gd topic education system in india

Education System in India

07 May 2024

Indian Education System

The Indian Education System is one of the oldest education systems in the world. Several centuries ago, the students studied at Gurukul ashrams and stayed with the teachers until the teacher has taught them everything he had to. Today, every other lane has an educational institute. As a result, the quality of education provided has deteriorated. On the other hand, the premier institutes like IITs and IIMs are a mark of excellence and are famous around the world. The race for grades has often left sports and other extra-curricular activities out of the priority list.

Education and Economy

Education system is the back bone of the economy, which many of us are not aware about. The future of many developing countries lie in the hands of their education system and that is also how we predict the future of a country's economy.

Debate about the Education System

Education system in India is much criticized for its lack of facility and faculty, for provision of placement units and for preparing the students to face the world with practical knowledge of how things work. However, it is also worth noting that our student exchange programs are still popular with students coming from all across the world to study at our universities.

Pros of Indian Education System

Facts about Indian Education system

In terms of literacy, India is one of those at the top of the world rankings. In fact, Indians are known to be avid readers. According to a survey, an Indian reads an average of almost 11 hours a week. We can see many Indians get selected worldwide in the multi-national companies, creating their own fortune. They are able to perform good in their career only because of quality education provided in India.

Competition amongst the students

Indian education system emphasizes competitive spirit from early stages. Competition teaches students to unleash their full potential. There is a ranking system since school that makes the students strive for performing good. It develops the brain in earlier stages and boosts their thinking power. It teaches to analyse our strengths and weaknesses consistently.

Examinations

In Indian educational system, we have tests that conducted every month to find out how much have we learned. Many students hate it, but there is a good side. Tests help us understand chapters in depth, memorize them and retrieve it when needed. In other words, we develop a habit of learning by our self, we learn how to priorities topics and the way to remember them. We do this for many years constantly and by the end of our school life, we are master at grasping concepts quickly and effectively.

Moral Science

Most of the primary and middle-class educational systems have included a subject called moral science while this is something that is not taught in foreign universities. This subject teaches students about the basic morals and ethics. Earlier, it was believed that ethics are something that cannot be taught, but our education system has made a first step in that direction. Moreover, many cultural fests and music concerts are encouraged by Indian schools and colleges.

In most of the schools in India, English is a compulsory language and the regional language is also taught with equal importance. We learn to be secular with the help of Indian educational system. Studying at a school where we have students with different religions, we slowly learn how to respect other religions as well.

Cons of Indian Education System

Problem of Indian Education System

Indian education system is not poor as compared to other countries but we are not producing as many scholars as we should be able to produce due to the population and limited resources of our country. That is why, we are bound to say that the Indian education system is not up to the mark. It is because of lack of interest in implementation of proper system, whether it is a government or a private educational institute.

Syllabus Of Indian Education System

The Indian education system relies on book for knowledge, where the questions are just facts from the book. Because of this, it becomes a memory test and not a learning assessment. Students hardly learn from the syllabus due to this theoretical approach of teaching. We are still studying the subjects that have been proposed decades back. Creating an interest for education amongst the students is a very important task, at which the education system truly fails.

Teaching approach

Students are not being taught why they are learning particular subjects and topic. Textbooks do not mention how the topics are relevant in practical life. The student to teacher ratio is also very low. As a result, teachers are not able to concentrate on each and every child. The rise of coaching centers for competitive exams and private tuitions for school children are is resulted by the poor education system, which couldn’t make students job-ready.

Expensive education

High prices of higher education in India is becoming a serious problem. The quality of education provided is associated with the expenditure on it. Higher fees are charged if the institute is well-known. The enormous amounts of donations demanded by private institute are not new. Indian Govt isn’t investing in higher education aspirants. Indian govt is spending only 3% of its GDP on education. Also, there is no control of govt on the fee structure of private educational institutes.

Too much of Burden

Students are learning the subjects just to reach to the next level, i.e obtaining admission from the good college. Students have no freedom to think creatively and to question the content in the textbooks. Also, the textbooks do not mention the importance of physical activity and the extracurricular activities. Most of the schools in India do not have playgrounds. Due to excessive pressure for marks and grades, students are losing their childhood. There is also a rise in the number of suicides by the students because of the peer pressure.

Success stories

Indian educational system has succeeded in the view that – At NASA, many of world’s best brains are working, in which 20% are Indians and all of them are educated in India. Also, many people are holding high posts in India and aboard who received their education in India.

Re-designing the teaching approach

Method of teaching needs a relook. Teachers should encourage logical thinking & creativity in students. There has to be a practical approach to educate the students. The syllabus should be updated with the latest inventions and technologies. Just like Benjamin Franklin rightly said, “Tell me and I forget, teach me and I remember, involve me and I learn.”

Affordable education to all

It is important that quality education must be affordable to all the sections of the society, because every child has the right to education. For this, the condition of the government colleges and institution should be raised to a reasonable level. Also, the government should take steps to extend the number of primary schools in order that people of each village can get education easily. Education loans should be made available easily.

Impartial education

Irrespective of caste, creed and gender quality education must be provided to all. Especially education for girls should be given topmost priority. Also, education should be free of corruption.

The examination issues

Exams should be in a way that a student’s understanding of the subject can be assessed. Not just the syllabus and pedagogy, but also the attitude change towards the marks system need to be changed. Our attitude towards marks and grades needs to be changed.

The modern education system has been supported by one formula: ‘cheap, required and customary education to all’. Even people are able to decide by their conscience that what means of education are going to be best suited to them. Still, many people are ignoramus regarding words and literacy. Hence, it is essential to provide education to all, as other nations are so much ahead within the field of education. It is all in the hand of the government that what should be the exact type of system in which education for all is secured. India is a progressing country and the present scenario of Indian education can be improved a lot.

Any Questions? Look Here.

National Education Policy 2020

Table of Contents

Positive impact on the education system:

– positive impact on school education:, – positive impact on higher education:, challenges:, conclusion:, want to listen to this instead.

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Education in India – A Detailed Analysis

Last updated on July 24, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

This article is a detailed analysis of the Education System of India.

The post covers various aspects of the problems faced by the Indian Education sector, the Constitutional provisions related to education, and the education policies adopted by modern India.

History of Education in India

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India has a rich tradition of imparting knowledge.

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The ‘gurukul’ was a type of education system in ancient India with shishya (students) living with the guru in the same house. Nalanda has the oldest university system of education in the world. Students from across the world were attracted to Indian knowledge systems.

Many branches of the knowledge system had their origin in India. Education was considered a higher virtue in ancient India.

However, the renaissance and scientific thinking as happened in Europe didn’t happen in India at that time.

The British who took control of the Indian affairs by that time had different priorities. Education in British India initially lagged a lot.

However, later, the British established the modern education system still followed in India. They replaced age-old systems of education in the country with English ways .

Still, the education system in India needs a lot of reforms.

Current Status of Education in India: Data from Census 2011

Literacy rate in India as per Census 2011: 74%.
Literacy rate: Male: 82.1%; Female: 65.5%
Kerala tops the rankings, followed by Delhi, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
Bihar is the lowest among states, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, etc., however, they are improving their position.
Bihar has a literacy rate of 63.8%, and that of women is 53.3%.
Literacy rates for both adults as well as youths have increased, still, the absolute number of illiterates in India is as much as India’s population was at the time of independence.
The gender gap in terms of literacy began to narrow first in 1991 and the pace has accelerated, however still lags far behind the global female literacy rate of 7% (UNESCO 2015).
There are large state variations in the gender gap.
However, during 2001 – 2011, the male literacy rate increased by 6 percentage points but female literacy increased by nearly 12 percentage points. Achievement in female literacy in Bihar is noteworthy: from 33% in 2001 to 53% in 2011.
Be that as it may, India is still lagging behind the world literacy rate of 86.3%(UNESCO 2015). A major group of states lies in the average rank i.e. just above the national level of 64.8 percent.

Indian Education System: The Present Pyramidal Structure

The Indian education system can broadly be considered as a pyramidal structure:

Pre-primary level: 5-6 years of age.
Primary (elementary) level: 6-14 years of age. Elementary-level education is guaranteed by our constitution under Article 21 A . For this level, the government has introduced Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under the Right To Education(RTE) Act.
Secondary level: Age group between 14-18. For this level, the government has extended SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan .
Higher education: generally of three levels: UG→ PG→ MPhil/PhD. To cater to the requirements of higher education, the government has introduced Rashtriya Uchhattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).

Read: Examination System in India

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to Education

Goal 4 of SDG : Education for all – ensures equitable, inclusive, and quality education along with the promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030.

Provisions in the Indian Constitution related to Education

Under Article 45 in DPSP , it was mentioned that the government should provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years within 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution. As this was not achieved, Article 21A was introduced by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 , making elementary education a fundamental right rather than a directive principle. Article 45 was amended to provide for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years.
To implement Article 21A, the government legislated the RTE Act. Under this act, SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – got a further impetus. SSA aims to provide Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time-bound manner.
SSA has been operational since 2000-2001. Its roots go back to 1993-1994 when the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched. However, under the RTE Act, it got legal backing.

RTE Act 2009

86th Amendment Act 2002 introduced Article 21-A, which provides for free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right.
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act was enacted to implement this fundamental right.

Provisions of the RTE Act

‘Compulsory education’ means an obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance, and completion of elementary education.
Provision for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age-appropriate class.
Rational deployment of teachers, ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in their postings.
Prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than services like decennial census, elections, etc.
It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment (b) screening procedures for admission of children (c) capitation fees (d) private tuition by teachers (e) running of schools without recognition.
Development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the constitution, ensuring all-around development of the child, building a system of child-friendly and child-centered learning.
To further inclusiveness, 25% reservation is provided for disadvantaged students in private schools.

Criticisms of the RTE Act

Even though the RTE + SSA have increased access to schools, resulting in a high enrollment rate, dropout rates increased in tandem. However, there is inadequate attention given to this scenario.
There is a fear of financial burden on the government for teacher recruitment and training.
The grey area of teacher transfer is also not helping the cause.
Since all state holidays are not relevant for all localities, such a calendar preparation by local authorities can increase attendance and can also encourage local panchayats to take ownership of schools.
RTE students in private schools are paying extra fees as the schools claim that the government fund provided for the same is not adequate.
Most private schools treat RTE as charity and demand that the onus of universalizing education should be on the government’s head rather than putting pressure on them.
70% of students are in government schools. So it must be fixed in priority, by providing infrastructure , teacher quality , and targeted learning for children from disadvantaged groups to provide an equitable education system.
Under the RTE Act, till class 8, students should not be failed in exams. This is called the No detention policy. It had reduced dropout rates.
There is growing criticism of the policy resulting in reducing the quality of elementary education. Hence the RTE Act was amended to scrap the policy.
RTE Act prioritized schooling of children only from the age of 6, thus ignoring pre-school education. Kothari Commission had recommended the establishment of a center for the development of pre-primary education in each district.
District Information System for Education (DISE) report states that 30% of primary and 15% of upper primary schools have higher PTRs.
According to the Economic Survey 2018-19, the PTR at the national level for primary schools is 23 and 27 for secondary schools. Thus PTR appears to be satisfactory, as there are sufficient teachers. However, the main issue is a balanced deployment of teachers based on student strength.
Even though the Student-Classroom ratio (SCR) improved in almost all of the States, there is disparity across the country.

Modern Education in India: The Evolution of the System through various policies

The British government had introduced modern education in India. From Macaulay’s minutes to Wood’s dispatch to several commissions like the Sadler Commission, 1904 Indian education policy, etc. built the foundation of the Indian education system during the colonial period.

