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The Ultimate 5-Day Jammu & Kashmir Itinerary: Nature, Spirituality, and Unforgettable Experiences

Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as “Paradise on Earth”, is unquestionably one of the most breathtaking regions in the world. Nestled between the snow-clad Himalayan ranges, this state boasts a panorama of landscapes that range from rolling meadows and pristine lakes to verdant valleys and towering peaks. Beyond its natural allure, Jammu and Kashmir is steeped in rich history and cultural heritage.

The state is home to some exquisite architectural wonders, including the iconic Dal Lake houseboats and the ancient Mughal gardens. Moreover, a visit here is a sensory delight; the fragrant saffron fields, the taste of traditional Kashmiri cuisine, and the melodies of local folk songs add to the enchantment. While its picturesque beauty is the primary draw for many tourists, the warmth and hospitality of its people make the experience even more memorable.

The ethereal beauty of Jammu and Kashmir has enchanted travellers for centuries. Whether you are a spiritual seeker or a nature enthusiast, our carefully crafted 5-day, 5-Day Jammu & Kashmir Itinerary will offer you an immersive experience of Jammu, Katra, and the heart of Kashmir.

Table of Contents

5-day jammu & kashmir itinerary, jammu – the city of temples.

With many believe the city was originally established by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 9th century. The legend says that while the king was hunting, he witnessed a tiger and a goat drinking water from the Tawi River side by side. Intrigued by this unlikely harmony, he decided to set up a city on this land where no living creature bore any animosity towards another.

Jammu, often referred to as the ‘City of Temples’, is a significant region in the northernmost state of India, Jammu and Kashmir. Boasting a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural beauty, this region is nestled against the backdrop of the snow-clad Pir Panjal mountains.

Places to visit in Jammu

• What to See: Visit the awe-inspiring Raghunath Temple and discover its historical significance. Later in the day, take a serene boat ride on Mansar Lake , surrounded by thick woods and hills. It’s also a popular venue for the food and craft festival.
• What to Eat: Relish the local delicacies like Dogri Rajma and Auriya. A trip to Jammu is incomplete without tasting its unique Ambal – a sweet and sour pumpkin dish.

Best Accommodation in Jammu :

Ramada by Wyndham Jammu City Centre :

• Rooftop Pool : The hotel features a rooftop swimming pool with a panoramic view of the city.
• Modern Interiors : The hotel rooms and suites are well-appointed with modern amenities.
• Location : It’s close to the Tawi River and offers a serene environment while also being conveniently located near popular attractions.

Day 2: Jammu to Katra – The Spiritual Quest

Katra, nestled in the picturesque Trikuta Mountains of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, is a town of immense religious significance. It serves as the base camp for pilgrims venturing to visit the revered Vaishno Devi Temple , which lies approximately 13.5 kilometres from Katra. Every year, millions of devotees embark on the uphill trek to seek blessings from the goddess, making it one of India’s most visited religious shrines.

In your 2nd Day of Jammu & Kashmir Itinerary start your journey with Temples, The journey to the temple is itself an experience, with pilgrims having the option of walking, riding ponies, or even taking a helicopter ride. The town is also known for its vibrant markets, where one can buy religious artefacts, traditional Kashmiri handicrafts, and the region’s delectable dry fruits. Additionally, Katra has been evolving as a hub for eco-tourism, boasting a plethora of trekking routes and nature walks that entice adventurers and nature lovers alike.

Distance & Time by Bus From Jammu to Katra: Approx. 50km, 1.5 hours.

Best Accommodation Option in Katra :

Lemon Tree Hotel, Katra :

• Why : Part of the well-known Lemon Tree chain, this hotel is known for its excellent service and contemporary accommodations. It offers a blend of recreation and relaxation facilities, including a rejuvenating spa, swimming pool, and fitness centre. Its location provides easy access to the main shrine board helipad, railway station, and town centre.
• What to See: The town is the base point for the trek to Vaishno Devi Temple . The pilgrimage is both physically and spiritually enriching. You can also visit Shivkhori , a famous cave dedicated to Lord Shiva, known for its naturally formed Shiva Lingam.
• What to Eat: Post-trek, indulge in refreshing Kulfi and the spicy local Chana Masala.
• Stay Options: Katra has numerous accommodations, from deluxe hotels to budget stays. The White Hotel and Hotel Devi Grand are popular choices.

