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English to Bengali DictionaryA complate english and bengali online dictionary. We are always working to add new words every week. More Words About KitchenMore words about school, more words about family. Home » Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing GuideTable of Contents Definition: Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources. Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications. Term Paper FormatThe format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections: - Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
- Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
- Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
- Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
- Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
- Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
- Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
- Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
- References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
- Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).
Structure of Term PaperHere’s an example structure for a term paper: I. Introduction A. Background information on the topic B. Thesis statement II. Literature Review A. Overview of current literature on the topic B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature C. Identification of gaps in current literature III. Methodology A. Description of research design B. Discussion of data collection methods C. Explanation of data analysis techniques IV. Results A. Presentation of findings B. Analysis and interpretation of results C. Comparison of results with previous studies V. Discussion A. Summary of key findings B. Explanation of how results address the research questions C. Implications of results for the field VI. Conclusion A. Recap of key points B. Significance of findings C. Future directions for research VII. References A. List of sources cited in the paper How to Write Term PaperHere are some steps to help you write a term paper: - Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
- Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
- Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
- Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
- Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
- Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
- Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
- Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
- Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
- Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.
Term Paper ExampleHere’s an example of a term paper: Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies. Introduction : The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security. Literature Review: This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks. Methodology : To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security. The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole. Discussion : Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable. Conclusion : While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable. References: - Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
- Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
- Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
- Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
- Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
- Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.
When to Write Term PaperA term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including: - As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
- To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
- To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
- To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.
Purpose of Term PaperThe main purposes of a term paper are: - Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
- Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
- Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
- Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
- Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.
Advantages of Term PaperThere are several advantages of writing a term paper, including: - In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
- Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
- Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
- Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
- Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
- Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.
About the authorMuhammad HassanResearcher, Academic Writer, Web developer You may also likeWhat is Physics – Definition, Types, MethodsEthos Pathos Logos – Definition, Meanings and...What is Sociology – Definition and OverviewScholarly Paper – Format, Example and Writing...Prediction – Definition, Types and ExamplePhilosopher – Definition, Types and Work AreaBangladesh Newspaper: Collection (list) of all online Bangla Newspaper and Bengali News Agency. Find 24x7 latest Bangla News Updates from Most popular BD Newspapers - Prothom Alo, Bangladesh Pratidin, Jugantor, Ittefaq, Kaler Kantho, Samakal, and Daily Manab Zamin Etc. Also, scroll down to get more Bangla Daily NewsPapers. Prothom Alo, Jugantar, Somokal, and The Daily Star have been the favorites among all Bangla newspapers and rest of all continuously updated Bangla News sites. All Bangla NewspapersExperience comprehensive coverage with our Bangla newspapers, offering daily print editions and online portals. Our extensive list includes Bangladesher Khobor, Daily Desh Rupantor, Daily Jaijaidin, Alokito Bangladesh, Amar Sangbad, Bonik Barta, Share Biz, Vorer Pata, Ajkaler Khobor, and Amader Notun Shomoy. Each online news portal is ranked based on company size. Choose from the most trustworthy newspapers for authentic and unbiased news. All Bangladeshi English NewspaperEnglish Newspaper : Explore our comprehensive list of English newspapers in Bangladesh. Among the most sought-after are The Daily Star, Dhaka Tribune, Daily Sun, The Financial Express, The Independent, and New Age, among others. Stay informed with our selection of top English newspapers from Bangladesh. Bangladesh EpaperAll Online NewspapersExplore the most popular Bangla online newspapers in Bangladesh, such as Jago News, Dhaka Post, Dhaka Time24, Rising Bd, Bd24Live, Daily Bangladesh, and Bangla Tribun, among others. For more Bangla online newspapers, scroll down. 