roasted in the ground by the fantastic heat and energy of the bomb.

With its raw descriptions of the terror and destruction faced by the residents of Hiroshima, Hersey’s article broke records for The New Yorker  and became the first human account of the attack for most Americans. All 300,000 editions of The New Yorker  sold out almost immediately. The success of the article resulted in a reprinted book edition in November that continues to be read by many around the world. Meanwhile, Hersey remained relatively removed from his work, refusing most interviews on the book and choosing instead to let the work speak for itself. 

Decades later, his six interviewees remain a human connection to the attacks and the deep, philosophical questions they raised. “A hundred thousand people were killed by the atomic bomb, and these six were among the survivors,” Hersey said, leaving them to “still wonder why they lived when so many others died,” or “too busy or too weary or too badly hurt to care that they were the objects of the first great experiment in the use of the atomic power which…no country except the United States, with its industrial know-how, its willingness to throw two billion gold dollars into an important wartime gamble, could possibly have developed.”

This article is part of a series commemorating the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II made possible by the Department of Defense.

Stephanie Hinnershitz, PhD

Stephanie Hinnershitz is a historian of twentieth century US history with a focus on the Home Front and civil-military relations during World War II.

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“Hiroshima” by John Hersey Essay (Review)

Summary of the book, review of the book, works cited.

Over one hundred thousand people died, and the six survivors wondered how lucky they were to remain alive. In the book Hiroshima, John Hersey narrates the events of the Hiroshima bomb, which was dropped on Japan by the American Army. John was an American writer who wrote the book to show Japan’s political or national divide in response to the bombing and how people came together as a community to respond to it. By the time the book was first published in 1946, John was 32 years old and had emerged as the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for writing a novel covering World War II. The author doubted that the US had used media propaganda to cover the human suffering caused by the Atomic bomb that they dropped on Hiroshima. Most of the US media showed destroyed houses, but they did not bring a clear implication of the human suffering that had occurred. Thus, a few months after the bomb, the author traveled to Japan to discuss the stories regarding the bombs. This study will highlight the main themes in the book and provide a personal response to the book.

The US army dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, which had enormous power. A city with over 250,000 people was shuttered, leaving 100,000 people dead and 100,000 others injured (McKinney et al. 158). The book Hiroshima traces some of the survivors of the war and lists two women, two religious people, and two doctors who narrate the events from a few hours before the bomb was dropped up to a few months after the bomb.

Mr. Kiyoshi Tinamito was a reverent in Hiroshima, American educated Methodist pastor and a community leader. During the explosion, he was lucky to be uninjured, and as the fire spread across the city, he aided people to get to safety outside the city (McKinney et al. 160). With the help of his father, Wilhelm Kleinsorge, Tinamito started evacuating people who needed help, consoling those who were wounded, and giving water to those whom the radiation of the bomb had highly dehydrated. Many injured persons were unable to walk, and therefore, he took the role of moving their way from the approaching fire. One of the people that he vividly remembers is Mrs. Nakamura, who had been severely injured with her children. He took them to a neighboring school to avoid the whirlwind and encroaching river tide from sweeping them away.

The other person interviewed was Miss Sasaki Toshiko, who had a leg fracture after the blast. She stayed for a period of weeks without any medical help because the atomic bomb had killed almost half of the population, and the remaining were injured, so there was no one to take care of them (Hersey 46-55). Most of the doctors who survived could not help the general population, which shows the bomb’s devastating effect on the city’s healthcare provision. When healthcare providers cannot provide services during such a catastrophic event, many people whose lives could be saved are likely to die. An example is Dr. Fujii Masakazu, who was badly injured during the bombing and could not help anyone with medical care except himself (Hersey 44-45). This shows the impact bombing has on the healthcare sector.

The author went further to explore the aftermath of the bombing to find the underlying effects of the bomb on citizens. When the city begins to rebuild a few weeks later, people start experiencing the effects of radiation, including feeling nauseated, becoming anemic, and having fever. “Many people who did not die right away came down with nausea, headache, diarrhea, malaise, and fever, which lasted several days” (Hersey 113). It was unclear whether the cause of these symptoms was radiation or nervous shock which resulted from the blast. As much as the city tried to return to normal, this was not possible due to the significant effects of the bombing.