Day 3: Katra to Kashmir Valley – Dive into the Valley’s Charm

In the pristine valleys of Kashmir , nature unfolds its grandeur in the most mesmerizing way. Often referred to as “Paradise on Earth,” Kashmir is where emerald-green meadows flirt with snow-capped peaks, and crystal-clear lakes reflect the cerulean blue skies. As the famous poet Sir Walter Lawrence once put it, “The valley is an emerald set in pearls; a land of lakes, clear streams, green turf, magnificent trees, and mighty mountains.” The beauty of Kashmir is not only restricted to its landscapes.

Distance & Time by Bus from Katra to Kashmir: Approx. 240km, 6-7 hours.

• En route: Stop at Natha Top for some mesmerizing views of snow-clad peaks. Its captivating beauty is bound to make you pause and take in the landscape.

Best Accommodation Option in Ka shmir:

The Lalit Grand Palace, Srinagar :

• History & Architecture : This hotel was originally the palace residence of the Maharajas. It stands as a beautiful blend of Kashmiri and Victorian architecture. Its regal ambiance is a reminder of the days gone by.
• Location : It is located on the banks of the famous Dal Lake, providing picturesque views of the lake and surrounding mountains.
• Facilities : With luxurious rooms, an international spa, indoor swimming pool, and impeccable service, guests can experience lavish comfort.

Day 4: Exploring Kashmir – Gulmarg & Beyond

Activities in Gulmarg:

• Gulmarg Gondola Ride : One of the main attractions in Gulmarg. It’s one of the highest cable cars in the world. The Gondola ride is divided into two phases. The first phase takes you from Gulmarg to Kungdoor, and the second phase from Kungdoor to Aparwath.
• Skiing : Gulmarg is known for its skiing slopes. It’s a paradise for skiers, especially during the winter months. There are also skiing schools for beginners.
• Snowboarding : Like skiing, snowboarding is a popular winter activity in Gulmarg.

This serene hill station, lying in the Pir Panjal range, has been enchanting tourists and artists alike for centuries with its picturesque landscapes. Robert Tyndall, a British travel writer, once exclaimed, “The scene before one was such as would inspire the dullest mind and the coldest heart.” And he couldn’t be more accurate. During winters, the verdant meadows transform into a white paradise, making it one of the world’s top skiing destinations.

But Gulmarg is not just about snowy landscapes. Its famous Gondola ride, one of the highest in the world, offers breathtaking aerial views of the valley below. On the spiritual front, the ancient St. Mary’s Church and the revered shrine of Baba Reshi are both a testament to Gulmarg’s rich heritage.

• Way to Gulmarg: Known as the ‘Meadow of Flowers’, Gulmarg offers stunning views and is a paradise for nature lovers. Experience the world’s second-highest-operating cable car, the Gulmarg Gondola.
• What to Eat: Wazwan, a multi-course meal, is a must-try. Don’t miss out on Rogan Josh, Tabak Maaz, and the fragrant Kahwa tea.
• Stay Options: Gulmarg has a range of accommodations like The Khyber Himalayan Resort & Spa for luxury seekers and Pineview Hotel for budget travellers.

“ Dive into a captivating blog adventure !”

Day 5: Kashmir – Sonmarg’s Ethereal Beauty

• Trekking : The region offers numerous trekking trails. The most famous one is the trek to Thajiwas Glacier. It’s a short and easy trek, making it suitable even for beginners. For the more adventurous, the longer treks to the lakes of Vishansar, Krishansar, and Gangabal can be pursued.
• Sledging at Thajiwas Glacier : Apart from trekking, you can also go sledging on the snow-covered fields of the glacier.

Legend has it that the golden meadows of the region are sprinkled with gold brought by the winds from the heavens. Immersed in mystic tales, this place is not just a visual delight but also a place where stories dwell. The famous poet Sir Walter Lawrence once remarked, “Sonmarg, for its sheer majesty, surpasses anything I have seen anywhere.” It’s not just its golden meadows that captivate the heart, but also its tranquil lakes, gushing rivers, and snow-capped peaks. It’s here that the Sindh River meanders, whispering tales of the ancient times.