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Tense | Discussion | Bangla | Example | উদাহরণ সহ সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা Tense-Discussion-in-Bangla-with-Example | উদাহরণ সহ সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা ====================================================== ক্রিয়ার কাল বাংলায় ক্রিয়ার কাল বলতে যা বো ঝায় ইংরেজিতে তাকেই Tense বলে । ইংরেজী শেখার জন্য Tense- এর পরিষ্কার ধারণা থাকা খুবই প্রয়োজন । কিন্তু তার আগে ‘Verb ( বা ক্রিয়া ) সম্বন্ধে স্বচ্ছ জ্ঞান থাকা দরকার । ইংরেজীতে যে আটটি Parts of Speech (Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection) আছে তার মধ্যে অন্যতম হল Verb । Verb কথাটি এসেছে Latin শব্দ ‘Verbum’ থেকে , যার অর্থ হল ‘Word’ বা ‘ কথা । এখন প্রশ্ন হল Verb কাকে বলে । Verb হল এমন একটি পদ যার দ্বারা - কোন কিছু করা কিংবা হওয়া বুঝায় । সুতরাং কোন সময়ে সে কাজটি করা হচ্ছে সে প্রশ্ন ওঠা স্বাভাবিক । ক্রিয়া সম্পাদিত হওয়ার ঐ সময়কেই ক্রিয়ার কাল বা Verb- এর Tense বলে । Verb সম্পর্কে আর একটু কথা এইখানে পুনরায় বলে নেওয়া দরকার । প্রতিটি sentence এর predicate অংশে একটি verb অবশ্যই থাকবে । যে verb- এর object বা কর্ম থাকে তাকে Transitive Verb বা সকর্মক ক্রিয়া বলে । কিন্তু যদি verb এর object না থাকে তাহলে সেই verb কে Intransitive Verb বা অকর্মক জিয়া বলে । যাই হোক , এবারে Tense নিয়ে আ লো চনা করা যেতে পারে । নিচের বাক্যগুলি লক্ষ্য করা যাক । (a) Last year I was in class I— গত বছর আমি class I- এ ছিলাম । (b) This year I am in class II— এই বছর আমি class II- তে আছি । (c) Next year I shall be in class III পরের বছর আমি class I II- তে থাকব । এই তিনটি sentence এর মধ্যে - a নম্বর sentence টিতে অতীত কাল বা past time- এর কথা বলা হয়েছে (last year, was ইত্যাদি উল্লেখযোগ্য ) । b নম্বর sentence টিতে বর্তমান সময় বা present time- এর কথা বলা হয়েছে ( This year, am প্রভৃতি উল্লেখযোগ্য ) । c নম্বর sentence টিতে ভবিষ্যৎ কাল বা future time এর কথা বলা হয়েছে । (Next year, shall be প্রভৃতি উল্লেখযোগ্য ) । এখন sentence তিনটির verb গুলি যদি পর পর লেখা হয় তবে ক্রিয়ার কাল বা Tense- এর তিনটি পরিষ্কার রূপ (Form) পাওয়া যাবে । যেমন : - Am - Present Tense ( বর্তমান ) Was - Past Tense ( অতীত ) Will be - Future Tense ( ভবিষ্যৎ ) The tense of a verb shows the time (Present, Past, Future) when the action ‘ takes place', 'took place' or 'will take place'. এখন , verb- এর কাজ বিভিন্ন সময়ে বিভিন্ন অবস্থায় সম্পন্ন হয় বলে প্রত্যেকটি Tense - কেও সেই অনুযায়ী চার ভাগে ভাগ করা হয় । যেমন : - (1) Indefinite ( সাধারন ) (2) Continuous ( ঘটমান ) (3) Perfect ( পুরাঘটিত ) (4) Perfect Continuous ( পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান ) তিনটি Tense- এর ক্ষেত্রেই এই চারটি ভাগ প্র যো জ্য । অথাৎ , Present Tense- এর ক্ষেত্রে এই বিভাগগুলি যথাক্রমে Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect এবং Present Perfect Continuous, আবার Past Tense এর ক্ষেত্রে এই বিভাগগুলি যথাক্রমে Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect এবং Past Perfect Continuous, অনুরূপভাবে Future Tense এর ক্ষেত্রে এই বিভাগগুলি যথাক্রমে Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect এবং Future Perfect Continuous. Tense সম্বন্ধে এতক্ষন যা বলা হল , তা মনে রাখার জন্য একটি তালিকা দেওয়া হল । Tense- এর তালিকা | | | | | | I do. আমি করি বা করিয়া থাকি। | I am doing. আমি করিতেছি। | I have done. আমি করিয়াছি বা এই মাত্র করিলাম। | I have been doing. আমি করিয়া আসিতেছি। | | I did. আমি করিতাম বা করিয়াছিলাম। | I was doing. আমি করিতেছিলাম। | I had done. আমি (কোন কাজের আগে) করিতেছিলাম। | I had been doing. আমি (কোন কাজের আগে পর্যন্ত) করিতেছিলাম। | | I shall do. আমি করিব। | I shall be doing. আমি করিতে থাকিব। | I shall have done. আমি (কোন কাজের আগে) করিয়া ফেলিব। | I shall have been doing. আমি (কোন কাজের পূর্ব পর্যন্ত) করিয়া ফেলিব। |
Present Indefinite Tense ( সাধারণ বা নিত্য বর্তমান ) Simple Present বর্তমান কালে কোন কাজ সাধারণভাবে ঘটে এরকম বো ঝালে verb- এর Present Indefinite Tense হয় । একে Simple Present ও বলে । যেমন :— আমি ভাত খাই — I eat rice. সে বই পড়ে — He reads book. . তাহারা যায় — They go. Simple Present - এর গঠন প্রণালী খুবই স হজ । Subject বা কতার পরে মূল verb- এর present form এবং Subject যদি third person singular number হয় তবে verb- এর present form- এর শেষে ‘s’ বা ‘es' যুক্ত করতে হয় । এছাড়াও যে যে ক্ষেত্রে Simple Present ব্যবহার করা হয় সেগুলি হল , (1) সাধারণ বা চিরন্তন সত্য বো ঝাতে (to express general or universal truths) । যেমন : - The Sun rises in the east. — সূর্য পূর্ব দিকে ওঠে । The Earth is round. — পৃথিবী গো ল । (2) নিত্য অভ্যাস বো ঝাতে (to express habitual actions) । যেমন : - He walks in every morning. — সে প্রতিদিন সকালে ভ্রমণ করে । I get up at six o'clock every day. — আমি প্রতিদিন সকাল ছ ' টায় ঘুম থেকে উঠি । (3) সুদুর অতীতের কোন ঘটনা সুস্পষ্টভাবে প্রকাশ করবার জন্য Simple Present ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে (to express the historical events in a vivid narrative) । যেমন : - Alexander invades India in 327 B.C. — ৩২৭ খ্রীষ্ট পূর্বা ব্দে আলেকজাণ্ডার ভারত আক্রমণ করেছিলেন । Immediately Ourangajeb rushes to the capital. — সঙ্গে সঙ্গে ঔরঙ্গজেব রাজধানীর দিকে ছুটে যান । (4) নিকট ভবিষ্যৎ বো ঝাতে (to express near future) । যেমন : - I start for London tomorrow. — কালই আমি লণ্ডন রওনা হচ্ছি । When does your school open? — কবে তো মার স্কুল খুলছে ? (5) বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্যে ( যা here, there দিয়ে শুরু হয় ) verb- এর কাল । simple present দিয়ে করতে হয় (in exclamatory sentence beginning with here, there) । যেমন :— Here comes the boy. — এই যে বালকটি আসছে । There goes your mistress. — ওই তো মার দিদিমণি যাচ্ছেন । (6) আপ্তবাক্য - এর reference দিতে (to cite quotations) । যেমন :— Shakespeare says, “All world is a stage.” — শেক্সপীয়ার বলেন , ‘ পৃথিবী একটি রঙ্গমঞ্চ ’ । কিছু কিছু verb- এর ক্ষেত্রে Present Continuous Tense এর বদলে সব সময়েই Present Indefinite Tense ব্যবহার করা হয় । এইসব verb- এর একটি List পরে দেওয়া হয়েছে । এখন ‘ Do ’ verb- এর Simple Present এর রূপ কেমন হয় তা দেখা যেতে পারে : - Singular Number She does Ram or Shyam does Plural Number গঠন প্রণালী : - Subject বা কর্তার এর পরে মুল verb- এর ‘ s ’ বা ‘ es’ অর্থাৎ ( verb+s/es ) বসাতে হবে। Subject +(verb+s/es) + Object ==================================== Present Continuous Tense ( ঘটমান বর্তমান ) বর্তমান কালে কোন কাজ চলছে , কিন্তু শেষ হয়নি এরকম বো ঝাতে verb - এর যে রূপ হয় তাকে verb- এর Present Continuous Tense বলা হয় । যেমন :— সে চা পান করছে — He is drinking tea. মেয়েটি বইটি পড়ছে — The girl is reading the book. তারা মাঠে খেলছে — They are playing in the field. বাংলায় মূল verb বা ক্রিয়াপদ - এর পরে সাধুভাষায় ই তেছি , ই তেছ , ই তেছে বা চলিত ভাষায় ছি , ছ , ছে থাকলে Present Continuous Tense হয় । গঠনের নিয়ম — ( ক ) মূল verb- এর present form ( V 1 ) - এর শেষে ‘ing ’ বসে । ( খ ) মূল verb- এর আগে subject বা কর্তার number এবং person অনুযায়ী am বা is বা are বসে । ( গ ) I- এর পরে সর্বদাই ‘ am ', you- এর পরে সর্বদাই ‘ are ' বসে । এছাড়াও কিছু বিশেষ ক্ষেত্রে Present Continuous Tense ব্যবহার করা হয় । যেমন :— নিকট ভবিষ্যৎ বো ঝাতে — The train is coming up by some hours later. — ট্রেনটি কয়েক ঘণ্টা পরে আসছে । কতগুলি নির্দিষ্ট verb আছে যাদের সাধারণতঃ Continuous Tense - এ ব্যবহার করা হয় না । যেমন : - see, hear, feel, like, want, love, hate, hope, look, seem, smell, notice, think, own, mind, mean, know, forget, imagine, consider, agree, suppose, care, observe, remember, trust, have ('possess' বা অধিকারে আছে এই অর্থে ), contain প্রভৃতি । এবার Present Continuous Tense - এ ‘ to play ’— এই verb টির ব্যবহার দেখা নো হ য়েছে — | | | I am playing. | I am not playing. | Am I playing? | You are playing. | You are not playing. | Are you playing ? | He is playing. | He is not playing. | Is he playing? | We are playing. | We are not playing. | Are we playing? | They are playing. | They are not playing. | Are they playing ? |
বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য : কিছু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে verb এর শেষে ‘ing' যো গ করার সময় verb- এর বানানের কিছু পরিবর্তন হয় । যেমন :— hit- > hitting, run- > running, begin- > beginning, travel- > travelling ইত্যাদি । গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর সঙ্গে ‘ ing ’ যুক্ত করতে হবে ( v+ing ) এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ am ’ অথবা ‘ is ’ অথবা ‘ are’ বসবে। Subject + am/is/are + (verb+ ing) + Object Present Perfect Tense ( পুরাঘটিত বর্তমান ) বর্তমান কালে , কোন কাজ এইমাত্র শেষ হয়ে গেলেও তার ফলাফল এখনও অতীত হয়ে যায়নি , বর্তমানই আছে — এরকম বো ঝালে verb- এর Present Perfect Tense হয় । যেমন :— ছেলেটি চেয়ারটি ভেঙেছে — The boy has broken the chair. সে সেখানে গিয়েছে — He has gone there. বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ইয়াছি , ইয়াছ , ইয়াছে ( ছি , ছ , ছে ) থাকলে Present Perfect Tense হবে ধরে নিতে হয় । Present Perfect Tense গঠন করতে হলে মূল verb- এর past participle form ( V 3 ) ব্যবহার করতে হবে এবং তার আগে কর্তা অনুযায়ী have বা has বসাতে হবে । যেমন , “ সে ভাত খেয়েছে ' এই sentence টিতে মূল verb বা principal verb হচ্ছে ‘ eat ’ বা ‘ খাওয়া ’ এবং ‘eat’- এর past participle form হচ্ছে ‘eaten ’ (eat, ate, eaten) । এর আগে কর্তা বা subject আছে He বা ‘ সে ’ । এখন He ( বা she)- র পরে ‘has' বসবে । অর্থাৎ sentence টি হবে - He has eaten rice. Subject যদি plural number বা বহুবচন হয় অথবা subject যদি I হয় , তবে শুধু ঐ দুই ক্ষেত্রেই subject- এর পরে ‘have' বসবে । যেমন : - তারা এখানে এসেছে —They have come here. আমি এটা করেছি - I have done it. যে যে ক্ষেত্রে Present Perfect Tense ব্যবহার করা হয় সেগুলি হল - ( ১ ) যখন verb- এর এমন একটি action বা কাজ বোঝান হয় যেটা অতীতে কোন সময়ে শুরু হয়েছিল , এবং বর্তমানে সেটা হয়ে চলেছে । যেমন : I have Known him for a long time. — আমি তাকে অনেক দিন ধরে চিনি । She has not seen her mother for many years. — সে তার মাকে অনেক বছর দেখেনি । (2) অতীতের কোন ক্রিয়া বো ঝাতে যার সময় দেওয়া নেই বা নির্দিষ্ট করে বলা নেই । যেমন :— বাবা ইংলণ্ডে আছেন । — Father has been in England. তুমি কালিদাস পড়েছ ? — Have you read Kalidas ? ( ৩ ) অনেক সময় সদ্যসমাপ্ত অতীত ঘটনাবলী বো ঝাতে Present Perfect Tense ব্যবহার করা হয় । যেমন :— সে সবে বেরিয়েছে । — He has just gone out. Present Perfect Tense - এ প্রায়ই নিম্নলিখিত adverb বা adverb phrases ব্যবহৃত হয় । যেমন :— just, often, never, even, already, till, now, yet, since, today, this week, this month প্রভৃতি । তবে মনে রাখতে হবে অতীত কাল সূচক অব্যয় (past adverb) থাকলে Present Perfect Tense ব্যবহার করা যায় না , সেখানে Simple Past ব্যবহার করতে হয় । যেমন :— Ram has gone to Delhi yesterday হবে না , Ram went to Delhi yesterday লিখতে হবে । গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর ‘ past participle form’ ( V 3 ) হবে এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ have been ’ অথবা ‘ has been ’ বসবে। Subject + have/has + V 3 + Object *** V 1 = verb এর present form *** V 2 = verb এর past form *** V 3 = verb এর past participle form Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান বর্তমান ) যখন কোন কাজ অতীত কালে আরম্ভ হয়ে বর্তমান কালে কিছু সময় ধরে চলছে এরকম বো ঝায় তখন verb- এর Present Perfect Continuous Tense হয় । যেমন :— আমি দুইদিন যাবৎ জ্বরে ভুগছি । — I have been suffering from fever for two days. আমি সো মবার থেকে জ্বরে ভুগছি । —I have been suffering from fever since Monday. এখানে লক্ষ্য করার বিষয় , ‘ period of time’ বা সময় - এর ব্যাপ্তি উল্লেখ থাকলে ‘ for ', এবং নির্দিষ্ট সময় বা ‘ point of tine ' এর উল্লেখ থাকলে ‘ since ' বসে । গঠন প্রণালী : - মূল verb এর শেষে ‘ ing ’ যো গ করে তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ have been ' বা ' has been ’ বসাতে হয় । Subject + have been/has been + (v+ing) + Object Past Indefinite Tense ( সাধারন অতীত ) Simple Past অতীত কালে সাধারণভাবে কোন কাজ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল এরকম বো ঝাতে verb- এর Past Indefinite Tense হয় । যেমন :— সে কাল এসেছিল — He came yesterday. বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে চলিত রী তি তে ছিলাম , ছিল , ছিলে , এবং সাধুরীতিতে ইয়াছিলাম , ই য়াছিল , ইয়াছিলে প্রভৃতি থাকলে ইংরেজীতে Past Tense - এর Indefinite Form হয় । একে Simple Past ও ব লা হয় । The simple past is used to indicate an action completed in আরও কয়েকটি উদাহরণ দেওয়া যাক :— সে কাল রাত্তিরে ভাল ঘুমায়নি । — He did not sleep well last night. ট্রেনটি স্টেশন ছেড়ে গেল । — The train left the station. অতীতের অভ্যাস বো ঝাতেও অনেক সময় Simple Past Tense ব্যবহার করা হয় । যেমন :— সে সব সময় হাতে লাঠি নিয়ে চলত । — He always carried walking stick. Past Indefinite Tense বা Simple Past - এর গঠনপ্রণালীও অতি সরল । Subject বা কর্তার পরে মূল verb- এর past form ( V 2 ) হয় । যেমন :— তারা খুব ভাল খেলল — They played a good play. গঠন প্রণালী : - Subject বা কর্তার এর পরে মুল verb- এর ‘ past form ’ অর্থাৎ ( V 2 ) বসাতে হবে। Subject + V 2 + Object Past Continuous Tense ( ঘটমান অতীত ) যখন অতীত কালে কোন কাজ চলছিল এরকম বো ঝায় তখন verb- এর Past Continuous Tense হয় । অতীতে কতক্ষণ ধরে কাজটি চলছিল তার উল্লেখ থাকতেও পারে , না - ও থাকতে পারে । যেমন :— সে বাজারে যাচ্ছিল — He was going to the market. ছেলেরা মাঠে খেলছিল — The boys were playing in the field. বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ছিলাম , ছিল , ছিলে ( ই তেছিলাম , ই তেছিল , ই তেছিলে ) থাকলে Past Continuous Tense হয় । আরেকটি উদাহরণ — সে সারা সকাল ধরে পড়েছে — He was reading all the morning. P re s e nt Continuous Tense — এর উদাহরণগুলি আলোচনার সময় am, is, are এইসব ‘ to be ’ verb যে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছিল , Past Continuous Tense - এর ক্ষেত্রে সেগুলি হবে was, were ( অর্থাৎ am, is হবে was এবং are হবে were) । গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর সঙ্গে ‘ ing ’ যুক্ত করতে হবে ( v+ing ) এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ was ’ বা ‘ were ’ বসবে। Subject + was/were + (v+ing) + Object Read More >>>> Class. Five Click Here Six Click Here Seven Click Here Eight Click Here Nine Click Here Ten Click Here Past Perfect Tense ( পুরাঘটিত অতীত ) অতীত কালে যখন দুটো কাজ প্রায় একসঙ্গে ঘটে , তার মধ্যে যে কাজটি আগে ঘটে তার Past Perfect Tense হয় , অন্যটির Simple Past Tense হয় । যেমন - রাম আসবার আগেই আমি শ্যামের সঙ্গে কথা বলেছিলাম । —I had talked to Shyam before Ram arrived. Past Perfect Tense - এর গঠনপ্রণালী এইরকম :— মূল verb বা principal verb- এর past participle form ( V 3 ) হবে এবং তার আগে had বসবে । I had talked. এখানে ‘ before’ এবং ‘ after ’- এর ব্যবহারের দিকে বিশেষ নজর দিতে হবে । Past Perfect Tense- এর রূপটি before- এর পূর্বে এবং after এর পরে ব সে । যেমন :— আমি এখানে আসবার আগেই সে এ জায়গা ছেড়ে গে ল — এখানে ‘ সে জায়গা ছেড়ে গেল ’ এই কাজটা আমি এখানে আসবার আগেই ঘটেছিল । তাই এর Past Perfect Tense হবে । অর্থাৎ ‘He had left the place ’ এর পরে , ‘ before ' বসবে । তারপর বাকি বাক্যাংশের Past Indefinite Tense হবে 'I came here' l তাহলে ইংরেজীটা দাঁড়াবে এইরকম — He had left the place before I had came here. য দি ব লা হয় , আমি এখানে আসবার পরে সে এ জায়গা ছেড়ে গেল , তাহলে ' আমা র আসা' - কাজটা আগে হল । সেক্ষেত্রে লেখা হবে — He left the place after I had come here. Past Perfect Tense - কে ' Pluperfect' - ও বলা হয় । তেমনি ‘ Continuous’- এর যায় গায় ‘Progressive' - ও লেখা হয় । যে মন Past Continuous Tense কে Past Progressive Tense - ও বলা হয়। গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর ‘ past participle form ’ অর্থাৎ ( V 3 ) বসাতে হবে এবং তার আগে সব ধরনের subject বা কর্তার পরে ‘ had ’ বসবে। Subject + had + V 3 + Object Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান অতীত ) অতীত কালে যখন একটা কাজ একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে শুরু হয়েছিল এবং অতীতেই একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময় পর্যন্ত চলেছিল এরকম বো ঝায় , তখন verb - এর রূপের যে পরিবর্তন হয় সেটাই Past Perfect Continuous Tense, যেমন : - সে তিনমাস ধরে জ্বরে ভুগছিল - He had been suffering from fever for three months. তিনি পাঁচ বছর যাবৎ স্কুলে চাকরি করছিলেন - He had been serving in school for five years. Present Perfect Continuous Tense - এর গঠনপ্রণালীর সঙ্গে এর পার্থক্য সামান্যই । Present tense- এর has বা have- এর জায়গায় শুধু had বসে । গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর সঙ্গে ‘ ing ’ যুক্ত করতে হবে ( v+ing ) এবং তার আগে সব ধরনের subject বা কর্তার পরে ‘ had been ’ বসবে। Subject + had been + (v+ing) + Object Future Indefinite Tense ( সাধারন ভবিষ্যৎ ) Simple Future কোন কাজ সাধারণ ভাবে ভবিষ্যতে সম্পন্ন হবে - এরকম বো ঝালে verb- এর Future Indefinite Tense হয় । যেমন : - তুমি পড়বে - You will read. আমি যাব - I shall go. বাংলায় ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে বে , ব , বি ( ইবে , ইব , ইবি ) থাকলে ইংরেজীতে Future Indefinite Tense হয় । এই tense এর গঠনে মূল বা principal verb- এর আগে কতা অনুযায়ী ‘ shall ’ বা ‘ will ’ বসে । ‘ I ’ অথাৎ first person- এর পরে ‘ shall ’ এবং ‘ you ’ , ‘ he ’ , ‘ she ’ অথাৎ second person বা third person - এর পরে ‘ will ’ বসে । Future বা Simple Future - এর ক্ষেত্রে একটা জিনিস মনে রাখা দরকার, যদি ভবিষ্যতের কোন ঘটনা কোন বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যে করা হবে এরকম বো ঝায় । তখন সেক্ষেত্রে ‘ going to ’ ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে । যেমন : - সে তাকে বিবাহ করতে যাচ্ছে ( সে তাকে বিয়ে করবে এই অর্থে ) - He is going to marry her. This is used when the simple future is coloured with certain intension of the subject. গঠন প্রণালী : - মুল verb- এর মুল রুপ ( V 1 ) এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ shall ’ বা ‘ will ' বসবে। Subject + shall/will + V 1 + Object Future Continuous Tense ( ঘটমান ভবিষ্যৎ ) ভবিষ্যতে কোন কাজ চলতে থাকবে এরকম বো ঝালে Future Continuous Tense হয় । যেমন : - আমি তখন পড়তে থাকব - I shall be reading then. তুমি স্কুল যেতে থাকবে - You will be going to school. গঠন প্রণালী : - মূল verb- এর শেষে ‘ ing' যো গ এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ shall be ’ বা ‘ will be ' বসবে । Subject + shall be/will be + (v+ing) + Object Future Perfect Tense ( পুরাঘটিত ভবিষ্যৎ ) ভবিষ্যতে কোন একটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হবার আগেই আরেকটি কাজ শেষ হবে এরকম বয় ঝালে verb- এর Future Perfect Tense হয় । Past Perfect Tense - এর সঙ্গে এর তফাৎটা এখানেই যে Past Perfect Tense - এর অতীতটুকু Future Perfect Tense - এ Future বা ভবিষ্যতের নিরিখে হবে । যেমন : - আমি সেখানে যাবার আগেই ট্রেনটি ছেড়ে দেবে - The train will have left the station before I go there. ভবিষ্যতে দুটো কাজের প্রথমটায় Future Perfect Tense হলে অন্য কাজটার Future Indefinite Tense হবে । তুমি আসবার আগেই আমি সেখানে পৌঁছে যাব - I shall have reached there before you come. গঠন প্রণালী : - মূল verb- এর past participle ( V 3 ) হবে এবং তার আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ will have ' বা ‘ shall have ’ বসবে । Subject + shall have/will have + V 3 + Object Future Perfect Continuous Tense ( পুরাঘটিত ঘটমান ভবিষ্যৎ ) Past Perfect Continuous Tense এর সংজ্ঞাটিকে একটু ভবিষ্যৎকালের নিরিখে বিচার করা যাক । ভবিষ্যৎকালে কোন কাজ ভবিষ্যৎকালের অপর একটি কাজের পূর্ব পর্যন্ত কিছু সময় ধরে চলতে থাকবে এরকম বো ঝালে verb- এর Future Perfect Continuous Tense হবে । যেমন : - তো মার কাজটা শেষ হবার আগে পর্যন্ত আমি কাজটা করতে থাকব - I shall have been doing the work before your work is finished. তুমি সেখানে যাবার আগে পর্যন্ত সে হাঁটতে থাকবে - He will have been walking before you reach there. গঠন প্রণালী : - মূল verb- এর শেষে ‘ ing ’ যো গ করতে হবে , তার ঠিক আগে ‘ have been ’ এবং তারও ঠিক আগে subject বা কর্তা অনুযায়ী ‘ shall ’ বা ‘ will ’ বসবে । Subject + shall / will + have been + (v+ing) + Object Subject + shall have been/will have been + (v+ing) + Object এখন ‘play' verb টির conjugation ( ধাতুরুপ ) নিচে দেওয়া হল : - | | I play. | I am playing. | You play. | You are playing. | He plays. | He is playing. | We play. | We are playing. | They play. | They are playing. | | | I have played. | I have been playing. | You have played. | You have been playing. | He has played. | He has been playing. | We have played. | We have been playing. | They have played. | They have been playing. | | | I played. | I was playing. | You played. | You were playing. | He played. | He was playing. | We played. | We were playing. | They played. | They were playing. | | | I had played. | I had been playing. | You had played. | You had been playing. | He had played. | He had been playing. | We had played. | We had been playing. | They had played. | They had been playing. | | | I shall play. | I shall be playing. | You will play. | You will be playing. | He will play. | He will be playing. | We will play. | We will be playing. | They will play. | They will be playing. | | | I shall have played. | I shall have been playing. | You will have played. | You will have been playing. | He will have played. | He will have been playing. | We will have played. | We will have been playing. | They will have played. | They will have been playing. |
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Menu Footer WidgetTense in Bengali – Tense কাকে বলে – কয় প্রকার – উদাহরণDefinition of tenses with example, types of tenses. প্রিয় পাঠকেরা, আজকে আমরা English Grammar এর একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অধ্যায় TENSE সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করবো ( Tense in Bangla ) । নোটটি পড়লে তোমার খুব সহজেই জেনে যাবে টেন্স কাকে বলে কয় প্রকার ও কি কি? , Tense মনে রাখার সহজ উপায় , Tense এর গঠন প্রণালী । ( English Grammar Book ) । tense in bengali । tense কাকে বলে । Tense কাকে বলে ? What is tense in Bengali ?tense definition in bengali : কোনো কার্য সংঘটিত হওয়ার সময়কে Tense বা কাল বলা হয়ে থাকে । ইংরেজি ভাষা লেখা ও শেখার ক্ষেত্রে Tense এর গুরুত্ব অপরিসীম। তাই Tense কে ইংরেজি ভাষার প্রাণ বা Soul of English Language বলা হয়ে থাকে। Tense শব্দটির উৎপত্তিল্যাটিন শব্দ Tempus থেকে Tense শব্দের উৎপত্তি। Tempus শব্দের অর্থ সময়। অতএব, Tense শব্দের অর্থ সময় বা কাল। Tense কয় প্রকার ও কি কি ?Tense প্রধানত ৩ প্রকার । - আমি স্কুলে যায় – I go to school.
- আমি স্কুলে যাছ্চি – I am going to school.
- আমি স্কুলে গিয়েছিলাম – I went to school.
- আমি স্কুলে যাচ্চিলাম – I was going to school.
- আমি স্কুলে যাবো – I shall go to school.
- আমি স্কুলে যেতে থাকবো – I shall be going to school .
প্রতিটি Tense কে আবার 4 ভাগে ভাগ করা যায় Present Tense - Present Indefinite
- Present Continuous
- Present Perfect
- Present Perfect Continuous
Past Tense - Past Indefinite
- Past Continuous
- Past Perfect
- Past Perfect Continuous
Future Tense - Future Indefinite
- Future Continuous
- Future Perfect
- Future Perfect Continuous
Present Tense এর শ্রেণী বিভাগ সমূহ1. present indefinite tense. সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ বর্তমানে হয় বা হয়ে থাকে এরূপ বুঝলে এর কালকে Present Indefinite Tense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ই, এ, য়, ও ইত্যাদি থাকে। যেমন – যাই ( যা + ই ), যাও (যা + ও ), যায় (যা + য় ) ইত্যাদি। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে Verb এর Present রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয়। Subject যদি Third Person Singular Number হয়, তবে verb এর শেষে s বা es যোগ হয় । উদাহরণ : - আমি যাই – I go
- তুমি যাও – You go
- সে যায় – He goes
চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth ) : চিরন্তন সত্য বা বর্তমান কালের কোনো অভ্যাস বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বোঝাতে Present Indefinite Tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন – - পৃথিবী সূর্যের চারিদিকে ঘোরে – The earth moves round the Sun.
- সূর্য পূর্ব দিকে ওঠে – The Sun rises in the east.
- সে প্রত্যহ এখানে আসে -He comes here everyday.
- আকবর বাংলা সাল প্রবর্তন করে – Akbar innovates Bangla year.
2. Present Continuous Tense সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ বর্তমানে হচ্ছে বা চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Present Continuous Tense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ইতেছি, ইতেছ, ইতেছে (সাধু রূপ ), চ্ছি, চ্ছ, ছি, ছ, ছেন (চলিত রূপ ) ইত্যাদি থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে number ও Person অনুসারে am, is, are বসে এবং মূল verb এর শেষে ing যোগ হয়। যেমন – - আমি যাইতেছি / আমি যাচ্ছি – I am going.
- তুমি যাইতেছ / তুমি যাচ্ছ – You are going.
Note I : Feel, hear, fear, see, smell, desire, love, like, live, want, wish, belong, passes, understand, know, think, believe, expect, remember ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর Present Continuous Tense না হয়ে Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন – - আমি একটা পাখি দেখছি – I see a bird.