This book significantly impacts the reader because it provides first-hand experience of the immediate effect of the atomic bomb. It provides a detailed outline of how the bombing happened, the general reaction of the people, and how the city was disorganized. For instance, Mrs. Nakamura narrates, “Timbers fell around her as she landed, and a shower of tiles pommelled her; everything became dark, for she was buried. The debris did not cover her deeply. She rose up and freed herself. She heard a child cry, Mother, help me! and saw her youngest—Myeko, the five-year-old—buried up to her breast and unable to move” (Hersey 98). Such narrations help the reader to get a mental picture of how fast the lives of people in Hiroshima changed after the bomb was dropped. Thus, the book allows the reader to get the emotions of the scene when the bomb exploded.

I liked reading the book because it explains almost everything that happened before, during, and after the bombing. Interviewing the survivors provided detailed experience of the people; however, one thing that I feel it missed was highlighting how the surrounding cities were affected by the Atomic bomb. Although much impact was on Hiroshima, the surrounding cities must have had a surge in the number of admitted patients and the severity of their injuries (McKinney et al. 161). In addition, the book fails to highlight the government’s situation immediately when the explosion happened. They should have interviewed some of the high government officials to get the pressure that had been placed on them. However, the book generally provides a good account of the victims and the impact of the bombing on the general city travelers. This implies that I would recommend the book to other people who would love to know the devastating effects of war.

This book has helped me learn how war, especially the atomic bomb, affected the Japanese people. I learned the significant impact of a bomb, including destroying the city, killing many people, and bringing rains, windstorms, and darkness all over Hiroshima (McKinney et al. 158). It led to the healthcare system’s overburdening and a shortage of emergency medication that could be used to treat the patients. However, one of the notable effects of the bomb was how it helped unite society in general. People had to put their differences aside and work together to save the survivors. Due to the un-unified national or political response, the city’s residents had to collaborate as a community and help each other (McKinney et al. 161). The book states, “One feeling they did seem to share, however, was a curious kind of elated community spirit… a pride in the way they and their fellow-survivors had stood up to a dreadful ordeal” (Hersey 35). Another evident theme was the general stoicism of the Japanese people. Despite their suffering and the impact that the bomb brought on them, they did not complain. This shows their commitment and loyalty to their government and sovereignty.

I like the narrative style the author used to write the book. He has presented the people’s experiences without getting himself in the story, making it a masterpiece and trustable. In addition, the author has used quotations and words from the narrators to emphasize the various points he is expressing. Direct quotations help the audience picture themselves in the situation and are emotionally attached to the story. For instance, when children cry for help, he narrates it and writes how they asked for help to ensure the reader can imagine themselves in the story. The author generally has a consistent and well-arranged style of expressing the narrators without altering their message.

Most people have found the book helpful, too, because, according to a comment from one of the reviews, it helps to open people’s eyes to humanity. I find this very true because the book narrates how people helped each other after the atomic bomb exploded. In addition, it shows the ugly side of war and the lack of humanity (Hafner). Another review states that the book provides gruesome details on the bombing, making it interesting and unique (Hafner). I agree with this review because the book highlights minor details of the bombing, which might be ignored by mainstream media but significantly impact society. For instance, the cries of the children asking for help, the dehydration of the people, and how the blast affected their later lives.

The book Hiroshima by John Hersey provides detailed information on the events before, during, and after the atomic bomb. The US army dropped the bomb, killing over 100,000 people and injuring 100,000 more. The book comprises six narrators: two women, two religious leaders, and two healthcare providers. It covers the main events and gives first-hand data from people in Hiroshima during the blast. The main interesting thing about the book is that it provides well a mental image of how the situation was. Although it leaves some aspects, such as how the neighbouring cities were affected by the blast, it covers most of the information on how the victims were affected. In addition, it brings out three important themes, including the power of a bomb, the unity of the community after the bombing, and the stoicism of the Japanese people. The author used a narrative style to avoid indulging himself in the story so that he could provide first-hand information on the people who were affected. This book is a masterpiece, and I would recommend it to anyone who wants to get unbiased information on the Hiroshima bombing.

Hafner, Katie. “The Reporter Who Revealed the Truth about Hiroshima.” Washington Post , Web.

Hersey, John. Hiroshima: John Hersey. Vintage, Cop, 1985.