• Sonmarg: Also known as the ‘Meadow of Gold’, Sonmarg is a haven of tranquillity. Engage in activities like white-water rafting or gaze at the mesmerizing Sindh River that meanders through the valley.
• What to Eat: Try the local trout fish, cooked in a myriad of ways – grilled, fried, or in a spicy curry.
• Stay Options: Luxury tents and resorts line the area, offering stunning views. The Villa Himalaya and Hotel Snow Land are fantastic options.

Departure: Leave from Srinagar airport, taking with you a soul filled with memories, a heart content with joy, and a promise to return to this paradise.

This 5-Day Jammu & Kashmir Itinerary is a perfect blend of spirituality, adventure, gastronomy, and relaxation. With its diverse attractions, this trip promises an experience you will cherish for a lifetime. Safe travels!

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"Paradise on the Earth"

Jammu and kashmir, india.

Situated in the northern part of India, Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory, is a land of diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage. The region is divided into two distinct geographical areas: Jammu , the southernmost part of the Shivalik mountain ranges and Kashmir , often referred as Paradise on Earth.

Nestled amid the breathtaking Shivalik mountain ranges, Jammu serves as the southernmost part of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Renowned as the Winter Capital of Kashmir, this holy city is celebrated for its majestic temples, ornate "shikhars," and cultural heritage. Serving as the gateway to the Vaishno Devi Temple and Amarnath Yatra , Jammu attracts tourists from far and wide. The city's backdrop against the snow-capped Pir Panjal Mountains creates a picturesque setting, forming a transition between the Himalayan range in the north and the plains of Punjab in the south. The rivers Ravi, Tawi, and Chenab further enrich the region's natural beauty. Known as the City of Temples, Jammu boasts the revered Raghunath Temple  & Maha Kali Temple, a spiritual haven second only to the Vaishno Devi Temple. With roots dating back to the 14th century BC and a history shaped by the Dogra dynasty, the city is adorned with Buddhist Stupas dating back to the 2nd century AD, reflecting its rich heritage. The unique essence of Jammu extends to its cuisine, with the crown jewel being the delectable Wazwan, a traditional Kashmiri buffet and also shopping experiences . Jammu is a harmonious blend of pilgrimage sites, leisurely escapes, natural wonders, and a vibrant cultural heritage. Moving to the larger canvas of Kashmir, often referred to as the " Paradise on Earth ," the region captivates visitors with its scenic splendor, snow-capped peaks, and hospitable locals. Adventure seekers are drawn to its enchanting trekking and hiking routes, offering breathtaking views of mountains, glaciers, and meadows.  Gulmarg , known as one of India's top honeymoon destinations, stands out for its picturesque charm, distinct from the bustling towns of Manali and Shimla . The Gulmarg Gondola , Asia's longest cable car, adds to the town's allure. Srinagar's Dal Lake, adorned with Shikaras , and the Mughal gardens , including Nishat Bagh , Shalimar Bagh , and Chashm-E-Shahi, are must-visit destinations. Kashmir's culinary prowess, reflected in its Wazwan, attracts gastronomes worldwide, offering a taste of unique fragrant spices. Local products like Kashmiri shawls, apples, and dried fruits are coveted souvenirs from the vibrant Lal Chowk Market . However, visitors should be mindful of heavy snowfall affecting connectivity to certain destinations in Kashmir during the winter months from December to February. The unparalleled beauty, charm, and warmth of Kashmir are sure to leave an indelible mark on every visitor's memory. As we delve into the tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir, we explore the spiritual haven of Jammu, the mesmerizing landscapes of Kashmir, and the unique blend of pilgrimage, adventure, and cultural richness that defines this captivating region.

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What's great about travelling to jammu and kashmir.

Jammu and Kashmir is exotic and is rightly called heaven on Earth. One cannot travel to J & K all year long as the weather is rather cold and gets freezing in the winter months.

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Kashmir could seem a little pricey which is a downside.