- তুমি কি তাকে বিশ্বাস করছো ? – Do you believe him ?
Incorrect ❌ | Correct ✔ |
---|
I am seeing a bird. ❌ I am feeling unwell. ❌ He is living in Kolkata. ❌ I am hearing her singing a song. ❌ | I see a bird. ✔ I feel unwell. ✔ He lives in Kolkata. ✔ I hear her singing a song. ✔ |
- যখন কোনো মতামত জানতে চাওয়া হয় তখন ‘Think’ Present Continuous Tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন – কি চিন্তা করছো ? – What are you thinking about ?
- প্রতীক্ষা বুঝাতে ‘Expect’ continuous tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন – আমি তোমার আগমন প্রতীক্ষা করছি – I am expecting your arrival.
নিকটবর্তী ভবিষ্যৎ বোঝাতে অনেক সময় (Come and Go verb এর ক্ষেত্রে ) ভবিষ্যৎ কালের পরিবর্তে Continuous Tense হয়। যেমন – - তুমি কি আজ আসবে ? – Are you coming today?
- আমি আগামীকাল কলকাতা যাবো – I am going to Kolkata tomorrow.
3. Present Perfect Tense সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ এইমাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল বর্তমান আছে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Present Perfect Tense বলা হয় । চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ইয়াছি, ইয়াছ, ইয়াছে (সাধু রূপ ) / এছি, এছ, এছে ( চলিত রূপ ) থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে number ও Person অনুসারে have বা has বসে এবং তারপরে মূল verb এর Part Participate হয়। অর্থাৎ – - আমি করিয়াছি / আমি করেছি – I have done .
- সে করিয়াছি / সে করেছে – He has done.
বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ইয়াছি, ইয়াছ, ইয়াছে ইত্যাদি থাকা সত্বেও অতীত কালের নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের উল্লেখ থাকলে Verb এর Present Perfect Tense না হয়ে Past Indefinite Tense হয় । - সে গতকাল এসেছে – He came yesterday.
- লোকটি গতকাল মারা গিয়েছে – The man died yesterday.
Note II : কোনো ক্রিয়ার শেষে ‘নি’, ‘নাই’, ইত্যাদি থাকলে Present Perfect Tense বা Past Indefinite Tense দুটিই হয় । - আমি ভাত খাইনি – I have not eaten rice. / I did not eat rice.
- তিনি আসেননি – He has not come. / He did not come.
Note III : অতীত কোনো ঘটনা এখনো চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে Present Perfect Tense হয়। - সে সব সময় পরীক্ষায় প্রথম হয়ে আসছে – He has always come first in the class.
- আমি তাকে পাঁচ বছর ধরে চিনি – I have known him for five years.
Note IV : কোনো Sentence এ Just, Just now, Already, Ever, Never, So far ইত্যাদি adverb থাকলে Present Perfect Tense হয়। - সে সবেমাত্র এখানে এসেছে – He has just come here.
- সে কখনো মুম্বাই যায়নি – He has never gone to Mumbai.
Note V : অনেক ক্ষেত্রে বাংলায় Present Perfect Tense বোঝালেও ইংরেজিতে Present Indefinite Tense হয়ে থাকে । - সূর্য উঠেছে – The sun is up.
- সেদিন চলে গেছে – Those days are gone.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ পূর্বে আরম্ভ হয়ে এখনও চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Present Perfect Continuous Tense বলা হয় । চিনবার উপায় : কাজ পূর্ব হতে আরম্ভ হয়ে এখনো চলছে এরূপ বোঝাবে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে number ও Person অনুসারে have been বা has been বসে এবং তারপরে মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয় । - আমি দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ পড়িতেছি /পড়ছি – I have been reading for two hours.
- সে দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ পড়িতেছে /পড়ছে – He has been reading for two hours.
কিছু সময় ব্যাপী ( Period of Time ) বোঝালে for এবং অতীতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময় ( Point of Time ) বোঝালে since বসে। - সে দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ পড়িতেছে – He has been reading for two hours.
- সকাল থেকে বৃষ্টি হচ্ছে – It has been raining since morning .
Past Tense এর শ্রেণী বিভাগ সমূহ1.past indefinite tense. সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ অতীত কালে শেষ হয়েছিল এবং তার ফল এখন আর বর্তমান নেই বোঝালে এর কালকে Past Indefinite Tense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে লাম, লে, লেন, ল, নি, নাই ইত্যাদি থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে Verb এর Past রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয়। - আমি করেছিলাম – I did.
- আমি বাজারে গিয়েছিলাম – I went to market.
- সে গ্লাসটি ভাঙেনি – He did not break the glass.
2. Past Continuous Tense সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ অতীতে হচ্ছিলো বা চলছিল এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Past ContinuousTense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে তেছিলাম, তেছিল, তেছিলে ইত্যাদি থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে number ও Person অনুসারে was, were বসে এবং মূল verb এর শেষে ing যোগ হয়। যেমন – - আমি পড়ছিলাম – I was reading.
- তুমি পড়িতেছিলে – You were reading.
- মেয়েটি গান করছিল – The girl was singing.
অতীত কালে দুটি কাজ একই সাথে সম্পন্ন হচ্ছিলো বোঝালে দুটিরই Past Continuous Tense হয় । - তিনি যখনঘুমাচ্ছিলেন আমি তখন বই পড়ছিলাম – I was reading a book when he was sleeping.
অতীতে একটি কাজ চলাকালীন অন্য একটি কাজ সম্পাদিত হয়েছিল বোঝালে যে কাজটি চলছিল সেটি Past Continuous Tense এবং সেটি অন্যটি Past Indefinite Tense হয়। উদাহরণ : - সে যে সময় আমার কাছে এসেছিলো, আমি তখন উপন্যাস পড়ছিলাম – When he came to me, I was reading a novel.
3. Past Perfect Tense সংজ্ঞা : অতীত কালে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আর একটি কাজ সংগঠিত হয়েছিল এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Past Perfect Tense বলে। চিনবার উপায় : অতীতে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আর একটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়েছিল বোঝায়। গঠন প্রণালী : - যে কাজটি আগে হয় তার Past Perfect Tense হয় অর্থাৎ মূল verb এর Past participate এবং এর পূর্বে had বসবে ।
- যে কাজটি পরে হয় তার Past Indefinite Tense হয়।
- ডাক্তার আসিবার পূর্বে রোগীটি মারা গেল – The patient had died before the doctor came.
- রোগী মারা যাওয়ার পরে ডাক্তার এসেছিলো – The doctor came after the patient had died.
সাধারণত before এর পূর্বে এবং after এর Past Perfect Tense হয়। দুটি অতীত ঘটনা that দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে সাধারণত that এর পরবর্তী verb এর Past Perfect Tense হয়। - রহিম বললো যে সে কাজটি করেছিল – Rahim said that he had done the work.
Note III: যেতে না যেতে, আসতে না আসতে ইত্যাদি অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া থাকলে No sooner had …….than দিয়ে sentence টি আরম্ভ করতে হয় । - শিক্ষক শ্রেণীকক্ষে ঢুকতে না ঢুকতে ছাত্ররা উঠে দাঁড়াল – No sooner had the teacher entered the classroom than the students stood up.
সংজ্ঞা : অতীতে একটি কাজ আরম্ভ হয়ে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলছিল বোঝালে এর কালকে Past Perfect Continuous Tense বলা হয় । চিনবার উপায় : অতীতে একটি কাজ আরম্ভ হয়ে দীর্ঘ সময় ধরে চলবে। গঠন প্রণালী : যে কাজটি আগে হচ্ছিল সেটির ক্ষেত্রে Subject এর পরে had been বসে এবং তারপরে মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয় । আর যে কাজটি পরে হয়েছিল সেটির ক্ষেত্রে Past Indefinite Tense হয়। - তুমি আসিবার পূর্বে সে এক ঘন্টা যাবৎ খেলতেছিল -He had been playing for an hour before you came.
- দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ বৃষ্টি হচ্ছিল – It had been raining for two hours.
Future Tense এর শ্রেণী বিভাগ সমূহ1. future indefinite tense. সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ ভবিষ্যৎ কালে সম্পন্ন হবে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Future Indefinite Tense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ব, বে, বা, বেন ইত্যাদি থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Subject এর পরে Person অনুযায়ী shall বা will এবং তাররে Verb এর Present রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয়। সাধারণত 1st person এর পরে shall এবং 2nd ও 3rd person এর পরে will bose। - আমি যাব – I shall go.
- তারা কাজটি করবে – They will do the work.