Radhakrishnan committee

In 1948-49, the University Education Commission was constituted under Radhakrishnan . It molded the education system based on the needs of an independent India. The pre-Independent Indian education value system was catering to colonial masters. There was a need to replace Macaulayism with the Indian value system. ( Macaulayism is the policy of eliminating indigenous culture through the planned substitution of the alien culture of a colonizing power via the education system). Some of the values mentioned in the commission were:

Wisdom and Knowledge
Aims of the Social Order : the desired social order for which youths are being educated.
Love for higher values in life
Training for Leadership

The Independent Indian education system developed along the lines of this value framework. In the present times, where there are imminent threats of political ideologies hijacking the pedagogy of education and commercialization of education eroding value systems, it is appreciable to dust off the values promulgated by the commission. A recent controversial circular by the Central University of Kerala (CUK), directing that research topics for Ph.D. students must be by ‘national priorities’, and research in ‘irrelevant topics’ and ‘privilege areas’ must be discouraged, is a case in point.

Kothari commission

If the Radhakrishnan committee charted out the value system of the Indian education system, it was the Kothari Commission that provided the basic framework of the same. The commission provided for:

Standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern.
Emphasized the need to make work experience and social/national service an integral part of education.
Linking of colleges to several schools in the neighborhood.
Equalization of opportunities to all and to achieve social and national integration .
Neighborhood school system without social or religious segregation and a s chool complex system integrating primary and secondary levels of education.
Establishment of Indian Education Service.
On-the-job training of the teaching staff and efforts to raise the status of the teachers to attract talents into the profession.
To raise expenditure on education from 2.9% of the GDP to 6% by 1985.

This committee report paved the way for the National Educational Policy 1968 which provided the base and roadmap for further development of the education system in India.

National Educational Policy 1968

The policy provided for “radical restructuring” and equalization of educational opportunities to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.
Increase public expenditure on education to 6% of GDP.
Provide for better training and qualification of teachers.
Three-language formula : state governments should implement the study of a modern Indian language, preferably one of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking states, and of Hindi along with the regional language and English in the non-Hindi-speaking states. Hindi was encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians.

National Educational Policy 1985

The policy aimed at the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunities, especially for women, SC and ST.
Launching of “Operation Blackboard” to improve primary schools nationwide.
IGNOU, the Open University, was formed.
Adoption of the “rural university” model , based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.

T.S.R.Subramanium committee report

ECCE is inconsistent across states. So all government schools should have facilities for pre-primary education, which would facilitate pre-school education by the government instead of the private sector.
The policy of no detention should be upheld only till class five and not till class eight.
There is a steep rise in teacher shortage, absenteeism, and grievances.
Need to constitute an Autonomous Teacher Recruitment Board.
Four years integrated B.Ed. the course should be introduced.
There is an inadequate integration of information technology (IT) and the education sector.
The National Skills Qualification Framework should be scaled up.
The choice of vocational courses should be in line with local opportunities and resources .
Bringing formal certification for vocational education at par with conventional education certificates.
All India Education Service.
Existing separate laws governing individual regulators in higher education should be replaced by the said act.
The role of existing regulatory bodies like UGC and AICTE should be revised.
National Accreditation Board (NAB) subsuming the existing accreditation bodies.

Kasturirangan Report On School Education (Draft National Education Policy)

For restructuring the education system in India, the government is preparing to roll out a New Education Policy that will cater to Indian needs in the 4th Industrial Revolution by making use of its demographic dividend. Committee for Draft National Education Policy (chaired by Dr. K. Kasturirangan) submitted its report on May 31, 2019.

You can read about the National Education Policy 2020 in detail here .

School Education:

Low accessibility.
The curriculum doesn’t meet the developmental needs of children.
Lack of qualified and trained teachers.
Substandard pedagogy.
Currently, most early childhood education is delivered through anganwadis and private preschools. However, there has been less focus on the educational aspects of early childhood.
Guidelines for up to three-year-old children.
Educational framework for three to eight-year-old children.
This would be implemented by improving and expanding the Anganwadi system and co-locating anganwadis with primary schools.
Expanding the ambit of the Act to all children between the ages of three to 18 years, thus including early childhood education and secondary school education.
There should be no detention of children till class eight. Instead, schools must ensure that children are achieving age-appropriate learning levels.
The current structure of school education is to be restructured based on the development needs of students.
10+2+3 structure to be replaced by 5-3-3-4 design comprising: (i) five years of foundational stage (three years of pre-primary school and classes one and two), (ii) three years of preparatory stage (classes three to five), (iii) three years of middle stage (classes six to eight), and (iv) four years of secondary stage (classes nine to 12).
The current education system solely focuses on rote learning. The curriculum load should be reduced to its essential core content.
Force students to concentrate only on a few subjects.
Do not test learning in a formative manner.
Cause stress among students.
To track students’ progress throughout their school experience, State Census Examinations in classes three, five, and eight should be established.
Restructure the board examinations to test only the core concept. These board examinations will be on a range of subjects. The students can choose their subjects and the semester when they want to take these board exams. The in-school final examinations may be replaced by these board examinations.
Although establishing primary schools in every habitation has increased access to education, it has led to the development of very small schools making it operationally complex. Hence the multiple public schools should be brought together to form a school complex .
A complex will consist of one secondary school (classes nine to twelve) and all the public schools in its neighborhood that offer education from pre-primary to class eight.
These will also include anganwadis, vocational education facilities, and an adult education center.
Each school complex will be a semi-autonomous unit providing integrated education across all stages from early childhood to secondary education.
This will ensure that resources such as infrastructure and trained teachers can be efficiently shared across a school complex.
A steep rise in a teacher shortage, lack of professionally qualified teachers, and deployment of teachers for non-educational purposes have plagued the system.
Teachers should be deployed with a particular school complex for at least five to seven years.
They will not be allowed to participate in any non-teaching activities during school hours.
Existing B.Ed. the program will be replaced by a four-year integrated B.Ed. program that combines high-quality content, pedagogy, and practical training. An integrated continuous professional development will also be developed for all subjects.
Separating the regulation of schools from aspects such as policymaking, school operations, and academic development.
Independent State School Regulatory Authority for each state will prescribe basic uniform standards for public and private schools.
The Department of Education of the State will formulate policy and conduct monitoring and supervision.

Higher Education

According to the All India Survey on Higher Education , the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education in India has increased from 20.8% in 2011-12 to 25.8% in 2017-18. Lack of access is a major reason behind the low intake of higher education. The policy aims to increase GER to 50% by 2035.
Multiple regulators with overlapping mandates reduce the autonomy of higher educational institutions and create an environment of dependency and centralized decision-making.
The National Higher Education Regulatory Authority (NHERA) should replace the existing individual regulators in higher education. Thus the role of all professional councils such as AICTE would be limited to setting standards for professional practice. The role of the UGC will be limited to providing grants.
Separate the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) from the UGC into an independent and autonomous body. It will function as the top-level accreditor and will issue licenses to different accreditation institutions. All existing higher education institutions should be accredited by 2030.
Replacing the current system of establishing higher educational institutions by Parliament or state legislatures. Instead, institutions can be set up through a Higher Education Institution Charter from NHERA.
Research universities focus equally on research and teaching.
Universities focus primarily on teaching.
Colleges focus only on teaching at undergraduate levels.
All such institutions will gradually move towards full autonomy.
Total investment in research and innovation in India has declined from 0.84% of GDP in 2008 to 0.69% in 2014. India also lags behind many nations in the number of researchers, patents, and publications.
NRF will act as an autonomous body for funding, mentoring, and building the capacity for quality research.
Undergraduate programs should be made interdisciplinary by redesigning their curriculum to include: a common core curriculum; and one/two area(s) of specialization.
Introduce four-year undergraduate programs in Liberal Arts.
By the next five years, five Indian Institutes of Liberal Arts must be set up as model multidisciplinary liberal arts institutions.
Poor service conditions and heavy teaching loads, augmented by a lack of autonomy and no clear career progression system, have resulted in low faculty motivation.
Introduction of a Continuous Professional Development program and permanent employment track system for faculty in all higher education institutions by 2030.
The student-teacher ratio of not more than 30:1 must be ensured.
All higher education institutions must have complete autonomy on curricular, pedagogical, and resource-related matters.

Read: Institutions of Eminence Scheme

Additional Key Focus Areas:

Additional key focus areas are (1) Technology in Education (2) Vocational Education (3) Adult Education and (4) the Promotion of Indian Languages.

Technology in Education

Improving the classroom process of teaching, learning, and evaluation
Aiding teacher training.
Improving access to education.
Improving the overall planning, administration, and management of the entire education system.
Electrification of all educational institutions paves the way for technology induction.
An autonomous body, the National Education Technology Forum, set up under the Mission, will facilitate decision-making on the use of technology.
Single online digital repository to make available copyright-free educational resources in multiple languages.

Vocational Education

Less than 5% of the workforce in the age group of 19-24 receives vocational education in India, in contrast to 52% in the USA, 75% in Germany and 96% in South Korea.
Vocational courses : All school students must receive vocational education in at least one vocation in grades 9 to 12.
Higher Education Institutions must offer vocational courses that are integrated into undergraduate education programs.
The draft Policy targets to offer vocational education to up to 50% of the total enrolment in higher education institutions by 2025, up from the present level of enrolment of below 10%.
National Committee for the Integration of Vocational Education for charting out plans for the above objectives.

Adult Education

As per Census 2011, India had a total of 26.5 crore adult non-literate (15 years and above).

Establishing an autonomous Central Institute of Adult Education as a constituent unit of NCERT. It will develop a National Curriculum Framework for adult education.
Adult Education Centers will be included within the school complexes.
Relevant courses are made available at the National Institute of Open Schooling.
National Adult Tutors Programme to build a cadre of adult education instructors and managers.

Education and Indian Languages

The medium of instruction must be the mother tongue until grade 5, and preferably until grade 8.
3 language formula be continued and flexibility in the implementation of the formula should be provided. Implementation of the formula needs to be strengthened, particularly in Hindi-speaking states. Schools in Hindi-speaking areas should also teach Indian languages from other parts of India for national integration.
To promote Indian languages, a National Institute for Pali, Persian, and Prakrit will be set up.
The mandate of the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology will be expanded to include all fields and disciplines to strengthen vocabulary in Indian languages.

Transforming Education

The policy talked about the synergistic functioning of India’s education system, to deliver equity and excellence at all levels, from vision to implementation, led by a new Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog.

Education Governance

Revitalize education governance by bringing in synergy and coordination among the different ministries, departments, and agencies.

Constitute the National Education Commission or Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog, as an apex body for education headed by the Prime Minister. It would be responsible for developing, implementing, evaluating, and revising the vision of education and overseeing the implementation and functioning of bodies including the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), National Higher Education Regulatory Authority, and National Research Foundation.
The Ministry of Human Resources and Development must be renamed the Ministry of Education to bring the focus back on education.

Financing Education

The Draft Policy reaffirmed the commitment to spending 6% of GDP as a public investment in education.
The draft Policy seeks to double the public investment in education from the current 10% of total public expenditure to 20% in the next 10 years. 5% will be utilized for higher education, 2% in school education, and 1.4% for early childhood care and education.
There should be optimal and timely utilization of funds through the institutional development plans and by plugging loopholes in the disbursement of funds.