McKinney, Katherine E., et al. “Why the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Would Be Illegal Today.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , vol. 76, no. 4, July 2020, pp. 157–65, Web.

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by John Hersey

Hiroshima essay questions.

How do Hersey's six subjects display different ways of coping with tragedy in the years following the bombing?

In the aftermath of the attack on Hiroshima, the six subjects all lead very different lives that reflect both their personal differences from each other, as well as the varying ways of internalizing a tragic event. Some find that the best way to move forward is to remember what happened, by constantly engaging with victims and working to better their lives. Both Mr. Tanimoto and Father Kleinsorge do this, through fundraising and efforts to spread their faith. Others, like Dr. Sasaki, find that remembering is too painful. Dr. Sasaki moves his practice and tries to change his life after he finds that treating hibakusha is too overwhelming for him. For still others, coping with tragedy involves leading a purely selfish and hedonistic lifestyle; one could argue that Dr. Fujii's life of partying and self-indulgence is a product of the shock of being given a second chance at life. All of these are legitimate ways of reacting to a dramatic disaster such as the bombing.

Why does Hersey not take a more anti-American sentiment in this piece?

Though it employs the strategies of New Journalism and is told like a work of prose, Hiroshima is primarily a factual account that is meant to report the truth as it happened. It is subjective in that it relays the feelings and emotions of its subjects, but it does not take a strong stance against the United States' decision to use the bomb. This is fitting with the widespread Japanese reaction to the tragedy: people were more focused on recovering rather than on hating America, and the general mentality was one of pacifism and reconciliation, not a desire for revenge. Many also understood that they had been fighting a total war, and thus they had to expect any kind of attack. Thus, Hersey's piece is more a general statement against the horrors of war in general, not a condemnation of the individual decisions made in this particular one.

Why is it important to the narrative structure that the subjects' stories converge in Asano Park?

Mr. Tanimoto, Mrs. Nakamura, and Father Kleinsorge all end up in Asano Park in the hours immediately following the bombing. This is significant because it allows readers to see how the subjects relate to each other both as victims and as neighbors, helping each other and leaning on each other whenever necessary. This is true of Asano Park as a whole: it represents the setting where victims from all walks of life converge, stripped of the precious distinctions that social class, occupation, gender, or age would have given them, focused solely on the two very human experiences of grief and survival.

How does faith play a role in the survivors' stories?

In the aftermath of a tragedy, faith can be both an uplifting force and a crushing force: people look to a higher power for comfort and hope, but they also wonder how any god could allow them to suffer like this. For this reason, John Hersey chooses two subjects, Mr. Tanimoto and Father Kleinsorge, who are men of faith. Their experiences, along with Miss Sasaki's later in life, generally support the idea that faith is powerful in a positive way during disaster. Faith drives both Mr. Tanimoto and Father Kleinsorge to selflessly help their neighbors in the immediate hours following the bombing, and later to help the hibakusha in the years to come. Miss Sasaki is initially skeptical, but Father Kleinsorge helps to show her the powerful healing that religion can provide her, and she eventually converts to Catholicism and becomes a nun. Faith is important in all of these people's lives, just as it is important to many people following a disaster or war.

How does Japanese culture color the way survivors cope with the bombing?

There is a prevailing sense of shame and honor in Japanese culture, as pointed out in the experience of Mr. Tanimoto: he thinks it is shameful that he is uninjured while so many others are dead or dying. This means that the Japanese victims of Hiroshima did not make a show of their suffering; instead, they endured their pain in silence and stoically attempted to help others. This cultural norm translated into Japanese people's acceptance of their surrender; they viewed it as a sacrifice they had to tolerate for the sake of peace in the world, rather than a terrible disgrace.

Hiroshima Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Hiroshima is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

How was the weather immediately affected by the bomb blast?

Nuclear fallout mixed with ash and smoke from the firestorms to created a radioactive black rain that soaked and burned survivors.

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Study Guide for Hiroshima

Hiroshima study guide contains a biography of John Hersey, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

• About Hiroshima
• Hiroshima Summary
• Character List

Essays for Hiroshima

Hiroshima essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Hiroshima by John Hersey.