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Jammu And Kashmir

Jammu and kashmir is the largest producer of apples, walnuts, and cherries in india. it is also the largest producer of saffron, one of the most expensive spices in the world..

Jammu And Kashmir State Report

Introduction.

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is a Union Territory (UT) of India, located in the country’s northern part and a global tourist destination. In addition to traditional recreational tourism, vast scope exists for adventure, pilgrimage, spiritual, and health tourism. The natural beauty and picturesque locations have made it a favoured destination for tourists across the world. Jammu is famous for its temples, while Kashmir Valley is known for its lakes and gardens.

J&K has agro-climatic conditions best suited for horticulture and floriculture. Horticulture is the mainstay of the rural economy, providing employment to large number of local inhabitants.

At current prices, the GSDP of J&K has been estimated at Rs. 2.30 trillion (US$ 27.70 billion) in 2023-24. The UT’s GSDP increased at a CAGR of 7.53% between 2018-19 and 2023-24.

The J&K government has an industrial policy that offers attractive incentives along with a single-window clearance mechanism. In April 2021, the government of Jammu & Kashmir signed 456 memoranda of understanding (MOUs) with various firms for a potential investment worth Rs. 23,152 crore (US$ 3.17 billion). In March 2022, the UAE pledged to invest Rs. 3,000 crore (US$ 391.8 million) in J&K.

According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), cumulative FDI inflow in J&K was valued at US$ 1.08 million between October 2019- March 2024.

Total exports from J&K stood at US$ 192.86 million in FY24.

Recent Developments in Key Sectors

• Union Minister for Road Transport & Highways, Mr. Nitin Gadkari allocated of Rs. 1404.94 crore (US$ 169 million) for the Widening and Strengthening project of the Rafiabad – Kupwara – Chowkibal – Tangdhar – Chamkot section of National Highway-701.
• Union Minister of State for Science and Technology Mr. Jitendra Singh highlighted Jammu and Kashmir's emergence as an agricultural start-up hub, particularly in Bhaderwah, where lavender cultivation has flourished.
• As of September 30, 2023, J&K had a total installed power-generation capacity of 3,536.05 MW, comprising 1,866.08 MW under central utilities, 1,543.17 MW (state utilities) and 126.80 MW (private utilities).
• According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, J&K had 12.33 million wireless and 9.29 million internet subscribers with a tele-density of 87.30%, as of the year 2023.
• Under the State Budget 2023-24, Rs. 2,928.04 crore (US$ 357.4 million) has been allocated for housing and urban development.
• Raw silk production stood at 98 MT in 2021-22 in Jammu & Kashmir
• Total tourist arrivals to the UT reached 113.16 million in 2021
• In 2021-22, total production of horticulture crops in the UT is expected to be 3,580.82 thousand metric tonnes. In 2021-22, the total production of vegetables and fruits in the state was estimated at 1,338.27 thousand metric tonnes and 2,237.87 thousand metric tonnes, respectively.
• In October 2020, the J&K government signed an MoU with Flipkart to provide an online platform to showcase and encourage local artisans/craftsmen/weavers to meet clients worldwide.
• This is a significant step towards fostering the rural economy and boosting sale of authentic exotic handicraft and handloom products and seeking new destinations for niche handmade Jammu and Kashmir products.
• The Government of India's newly constituted Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has announced a fresh plan to revitalise the region's crafts sector in August 2021. The project, known as Karkhandar, aims to improve trainee learning techniques and help artisans better their living standards.
• J&K is famous for its small-scale and cottage industries such as carp
• et weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and silverware, papier-mâché and walnut wood.
• J&K SIDCO is the nodal agency for promotion and development of medium- and large-scale industries in the UT.
• In July 2021, the Jammu and Kashmir administration planned to launch helicopter services to numerous tourist locations in an effort to enhance tourism.
• On October 27, 2020, the Indian government approved Jammu and Kashmir of new land laws to allow land to be transferred for the benefit of an individual or institution for promotion of healthcare or senior secondary or higher or specialised education. In January 2021, the Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved a new scheme for the industrial development for the UT of Jammu and Kashmir with a total outlay of Rs. 28,400 crore (US$ 3,918 million) up to 2037.