Criticism of the New Education Policy of India

The New Education Policy lacks operational details.
It is not clear from where the funding will be sourced.
Enough importance is not given to innovation, startup culture or economic principles to be added to the curriculum.
One-size-fits for all states can’t be a solution as each state in India is diverse in its educational needs. Controversy on NEET has shown this.
With technological advancement and the democratization of knowledge, the policy should have focused more on how to teach rather than what to teach.
Economic Survey 2017-18 mentioned the perils of the distinction between research institutions and universities in higher education. The policy recommendation of three distinct higher education institutions of research universities, teaching universities, and teaching colleges will further augment the gap between research and universities.
The draft policy is silent on the Institutions of Eminence and agencies like the Higher Education Funding Agency.
The role of Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog should be defined clearly. What would be its role vis-a-vis existing regulators? Also, there are criticisms from some quarters that RSA will open the door to the politicization of education.
Earlier the 3-language formula proposed by the draft policy made Hindi compulsory in non-Hindi speaking states. However, after the furor, the proposal was removed.
Even though the policy talks about bringing “unrepresented groups” into school and focusing on educationally lagging “ special education zones” , it doesn’t comprehensively address the inequalities prevalent in the system. It misses methods to bridge the gaps between rich and poor children.
The policy proposes to remove the provision mandating that primary schools be within stipulated distance from students’ homes and common minimum infrastructure and facility standards that should be met by all schools. If a common minimum standard is not specified, it will create an environment where quality in some schools will fall further thus augmenting the inequalities between schools across the country.

India’s education history is rich with ambitious policies failing at the altar of inadequate implementation of the same. In the absence of a handholding mechanism for states to embark on the path-breaking reforms mentioned in the policy and that too in a short time, will be too much to ask.

Funding requirements and governance architecture pose major challenges in the implementation of the policy. Political commitment is required to increase funding. RTE Act expansion to include preschool should keep in mind the present infrastructure inadequacies and teacher vacancies.

Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog may face administrative problems and turf battles. Also, it will raise questions on the role of new bodies like the National Medical Council.

The recent controversy on 3 language formula shows the sensitivity of language education in India and care should be taken to appreciate the emotional overtures while implementing the same.

Politically acceptability, social desirability, technological feasibility, financial viability, administratively doability, and judicially tenability are 6 pillars that will impact the implementation of the policy.

Be that as it may, the new education policy aims to address the challenges of (i) access, (ii) equity, (iii) quality, (iv) affordability, and (v) accountability faced by the current education system. It aims to revitalize and equip the education system to meet the challenges of the 21st century and 4th industrial revolution rather than catering to 19th and 20th century needs of industrialization. Also, India is on the cusp of a demographic dividend, rather than entered into this phase. So the education system catering to these needs is not a luxury that we hope for but rather a dire need at this moment in Indian history.

The Problems associated with the Education System in India

HRD ministry: Over 1.4 million schools and 50,000 higher educational institutions are operating in India. Out of 907 universities, there are 399 state universities, 126 deemed-to-be universities, 48 central and 334 private universities.

Even after more than a hundred years of “ Gokhale’s Bill”1911, where universal primary education was originally mooted, India is yet to achieve this goal.
China had achieved it in the 1970s. As per Census 2011, over 26% of India’s population is still illiterate, compared to 4% in China. About 50% of India’s population has only primary education or less, compared to 38% in China. The 13% of the population with tertiary education at the upper end in India is comparable with China.
Progress has been made in respect of female participation up to secondary level and GER for girls has exceeded that of boys.
But the girl’s enrollment rate is lower than that of boys at the higher education level.
A gap is visible across social categories in terms of enrollment rate at the higher education level.
According to NSSO’s 71st round (2014), drop-out rates are very high for boys at the secondary school level. Reasons for the same are economic activities, lack of interest in education, and financial constraints.
The transition rate from secondary school to senior secondary and further to higher education is very low.

Despite these highly ambitious education policies and elaborate deliberations on the same, the outcomes are rather shaky. Major criticisms and shortcomings of these policies and their implementations are:

Half the population is crowded at the bottom, either illiterate or with only primary education. Meanwhile, a disproportionately large segment is at the upper end with tertiary education.
The 2015 Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) reflects this deteriorating quality. The report opines that deficits in foundational reading and arithmetic skills are cumulative, which leaves students grossly handicapped for further education .
India had fared poorly in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test in 2008, and 09.
Education policies in India are focused on inputs rather than on learning outcomes.
Teacher shortages.
Local politics.
Corruption in teacher appointment.
Defects in teacher training.
Socio-cultural factors like caste division, and cynical attitude towards the teaching profession.
There is no accountability, as there is a guaranteed lifetime job independent of performance.
From 1952-2012 , education expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure increased from 7.92 to 11.7, and as a percentage of GDP increased from 0.64 to 3.31. But it has still not reached 6% of GDP, as was recommended by the Kothari Commission way back in 1964.
Expenditure by the government on elementary education is more than tertiary level, but expenditure per student is more in tertiary. So there is a need to increase expenditure in all segments.
All India survey on higher education has shown that in West Bengal Muslim students in universities are very low. Lack of education at the primary and secondary levels is said to be the main reason.
Even though Article 15(4),(5) provides reservations for SC, ST, and OBC in higher education institutions , the Economic Survey 2018-19 points out their inadequate representation in these institutions.
The suicide of Rohit Vemula, a Ph.D. scholar at the University of Hyderabad, in 2016 had brought forward the discrimination still existing in these institutions.
Also, the representation of teachers at these levels is skewed against the backward class in spite of reservations. Article 16(4) provides for reservations of backward class in jobs.
At the school level, poor children are primarily concentrated in government schools. The poor quality of government schools thus disproportionately affects these children and creates a vicious cycle of illiteracy.
At the higher education level, the situation is more critical. One reason for the introduction of the National Medical Commission Bill is to curb the exorbitant fees charged by medical colleges.
Youths coming out of the higher education system in India are not employable, as they lack relevant industry-level skills.
India’s long-standing neglect of primary and secondary education has limited access to quality basic education. No skill development program can succeed without an underlying foundation of basic education.
National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 (PMKVY) has shown disappointing results.
Budget 2019-20 stated that the government enables about 10 million youth to take up industry-relevant skill training through the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY). The Budget has also increased focus on ‘new-age skills’ like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, 3D Printing, Virtual Reality, and Robotic.
Currently, B Tech courses in AI are offered mostly in premier institutions only.
The budget 2019-20 proposed the National Sports Education Board for the development of sportspersons under the Khelo India program (2017).

Now we will look at each rung of the education ladder in India.

Early childhood education

Early childhood education (ECE) is needed for cognitive development in the early stage.
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) has a component for providing ECE through Anganwadis . But lack of effective regulation in this sector is eroding the quality of ECE.
There is a National Early Childhood Care and Education Policy 2013 . However, the policy has not been properly implemented.
There are multiple service providers but there is no clarity in the types of services provided.
The sprawling of an unregulated private channel, both organized and unorganized, which is also spreading to rural areas, has led to inequitable access, uneven quality, and commercialization of ECE.
Both Anganwadis and private schools focus on reading, writing, and arithmetic rather than cognitive and conceptual development.
There is a decline in the quality and training of teachers.
S.R. Subramanian’s committee report has brought focus to the quality deterioration in this sector.

Primary level

There is an increasing trend of parents choosing private schools for the primary level. However, there is variable quality in private schools. Also, fees vary from school to school and are on the higher side.
Eschew rigid curricula and make them more cognitive and flexible. There should be a broader cognitive approach than rote learning.
There is a need for activity-based learning. Teachers should teach at the right level, rather than teaching for the average learner.
The government has launched Padhe Bharat Bade Bharat – targeting early reading and writing. The twin-track approach of comprehension and math is the main focus.
There is a supply-side problem . The government is pumping funds through government schools thus increasing the number of schools and thus enrollment. However, quality and inclusiveness have dropped and dropout rates increased. These lead to poor learning outcomes.

School Complex

RTE and SSA have resulted in over-access but low-quality primary-level education. Now the aim should be to integrate these into school complexes, as mentioned by the Kasturirangan committee report, thus rationalizing the number of schools in an area.
The ‘Adarsh’ integrated school system of Rajasthan is an example of a school complex system . Here one school provides classes from l to XII under one principal. There is one such school in every gram panchayat.
This is an efficient way to solve teacher shortages and also to address the shortages of secondary schools. It can also address the problem of resource scarcity by integrating and rationalizing resources.
Inclusive learning can be furthered through school.
Also, these complexes can act as a pivot around which new reforms in education can be implemented.

Secondary level

ASER Rural 2017: In 2017, ASER changed the age group of the survey from primary level to secondary level. The report mentions the following:

Enrollment is low in this age group. There is a high digital divide at this level. Low quality also persists at this level. There is a high amount of absenteeism as well.
There is a need to expand RTE to cover the 14-18 age groups.
To realize the demographic dividend, skill education for these groups is necessary.

Economic Survey 2018-19 points out that Indian demography is changing and it requires more quality secondary education system rather than merely an increasing number of primary-level schools.

Private fees

The vagueness in the judgment regarding ‘reasonable surplus’ and ‘commercialization’ of education has watered down the outcome of the judgment.
There are state laws for capping fees. However, implementation problems and litigation make them ineffective.
CAG report mentioned misreporting and mismanagement by private schools. So laws should address this problem through stricter inspection, penalties, etc.

Higher education

There is an increasing number of higher education institutions but their quality is questionable, effectively making ‘islands of excellence amidst the sea of mediocrity. Increased accessibility to a low-quality higher education system has made democratization of mediocrity.

Raghuram Rajan, the ex-RBI governor, argued that India needs idea factories and universities by leveraging India’s inherent strengths like tolerance, diversity, etc. He said that there is a need for strong accreditation agencies and continuing education.

Problems of the higher education system in India

There is a dual problem of both quality and quantity. The gross enrollment ratio (GER) in higher education is only 24.5.
Even though education policy had an elitist bias in favor of higher education, the state of the same is much worse than the state of school education. Unlike school education, there is no national survey of the learning levels of college students.
The desired levels of research and internationalization of Indian campuses remain weak points.
Also, there is a low philanthropic investment in this sector. This creates an exclusive dependency on government funding by universities. This, in turn, reduces the autonomy and vision of these universities.
Privatization of higher education has not been led by philanthropy but the commercial interest that does not have a symbiotic relationship with the vision of universities.
These have led to inadequate human capacity, shoddy infrastructure, and weak institutions. Recommendations of the Narayana Murthy committee, on the role of the corporate sector in higher education, have not been implemented and thus channeling of CSR funds to higher education remains inadequate.
Banks and financial institutions are not giving adequate attention to this area. Giving PSL status to these institutions can be considered.
Indian higher education system is of a linear model with very little focus on specialization.
UGC and AICTE act more as controllers of education than facilitators.
Due to the mushrooming of colleges at a higher rate since the 1980s , there is a regulatory sprawl in higher education.
Poor governance , with mindless over-regulation , is widespread in this sector. Educational institutions responded to this with claims of academic and institutional autonomy for themselves, which was mostly a smokescreen for a culture of sloth in these institutions.
There is a concentration of powers, as these regulatory institutions control all aspects like accreditation, curriculum setting, professional standard-setting, funding, etc.
Compartmentalization and fragmentation of the knowledge system.
Disconnect with society.
Overemphasis on entrance tests.
Absence of innovation in learning methods.
Corrosion of autonomy of universities.
For long basic disciplines across the physical and social sciences and humanities were ignored.
However, the Economic Survey 2017-18 mentioned that there is an increase in Ph.D. enrolment in India in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) due to efforts by the government to increase the number and quantum of fellowships. However, there are still fewer researchers in India in comparison to other countries.
Budget 2019-20 proposes ‘Study in India’ with a focus on bringing foreign students to higher educational institutions in India to make India a “hub of higher education.”
Higher education institutions are used as rewards for loyalists and channels of graft by political parties in power.
Indian higher education system is plagued by unregulated and shoddy coaching institutions. The coaching industry makes around Rs. 24000 crores a year in India. Proper regulation of the same is required.

