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Introduction to Academic Writing

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Introduction to Academic Writing

Subject: English

Age range: 11-14

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

29 August 2021

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This editable PowerPoint lesson (17 slides in PPT format) covers the notion of academic argument, audience awareness, and the structure of a 5-paragraph essay (an introduction, three body paragraphs with well-developed topic sentences and key details that support the main idea, and a conclusion). It introduces the idea that English academic writing is direct in nature and should use formal language. Students will evaluate two model essays. They will also use a graphic organizer to brainstorm ideas for an essay of their own where they will have to argue an opinion.

The Zip Folder contains the PPT file, as well as the terms of use with a link to a copy of the resource in google drive.

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ACADEMIC WRITING PART 4 (NARRATED PPT): STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION IN ACADEMIC ESSAYS (NARRATED PPT)

Last of 4 lectures introducing academic writing to undergraduate students.

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How to Write an Academic Essay

Apr 02, 2019

730 likes | 1.44k Views

How to Write an Academic Essay. With a focus on the Introduction, Discussion, Conclusion and of course, Writing Skills. Contents. Assignment Outline Introduction Discussion Conclusion Writin g Skills Further Information. Assignment Outline. Final Essay (25%)

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• formatting reminders
• progressive arguments
• determinant framing
• academic writers language clarity
• genetic endowment topic thesis

Presentation Transcript

How to Write an Academic Essay With a focus on the Introduction, Discussion, Conclusion and of course, Writing Skills

Contents • Assignment Outline • Introduction • Discussion • Conclusion • Writing Skills • Further Information

Assignment Outline Final Essay (25%) • Your final essay will be a six to seven-page critical overview of one of the determinants of health (with the exception of biology and genetic endowment). Given the very general nature of the currently identified Health Determinants, you are encouraged to research a sub-theme or issue of interest within a key determinant framing. Your paper should be supported by at least five non-course readings references, which must come from a range of sources and no more than one may be from a website or textbook. Additional references especially from the course readings are encouraged especially for the introductory positioning and context setting. This assignment is due in lecture (Week 11). [Please see the evaluation rubric in the Bb Assignment Resources folder]

Introduction

Introduction • Suitably focused? This is your last chance to sharpen your paper’s focus. Is your thesis sharp? • Example: SDH: Biology and Genetic Endowment Topic/Thesis: Genes impact health What can be improved here?

Introduction • Example 2 SDH: Physical Environment Topic/Thesis: Higher cost of city living negatively effects health Key Points: 1)Stressful, overcrowded metropolitan living conditions 2) Exposure to pollutants and exhaust fumes in the city

Introduction Define or explain key terms: • Make a list of them; introduce the main 2-4of them in your introduction by explaining and defining them in a sentence or two (more complete discussions will follow in the paper itself) • What are some key terms that you will be using in your essay?

Discussion • How can one be sure that their discussion is suitably questioning and critical? What are some critical analysis techniques that can be used?

Discussion • Ask questions • Make an argument (thesis) • Be focused and specific at every point • Use questioning and critical research • Conduct close readings of scholarly research and studies • Make recommendations • Transition frequently between associative and analytic thinking

Discussion Take care not to just ‘plug’ in proofs, quotes, and paraphrases. Here are some techniques for avoiding this: INEGRATE MATERIAL: • Comment on paraphrased ideas before and after including them. • Avoid ending paragraphs, and especially entire essays, with someone else’s words.

Discussion • MAINTAIN LIMITS • Do not let other people do the majority of the speaking in your paper. A few good rules are to have as many references as you have pages of writing, a maximum of 4 paraphrases per page, and a maximum of 1 short and 2 long quotes per 10 pages.

Discussion • Where to find peer-reviewed journal articles? • Ryerson Library—Advanced Search (limit your search by checking off the boxes that apply: limit to peer-reviewed journal articles)

Discussion • How can one be sure that their paper includes elements of creative and original thinking and ideas? • What are some ways to include these elements?