Note: P - Provisional, ** - As per 3 rd Advance Estimates, * - Includes Fruits, Vegetables, Spices, Honey, Plantation, Aromatic and Flowers, # - Including Ladakh Union Territory

Geographical Area (sq km)

Union territory language, literacy rate, key industries:, horticulture, floriculture, handlooms and handicrafts, mineral-based industry, gems and jewellery, sericulture, pharmaceuticals, related sites, related news.

India will fund research institutes to assist miners in developing a critical minerals industry, aiming to reduce dependence on imported lithium and rare earths.

Retail brands are expanding into religious cities to cater to growing tourism, offering tailored experiences for pilgrims' needs.

Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi opened and spoke with people benefiting from projects valued at over US$ 3.9 billion (Rs. 32,000 crore) in Jammu, focusing on inclusive development and the projects' positive effects on individuals.

Jammu and Kashmir emerge as Agri start-up hubs with lavender success, fostering youth employment and economic growth.

The Union Cabinet gave an approval for a proposal to invest Rs. 4,526.12 crore (US$ 591 million) in the Kwar hydropower project in Jammu & Kashmir.

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All About Kashmir Tourism with Thomas Cook India - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

All About Kashmir Tourism with Thomas Cook India

Kashmir, the land of unmatched scenic beauty and rich is definitely “heaven on earth. one can visit the dal lake, take a ride on shikaras, stay in a peaceful houseboat and relax in lakeside mughal gardens like shalimar bagh, nishat bagh and chashma shahi. book your kashmir holiday now – – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Srinagar Without a doubt Srinagar is one of the gorgeous places in Kashmir. Do not miss out on staying in the famous boat house.
• Gulmarg Gulmarg is a must visit place for adventure lovers. You can enjoy all types of fun adventure sports here in Gulmarg.
• Sonmarg Enthralling aura of this place is the reason of breath-taking beauty of Sonmarg. You will get to see the splendid endless stream of flowers in Sonmarg.
• Leh Popular for mountain biking, Leh can be called as dreamland for bike lovers. Covered in the beauty of nature, Leh offers splendid views to visitors.
• Shikara ride Shikara rides through serene and tranquil dal lake is the most relaxing thing to do on your trip to Kashmir.
• Golfing Golfing is one leisure activity to try out in Kashmir. There are a few world class golf clubs in Kashmir. Out of which, the one is Gulmarg is considered to be the best one.
• Mountain biking The most apt activity for bike lovers is mountain biking. Mild slopes of Kashmir valley and bumpy terrain of Ladakh are perfect for this activity.
• Make sure that your Kashmir package includes your stay in luxurious yet affordable hotel.
• Some of the best hotels of Kashmir are as follows.
• The Khyber Himalayan Resort Spa
• The Lalit Grand Palace Srinagar
• Viviana Dal View Srinagar by Taj

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• Published: 05 September 2024

Remote sensing analysis of spatiotemporal impacts of anthropogenic influence on mountain landscape ecology in Pir Chinasi national park

• Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq 1 ,
• Muhammad Asad Ghufran 1 ,
• Naeem Ahmed 2 ,
• Kotb A. Attia 3 ,
• Arif Ahmed Mohammed 3 ,
• Yaser M. Hafeez 4 ,
• Aamir Amanat 2 ,
• Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq 5 ,
• Muhammad Uzair 6 &
• Saima Naz 7  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  20695 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Climate sciences
• Environmental sciences