Research and development (R&D)

Economic Survey 2017-18 stated: “To transform from net consumer to net producer of knowledge, India should invest in educating its youth in science and mathematics, reform the way R&D is conducted, engage the private sector and the Indian diaspora, and take a more mission-driven approach in areas such as dark matter, genomics, energy storage, agriculture, and mathematics and cyber-physical systems”.

Although Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is consistently increasing, as a fraction of GDP it has been stagnant between 0.6-0.7 percent of GDP over the past two decades.
The universities play a relatively small role in the research activities in India. There is a disconnection between research institutes and universities. This results in the compartmentalization of research activities and teaching into two separate silos.
The separation of research from teaching leads to a situation where universities have students but need additional faculty support, while research institutes have qualified faculty but are starved of young students.
India was, at one point, spending more on R&D as a percentage of GDP than countries like China – but currently, India under-spends on R&D.
Doubling of R&D spending is necessary and much of the increase should come from the private sector and universities.

The need of the hour

It is imperative to improve math and cognitive skills at the school level to make a difference at a higher level.
There is a need to expand R&D in India and to go beyond paper presentations and patents to a broader contribution of providing value for society.
There is also a need to encourage Investigator-led Research for funding science research. Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) 2008, a statutory body of DST, is a step in the right direction.
50:50 partnerships with SERB for industry-relevant research under the Ucchatar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) is the right way to go forward.
It would strengthen state universities and provide knowledge in areas specific to a state.
National Research Foundation, to fund, coordinate, and promote research at the college level, is proposed by the Kasturirangan report. It is reiterated in Budget 2019-20 : NRF will ensure the overall research ecosystem in the country is strengthened with a focus on areas relevant to national priorities without duplication of effort and expenditure. The funds available with all Ministries will be integrated into NRF.
Link national labs to universities and create new knowledge ecosystems. Together they can link up with the commercial sectors and help develop industrial clusters.
National Mission on Dark Matter
National Mission on Genomics
National Mission on Energy Storage Systems
National Mission on Mathematics
National Mission on Cyber-Physical Systems
National Mission on Agriculture
Ramanujan Fellowship Scheme.
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research ( INSPIRE ) Faculty Scheme.
Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship.
Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty Scheme ( VAJRA ).
Improve the culture of research thus ‘ ease of doing research’. There is a need for less hierarchical governance systems that encourage risk-taking and curiosity in the pursuit of excellence.
Greater public engagement of the science and research establishment is needed. A greater effort at science communication is needed.

Government initiatives on higher education

The government is trying to revitalize the Indian higher education system and for this many initiatives have been launched. Let’s discuss the importance of them.

National Testing Agency (NTA) 2017

NTA was set up for conducting entrance exams in higher educational institutions. It is based on the recommendations of the Ashok Mishra committee on IIT entrance 2015.
It will conduct JEE, NEET, National Eligibility Test (NET), Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), and Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT).
It will provide diversity and plurality in higher education. It will also ensure independence and transparency in conducting the exams.
However, it should be ensured that the computer-based test should not lead to further exploitation of rural students.
NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test . It is for admissions in medical courses by replacing a plethora of medical entrance tests with one national-level test.
Supreme Court had said that NEET should be the sole basis for admission to medical courses.
There is a controversy about whether urban and CBSE students will dominate NEET. The government should pay heed to this criticism.
In Tamil Nadu doctors serving in rural areas get weightage in PG admission. NEET will effectively dislodge this system.
This controversy brought forward the conflict between the fair and transparent system of admission to curb the commercialization of medical education and the socioeconomic goals of the state, which in the case of Tamil Nadu includes ensuring enough doctors for rural areas.
Controversy on NEET has brought the following question to the limelight: should uniformity be thrust upon a country with such vast disparity and diversity? The political leadership should iron out the differences and produce a suitable admission policy. This task should not be left to the judiciary.
Be that as it may, states can’t remain insulated from the need to upgrade their education standard.

RUSA: Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan 2013

About 94 % of students in higher education study in 369 State universities, whereas less than 6% of students study in 150 Centrally-funded institutions.
11th 5-year plan (2007-12) opined that the center’s bias towards premier central institutions had skewed funding for these institutions mainly and thus neglected state-level institutions.
State investment in higher education was declining. UGC’s system of direct release of funds to State institutions bypassing State governments also leads to a sense of alienation for the states.
RUSA tried to correct this bias. The scheme aims at financing state institutions concerning their governance and performance.
RUSA has shown the result in increasing the performance of state institutions and changing the way regulators function for the good. State Higher Education Council(SHEC) made medium-long-term state perspective plans.
Cabinet in 2018 decided to continue the scheme. A renewed focus by the center on RUSA will be a success only if it is impartially administered and states are willing to heed the advice of SHEC.

HECI: Higher Education Commission of India bill

On the recommendation of the Yashpal Committee 2010 for renovation and rejuvenation of higher education, the National Commission on Higher Education and Research bill was introduced but was not passed.
HECI was proposed to act as an overarching regulator of higher education by replacing UGC, which will maintain academic standards, approve new educational institutions, etc. but with no funding powers.
Draft Higher Education Commission of India (Repeal of University Grants Commission Act) Bill, 2018 was introduced in 2018. Budget 2019-20 proposed to bring a bill on HECI this year.
The draft bill had separated funding and placed it under MHRD. This was criticized for the fear of increasing political control and reducing the autonomy of universities.

IoE: Institutions of Eminence 2017

Around 2005, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the QS World University Rankings started, and in 2009 the Academic Ranking of World Universities started. From India, only the Indian Institute of Science was included in the top 500 every year. This prompted the government to introduce NIRF and IoE.
Under IoE, UGC was tasked to select 10 government universities and 10 private ones as IoE. These would be given autonomy in operations.
Selected government institutions would be provided with ₹1,000 crore over five years.
The IoE tag is expected to help them achieve the world’s top 500 higher education institutions in a decade and later into the top 100.
Institutes among the top 50 in the National Institute Ranking Framework rankings or in the top 500 in international ratings were eligible.
The model for the sector remains dependent on state patronage.
Entry into the global education race could now become an overriding concern when many systemic issues are plaguing the sector.
Funding only for public institutions is discriminatory.
Humanities institutions were neglected.
Transparency in the selection process, and the public sharing of benchmarks and guidelines. The furor over the selection of Jio Institute, even before it functioned, had attracted many eyeballs and criticisms.
Separate category to include sectoral institutions like IIM.

National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2015

NIRF is a methodology adopted by the MHRD to rank higher education institutions in India.

NIRF is common for public and private institutions as well as state and central institutions. Comparison of state-level colleges with central and private colleges may lead to a vicious cycle of low funding, poor performance, and low ranks among state-level institutions because of the resource gap.
So performance index values should be normalized concerning investments and resources that have gone into that institution. Also should consider making another ranking system for state-level institutions.

HEFA: Higher Education Financing Agency 2018

Introduced in Budget 2018-19, HEFA is a joint venture of MHRD and Canara Bank

With an initial capital base of Rs 1,000 crores, it will act as a not-for-profit organization that will leverage funds from the market and supplement them with donations and CSR funds. These funds will be used to finance improvement in infrastructure in top institutions.
It has been tasked with raising ₹1 lakh crore to finance infrastructure improvements in higher education by 2022.

Foreign Education Providers Bill 2013

There is no account of programs delivered by foreign universities in India. Inadequate regulation has led to low-quality courses offered in this sector.
The foreign Institution bill was not been able to pass in Parliament. However,

EQUIP report has mentioned the revival of this bill.

There are many other schemes and initiatives like SWAYAM, which offers open online courses from Class IX to post-graduation free of cost, GIAN and IMPRINT which are primarily focused on elite institutes like IITs and IISc.

APAAR: One Nation One Student ID Card

The Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) is a transformative initiative introduced in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2020 and the National Credit and Qualifications Framework (NCrF).

It aims to provide a unified and accessible academic experience for students across India by assigning a unique and permanent 12-digit ID to every student, consolidating their academic achievements in one place.

Other Major Issues connected with the Education sector in India

The Indian education sector is also affected by other issues like the politicization of campuses, gender parity problems, poor-quality standards, etc.

Politicization of campuses

JP movement had provided an impetus to the politicization of students.
In Indian higher education institutions, university politics has become a launchpad for political ambitions.
Though campus politics is vital for democracy, as it makes students better citizens, the negative side of the politicization of campuses has been visible across Indian campuses. Recent incidents at Kerala University are a case in point.
One of the most important problems of student politics in India is that it acts as an appendage to political parties without having an independent identity or autonomy.

Gender Parity

By parents → who send boys to private and girls to government schools. Economic Survey 2018-19: enrollment of girls is higher than that of boys in government schools but the pattern gets reversed in private schools. The gender gap in enrollment in private schools has consistently increased across age groups.
By teachers → who reinforced the belief that boys are quick learners.
Girls are eased out of school to work on home chores or get married.
Economic Survey 2018-19 opines that BBBP has been a success and proposes to extend the cause of Gender equality by coining the slogan of BADLAV (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay-Lakshmi) to enhance the contribution of women in the workforce and the economy.
For ranking states based on gender disparity, Digital Gender Atlas for Advancing Girl’s Education was launched by MHRD.
In higher education, gender disparities still prevail in enrollment.
Efforts by the Government through programs like Beti Padhao, and Beti Bachao, the GPI has improved substantially at the primary and secondary levels of enrolment.

Quality of education

Learning outcomes are not assessed in India as numerical outcomes. The 12th Five-Year Plan noted the need for measuring and improving learning outcomes.

Children of illiterate parents can’t supplement school studies at home and also can’t afford expensive tuition, leading to a vicious cycle of illiteracy.
From 2014 to 2018, there was a gradual improvement in both basic literacy and numeracy for Class III students but only a quarter of them are at grade level (ability to read and do basic operations like subtraction of Class II level).
The report also shows that 1 out of 4 children leaving Class VIII are without basic reading skills (ability to read at least a Class II level).

Government initiatives

Central Rules under the RTE Act were amended in February 2017 to include the defined class-wise and subject-wise learning outcomes.
Nationwide sub-program of SSA to improve comprehensive early reading, writing, and early mathematics programs for children in Classes I and II.

Teacher Training

Teachers play the most critical role in a student’s achievement.
The need is for better incentives for teachers, investments in teacher capacity through stronger training programs, and addressing the problems in the teaching-learning process.
However, teachers in India, especially in government schools, are considered a cog in the way to efficient governance. There is an inadequate focus on their motivation and skill updation.
NCERT study shows that there is no systematic incorporation of teacher feedback into designing pieces of training. Also, there is no mechanism to check whether this training is translated into classroom performance.
These results in de-professionalizing the teaching profession and curb a teacher’s “internal responsibility” — the sense of duty to the job.
World Development Report on Education (2018) opined that both teaching skills and motivation matter. Individually targeted continued training is important. In line with this, MHRD and the National Council for Teacher Education launched the National Teacher Platform, or Diksha in 2017 . It is a one-stop solution to address teacher competency gaps.
However, the current training through Diksha follows a one-size-fits-all approach. Even though the platform is designed to democratize both access to and creation of content by teachers, its real benefits are in the ability to provide continuous professional development which complements existing physical training.
This technology-enabled platform allows training to become a continuous activity rather than an annual event and also creates a feedback loop ensuring the effectiveness of the material.
Diksha has the potential to re-engineer in-service teacher training in India. It is important to create good content and also to ensure technology consumption by teachers, the role of headmasters in promoting teachers’ professional development, etc.

As India participates in the PISA in 2021, it is to be made sure that we recognize the importance of teachers and their role in education outcomes.