Discussion • Coining new phrases or ideas through synthesis • Building towards a strategy or recommendation through progressive arguments • Writing effectively and finding the perfect words to describe your ideas • What else?

Conclusion • How can the conclusion be structured? • If you have four key concepts/points, how many statements will you have regarding key points in the conclusion? • What are some ways to end the end?

Writing Skills

Writing Skills • Topic Sentence • Developing Sentences • Transitional Sentence Methods for developing ideas in a paragraph: • illustrate your idea with examples • give an authoritative quotation • anticipate and respond to counterarguments • back your ideas with more evidence • offer another perspective to the idea • brainstorm more insights about the idea • elaborate on causes/effects, definitions, comparison/contrasts (i.e. compare with an idea you presented earlier) • From http://www1.aucegypt.edu/academic/writers/language_clarity.htm

Writing Skills Order… • Order your paragraphs in such a way as to make a ‘progressive’ argument that builds upon previous paragraphs. What is each paragraph about? What could be the ‘title’ of each paragraph? What is the best order for the paragraphs? • Within each paragraph, order your quotes and discussions in a progressive manner. • Within each sentence, order thoughts and lists in a meaningful way.

Writing Skills Formatting reminders: • Use Topic Sentences at the beginning of each paragraph • Use Transitional Sentences at the end of each paragraph • Use sentence Variation

Writing Skills • Sentence Variation can be accomplished through establishing emphasis, creating rhythm, and changing sentence length: Variation

Writing Skills • Improve on your writing style and etiquette by avoiding personal references, sexist pronouns, and emotionalism: Style

Writing Skills Common Grammar mistakes… • Semi-colons (use when lists have commas within items); also, There needs to be complete phrases on both sides of the semi-colon; each phrase potentially could stand alone as a complete sentence, but the two are like one disconnected thought. • Colons The first phrase needs to be complete: followed by either a complete or incomplete phrase, typically a list or phrase illustrating the first phrase.

Writing Skills Most important comma rules: Rule 1: In a series of 3 or more (use serial comma before third) Rule 2:Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow. (Writing skills development, you must agree, is so exciting.) Rule 3:Use comma between two strong clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor). (I have finished for the day, but the lecture has not.)

Writing Skills Rule 4: Comma Splice: I have finished for the day, the lecture has not. Needs a conjunction!-but, and… Rule 5:Use a comma before introducing short, direct quotes. He said, “give me that pie!” Rule 6:Surrounding interrupters (however and therefore).

Writing Skills • More information on common grammatical errors can be found at the following link: Grammar

Further Information • See Blackboard for TONS of information on writing the essay (and thus on writing the outline and introduction) Under ‘Assignment and Final Exam Resources’ click on: • Writing Supports, or • Marking Rubrics • Essay Outline • Top 10 recommendations for essays and introductions • Further thinking and writing suggestions that might be helpful for the term essay and final exam

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The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples

An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.

There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.

The essay writing process consists of three main stages:

• Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay outline.
• Writing : Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evidence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
• Revision:  Check your essay on the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and formatting of your essay.

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Table of contents

Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.

The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .

For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.

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Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:

• Understand your assignment: What is the goal of this essay? What is the length and deadline of the assignment? Is there anything you need to clarify with your teacher or professor?
• Define a topic: If you’re allowed to choose your own topic , try to pick something that you already know a bit about and that will hold your interest.
• Do your research: Read  primary and secondary sources and take notes to help you work out your position and angle on the topic. You’ll use these as evidence for your points.
• Come up with a thesis:  The thesis is the central point or argument that you want to make. A clear thesis is essential for a focused essay—you should keep referring back to it as you write.
• Create an outline: Map out the rough structure of your essay in an outline . This makes it easier to start writing and keeps you on track as you go.

Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.

The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.

1. Hook your reader

The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.

Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

2. Provide background on your topic

Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.