Mountain landscapes can be fragmented due to various human activities such as tourism, road construction, urbanization, and agriculture. It can also be due to natural factors such as flash floods, glacial lake outbursts, land sliding, and climate change such as rising temperatures, heavy rains, or drought.The study’s objective was to analyze the mountain landscape ecology of Pir Chinasi National Park under anthropogenic influence and investigate the impact of anthropogenic activities on the vegetation. This study observed spatiotemporal changes in vegetation due to human activities and associated climate change for the past 25 years (1995–2020) around Pir Chinasi National Park, Muzaffrabad, Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 200 residents to evaluate their perceptions of land use and its effects on local vegetation. The findings reveal that 60% of respondents perceived spatiotemporal pressure on the park. On the other hand, the Landsat-oriented Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was utilized for the less than 10% cloud-covered images of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 to investigate the vegetation degradation trends of the study area. During the entire study period, the mean maximum NDVI was approximately 0.28 in 1995, whereas the mean minimum NDVI was − 2.8 in 2010. QGIS 3.8.2 was used for the data presentation. The impact of temperature on vegetation was also investigated for the study period and increasing temperature trends were observed. The study found that 10.81% (1469.08 km 2 ) of the area experienced substantial deterioration, while 23.57% (3202.39 km 2 ) experienced minor degradation. The total area of degraded lands was 34.38% (or 4671.47 km 2 ). A marginal improvement in plant cover was observed in 24.88% of the regions, while 9.69% of the regions experienced a major improvement. According to the NDVI-Rainfall relationships, the area was found to be significantly impacted by human pressures and activities (r ≤ 0.50) driving vegetation changes covering 24.67% of the total area (3352.03 km 2 ). The area under the influence of climatic variability and change (r ≥ 0.50 ≥ 0.90) accounted for 55.84% (7587.26 km 2 ), and the area under both climatic and human stressors (r ≥ 0.50 < 0.70) was 64%. Sustainable land management practices of conservation tillage, integrated pest management, and agroforestry help preserve soil health, water quality, and biodiversity while reducing erosion, pollution, and the degradation of natural resources. landscape restoration projects of reforestation, wetland restoration, soil erosion control, and the removal of invasive species are essential to achieve land degradation neutrality at the watershed scale.

Introduction

Vegetation is an essential component of the biological cycle. Vegetation trends highlight changes in ecological systems and help determine the best strategies for mitigating climate change. Highlighting the changes in vegetation due to anthropogenic activities as well as climate change is essential for improvement. An important topic in the study of the local ecological environment is the components of the ecosystem represented by vegetation under the effect of anthropogenic activities 1 . The dynamics of regional vegetation have a substantial impact on ecological security 2 , ecosystem services and, are frequently used as important indicators of ecological variations in the environment 3 . As human activity has risen in recent decades, alterations in vegetation has deeply captured the trails of human activity, which have been made worse by climate change 4 , 5 . Anthropogenic stresses are thought to have significant effects on vegetation and ecosystem services as we go through the Anthropocene 6 , 7 . The global ecosystem is now changing as a result of climate change and land cover variations, which are identified as key influences on the dynamics of vegetation under universal change. Numerous anthropogenic stresses along with climate change are causing vegetation to alter and degrade in highland locations, which further compromises the ecosystem services provided by mountains and the way of life of a small number of mountain people. In the realm of research on global change, understanding the linkages between natural vegetation and cultivated vegetation has been a crucial problem that is receiving more and more attention from the scientific community 8 . To investigate the change in vegetation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is mostly recommended 1 , 9 , 10 . Utilizing the NDVI, a surrogate technique for the greenness of landscape and biological dynamics of change has made satellite Remote Sensing (RS) of vegetation simple 1 , 9 , 10 . The investigation of vegetation status under changing climatic patterns and the tracking of the ecological environment’s quality relies heavily on the monitoring and assessment of NDVI changes in vegetation 11 . Limited research examined how vegetation dynamics relate to both human activity and climate change 1 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 . Moreover, residents of these mountains can better highlight the changes in vegetation that occurred due to human intervention as well as climate change 22 , 23 , 24 . The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms behind grassland degradation of Pir Chinasi National Park and managing damaged grasslands, which needs quantitative assessments of the relative effects of anthropogenic activity and climate change on grasslands 25 . As for the significance of the mountain, the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda has included targets for protecting and sustainably developing mountain ecosystems 26 . The cover index (SDG 15.4.2) of the mountain forests of Pir Chinasi National Park has been utilized as a first approximation for measuring the sustainability and protection of mountain habitats as well as the progress made towards the aforementioned aim.