Private Schools vs Public Schools: The Big Debate in Education

At least 30% of students between the 6-14 age groups are in the private sector.

There is an increasing perception that the quality of teaching in private schools is better than that of public schools. Thus there is a clamour for increasing the number of private schools and simultaneously limiting public spending on government schools.
However, the claim on the quality of private schools is debatable as there is a wide disparity of the same among these schools.

Research paper by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, professor of education and international development at the Institute of Education, London, offers insights into private-public school education in India:

The paper points out that between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the average enrolment in government schools declined from 122 to 108 students per school, while in private schools it rose from 202 to 208.
Nevertheless, according to the District Information System for Education (DISE), 65% of all school-going children, 113 million, get their education from government schools.
The study points out that the migration to private schools is due to the belief among parents that these schools offer better value for money in terms of quality.
IndiaSpend, in 2016, reported that despite the Rs 1.16 lakh crore spent on SSA, the quality of learning declined between 2009 and 2014. It also points out that less than one in five elementary school teachers in India are trained. Also, the contractual teachers, who are high in number in government schools, are likely to be less motivated and accountable.
Preference for private school tutoring is there.
The quality of schools varies between states. In 2016, in Kerala, the proportion of children enrolled in primary government schools increased from 40.6% in 2014 to 49.9% according to ASER 2016.
States with better-functioning government schools have more expensive private schools as there is no market for the ‘low-fee’ budget private schools. Around 80% of private schools in India are ‘low’ fee schools.
ASER 2016 has shown small improvements in learning outcomes in government schools.
Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the number of private schools grew by 35% – to 0.30 million. On the other hand, the number of government schools grew only by 1%, to 1.04 million. The migration out of government schools has left many of these economically unviable.
Government teachers in India earn four times that of China but don’t perform as well. Up to 80% of India’s public expenditure on education is spent on teachers. There is a need to link teacher salaries to their accountability.
However, the salary of private teachers is very low compared to their government counterparts. This is due to the “bureaucratically-set high ‘minimum wage’, which is being influenced by strong unions of government school teachers.
Another reason for the low salary of private school teachers is that the private education sector offers salaries based on market factors of demand and supply. Since 10.5% of graduates are unemployed in India, there is a high supply of teachers.
Rather than merely increasing the budget outlay for education, the need is to revise the Education policy for better accountability and monitoring mechanisms.
Gandhi argued that a Public-private partnership (PPP) model may be the solution, with public sector funding and private resources for education, since reforming the present system may not be politically feasible.

Rather than debating about private versus public schools, the focus should be to enable the private sector to set up more schools under the scrutiny of regulatory authorities. There is no point in driving off the private initiative in schooling given the limited resources of the states. Private investment should be encouraged but made accountable for quality and conduct.

The above discussion showed the challenges of the Indian education system. A workforce that India wants to create in this digital age requires reforms in education at all levels. UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2016 opined that India is expected to achieve universal primary education in 2050. India is 50 years late in achieving its global education commitments. If the nation wants fundamental changes in the education system, it has to meet the 2030 SDG targets on education. There is an urgent requirement for greater evolution in education in India.

Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP): How to transform Education in India?

EQUIP is a five-year vision plan on education, released by MHRD, by the Prime Minister’s decision to create a five-year vision plan for each Ministry.

The EQUIP project is crafted by ten expert groups led by experts within and outside the government:

Group 1: Strategies for expanding access
Group 2: Towards global best teaching/learning process
Group 3: Promoting Excellence
Group 4: Governance reforms
Group 5: Assessment, Accreditation, and Ranking Systems
Group 6: Promotion of research and innovation
Group 7: Employability and Entrepreneurship
Group 8: Using Technology for Better Reach
Group 9: Internationalisation
Group 10: Financing Higher Education

The groups have suggested initiatives to transform the education system completely. The goals set by the groups are:

Double GER in higher education and resolve the geographically and socially skewed access to higher education institutions.
Upgrade the quality of education to global standards.
Position at least 50 Indian institutions among the top 1000 global universities.
Introduce governance reforms in higher education for well-administered campuses.
Accreditation of all institutions as an assurance of quality.
Promote Research and Innovation ecosystems for positioning India in the top three countries in the world in matters of knowledge creation.
Double the employability of the students passing out of higher education.
Harness education technology for expanding the reach and improving pedagogy.
Promote India as a global study destination.
Achieve a quantum increase in investment in higher education.

We can see that each of the above goals has been known to us for a long time. The problem is its implementation. The political class and all other stakeholders should come together to achieve these goals. The plethora of government initiatives on higher education is a sure sign of the importance given by the political class in the reform of the education system of India. Let’s hope that a new dawn of Indian education is around the corner which will bring back the glory of ancient times when India was the centre of knowledge production.

As the Economic Survey 2016-17 points out, lack of health, malnourishment, etc. affects the cognitive ability of children. This will, in turn, have a detrimental effect on their future educational prospects. This leads to a vicious cycle of inter-generational illiteracy, poor health, and ultimately poverty. So education and health are complementary to each other and reforms in one sector should invariably be preceded and followed by reforms in other sectors. Human development as a whole can be considered as a wholesome development and we must appreciate the interlinkages of each section of human capital formation, be it health, education, digital literacy, skills, etc.

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Reader Interactions

November 27, 2019 at 10:33 pm

Wow what the largest matter of education is?. Very nice thank u sir

November 28, 2019 at 12:09 pm

Nice article but it is too long we need around 400 words which explains education in india,challenges,way forward only It is very hard to remember and segrate from given imp because all points look like imp please try to make it around 400 words only

November 28, 2019 at 2:00 pm

@MKM – The aim was to cover almost everything about Education in India as a comprehensive post. The post covers: (a) History of Education in India (b) Current Status of Education in India: Data from Census 2011 (c) RTE Act (d) Various Educational Policies in the past (e) The New National Educational Policy (NEP) (f) The Problems associated with the Education System in India (g) Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP): How to transform Education in India?

Though ClearIAS prefers short and crisp articles, for important areas like Education, we felt a detailed write-up would be useful.

Thank you for your feedback. We will continue to create concise articles as well.

November 28, 2019 at 12:35 pm

Good Source thank you Team.

November 28, 2019 at 1:56 pm

November 28, 2019 at 2:41 pm

November 29, 2019 at 7:45 am

This is a very nice and comprehensive information on education.

November 29, 2019 at 2:21 pm

Such a nice article sir thank you..

December 16, 2019 at 5:31 pm

March 30, 2020 at 12:48 pm

Sir,a small corrrection regarding literacy rate ranking, Kerala (93%)tops its followed by Lakshadweep(92 %), Mizoram (91 %) , Tripura (87.7 %) and Goa (87.4 %) as 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th places repectively according to 2011 census.

June 16, 2020 at 12:20 am

Excellent Work

August 31, 2020 at 1:14 pm

Thank you vry much team.🤗 You provide excellent data ,analysis,facts,etc…evrything at one doc.

November 16, 2020 at 10:47 pm

Absolutely amazing stuff. Can’t believe.. Thanks from the bottom of my heart ❤️❤️

May 27, 2021 at 12:38 pm

Great article about Education very informative thanks for sharing

May 31, 2021 at 11:55 pm

Well and easy to understand…thank u for the team

September 12, 2021 at 10:37 am

Very good and such a broad information thank u 💖.. Lots of love

December 16, 2021 at 11:10 am

Need to update with current data eg how much percentage of school/ children get access of online education in pandemic Era COVID challanges others family support etc thank

January 28, 2022 at 10:32 am

Thank you so much for your birthday support

February 27, 2022 at 5:33 pm

good information

June 10, 2022 at 3:00 pm

Nice article very informative…traditional classroom study should be changed into a smart classroom online

July 14, 2022 at 8:55 pm

December 18, 2022 at 1:05 am

Absolute coverage article, Kindly keep it up for your determined spectators.

May 28, 2023 at 9:10 pm

desserstation on education/slums/miagration par hindi me pdf mil sakta hai

January 23, 2024 at 8:06 pm

The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of India’s education system, highlighting its pyramid structure and alignment with Sustainable Development Goals. Constitutional provisions like Article 21A and the RTE Act aim for universal education. However, the RTE Act faces criticism. To enhance educational outcomes, addressing these concerns and ensuring effective implementation are imperative. Schools in Pataudi Gurgaon focus on quality, inclusivity, and overcoming criticisms can lead Indian education to new heights. Thank You Samriddhi Sharma

February 7, 2024 at 7:44 pm

It’s crucial to delve into the challenges confronting the Indian education sector and understand the constitutional framework and policies guiding it. Exploring these aspects sheds light on the complexities and opportunities within the system. However, it’s equally important to consider how these discussions translate into action at the grassroots level, especially in local communities like Rajajinagar, Bangalore. How are schools in rajajinagar bangaloreaddressing these systemic issues and implementing reforms to ensure quality education for all students? This intersection of policy discourse and on-the-ground realities is where meaningful change happens.

March 8, 2024 at 6:22 am

Is there any data on how many states provide free education to girls till grade X and how many provide it till grade XII?

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Group Discussion on Educational system| in India

What is the educational system in india, educational system in india an overview on various factors, key points on educational system in india, group discussion on educational system|in india, educational system -a country's backbone in developement.

Educational system -This is the back bone of the economy,which many of us are not aware about.The future of many developing countries lie in the hands of their education system and that is also primarily how we predict the future of a country's economy.
Assessment -This is the primary way of calculating the amount of knowledge gained from a specific educational course.There are different ways of assessing the knowledge for example
Written Test -It can be graded test to see the score obtained and compare it to the benchmark set.
Oral Test -The teacher can orally ask some questions that require the application of knowledge from the content learnt.
Interview Tips
Group Discussion
Soft Skills
Project -This would be the best way.The teacher could to tell the students to create a project by inferring from the content learnt.
Book based -The education system primarily relies on book for knowledge.When the questions are just facts from the book,Then it becomes a memory test and not a learning assessment.The question asked should make the learner apply the concepts that he learnt from the book .
Syllabus -The syllabus should keep getting updated more frequently ,as time is more eventful in the 21st Century.In terms of technology,we are in the era Cloud computing and Data Analytics,But there is hardly any content pertaining to it in the college text books
Subjects -We are still studying the subjects that have been proposed decades back.We should try getting more relevant subjects for the students based on their interest.This way the tendency of the student towards studies will improve a lot.
Life skills -We call it the education system,but it only gives us academic skills.Life skills like cooking,plumbing,carpentry etc should also get included in the educational system.
Soft skills -The skills that matter in the job market are soft skills first and then the technical skills.We can have knowledge about various things,but it is the soft skill that will help us communicate,coordinate ,convince and deliver the content by negotiating with the customer.
Computers -All of us have read computer as subject,but mostly as an optional subject.We are in an era of computer and computers are an inevitable part of our lives.All the students should get the earliest head start in the field of computers to adapt and advance in life.
Continuous Learning -We are graded usually on couple of exams at the end of every semester or term,But it should be more on a regular basis like weekly in order to make it enjoyable.We should keep learning even after our education,as they say change is inevitable and we have to keep changing as required or perish.
Ranking -We have the concept of ranking every one based on their scores obtained.Is it really necessary??Some people might argue ,that it is necessary to calibrate the knowledge gained.The disadvantage is that,it gives a complex to people not scoring well.We can have scores or grades ,but ranks??

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Group Discussion on E-learning

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Some facts about E-learning:

India is the second largest e-learning market in the world after the USA.
It is estimated that distance education sector in India will grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 34 percent by 2018.
Studies show that productivity and concentration of students increase by 43% when they are referring to the internet for learning.
In 2016, the mobile learning industry was measured to be $5.3 billion and by the end of 2017 it was estimated to increase to around $12.2 billion.
E-trainings take around 40-50 % less time than manual training sessions, hence saving time as well as cost of training.
70% of the people use their personal devices like laptops and mobiles for work and e-learning. The number is said to increase in 2018.
E-learning consumed 90% less energy than traditional learning.
80% of online learners are under graduate and employed.
More than 40% of the Fortune 500 companies use some form of e-learning technology.