• The Rebirth of a Few: Depicting Suffering and Endurance in 'Hiroshima'

Lesson Plan for Hiroshima

• About the Author
• Study Objectives
• Common Core Standards
• Introduction to Hiroshima
• Relationship to Other Books
• Bringing in Technology
• Notes to the Teacher
• Related Links
• Hiroshima Bibliography

Wikipedia Entries for Hiroshima

• Introduction
• Lasting impact

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• The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay Example
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The Historical Event

In 1939, the U.S. scientists started developing the first atomic bomb. Despite the fact that the war did not start yet, the American Government realized the importance of creating a powerful weapon for the protection in the face of a possible war. At the same time, the Nazi scientists, as well as the Soviet ones, were working on the same projects, and each country was interested in the inventing of such new weapon. In 1942, the United States entered the war as the Allied. The American scientists were interested in the researches of Nazi scientists because they had succeeded in the developing of an atomic bomb. In 1944, when the defeat of Nazi Germany was more than obvious and it required only some time to finish the war, some of the Nazi scientists agreed to cooperate with the American Government and shared their knowledge and results about the creating of an atomic bomb.

In 1945, the Nazi Germany capitulated, but the Japanese still continued fighting back. By that time, the developing of the first atomic bomb was finished and the American Government was one of the first nations which had a nuclear weapon. According to this fact, it was one of the main reasons why the United States did not use atomic bombs in Africa or European campaign. Despite the scientists’ progress, the bomb could be finished only with the assistance of German scientists. In addition, the usage of an atomic bomb in Europe was too dangerous because no one could predict the consequences of its explosion. Japan was a more preferable target because it was separated from the continent and decreased the possible negative outcomes for the allied countries.

In spite of the fact that Germany was defeated, the Japanese did not have an intention to give up. The U.S. general Douglas MacArthur proposed an operation which predetermined the massive bombing of Japan and, as a result, the invasion on the islands; it received the name “Operation Downfall”. However, even such well-planned operation predetermined numerous causalities among the Allied troops, up to 1 million people. The US president, Truman, understood that it was a too high price for the victory and decided to use the new weapon to limit the causalities among his people as well as end the war. The Secretary of War Henry Stimson and other generals supported this plan; they explained that it would help bring the war to its quick end and demonstrate the military power of the United States to the world. However, there were also the opponents of this idea, who believed that it was an immoral decision, though a necessary one.

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On August 6th, the American B-29 bomber was loaded with the first uranium bomb which weigh was almost 9,000 pounds. The bomb received a codename “Little Boy”, and it was decided to drop it on Hiroshima, the manufacturing center with more than 350,000 citizens. The bomb exploded at height of 2,000 feet above the city and destroyed almost five squared miles of Hiroshima. After such devastative attack, Japan was ready to surrender. However, on August 9th, the second target was selected, and it was Nagasaki. At that time, the U.S. Government used the plutonium bomb “Fat Boy” which weigh was about 10,000 pounds. The bomb was more powerful than the previous one, but due to mountains and valley the explosion damaged the area of only 2,6 square miles. The bombs killed about 100,000 people in Hiroshima and about 70,000 people in Nagasaki; by the end of the year, these figures increased because of people who died from radioactive irradiation. On August 15th, the Japanese Emperor announced about capitulation and on September 2nd World War II was finally ended.

Historical and Contemporary Cause of the Event

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is often introduced as a necessity to end the war and to limit the number of casualties if the Allied tried to initiate the massive invasion in Japan. However, the main reason is the demonstration of power to the Japanese and Soviets. During the planning of this operation, there were many disputes about the targets and the effect of the bomb. Some generals offered to drop the bombs on Kyoto, but this idea was rejected because of several reasons. First, Kyoto was an ancient and beautiful city and the U.S. Government wanted to prevent it from damage. In fact, there was no difference which city to attack because it was rather the visual demonstration of the power that the causing of damage itself. Second, the Japanese showed deep fanaticism to their culture. The destruction of such ancient and important for the Japanese culture city could have the opposite effect. As a result, it could lead to the escalation of the conflict and the Japanese would rather kill all than give up because of their loss. Third, there was a necessity that the emperor was alive and signed capitulation. The recognition of capitulation by the emperor would prevent further struggle of the Japanese.