As the heights vary from roughly 700 m Above Sea Level (ASL), the Pir Chinasi National Park in the Muzaffarabad (Fig.  1 ) neighborhood exhibits a topographic variety 27 . The study area’s height is 2900 m (9,500 ft) 28 . The area has natural beauty with its dense trees, swiftly flowing rivers, and twisting streams. The mean extreme temperature for January and June respectively, ranged from − 2.6 °C to 45.2 °C. The average rainfall is found to be between 1000 and 1300 mm or around 680 mm and falls over the four months from May to August. During the day, the wind blows from west to east, while at night, it blows from southeast to north and the wind is brisker in the afternoon. The area of Pir Chinasi is found to be dry Subtropical type in which Acacia modesta, Olea ferruginea, and Chir Pine are the most dominant tree species in the area 29 . The vegetation of the area is comprised of a spacious variety of herbs, trees, climbers, and shrubs. The ground cover is comprised of a wide variety of angiosperms, mosses, and ferns.

Location map of the Pir Chinasi National Park, Muzaffarabad (District of Azad Jammu & Kashmir). The map was created using ArcGIS Desktop software (version 10.8.2, Esri lnc., Redlands,CA, USA).

The western Himalayan region, a biodiversity hotspot, is impacted in several ways by anthropogenic climate change. Due to the great seasonality of the western Himalayan region, including the Muzaffarabad district, investigations on the interactions between the timing of phenological periodic occurrences and climatic seasonality are important. The different land users of Pir Chinasi National Park benefit from the area’s natural resources and environment. During dry seasons, herders who live on the mountain frequently light fires to encourage the growth of forage for cattle grazing. This study assesses the dynamics of vegetation degradation during five years (1995–2020). This serves as the baseline information for tracking the watershed-level progress towards the objectives and pathways of SDGs 15.3.1 and 15.4.2 related to land degradation neutrality.

Materials and methods

Data collection.

This study was conducted in Pir Chinasi National Park, Muzaffarabad, Kashmir, Pakistan. Pir Chinasi National Park is a tourist spot, and many tourists visit this area annually. A one-shot Household Survey (HHS) was conducted from 200 residents using convenient sampling in this study. It was a hilly area with a scattered population, so it was difficult to collect a larger sample size. A team of enumerators and the chief investigator spoke with the heads of the families. Family members were contacted in case of the unavailability of the head of household. The purpose of each question of the survey was explained to the respondents. Participants were provided with informed consent, and they were informed of the study’s advantages, goals, and financing. All surveys were conducted following the shared research principles and ethics. The survey asked about households’ occupation, age, gender, education, environmental harm to vegetation, and government support. Moreover, plants/seeds were handled under the direct supervision of Dr. Naeem Ahmed, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad-Pakistan following the proper national and international strategies.

Data processing

The authors confirmed that the collection and execution of the experiment complied with the IUCN statement on research, involving species at risk of extinction and by the convention on the trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. For data collection, Google Forms were utilized and for data processing and analysis, SPSS was used. All methods were performed following the relevant guidelines and regulations.

To investigate the effects of human activities on the flora and ecology of the area, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and datasets have been utilized in Table 1 . RS and GIS techniques datasets were proven excellent for large areas and difficult terrain 30 , 31 . It was difficult to collect data manually in such an area; hence, remote detection and data collection are more appropriate and easier.

Landsat data

Landsat imagery is an efficient data source for analyzing mountain landscapes, particularly difficult terrain because of its wide and remote coverage. In this study, Landsat 4/5 Thematic Mapper (TM), 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) & 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data were utilized for the temporal analysis and vegetation indices analysis. Multiple Landsat images were downloaded from the official website of USGS ( www.usgs.gov ).

The spatial resolution of Landsat 7 is 30 × 30 m, the revisit time of the satellite is 16 days whereas, the swath width of the satellite is 185 km. Researchers used this data in different kinds of studies due to its large area coverage, fine resolution, and result accuracy, therefore in this study, Landsat data was selected to be used.

Digital elevation model

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is an effective mode of 3D representation of the earth’s surface. DEM with a spatial resolution of 30m is utilized for ground elevation estimation. DEM of 30-m resolution have been utilized in the study to check the elevation and Slope of the area. Elevation and slope affect the LULC of the area, therefore 30-m resolution was sufficient for the required analysis. DEM data is freely available on the official website. Data is freely available and can be downloaded from the official website of Earth Explorer.