Possible Group discussion topics on E-learning:

A quote that can be used in group discussion on e-learning:, pros of e-learning:, cons of e-learning:, related topics.

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Group Discussion Topics with Answers

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Difficulties in Implementation of Climate Change Summit Resolutions
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Regional languages in India are fading out in today's world.
Should Triple Talaq be Banned in India or Not?
Will Indian economy grow faster with reduced Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
Is GST really a One nation, One tax system?
Make in India vs Make for India
Black Money in India
Future of Sports in India
Future of Crypto Currencies
Is the World Ready for Cashless Currency?
Demonetisation has reduced the Corruption, Black Money and Terrorism?
Education industry is a business these days.
Whether Digital Education has taken over Traditional Education?
Impact of Technology on Jobs
Making Aadhaar Mandatory: Benefits and Drawbacks
Is the Aadhaar database secured enough?
Merits and Demerits of Cashless Economy
Digital India: Whom Does it Benefit?
Problems unite us, Religion divides us
Can we dream of hosting the Olympics?
Economic growth is more important than Ecological protection
Solution of corruption is a mirage till we catch top public figure
Non execution of GST bill might herald end of present government
Is the youth of India confident or confused?
Youth in Politics
Chinese Goods vs Indian Goods
Is compulsory attendance really needed in college?
Should national anthem be played in cinema halls?
Is it fair to spare political parties from income tax investigation?
Should we change the present system of education in our country?
One India One Election - Pros and Cons
Should Hindi be the official language of India?
PM's vision to make India a Manufacturing Hub - dream or a practical possibility?
Polythene bags must be banned!
Do we really need Smart Cities?
How is Technology impacting the Banking sector?
Will Reliance Jio be a sustainable business model in a country like India?
Facebook needs to clarify policies on content removal!
Ban 500, 1000 notes - Corruption Uprooted or just changing clothes!
How demonetization is affecting common people more than black money holders?
Are digital payments secure enough for the Indian economy to go cashless?
Extra curricular activities should be made compulsory in school
Should voters be given a NOTA (None Of The Above) choice?
India should go for the presidential form of democracy
Decreasing defense expenditure and increasing social expenditure is the need of the hour
Reservations in the Private Sector
Presidential v/s Parliamentary Form of Government in India
Should Tainted Ministers Allowed to Contest Elections?
Democracy is Hampering India's Progress
Religion should not be mixed with Politics
Value-based Politics is the Need of the Hour
What India needs is a Dictatorship?
Corruption is the Price we pay for Democracy
Retirement Age for Politicians
Politics is run by the Barrel of Gun
Need for Good Leaders in India
The Way Forward for India is to Join Hands with Pakistan on Nuclear Matters
Should We Pursue our Policy of Dialogue with Pakistan?
Voters, not Political Parties, are Responsible for the Criminalization of Politics
Necessity of Women Quota Bill for Women Empowerment
Educational qualification for Politicians
Is our Political System Reason for our Backwardness?
Is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in retail sector good for India?
Water resources should be nationalised
Trade can help the poor?
What we need to reduce scams is better regulatory bodies.
Who says MNCs are superior to Indian companies?
Should important services like transport be left to market forces?.
Should businessmen run the finance ministry?
Economic freedom not old fashioned theories of development will lead to growth and prosperity
Globalization vs. Nationalism
Reforms have to grow up.
Government should clean its own hands before pointing finger at the private sector for corruption.
Foreign aid is a dangerous drug that can stimulate in small doses but become fatally addictive in larger doses.
Are co-operatives relevant in today's globalised environment?
Is disinvestment really that good for India or is a rethink in order?
Every cloud has a silver lining
In our economic matters, there is an excessive tendency towards the thinking rather than doing.
Technology Creates Income Disparities
Skilled Manpower Shortage in India
Use of Force by Banks to Recover Loans
Should India break Diplomatic Ties with Pakistan?
Privatization will lead to Less Corruption
Advertising is a Waste of Resources
Is MNCs Superior to Indian Companies?
Should Agricultural Subsidies be stopped?
Is the Budgeting Exercise of any Use?
Government Pumping Money into the Economy is not the Solution for our Economic Problems
How can a Business get rid of the Bad Name that it has earned?
Capitalism is a very Flawed System but the others are so much worse
Public Sector being a Guarantor of Job Security is a Myth
Is the Business of Business only Business?
Is the Patents Bill Good for India?
Is there any Point in having a Business Strategy when the World changes from Month to Month?
Commercialization of Health Care: Good or Bad?
Is the Consumer really the King in India?
Ethics in Business are just a Passing Fad
Are Indians Less Quality Conscious?
Multinational Corporations: Are they Devils in Disguise?
How to Deal with High Oil Prices?
Should the public sector be privatized?
Rise of Regional Blocs Threatens Independent Nations like India
We Need Drinking Water and Not Coke & Pepsi in Rural India
Why can't India be a World-Class Player in Manufacturing Industry as it is in IT & BPO Sectors?
Banning of Trade Unions will be Beneficial in Growth of the Economy
What shall we do about our Ever-Increasing Population?
Is Globalization Really Necessary?
Indian Economy: Old Wine in New Bottle!
Poverty in Third World Countries is due to Prosperity in First World Countries
Developing Countries need Trade, not Aid
Private Participation in Infrastructure is Highly Desirable
Satyam Scandal would Impact Foreign Investments in India
Space Missions are a Wastage of Resources for a Resource-Starved Nation like India
Indian villages - our strength or our weakness?
Are Co-operatives Relevant in Today's Global Environment?
The Nostradamus Code: World War III
Just as we have smoke free zones, we should have child free zones
Up the Down Staircase
When I woke up in the morning I saw?
Group Task: How can we have Mount Everest in India?
If I was the Finance Minister/Prime Minister
The Wheel is Turning Round and Round
All Work and No Play Makes Jack a Dull Boy
Nice Guys Finish Last
A Person should not be too honest; Straight Trees are cut first
Cleanliness is a Fundamental Responsibility of an Indian Citizen
Men are from Mars; Women are from Venus
In Today's World, Everything is Uncertain except Death & Taxes
Good Things Always Come from Good Thinking
Is God Male?
Is Love Precious or Poisonous?
There is No Right Way of Doing the Wrong Thing
Let Sleeping Dogs Lie
Food Comes First, Ethics Later
Rules are Meant to be Broken
Every Cloud has a Silver Lining
Do Beauty and Brains Go Together?
A Ship Docked in Harbor cannot face the Storms
How effective are Indian B-schools?
Should Management Education be subsidized?
Private Educational Institutions: Good or Bad
Is Reservation in Higher Education Only Alternative for Social Equality?
E-Learning: A Substitute for Classroom Learning?
Foreign Universities in India
Should the Government Set-up More IITs and IIMs, OR should it be use the Money for Primary & Secondary Education?
Privatization of Higher Education
Government Control in Higher Education is Interfering and Not Required
Do we really Need Education to be Successful?
Examinations - has it killed education
Advantages of Co-education
Cricket as a National Obsession is a Detriment to Other Sports
Modern Day Sport in Industrialized Society is an Industry
Are Cricketers to be blamed for Match Fixing?
Six Billion and One Bronze!
Is T20 Cricket killing Real Cricketing Skills?
Cricket in India has lost its Sheen
If Winning isn't everything, why do they Keep the Score?
Do NGOs in India Really Work for Others OR Work for their Own Vested Interests?
Rules & Regulation Breed Corruption
Is Paperless Office a Reality or Not?
Individual Brilliance Certainly makes a Difference
Flexi Timings or Fixed Timings - Which is better at Work?
Unrest in Countries around India
India at 60: A Senior Citizen?
Should Guys Expect their Educated Wives to be Virgins?
Are Live-in Relationships better than Marriage?
Is India Aping the Western Obsession with Celebrities?
Universal Disarmament is a Must
Doctors' Accountability to Improve Health-Care
Brain-Drain has to be stopped
Is Swapping Terrorists for Hostages an Encouragement to Plane-Hijackers?
Nuclear War cannot be won and should not be fought
Should Sting Operations be Carried Out?
Should Research on Human Cloning be banned?
Is India a Soft Nation?
Is Dependence on Computers a Good Thing?
Capital Punishment should be Banned or Allowed?
Indian Army as a Career Option
Are Peace and Non-Violence Outdated Concepts?
How to Deal with International Terrorism?
Beauty Pageants are a Must
Corruption is a Necessary Evil for Success in Any Sphere
What is the Difference between People who do Things Rightly and People who do Right Things?
Secularism has become a Tool to Justify the Wrongs done by the Minorities
Borderless World: A Myth or Reality?
Borderless World: A Threat?
Advertisements Cheat People, Hence Should Be Banned
Security Cameras & Privacy
Should Animals be used for Testing New Drugs & Medical Procedures?
Science Is A Boon Or Bane
Managerial skills learnt in the classroom can never match those learnt from experience
Dot com or doubt com?
Smaller businesses and start-ups have more scope for professional growth.
Family owned business vs. professionally run businesses
Is an MBA necessary to succeed in life?
Ethics in Business are just a passing fashion
Are Ethics just Business Pretence?
Positive Attitude and not Knowledge is required for Business Success
Indians Perform Better as Individuals than in Groups/Teams
Will Mumbai's Film Industry ever evolve into a Truly Modern Corporative One?
The Rush for MBA is really a Rush for Big Money
Can One Contribute to the Social Sector while Being Employed in the Corporate World?
Rise in MBA Salaries is Not Sustainable in the Long Run
We Need More Entrepreneurs than Managers
MBA in India is highly Over-rated
Engineering Students are wasting their Time in Management Studies; they have Another Way to go
The Salaries that MBAs Get is more than they deserve
Celebrity Brand Endorsement: Effective Advertising?
Do Women make Good Managers?
Retention of Employees
Does Morality have an Essence in Corporate Life?
Women are better at Multi-Tasking
Whether Hard-Working or Smart-Working is Desirable?
Is Management Education Required for Business?
Role of Ethics in Business
Should GD be Part of Campus Placements?
The objective of Management is to maximize profits
Is Management an Art or a Science?
Is Leaders Born or are they made in Business Schools?
Management Education in India
Marriage is a social trap
The Internet is an exercise in hype
Let us legalize gambling
The education system needs serious reforms
We are not serious about saving Wildlife/Environment
Our Culture is Decaying
Bride burning and dowry may look bad, but are an integral part of India.
Is Remixing Good Trend in Music?
Influence of Online Social Networks on our Youth
Should Prostitution be made Legal?
Individual Freedom and Civil Society
Classical Music Heritage and the Growing Pop-Culture
Showing Violence and Crimes should not be allowed in films and on television.
Women Empowerment - A Cause for Increasing Divorce Rate in India
Women are not fit for Defense Services
Do Banning Girls' Entry into Pubs, Celebrating Valentine's Day, Holding Fashion Shows and -New Year Parties Save Our Culture?
With Media Publishing and Telecasting Trivia, Censorship is the Need of the Hour
Rapists should be given Death Sentence
Foreign Television Channels are Destroying Our Culture
Censorship in Movies & Our Culture
Should Dance Bars be banned?
Morals & Values among Indians is Degenerating
Films are corrupting the Indian Youth
Are beauty contests degrading womanhood?
Love Marriages Vs Arranged Marriages
Effects of Television on Youth
Should Smoking be Banned Completely?
Religion should not be mixed with politics
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Dowry system in India is curtailed only in law and not practically
Is management art or science?
Do brands rule our lives?
Internet censorship
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Computers dehumanizing society
Are women better managers than men?
Should reservation in higher education be allowed?
India or Indians: Who Is Performing Better?
India's Democratic Dividend Is Underutilized
Population of India: an asset.
Environment - What man is doing to Nature
Promoting healthy eating habits in young children
Modi wave in India
Even a clock that does not work is right twice a day
What must be done to improve the education system of India?
Comment on the merits and demerits of online education versus classroom learning
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Words are Sharper than the two-edged sword
Does working along with texting from mobile makes one less productive
Nuclear Energy: boon or bane
Bharat Vs India
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To be or not to be
India needs more implementers than Planners
Justice delayed is justice denied
Online shopping- a boon or a bane?
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Winning is what matters, whatever may be the cost
Is the youth of India confident or confused?
Bureaucracy or Democracy - Which is better?
Should euthanasia be legalized?
Parents don’t understand children
Global warming
Should Surrogate advertising be allowed?
Satellite channels are creating cultural erosion
The pros and cons of having a credit card
Fire overweight policeman and physically unfit politicians?
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Advantages and Problems of Education System in India

A comprehensive Education System in India is highly required to leave a footprint on the world map. Let’s discuss how education in India has evolved over the years, various educational policies, governing bodies, and some issues that still persist in the educational system. The Indian education system has gained recognition on a global scale for its respectable character diversity.