3. Present the thesis statement

Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:

As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.

4. Map the structure

In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.

The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.

Length of the body text

The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.

Paragraph structure

To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.

That idea is introduced in a  topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.

After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

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The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :

• Returns to your thesis
• Ties together your main points
• Shows why your argument matters

A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.

What not to include in a conclusion

To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:

• Including new arguments or evidence
• Undermining your arguments (e.g. “This is just one approach of many”)
• Using concluding phrases like “To sum up…” or “In conclusion…”

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

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Checklist: Essay

My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).

My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.

My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.

I use paragraphs to structure the essay.

I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.

Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.

I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.

I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.

I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.

My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .

My essay has an interesting and informative title.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).

Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.

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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

• An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
• Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
• A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Academic Writing

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Introduction

As an online doctoral student, you often represent yourself and your academic work in writing.

To help you do that effectively, this assessment is designed to:

• Identify your individual writing strengths and needs, and
• Match your current skills to a specific writing course aimed to help you hone your skills.

By completing this writing assessment, online doctoral students can build strong academic writing habits targeted to their individual strengths and needs early in their studies at Walden.

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How Do I Complete the Writing Assessment

• Review the Doctoral Writing Assessment (DRWA) classroom, assignment prompt, rubric, and instructions.
• Write and submit your assessment essay to the classroom by the assignment deadline.
• Receive your essay score from the Writing Assessment team one week after the course ends.
• Complete any required Graduate Writing course(s) in the next term.

Writing Assessment Scores and Next Steps

You will receive your assessment score in an email one week after the DRWA Doctoral Writing Assessment course ends. Your score email will indicate if you tested out of any of the required writing courses and your next steps if you did not test out of those courses. Any required writing courses are free on the first attempt. Walden’s Writing Assessment team will automatically register you for your required writing course, alongside program courses, in the term following your DRWA course.

Scoring Outcomes

You have tested out of Graduate Writing I and Graduate Writing II by demonstrating competency in the following writing skills:

• Central idea is focused, clear, and directly responds to the prompt
• Relevant and accurately paraphrased or quoted evidence is provided from the reading
• Ideas are well organized
• Use of grammar and mechanics effectively conveys meaning

If you'd like to further develop your writing skills, consider taking Graduate Writing III: Advanced Composition Skills.

Learn about Graduate Writing III

If you'd like to take Graduate Writing III, please contact  [email protected]  to register for the free course.

You have tested out of Graduate Writing I by demonstrating the following writing skills:

• Central idea is clear and connected to the prompt and ideas are somewhat developed
• Clear connection to the reading is provided through paraphrase or quotation
• Ideas are generally organized
• Few inaccuracies in grammar and mechanics distract reader from meaning

You will need to complete Graduate Writing II, which is a free course that will help you develop scholarly writing skills such as paraphrasing and evaluating main ideas.

You will be enrolled in this course in the following term.

Learn about Graduate Writing II: Intermediate Composition

You need to complete both required writing courses, Graduate Writing I and Graduate Writing II as listed on your Program Progress Guide.

You will be enrolled in the first required writing course in the following term. In these courses, you practice and develop scholarly writing skills such as critical reading, summarizing, paraphrasing, and evaluating main ideas.

Learn about Graduate Writing I: Basic Composition

You received a score of 0 because you did not submit an assessment for review or there was evidence of plagiarism in your essay. Your score email will indicate if no essay was submitted or if plagiarism was present in your essay.

You need to complete both required writing courses, Graduate Writing I and Graduate Writing II, as listed on your Program Progress Guide.

Frequently Asked Questions

See all Doctoral Writing Assessment FAQs (Quick Answers

Who do I contact for help or with questions?

If you have questions about your writing assessment or your writing course, please contact us at [email protected] . We are here for you and happy to help!

or Chat with us

The Doctoral Writing Assessment chat service provides live help for simple, brief assessment related questions.

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