2. Future Continuous Tense সংজ্ঞা : কোনো কাজ ভবিষ্যতে হতে থাকবে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Past ContinuousTense বলা হয়। চিনবার উপায় : বাংলা ক্রিয়াপদের শেষে ইতে থাকিবে, ইতে থাকিব ইত্যাদি থাকে। গঠন প্রণালী : Shall ও will এর পরে be থাকে এবং এর পরে মূল verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। - আমি করতে থাকব – I shall be doing.
- তুমি করতে থাকবে – You will be doing.
- আমরা তোমার জন্য অপেক্ষা করতে থাকব – We shall be waiting for you.
3. Future Perfect Tense সংজ্ঞা : ভবিষ্যতে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আর একটি কাজ সংগঠিত হবে এরূপ বোঝালে এর কালকে Future Perfect Tense বলে। চিনবার উপায় : ভবিষ্যতে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আর একটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হবে এরূপ বোঝাবে। - যে কাজটি আগে হবে তার Future Perfect Tense হয় অর্থাৎ মূল verb এর Past participate এবং এর পূর্বে Person অনুযায়ী shall have / will have বসবে ।
- যে কাজটি পরে হয় তার Present Indefinite Tense হয়।
- বৃষ্টি শুরু হবার আগেই আমরা বাড়ি পৌঁছে যাবো – We shall have reached home before it rains.
Note I: ভবিষ্যতে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়ে থাকবে বোঝালে Future Perfect Tense হয়। - আমি বিকেল ৫টার মধ্যেই কাজটি শেষ করে ফেলব – I shall have finished the work by 5 pm.
Note II: অতীতে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়ে থাকবে অনুমান করা হলে Future Perfect Tense হয়। - ইতিমধ্যে সে কাজটি করে থাকবে – He will have done the work in the meantime.
- তোমার চৈতন্যদেবের নাম শুনে থাকবে – You will have heard the name of Chaitanyadeb.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense সংজ্ঞা : ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ দীর্ঘক্ষণ ধরে চলতে থাকবে বোঝালে এর কালকে Future Perfect Continuous Tense বলা হয় । - দুটি কাজের মধ্যে যেটি আগে হতে থাকবে সেটির Future Perfect Continuous Tense এবং যেটি পরে হবে সেটির Present/Future Indefinite Tense হয়।
- Future Perfect Continuous Tense – এ subject এর পর 1st Person এর ক্ষেত্রে shall have been এবং 2nd ও 3rd Person এর ক্ষেত্রে will have been এবং তারপর verb এর সাথে ing যোগ হয়।
- আমি দুই ঘন্টা যাবৎ পড়তে থাকবো – I shall have been reading for two hours.
- স্কুলে যাওয়ার পূর্বে সে অঙ্ক করতে থাকবে – He will have been doing sums before he goes to school.
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A list of 1000 vocabulary with Bengali meaningRelated PapersJaan Kangilaski Imagination, Cognition and Personality Franz W Buker , Robert Kunzendorf Journal of personality and social psychology Antoine Roblain We investigated whether violent conflict provides individuals with a sense of meaning that they are hesitant to let go of, thus contributing to the perpetuation of intergroup conflict. Across a wide variety of contexts, we found that making intergroup conflict salient increased the meaning people found in conflict and, in turn, increased support for conflict-perpetuating beliefs, ideologies, policies, and behaviors. 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Paul T P Wong Arxiv preprint cmp-lg/9404009 John Lamping Abstract: The relationship between Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) functional structures (f-structures) for sentences and their semantic interpretations can be expressed directly in a fragment of linear logic in a way that explains correctly the constrained interactions between quantifier scope ambiguity and bound anaphora. The use of a deductive framework to account for the compositional properties of quantifying expressions in natural language obviates the need for additional mechanisms, such as Cooper storage, to represent the ... Peter Pagin Brian Slocum There is a long-standing judicial commitment to interpreting language in legal texts according to its ‘ordinary meaning’. That is, courts have uniformly agreed that words in legal texts should be interpreted in light of accepted standards of communication. The constituent question of what makes some meaning the ordinary one and the evidential question of how the determinants of ordinary meaning are identified and conceptualized are thus of crucial importance to the interpretation of legal texts. Yet, beyond very general characterizations or assumptions that the answers are self-evident, neither the constituent nor the evidential question has been comprehensively examined by courts or commentators. This book provides a theory that answers the constituent question and a general framework for how the determinants of ordinary meaning (i.e., the evidential question) should be identified and developed. The fundamental problem with the common process used by courts for determining the ordinary meaning of texts, such as significant reliance on acontextual dictionary definitions, is that it often does not result in interpretations that reflect the ordinary meaning of the textual language, or only coincidentally does so. One main flaw in the judiciary’s approach is a failure to properly consider context. Certainly, there is a tension between the inherent requirement of ordinary meaning that it be generalizable across contexts and the reality that meaning is inherently contextual. A significant aspect of framing the ordinary meaning inquiry, and considering arguments about it, therefore involves considering the contribution that context makes to meaning. One way to capture generalizable meanings is to conceive of ordinary meaning as being primarily based on semantic meaning. Further, a distinction between ‘narrow context’ and ‘wide context’ can be made, with ordinary meaning being determined on the basis of consideration of facts from the ‘narrow context’. In addition, one marked feature of interpretive principles is that they often serve to restrict the domains of legal texts, thereby creating a gap between literal meaning and ordinary meaning. Yet framing ordinary meaning as being primarily based on semantic meaning, determined from consideration of ‘narrow context’, does not eliminate interpretive discretion. When context is considered, the assignment of meaning invariably has an ineliminable element of interpreter discretion. This is true with respect to indexicals and quantifiers, as well as other linguistic phenomena. Nevertheless, focusing on the systematicities of language can often narrow the range of interpretive discretion and improve the judiciary’s determination of ordinary meaning. Journal of Personality Todd Kashdan Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. RELATED PAPERSDevadattiyam: Johannes Bronkhorst Felicitation Volume Hideyo Ogawa Chris Lundberg Annadurai Variankavalramasamy Intercultural Pragmatics Michael Haugh , Chi-He Elder Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano lib.uin-malang.ac.id Nathaniel Barrett n i z a r t k a Masahiro Morioka The Meaning of Meaning: Leech's Seven Types of Meaning in Comparison to Palmer's and Lyons' Approaches Nikola Zdravkovic Research in … Kathryn Dekas Feng-Ru Sheu Merv Dickinson Helena de Bres Slobodan Stamatović Matti Ameli Journal of Youth and Adolescence Brain research Kara D. Federmeier The human quest for meaning: A handbook of … Ethics 116 (2006): 337-361. François Schroeter Rich Furman Stephen Schiffer Daniel Burger , Freddie Crous Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal Virpi-Liisa Kykyri - We're Hiring!
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Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. JSmol ViewerPositive energy districts: fundamentals, assessment methodologies, modeling and research gaps. 1. IntroductionState of the art on positive energy districts, 2. methodology. - Setting: a café-like environment with small, round tables, tablecloths, colored pens, sticky notes and any interaction tool available.
- Welcome and Introduction: the host offers a welcome, introduces the World Café process, and sets the context.
- Small-Group Rounds: three or more twenty-minute rounds of conversations occur in small groups. Participants switch tables after each round, with one person optionally remaining as the “table host” to brief newcomers.
- Questions: each round starts with a context-specific question. Questions may remain constant or be built upon each other to guide the discussion.
- Harvest: participants share their discussion insights with the larger group, often visually represented through graphic recording.
- Objectives of the workshop and preparation. The first step of the World Café approach is to identify the main objectives. For this workshop, there was the need to investigate the current landscape of PED research, as well as to have a benchmark and collect feedback on the current research activities within Annex 83. Questions were structured in order to frame the current state-of-the-art understanding of the topic. A mapping of the potential different stakeholders in the PED design and implementation process was carried out at this stage. As a result, municipalities, community representatives, energy contractors, real estate companies and commercial facilitators, as well as citizens, were identified as main target groups. Later, the follow-up discussions were built around these main actors. Further, the mapping of the stakeholders’ involvement was carried out for better understanding the complexity of relationships, roles and synergies as well as the impact on the design, implementation and operation stages of PEDs.
- Positive Energy Districts’ definitions and fundamentals ( Section 3.1 ).
- Quality-of-life indicators in Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.2 ).
- Technologies in Positive Energy Districts: development, use and barriers ( Section 3.3 ).
- Positive Energy Districts modeling: what is further needed to model PEDs? ( Section 3.4 ).
- Sustainability assessment of Positive Energy Districts ( Section 3.5 ).
- Stakeholder engagement within the design process ( Section 3.6 ).
- Tools and guidelines for PED implementation ( Section 3.7 ).