In India, education is a complicated process that is governed by numerous regulating agencies. This article will go into great detail on the several regulating bodies that are in charge of the education system in India.

Education System in india

Table of Content

Indian Education System

Types of education system in india, development of education system in india, schemes and campaigns to boost education system in india, governing bodies in indian education system.

Drawbacks of Indian Education System

The education system in India has four levels: lower essential (age 6 to 10), upper essential (11 and 12), high (13 to 15), and higher optional (17 and 18). The lower elementary school is separated into five “guidelines”, upper-grade school into two, secondary school into three, and higher optional into two. Throughout the long term, instructive improvement in India has seen an ocean of progress. We can sum up the Indian education system changes or advancements as follows:

Comprehensive Education in India: With the presentation of late morning suppers and RTE in schools, the government has figured out how to draw in an enormous part of understudies from the rustic area and understudies from beneath the destitution line. The government has made essential instruction free for all kids under the age of 14, subsequently drawing in additional understudies.
Specific Education in India: Aside from general instruction and essential training, the government of India has set up a few expert establishments for the advancement of specific courses like designing, medication, and the executive’s foundations.
Gender Equality in Education: The government of India has contrived a few plans to advance schooling among ladies, an idea that India slacks. A few government plans like Beti Bachao, and Beti Padhao has seen humongous progress as of late.
Advanced education in India: Today, India has plenty of valuable colleges. The presence of the public, as well as confidential universities, has worked on the nature of advanced education in the country.
Adult Education in India: To empower the training of individuals in the age gathering of 15 to 35, the initial five-year plan of the government laid out the National Board for Adult Education.
Professional Training: Professional preparation has been a piece of training improvement in India right all along. The initial five-year plan and all the resulting schooling arrangements in India laid weight on the professional preparation of the young.

Two types of education system in India are: formal and informal. Formal education refers to the imparting of knowledge in schools, colleges, and also universities with a curriculum in hand. Informal education refers to the education provided outside the formal education system and does not have a set curriculum:

Formal Education: Formal education in India consists of 5 primary schooling, which is followed by 3 years of middle school and two years of high school. After the completion of high school, students can pursue higher education at college or university level.

Indian Higher Education

Informal Education: Informal types of education are the ones provided outside the formal education system and do not usually follow a set curriculum. Informal education consists of training programs, workshops, and different forms of internship.

The Indian schooling system has developed generally from the Vedic days to the present PC age and e-learning. Notwithstanding, there is one thing that stays normal between the two situations, and that is the significance of schooling. As Indians, our folks have forever been underscoring the significance of training. Nonetheless, the schooling situation wasn’t this way since the presence of man. The education system in India has developed impressively from the vedic times to now and just to improve things.

In ancient days it is most likely the case that the city individuals were more taught than the rustic regions. A greater part of the young men went to the gathering schools. Scarcely any young ladies figured out how to peruse yet didn’t go to school. To study, mentors were called home.
Now both boys and young ladies are lawfully expected to go to class. On the off chance that they don’t, it could prompt lawful indictment of guardians.
In ancient days someone who showed a sensible comprehension of the presence of God, otherworldly training, Hindu religion, Vedas, and so forth, so the general public was worked without defilement and turmoil. This brought monstrous satisfaction to the existence of mankind.
In present days, someone who shows the abilities expected for science and innovation, PC information, how to contend, and so on.
In ancient days somebody who displayed a reasonable appreciation of the presence of God, supernatural preparation, Hindu religion, Vedas, etc, so the overall population was worked without contamination and disturbance. This carried massive fulfillment to the presence of humanity.
In present days, somebody who shows the capacities expected for science and development, PC data, how to battle, etc.
In ancient days, education was viewed as significant, yet there wasn’t a pattern of not having book learning. However there was a requirement for perusing and composing exercises, for example, casting a ballot, this didn’t humiliate the residents or bring disgrace any time of life.
At present days, education is viewed as renowned and financially significant. Guardians from varying backgrounds believe their youngsters should go to class, and do well in school. Being poor at school work is a dangerous wellspring of social disgrace for some.

India, being an immense country with different religions, ranks, and doctrines, isn’t difficult to execute current techniques. Schooling arrangements in India additionally experience the ill effects of execution issues.

India has implemented several education policies over the years aimed at improving the quality of education, increasing access to education, and enhancing the overall education system in India. Some of the significant education policies in India are:

National Policy on Education (2020): The National Policy on Education (NPE) was recently revised in 2020, replacing the previous policy implemented in 1986. The policy focuses on making education more inclusive, flexible, and holistic, promoting multidisciplinary learning, and integrating technology in education.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Launched in 2001, the SSA aimed to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6-14 years. The program aimed to bridge the gap between rural and urban education and improve the quality of education in government schools.
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA): Launched in 2009, the RMSA aimed to improve the access and quality of secondary education in the country.
Right to Education Act (RTE): The RTE Act was passed in 2009 and made education a fundamental right for all children aged 6-14 years. The Act aimed to provide free and compulsory education to all children and ensure that they receive a quality education.
Midday Meal Scheme: Launched in 1995, the Midday Meal Scheme aims to provide free meals to children studying in government and government-aided schools to improve enrollment and attendance rates.
National Skill Development Policy: The National Skill Development Policy was launched in 2009 to provide vocational training to young people and enhance their employability.

These policies have helped to address the various challenges faced by the Indian education system and have led to significant improvements in education outcomes. However, there is still a need for further reforms to ensure that all children in India have access to quality education.

The Indian school education system is overseen by three national bodies:

All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a national-level council for technical education under the “Department of Higher Education”. It was established in November 1945 as an advisory body. In 1987, AICTE was given statutory status by an Act of Parliament, the All India Council for Technical Education Act of 1987.

As per the Act, AICTE is the statutory authority for proper planning, formulation, and maintenance of standards, Quality assurance through school accreditation, monitoring and evaluation, maintaining, certifications and awards, and ensuring coordinated development and management of the technical education in India.

University Grants Commission (UGC)

Based on the recommendation made by the Univesity Education Commission of 1948, the Univesity Grants Commission (UGC) was set up on 28 December 1953. The government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC.

In November 1956, the UGC became the statutory body by enacting the “University Grants Commission Act of 1956” by the Indian Parliament. The headquarter of UGC is located in New Delhi. In 1994, the UGC decentralized its operations by setting up six regional offices in Bangalore, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kolkata, and Pune.

UGC promotes and coordinates university education and determines & maintains standards of teaching, examination, and research in the universities. It provides recognization to universities in India and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges.

National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT)

The Government of India established the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) on 27 July 1961 to assist and advise the Central and State governments on policies and programs for qualitative improvement in school education. It is an autonomous organization that formally began operation on 1 September 1961. The Council was formed by merging seven existing seven national governmental institutions, namely:

Central Institute of Education,
Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance,
Central Bureau of Textbook Research,
Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education,
National Institute of Basic Education,
National Fundamental Education Centre
National Institute of Audio-Visual Education.

Problems in Indian Education System

The following are the current issues with Indian education system:

Capacity utilization – The world now requires creative minds, and the government must encourage schools to help students maximize their abilities and not let their ideas go unheard.
India must adopt the UN’s gross enrollment pattern.
Expenditure on education – More funds should be allocated for the development of education system in India. Though India has taken many beneficial steps in the past few years and if the same is continued India may soon be overcome the current challenges.
Student-teacher ratio: The number of students seeking proper education far outnumbers the number of teachers and faculty available. As a result, qualified teachers must be appointed to educate the country’s future citizens.
PPP model – PPPs that are well-designed can serve as models of innovation for India’s school system. As a result, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model must be considered.
Infrastructure facilities – Better infrastructure, particularly in government schools, is required. Because the government is now focusing on digital education, they must take steps to provide the necessary amenities in government schools as well as rural areas.

Conclusion on Education System in India

The education system in India has come a long way and it will take time to consider it completely effective. Many initiatives are taken by taking into consideration of the government and other organizations for improving the situation. With time and continuous effort, the education system of India is considered to meet the expectations of its citizens.

FAQs on Education System in India

What are the 5 points of education system in india.

Preschool education, primary level education, secondary level education, senior secondary level education, and graduate and above level education are the five divisions of the Indian educational system. Any student between the ages of 6 and 14 must complete the first three levels.

Who is the apex regulating body for school education in India?

The Ministry of Human Resource Development is the governing body for school education in India.

Which is best education system in India?

In terms of educational achievement, Kerala was and remains one of the top states in the country. With a literacy rate of 93.91%, Kerala has the highest percentage of any state in the nation, and since the 2001 census, it has increased by as much as 3%.

What are the types of education which is offered in India?

The types of education which is offered in India are primary, secondary, and tertiary education.

Is Indian education system good?

Indian education system has gained recognition on a global scale for its respectable character diversity. The institute instruction programme in India is managed by numerous educational planning agencies.

What is the curriculum for schools in India like?

The curriculum for schools in India is based on the National Curriculum Framework, last updated in 2005. The Framework highlights the goals of education in India and how it can be better taught in India.

How is the Indian education system in the world?

The Indian Education system ranks 33 in the world and the quality of education is rated at 59.1.

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Group Discussion /

Group Discussion Topics

Updated on
Mar 13, 2023

“ The aim of arguments or of discussion, should not be victory, but progress.” – Joseph Joubert. If you are someone aiming to get a seat in a top-notch business school or someone planning to clear an interview for your dream job then you must already be knowing about the group discussion. The entire concept of right-wrong or truth-lies is a matter of perspectives and discussions make these concepts perceivable. The more opinions and thoughts are discussed, the more perspectives come to light resulting in a more open-minded conclusion. However, group discussion appears easy only when topics are familiar which might not be the case every time. Always remember, preparation is the key to success. Brushing your knowledge on topics of Economy , Political Science , Business and General Awareness will help you stand out in the final showdown. Through this blog, we will try to list some quintessential group discussion topics which can help you get to your ideal profession.

This Blog Includes:

General gd topics, current affairs topics for gd, business and economics, group discussion topics for students, group discussion topics for mba, latest group discussion topics, importance of group discussion, evaluation criteria for group discussion topics, what is the difference between extempore and gd.