According to this fact, it can be said that the main cause of bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the demonstration of the U.S. power and making the Japanese to surrender. The bombing did not predetermine killing as many people as possible. Moreover, there were many debates about the moral aspect of this action. Some generals offered to target only the military facilities and inform the citizens about the attack in order to reduce the number of victims among the civilians. However, this plan was not adopted because a) the bomb could not work properly as it was the first test; b) it would demonstrate that the U.S. was not ready to take serious steps and responsibility for the consequences (Poolos, 2008). Thus, it was decided not to inform about the bombing in order to prevent unpredictable consequences of this new weapon. In addition, the Americans wanted to respond for Pearl Harbor. The American navy considered to be very powerful before the attack on Pearl Harbor. The attack has spoiled the image of the American navy, and they wanted to revenge for it.

However, the dropping of bombs on the Japanese was not so necessary; the end of the war was obvious; it required only tie and durable negotiations. The Japanese, despite their fanatic beliefs, also understood that without Germany their chances to win the war alone were very low. Hence, the Allied forces could not even start the invasion of Japan in order to end the war, though it required more time. Nevertheless, the U.S. Government realized that after the end of the war, Soviets whose ideological views did not correspond to the American ones would probably become a new enemy. According to this fact, the demonstration of the U.S. power was primarily targeted at Soviets rather than at the Japanese. This demonstration of the U.S. military power had to be the warning to the Soviets and to show the readiness of the American Government to use any measures to defeat their enemies.

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Different Historical Interpretations of the Event

The classical interpretation of this event is Truman’s decision to bring the war to its early end and reduce the loss among his troops. The dropping of the atomic bombs had to make the Japanese surrender. The historians state that it was more a demonstration of the American nuclear power to the Japanese and Soviets rather than an attempt to bring the large number of victims. As a result, two nuclear bombs killed about 150,000 people and made the Japanese emperor to sign the capitulation (Barnaby, 1977).

Such traditional view of the end of World War II did not take into consideration some facts. First, before dropping the atomic bombs, the Americans provided numerous bombing of other cities, including the downtown of Tokyo (Wainstock, 2010). The scales of damage and number of victims caused by those bombings were much bigger than those caused by the atomic bombs. The Japanese did not surrender then as they were not going to surrender after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The Japanese generation of that time was very loyal to its country; probably, more than any other nation. For instance, they trained young pilots to hit their planes with explosive into the American warships. If these people were ready to sacrifice their own life in order to bring the damage to the enemy, killing 150,000 people would not make them surrender (Okuda, 2008). In addition, the information that the Japanese were weak by the end of the war and were ready to surrender is not totally correct. The Japanese understood their hard condition, but it does not mean that they were ready for capitulation. For instance, Germany bombed Great Britain, but it did not surrender. During the first two years of the war, the Soviets were losing the war; they did not have enough weapons and their loss of the living force was incredibly high. They lost their territory, but still did not surrender. Even if some cities of the United States were severely bombed, it did not make it to surrender. According to this fact, it can be said that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki did not have such great effect as the traditional historians introduce it.

The Japanese understood that their capitulation is a matter of time, but they wanted to choose the most appropriate conditions of surrender. After the first atomic bomb, the Japanese emperor tried to make the Soviets to enter the war on the Asian side. The Soviets agreed to meet to discuss this issue, but a day later, they declared a war on Japan. Such decision was crucial for the war ending. First, the Japanese realized that they could not resist two countries with nuclear weapons (Malam, 2002). Second, if the Japanese surrendered to the Soviets, it would mean that communists would capture their country. As a result, their political, social and economic structure which was based on the principles of the empire would be destroyed by the communists’ ideology. Hence, choosing between surrender to Americans and the Soviets, the Japanese hurried to sign a capitulation to the United States in order to save their empire from the communists’ invasion.

Thus, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has a secondary effect on the Japanese´s decision to surrender. However, it had a great effect on the Soviets, who decided to end this war and support the United States. The Soviet understood that their new enemy is the Americans, but they could not support the Japanese because they were too weak after the five years of war. In addition, the demonstration of nuclear weapons by the United States made the Soviets put their efforts on the developing of own nuclear weapons (Richardson, 2012). Hence, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki meant the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.