3.1. Positive Energy Districts Definitions and Fundamentals3.2. quality-of-life indicators in positive energy districts, 3.3. technologies in positive energy districts: development, use and barriers, 3.4. positive energy districts modeling: what is further needed to model peds, 3.5. sustainability assessment of positive energy districts, 3.6. stakeholder engagement within the design process, 3.7. tools and guidelines for ped implementation, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest. - European Commission; Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. 100 Climate-Neutral Cities by 2030—By and for the Citizens ; European Commission: Luxembourg, 2020. [ Google Scholar ]
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Click here to enlarge figure | Question #1 | Question #2 | Question #3 |
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| What are the essential PED DNAs? Can generic PED archetypes be created based on them? | What are the categories of quality-of-life indicators relevant for PED development? | How would you use a database tool to learn about PED development process (e.g., using static information for dynamic decision-making)? | | Which future technologies would you expect to be adopted in PEDs and cities? | What can be the challenges and the barriers in the future (regarding e.g., control, smart solutions, modeling, technologies) to PED development and diffusion? | What is your expectation for urban and district energy modeling? How can models help to shape PEDs and cities? | | What is the impact of stakeholders in the PED design/decision process, what are their interests and how are stakeholders likely to be involved in the overall process? | What costs do you expect to bear and what revenues do you expect to realize from the PED implementation? Which aspects should be included in the organizational/business models? | What would you prioritize in terms of energy aspects or efficiency and social implications of living in a PED? Which aspects are more relevant for you? | | Annex 83 together with other PED initiatives is developing a database of PEDs and PED-Labs: what would be your main interest in consulting the database? | Having the outcomes from PED guidelines analysis, what information would be the most interesting for you to see? | Who can benefit from the PED research studies and Annex 83 results? Which stakeholders are interested? | Categories | Key Characteristics |
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Facts and Figures | Physical sizes/population size | Geographical location | Climate | Density | Built form | Land use | Energy demand | Renewable energy potential | Technologies | Renewable energy supplies | Energy-efficiency measures | Energy distribution (e.g., co-generation, district network) | Energy storage | Mobility solutions | Quality of Life | User comfort | Social-economic conditions | Health impacts (e.g., air pollution, noise pollution) | Accessibility to green space | Accessibility to services (e.g., bike lane, public transportation) | Local value/sense of community | Others | Regulations/Policies | Stakeholder involvement | Local targets and ambitions | Local challenges | Impacts of PEDs | Type | Quality Categories |
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Tangible | Indoor and outdoor environmental quality | Physical quality and comfort of the environment | Security and safety | Level and accessibility of servicing | Public and active transport facilities including walkability, energy services (access to affordable energy including access to energy efficiency), sustainable waste management | Access to daily life amenities including education, culture, sports, coworking and study places, provisions for children, but even common gardens or community kitchens | Aesthetic quality | Functional mix | Future-proofness | Acceptable cost of life (affordability, inclusivity) | Equity and just transition | Functional links to realizing circularity and reducing emissions | Citizen engagement | Involvement in decision-making | Social diversity in participation | Access to greenery | The possibility to reconnect with nature | Sufficient open space | Information flow | From creating awareness over enhancing knowledge and literacy up to capacity of control | Transparency on energy flows and information for the end prosumer | Insight in applicable PED solutions and in healthy lifestyles | Intangible | Sense of well-being | Quality of social connections | Sense of personal achievement | Level of self-esteem | Sense of community | Degree of cooperation and engagement for the common interest | Time spent with friends (outdoor) | Budget available at the end of the month to spend freely | Not being aware or realizing of living in a PED | Technology Groups | Solutions |
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Energy efficiency | New energy-efficient buildings and building retrofitting. | Nature-based solutions (natural sinks) and carbon capture solutions (CCS) | Efficient resource management | Efficient water systems for agriculture (smart agriculture, hydroponics, agrivoltaics, etc.) | Organic photovoltaics and a circular approach (second life materials, like batteries) | Energy flexibility | Hardware | Storage (long-term and short-term) | Monitoring systems (sensors, smart meters, PLCs *, energy management systems, etc.) | Vehicle to grid | Heat pumps | Electronic devices like IoT * technologies | Buildings fully automated with real time monitoring behind-the-meter and automated actions | Cybersecurity, data rights and data access | Demand management and remote control of devices | Software | Edge computing | Machine learning | Blockchain | Digital twins | 5G | City management platform and platforms for city planning (space, refurbishment, climate change, etc.) | E-mobility | Promotion of shared vehicles over individual car use, lift sharing, and alternative ways (like micromobility) to collective transports | Soft mobility | Promotion of a lifestyle that require less use of cars, i.e., “soft mobility” solutions like low emission zones or banning the entrance of some type of car (e.g., Singapore and Iran have policies in place to allow only certain car groups to drive freely in certain periods) | E-vehicle charging stations and vehicle-to-grid solutions | Low-carbon generation | Photovoltaics | Energy communities | Electrification of heating and cooling (H&C) using heat pumps, district heating networks utilizing waste heat, or solar thermal technologies | Virtual production | Fusion technology | Challenges and Barriers | Key Topics |
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Capacity building and policy issues | Political and legal barriers | Regulatory frameworks and policy constraints | Tailored legislation | Bridging the knowledge gap | Inadequate data sharing practices | Securing sufficient financial resources | Lack of clear regulations defining PED classification | Active involvement of policymakers | Widespread dissemination of knowledge | Collaborative data-sharing efforts | Securing adequate funding | Establishing supportive policies and regulations | Social challenges and considerations | Cultural barriers | Access to affordable and sustainable energy for all | Building social agreements and fostering collaboration | Energy literacy | Addressing personal behavior acceptance | Transition strategy for inclusivity | Social inclusion and trust-building | Data sharing and privacy concerns | Overcoming public opposition and promoting knowledge dissemination | Financial barriers | Long-term storage investment and space competition | Insufficient investment | High upfront costs | Allocation of costs among stakeholders | Incentives for participation | Addressing investment challenges for different stakeholders | Accounting for battery costs | Data management | Data standardization | Data security measures and protocols | Sustainability and maintenance of data infrastructure | Privacy regulations and data anonymization techniques | Sustainable business models and ownership structures | Standardization of control technologies and replication strategies | Grid management approaches | Deep penetration of sustainable technologies | Implementation of predictive models Long-term maintenance activities and resident data collection | Balancing diverse requirements | Addressing grid operation challenges | Managing multiple independent energy districts | Inclusivity strategies for digital technology reliance | Managing production peaks and defining the role of buildings and districts | Effective management strategies for grid congestion and stability | Categories of Innovation | Innovation Types | Possible Revenues/Advantages in PED Business Model/Governance | Possible Costs/Drawbacks in PED Business Model/Governance |
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Configuration | Profit Model | Providing thermal comfort instead of a certain amount of thermal energy to inhabitants | Misconducts or rebound effect | Network | Inclusion of the PED into larger projects and international networks, possibility of co-financing and knowledge sharing | Misalignment or delay of the PED project to the original timeline due to constrains related to international activities and networking | Structure | Participation of the real estate companies/investors in the development and management of the energy infrastructure and EV mobility services as well as building management | Lack of knowledge, involvement in activities out of the usual business of investors | Free or almost free thermal energy supply from “waste energy” sources | Failure of the network due to unliteral decisions of a member in ceasing the provision of energy | Process | Involvement of future inhabitants in the design phase of the energy community since the early stage, to share the sense of belonging and ownership | Reluctancy of inhabitants to participate in additional expenses or being involved in “entrepreneurial” activities or bored by the participation in boards and governance structures | Offering | Product Performance | Investors and companies involved in the PED development take profit from their role of frontrunner placing them before the competitors or entering in new market niches | Hi-tech BA and BEM systems may result costly in O&M, because of digital components, cloud and computing services, rapid aging of technology | Product System | Including EV available for PED users may generate new incomes and reduce the need of individual cars. The integration of EV in the energy system may offer “flexibility services” | Lack of knowledge, involvement in activities out of the usual business of investors/real estate companies. Low interest of users in participating to the flexibility market, because of discomfort (unexpected empty battery of the EV) | Experience | Services | Provision of high tech and high-performance buildings, with outstanding energy performances (lower heating/cooling costs) and sophisticated Building Automation and Energy Management systems | Sophisticated Building Automation and Energy Management systems may result “invasive” to users, asking for continuous interaction with complicate systems, or leaving them not enough freedom to choose (e.g., opening the windows is not possible to achieve some energy performance) | Channel | The PED is promoted as a rewarding sustainable investment, this allows the city to attract more clean investments (public funds, investment funds, donors), speeding up the energy transition | The communication of the characteristics of the PED is not done in the proper way | Brand | Gold class rated buildings may have an increased value on the market, resulting in higher selling and rental costs, occupancy rate. The high architectural quality is appreciated by the market | The Branding/certification of the PED is not recognized by the market as an added value. | The development of the PED takes longer as expected. Technology failures during the implementation or operation phase create a bad reputation and discourage future similar activities | Customer Engagement | The PED is available as a digital twin, users are engaged via a dedicated app, allowing interaction, communication, reporting, monitoring of bills, etc. | The PED is perceived by users (e.g., social housing tenants) as a hassle and not responding to their needs, because they have not been involved in the identification of peculiar traits since the beginning | Category | Beneficiaries |
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Citizens and communities | Citizens, inhabitants, residents, general public, local communities and neighborhoods, municipalities and provinces, energy communities, and socially disadvantaged groups. | City decision-makers and planners | City decision-makers, city planners, local authorities, policy-makers, public administrations, politicians, local and national governments. | Research | Scientists, publishers, and research organizations. | Private companies and technology developers | Private companies of RES technologies, ICT companies, start-ups and new companies, entrepreneurs, technology developers and other companies involved in local development (tech development and evaluation). | Energy providers | Energy providers, grid operators. | Education stakeholders | Students and teachers. | Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) | NGOs and other civil society groups | Category | Comments |
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Strategies | Most comments dealt with the strategies on how to achieve PEDs, that should focus on success factors of PED initiatives, technologies and stakeholders rather than a standardized approach | References | Useful information, special attention to Liwen Li, planning principles for integrating community empowerment into zero-carbon transformation | Definitions | Help to reduce uncertainty | Boundaries | Energy balance calculations, mobility, definition (of buildings) | Finance | Financial mechanisms, support schemes | Citizen engagement | From engagement to empowerment | Management | Process management, organizing involvement, information provision | Policy | Incentives, regional policies | Flexibility/Grid interaction | Timesteps, credit system | Form | Dissemination through video and other forms (not only written information) | Category | Comments |
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Lessons learned | Special reference to real life implementation | Results | Data analysis and potential research on the field | Metadata as the useful information that can the real goal of consultation | Benchmarking to compare PEDs | Need to normalize results depending on a number of factors (size, location…) to really compare different initiatives | Privacy and data protection | Sets of technologies and solutions | - | Economic parameters | As a way to benchmark the different PED technologies | Citizen engagement | Energy poverty | Prosumers | From engagement to empowerment | Definition and boundaries | Need to standardize and have a reference framework to establish the energy balance | Contact persons | It is very valuable to have a contact address to ask more about the initiative | Regulatory framework | Drivers and Enablers | | The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Share and CiteKozlowska, A.; Guarino, F.; Volpe, R.; Bisello, A.; Gabaldòn, A.; Rezaei, A.; Albert-Seifried, V.; Alpagut, B.; Vandevyvere, H.; Reda, F.; et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies 2024 , 17 , 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425 Kozlowska A, Guarino F, Volpe R, Bisello A, Gabaldòn A, Rezaei A, Albert-Seifried V, Alpagut B, Vandevyvere H, Reda F, et al. Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps. Energies . 2024; 17(17):4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425 Kozlowska, Anna, Francesco Guarino, Rosaria Volpe, Adriano Bisello, Andrea Gabaldòn, Abolfazl Rezaei, Vicky Albert-Seifried, Beril Alpagut, Han Vandevyvere, Francesco Reda, and et al. 2024. "Positive Energy Districts: Fundamentals, Assessment Methodologies, Modeling and Research Gaps" Energies 17, no. 17: 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174425 Article MetricsArticle access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals |
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Google-এর পরিষেবা ইংরেজি থেকে অন্যান্য ১০০টির বেশি ভাষায় শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ ও ওয়েব পৃষ্ঠা ঝটপট অনুবাদ করে, কোনও চার্জ ছাড়াই।
Bengali language. → Bengali keyboard to type a text with the Bengali characters. • Bengali course, Foreign Service Institute (1985) • Bengali language handbook (1966) • Introduction to Bengali, basic course in spoken Bengali, with emphasis upon speaking and understanding the language, by Edward Dimock (1964) • Banglapedia : Bangla ...
Papers meaning in Bengali - কাগজ; সংবাদপত্র; দলিল; সংক্ষিপ্ত রচনা; হুণ্ডি; দেত্তয়াল ঢাকিবার কাগজ; কাগজের পদ্র্দা; কাগজের ঝালর; পরীক্ষার প্রশ্নপত্র; কাগজী-মুদ্রা; ; /verb ...
Paper meaning in Bengali - কাগজ, সংবাদপত্র; | English - Bangla & English (E2B) Online Dictionary. ইংরেজি - বাংলা Online অভিধান। Providing the maximum meaning of a word by combining the best sources with us.
term paper meaning in Bengali. What is term paper in Bengali? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of term paper in Bengali
An English to Bengali dictionary is a reference resource that provides translations from English to the Bengali language. It is designed for speakers of English who want to learn or improve their Bengali language skills. The dictionary typically includes definitions for English words, along with their Bengali translations and pronunciation ...
paper translate: কাগজ, সংবাদপত্র \ কাগজ, প্রশ্নপত্র \ পরীক্ষার জন্য ছাপানো প্রশ্নপত্র, গবেষণাপত্র \ একটি নির্দিষ্ট…. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Bengali Dictionary.
আমাদের 22 টি দ্বিভাষিক অভিধানের মধ্যে একটি ব্যবহার করে, আপনার শব্দটিকে ইংরেজি থেকে বাংলায় অনুবাদ করুন
English Bengali Dictionary and Translation. This site provides an English to Bengali (Bangla) Dictionary and a Bengali (Bangla) to English Dictionary. Started in 2003, this site is now used by millions of people in over a hundred countries around the world. GET IT ON.
Online English to Bengali and Bengali to Bengali/English Dictionary | একই সাথে চারটি আলাদা অভিধান সংযোজিত হয়েছে এ সাইটে।বাংলা থেকে বাংলা, বাংলা থেকে ইংরেজী, ইংরেজী থেকে বাংলা, ইংরেজী থেকে ...
Using one of our 22 bilingual dictionaries, translate your word from English to Bengali
A Complate English and Bengali Online Dictionary . We provide best and clear definition and meaning of your given word Find your definition in below links English to Bengali Bengali to Bengali Bengali to English. We are always working to add new words every week.
This is a bilingual [English to Bengali (Bangla) and Bengali to English] dictionary of words and phrases with audio pronunciations and illustrations. It is unlike any printed dictionary you have seen and includes many additional features. It is recommended that to profitably use all the features of this dictionary, first time visitors may ...
1 Developing ideas. The first step of writing a term paper is brainstorming to come up with potential topics and then selecting the best one. Sometimes your topics are assigned, but often you'll have to choose one yourself. In addition to picking a topic that you're personally interested in, try to settle on one that has sufficient depth.
Term Paper. Definition: Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student's understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.. Term papers are usually longer than other ...
All Bangla Newspaper. All Bangla Newspaper : The information provided on 'Most Popular Top Bangla Daily Newspapers in Bangladesh' is intended for general informational purposes only. While we strive to keep the information up-to-date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or ...
Home TEN Tense | Discussion | Bangla | Example | উদাহরণ সহ সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা Tense | Discussion | Bangla | Example ...
Our present knowledge on pre-colonial Bengal villages is mainly based on these colonial records. This paper tries to explore various aspects of Bengal villages during fourteen-seventeenth centuries using the foreigners accounts as primary sources. Most of the foreigners, who came during the period under review, were travelers and traders.
TERM translate: মেয়াদ, নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের জন্য যা কিছু স্থায়ী হয়, স্কুল ...
tense definition in bengali : কোনো কার্য সংঘটিত হওয়ার সময়কে Tense বা কাল বলা হয়ে থাকে ।. ইংরেজি ভাষা লেখা ও শেখার ক্ষেত্রে Tense এর গুরুত্ব অপরিসীম। তাই Tense ...
View PDF. A list of 1000 vocabulary with Bengali meaning, Synonym's and Antonym's S/L Words Meaning Synonym's Antonym's 1 2 3. Erika Barrera. Thais Guimarães. stea emy.
আপনাদের গণিতে আরো পারদর্শী করতে গ ণিতের সাথে সম্পর্কিত শব্দের ইংরাজি-বাংলা অর্থ তালিকা PDF টি বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করে নেওয়ার সুবিধা ...
JOURNAL translate: সাময়িক পত্রিকা, জার্নাল, নিত্যদিনের কাজকর্ম, ব্যক্তিগত ভাবনা এবং অনুভূতির বিবরণ. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Bengali Dictionary.
The definition, characterization and implementation of Positive Energy Districts is crucial in the path towards urban decarbonization and energy transition. However, several issues still must be addressed: the need for a clear and comprehensive definition, and the settlement of a consistent design approach for Positive Energy Districts. As emerged throughout the workshop held during the fourth ...