While preparing for a GD it is imperative to keep a tab on all trending social, political, and economic issues of the world. Given below are some important group discussion topics from the perspective of an interview or admission-related process:

Gender Sensitivity is a gender equality concern?
A.I. in work: how it is going to change the future of workspace?
Cryptocurrency/ Bitcoin
Discuss the quote by Mark Zuckerburg “We don’t make services to make more money, we make money to make better services”.
What do you think about ‘aging gracefully’? How can we change the trend of people going for cosmetic surgeries?
Is Dependence on Computers a Good Thing?
Terrorism in India
How effective are Indian B-schools?
Will E-Commerce ruin retail stores?
Are Peace and Non-Violence Outdated Concepts?
Effect of demonetization on common Citizen vis-a-vis black money holders
Discuss Social Media’s impact on teenagers.
Are men compromising their careers for the family?
Are nuclear families a blessing in disguise?
Artificial Intelligence is taking over the human workforce.
Is our Political System the Reason for our Backwardness?
#Me Too Campaign
E-Learning: A Substitute for Classroom Learning?
Work-Life Balance and Need for Spirituality.
The decline in open spaces may lead to negative tendencies in children.

Also Read: A preparation guide for campus p lacements

Impact of COVID on the global economy
Importance of public health post-COVID
India’s COVID-19 Battle vs developed countries
New world order – social distancing?
Are we a part of a virtual world post-COVID?
The lockdown caused a dent in the Indian economy
Citizenship Amendment Act
How will the Abrogation of Article 370 improve the situation in Kashmir?
COVID lockdown exposed social and gender inequality in the country
Media Freedom – Is it important?
Will the Amendment Bill benefit companies?
Can electric vehicles be a success in India?
Significance of Data Privacy
Discuss Union Budget India 2019-2020
The implication of State Assembly elections at the national level?
What is the significance of the Statue of Unity?
Will Denuclearisation Instill World Peace?
Aadhaar mandatory – for or against

Also Read: GD Topics for Placement Drives

What are your views on YONO?
Business Lobbying in India
India vs China – A better economy in 2050?
Importance of an MBA in a successful business
How is Bitcoin affecting the global economy?
Business and Technology go hand in hand
AI is the future of business
Is brand presence more important than good services?
Future of the Banking Sector in India
How has COVID affected the Indian students?
Freedom: Is It a Myth?
Will the 5 Trillion Indian Economy Ever Be A Success?
Urban v/s Rural India
Education System of India
Death Penalty for Crime Against Women
Condition of Indian States
Sanitization of Poor
Globalization – Effects on India
Impact of COVID on Education
Peer Pressure
Digital Detox
Formal degrees are things of the past
Impact of COVID-19 on the education sector
The Future of Work
Carbon footprint
Fame is a double-edged sword
National Education Policy 2020
National Health ID
E-learning – Pros & Challenges
Impact of Coronavirus/COVID-19 on Environment
How prepared is India to tackle the COVID-19 outbreak?
Data Localisation – Benefits & Challenges
Impact of Technology on Jobs
#Metoo Campaign
Crypto Currency/ Bitcoin
Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health
Taliban Rule in Afghanistan- Impact on India
How to prevent COVID Third wave in India?
Blended learning – The new normal
Money or Happiness – Can money make us happy?
The rise of the Gig economy
Censorship of OTT platforms – Right or Wrong?
The importance of netiquette in the digital age
Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian Economy
India’s COVID-19 vaccination program
How can we prevent the next pandemic?
Should anonymity be allowed on the internet?
Open book exams – Pros, Cons & Challenges
Lessons for the World from the COVID-19 pandemic
Fit India Movement
Can India become a $5 trillion economy by 2024?
The menace of Eve-teasing
Mental Illness in India

You must be wondering what is the need to group discussion. Here are some points to establish the importance of a group discussion:

Group discussion or GD aims to test the interpersonal skills, oratory skills, and leadership skills of candidates
It is held as an aid to understanding different perspectives on a particular topic and gaining in-depth knowledge about the same
It evaluates the communication skills and manner of candidates
Your arguments around the given group discussion topics also help the examinee to understand your open-mindedness and thinking process
It evaluates your rigidity towards accepting other person’s point of view
Examines your analytical abilities, time management, confidence, and social conduct.

Having established the need for GD, let us move forward and comprehend the Important group discussion topics and evaluation process.

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PSUs Interview Guidance

With interviews of PSUs about to start in a week or so, every candidate is worried what to do and what not to do, how to prepare etc. Too many questions keep coming to our minds, may be this post of mine will help you to prepare well……. Based on my experience and cumulative views from my friends who appeared for the interviews of various PSUs I have compiled some points, which will be definitely useful for you:

Prepare a brief introduction about yourself; they may start with your hobbies, your native place, and strength and weakness areas. Be prepared before hand to answer such general questions .
Then seeing your college name, academic background they may ask certain questions like why you scored low marks in 12th /engineering , year of passing of 12th standard, from where did you do vocational training etc.
Prepare a reason for your gap, but don’t try to fool them, be honest and give a reason that is justifiable.
If you are a fresher, one possibility is based on your answers they may move towards your degree project. You should be thorough in this topic as it is the project that you have done, so should be well versed with the procedures and results. You should also be familiar with the subjects which are part of your degree project, as the next question will be from that area only.
If you are working, then they will start with your current profile of job, they may ask questions related to your work, and then they may connect it with the technical subjects.
Second possibility is they may ask your favorite subject, but they won’t be confined to that subject. They may start with the mentioned subject but believe me they may ask questions from other subjects as well, getting links from your answers only. You should be well prepared with definitions, principles and practical applications.
Be prepared with the subject of concern with their PSUs, you should be able to connect the technical subject with the practical application in the PSU.
GD is the process of rejection, in which from a group of say 8-10 people they will select 2-3. To perform well in GD one should be well updated with the latest happenings of the country. You can practice by speaking for 7-8 min in front of your family members or friends and in this they can also participate it will be more like a GD.
Some political topics , govt schemes, Modi Wave across the country
Cow slaughtering Face book and Cambridge analytica
Ups and Downs faced in life due to our own choices
Smart city concepts
Digital India
Make in India
Nuclear weapon
Celebrities and judicial decisions(black buck case)
Education system in India
Trending IPL and may be topic could get connect with Vijay Mallya
Don’t go against our constitutional articles; don’t give controversial statements in the entire interview.
Prepare well about the PSU, of which you are going to give interview. Their normal facts and figures, recent developments about them in news, their chairman and all should be prepared.
why do you want join this PSUs,
Your rank is good if we don’t select you, then you will be called for another PSUs, then why this.
you are leaving your job you think you will be successful here
if you are not selected this year , will you be coming next year what are your aims
PSU will give you a posting in remote locations , how will you manage
Are there any disadvantages of govt jobs
If they ask about your future aims, never show your inclination towards IES . Make sure you support every time that you are willing to work for PSU and will continue to do so.
Never lie them, if you don’t know anything don’t try to fool them say sorry and move ahead with the next question.
You have to answer confidently, but never answer a wrong answer confidently; in such situation you may say “I am not sure but I think …..”
Take interview sportingly and be confident in your answers. They may try to confuse you, but if you are sure then respond in a polite manner.
Don’t get friendly with the interview board, the people sitting on the other side of the table are very experienced and respectful people, you will have to talk to them politely and behave as you behave in front of your seniors.
Never complain about your family problems, financial problems.

All the best , I hope this will surely help, because interview goes around these points, so its always better if you prepare before and then face the interview.

For a practice , you can also enrol in MADE EASY interview guidance program , in this they take mock interviews and give suggestions on the areas of improvement .

We at MADE EASY try to share most of the job opportunities related to the engineering segment like GATE, ESE, PSU’s and other Government departments so that the aspirants can get all the information at one place.

Read our blogs regarding Public Sector Undertakings (PSU’s) for more insights:

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Coal India Management Trainee Recruitment
All About PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN INDIA

Dear Aspirants ,

Take your GATE exam, ESE exam, and PSUs Interviews preparation to the next level with the MADE EASY YouTube channel. This popular YouTube channel comprises a lot of content for exam aspirants preparing for the ESE and GATE exams with PSUs interviews. It includes Current Affairs, Previous Years’ Questions (PYQs), GATE through Questions (GTQs), Toppers Talk (ESE & GATE), Tips and Tricks, and Job Notifications (Job Box).

So, hurry up, subscribe to the MADE EASY: ESE, GATE, and PSUs YouTube channel now, and never miss an update on new videos.

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Is Caste-Based Reservation Good or Bad?

September 27, 2023

Discuss your opinions on Caste-Based Reservation Systems.

On this page, you will find the GD points in support of and against the topic: “Is caste-based reservation good or bad?”.

Page Highlights:

Points in support of the view
Ponts against the view

Extempore Topic: Is caste based reservation good or bad?

What is caste based reservation.

Caste Based Reservation is a controversial topic in India. Reservation in India refers to the practice of reserving a portion of the available seats in government organizations (schools, colleges, universities, jobs) for the marginalized and underprivileged section (SC/ST, OBC, MBC), etc.

This clause was put in the constitution to facilitate the growth of oppressed classes, pre-independence. Initially put in place for ten years, to boost the growth of marginalized classes, it is still in practice seventy years later.

Is caste-based reservation good or bad?:- Points in support

This system is important to uplift the marginalized classes who are still today drowning in poverty.
Years after the independence, caste-based discrimination is still prevalent in our country, where people belonging to the upper classes are constantly oppressing and harassing the lower class people.
This is especially common in villages where marginalized classes are constantly oppressed by upper caste, not allowing them to enter religious places, not allowing inter-caste marriages, restricting their use of village resources, etc.
Here, the reservation system gives these people a means to make a better life for themselves, by providing them with education and jobs.
I agree that there are some marginalized class people, who have accumulated wealth in the last seventy years. However, we cannot discredit that a huge portion of backward classes makes up the poorest population of the country.

Caste-based reservation policy still does more good than harm to society. There is still a huge portion of the backward classes who are unable to escape the grasp of poverty. They desperately need some extra help to make it easier for them to succeed.

Is caste-based reservation good or bad?:- Points against

Over the years, instead of uplifting the underprivileged, the policy has become a political tool. It is used to manipulate votes from the mass during elections.
The biggest proof is the fact that more than seven decades later, marginalized groups are still struggling. This shows that caste-based reservation has not succeeded in its original purpose.
Reservation is a problematic approach because it promotes the idea that for one section to prosper the other section needs to be put down.
This policy has not succeeded in uplifting backward groups. Instead, it has created more rifts among the sections of society.
The practice of giving jobs and admissions in educational institutions based on one’s caste rather than their merits is wrong. This has developed a system where deserving candidates lose opportunities over less deserving candidates, simply because of their caste.
Over the past years, people are creating fake ids and false documents claiming that they are from backward classes. They do this to get the privileges of reservation, which discredits the whole point of caste-based reservation.
Rich people from backward classes gain a huge advantage over poor people who belong to the upper class.

Today, caste-based reservation has lost its purpose. It is not helping anyone, instead, it is being used by privileged classes for their gain. For us to help underprivileged people and better the state of the country, we need a better alternative. Which does not use caste as the only deciding factor.

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In his 11th address to the nation, Prime Minister Narendra Modi underscored the imperative of embracing and implementing key reforms. Speaking from the historic Red Fort, he presented a compelling vision of a 'Viksit Bharat' (developed India) by 2047, inspired by the legacy of India's freedom struggle. He highlighted the transformative power of collective resolve, stating, 'If 40 crore people could unite to break free from the chains of colonial oppression and secure our independence, imagine what can be achieved by the combined determination of 140 crore people today.' His speech paid tribute to the sacrifices of the freedom fighters and called for a unified national effort to propel India towards unparalleled growth and development.

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