The Positive and Negative Outcomes of the Event

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became a tragedy for Japanese people. Almost 150,000 people died because of the atomic bombs and thousands died because of radioactive irradiation. The consequences of radiation had an effect on the next generations (Osborne, 2012). Nevertheless, this event had both positive and negative consequences for every country which participated in the war and for the entire globe in general.

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Among negative outcomes, one may outline the following:

• Thousands of victims who died because of the atomic bomb and radiation;
• The intended killing of civilians;
• The worsening relationship between Japanese and Americans;
• The nuclear weapon armament race.

After the usage of the first atomic bomb, the United States and the Soviet Union started a rapid development of the nuclear weapons (History is Our Teacher, 2013). The conflict that raised between these two nations after World War II and their nuclear weapons storages may lead to the new world war with the usage of nuclear weapons and, as a result, destroying all life on the planet.

Negative reaction of global community. The majority of countries viewed this act as inhuman as well as many Americans who were against the usage of an atomic bomb in Japan. Nevertheless, they understood the necessity of this action despite the consequences of this event on thousands civilian lives.

The positive outcomes may be identified as the following:

• The end of the war. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the beginning of the end (Demenchonok, 2009). Despite many disputes about the validity of this theory, one may still state that this event has a direct or indirect influence on the Japanese´s decision to surrender. Thus, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki meant the end of World War II and the end of the global slaughter.
• Prevention of more deaths. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the deaths of more than a hundred thousand of civilian Japanese. However, it was the only right decision that the American Government could make in order to prevent more killings. The Japanese did not want to surrender and World War II would not finish till the last enemy accepted capitulation. Thus, there were two variants of further actions: start the invasion and lose almost a million of people or drop the bombs and decrease the number of possible victims. One may say that it cannot justify the America’s action to kill the civilians, but choosing between two evils, it was the lesser one.
• Saving the Allied soldiers. Every nation should care first of all about its own people and army. The decision to drop the bombs meant that the U.S. and Soviet soldiers, would not have to sacrifice their lives in order to make the Japanese accept the fact that they have already lost the war. In fact, it was a matter of time because the Japanese lost their ally Germany and they were left alone in this war. Nevertheless, they were stubborn to accept the capitulation and the Allied forces had to push on them. However, this push cannot be committed by the means of own people; if the enemy does not want to surrender, there is no need to sacrifice soldiers. Thus, bombing prevented numerous crops among the Allied troops.
• The demonstrative example of nuclear bomb explosion. Despite the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union started the Cold War which lasted about fifty years, none of the sides used the nuclear weapon (Craig & Logevall, 2009). Both nations had a huge armory of nuclear weapon, but both of them understood the consequences of its usage. The Japanese example demonstrated how a small bomb could cause the huge damages. Both nations had hundreds of the bombs which were even more destructive. Even if they used the half of their nuclear arsenal, it would be enough to destroy all cities on the planet. Hence, the demonstration of nuclear explosion in Japan stopped two nations from the beginning of another war with usage of nuclear weapon.

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Essays on Hiroshima

Aside from the World War II that was fought with ammunition, there were many more wars (verbal and non-verbal) surrounding the main war; wars on morality and religion, wars on whether to please the electorate or take a firm individual stand, wars on liberation and equality of gender, class and...

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World War II and the Atomic Bombings As World War II was drawing to a close, the US released two nuclear weapons upon the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings took place on August 6 and 9, 1945 respectively. It happened right after the states obtained the consent of...

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As World War II was drawing to a close The US released two nuclear weapons upon the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings took place on August 6 and 9, 1945 respectively. It happened right after the states obtained the consent of the United Kingdom which was a requirement...

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Numerous factors led to the bombardment of Hiroshima. President Truman had to make difficult choices at the moment regarding the bombing. It is sufficient to note that Hiroshima was the target of the first atomic bomb during World War II. The bomb's detonation would result in the deaths of about...

In 1945, just two weeks after taking office, President Harry Truman ordered the devastating atomic bomb to be detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. (Tsuyoshi 25). Since then, there have been numerous discussions surrounding the bombing, with various studies offering various perspectives on the circumstances leading up to the...

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The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In that post, the generals who led the army were aware of America's intentions. It reveals that the bombing of Hiroshima was not due to other interests as a result of war nuts. They claim the Hiroshima bomb was dropped to save the life of...

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