After data collection from the various websites, data was segregated and compiled for analysis. The study area was analyzed for the twenty-five years from 1995 to 2020 and time series data was collected with a five-year gap e.g. (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020). Scan Line error (SLE) was present in Landsat 7 (2005 & 2010 Imagery). SLE was removed from the Landsat 7 imagery via the Landsat toolbox extension.

Error handling

Due to the missing data of the Scan Line Corrector (SLC) of the Landsat instrument in 2003, approximately 20 to 22% of data went missing, and gaps were generated in the imagery. This error made the image difficult to detect. Therefore, the technique of Gap-Fill proposed by the reference 32 had been applied and error was removed from the 2007 and 2010 imagery.

Index calculation

Raw satellite data was collected freely from the website for further processing and calculation of the vegetation indices. The satellite data was converted from Digital Numbers (DN) to the values of the Top-of Atmospheric Reflectance (TOA). It was a two-step method (1) radiance of DN and (2) radiance to TOA 33 , 34 .

Due to the presence of a Scan Line Error (SLE) in Landsat 7 DN, conversion was done manually. The conversion of Landsat 7 data to DN was presented in Eq.  1 .

In this equation where Lλ was found to be the calculated radiance [in Watts per square meter  ∗  μm  ∗  ster)], DN7 was the Landsat 7 ETM + DN data, and the gain and bias were band-specific numbers 21 . Radiance to TOA conversion was also done for Landsat 7. The reflectance could be thought of as a “planetary albedo”, or a fraction of the sun’s energy that was reflected by the surface ( 22 ; Eq. ( 2 ).

Rλ = π  ∗  Lλ  ∗  d2 Esun,λ  ∗  sin (θSE) (3) where Rλ was the reflectance (unitless ratio), Lλ was the radiance calculated in Eq. ( 2 ), d was the earth-sun distance (in astronomical units), Esun, λ was the band-specific radiance emitted by the sun, π was a constant value. The process of (TOA) was done for Landsat 8 via band 10. Thermal Infra-Red DN could be converted into TOA spectral radiance utilizing rescaling factors. A Set of equations had been used for LST calculation. DN to TOA conversion was presented in equation Eq. ( 3 ).

where, Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (in Watts/(sq. meter  ∗  μm), ML = Radiance multiplicative Band No, AL = Radiance add band, Qcal = DN, Qi band correction value. The temperature was converted from Kelvin to Celsius via Eq. ( 4 ).

Finally, NDVI was calculated. The reflectance known as NDVI, a measure of greenness and proxy for vegetation degradation, was captured (Eq.  5 ).

In this equation RED = DN value of RED band and NIR = DN value of Near-Infrared band, after that land Surface Emissivity was calculated via square of NDVI. Lastly, LST was calculated for the selected study area using Eq.  6

In this equation BT = TOA, whereas, brightness in 0 C, λ = wavelength, similarly E = Land surface Emissivity, and C = velocity of light.

Demographic and socioeconomic information

The data in Table 2 shows that the surveyed population is primarily composed of males (56.7%) and females (43.3%). The percentages were calculated based on the total number of respondents.

The data in Table 3 indicates that the majority of the sample respondents fell within the 18–24 years age range (60.5%), followed by smaller proportions in older age ranges. This age distribution provides insight into the demographic composition of the surveyed population and can be useful for understanding how different age groups perceive and respond to the issues related to protecting natural resources.

The data in Table 4 provides insight into the different occupational roles present within the surveyed population. The majority of respondents were students (53.5%), followed by government/private/NGO employees (18.5%) and individuals with other occupations such as housewives, the unemployed, and those involved in agriculture, livestock farming, daily wage labor, and business. This distribution can offer context for understanding how various segments of the population view and engage with natural resource protection measures.

The data in Table 5 provides insight into the educational backgrounds of the surveyed individuals. The majority had a college/university degree (59.2%), followed by postgraduate degree holders (14.0%). Smaller proportions had secondary education, primary education, or no formal education. This distribution offers context for understanding how education levels might influence perceptions and attitudes toward natural resource protection measures.

Table 6 provides insight into the household size of the surveyed individuals. The most common household sizes were those with 5–6 people (35.0%) and 7–8 people (25.5%). It is observed that the educated respondents had more awareness about environmental degradation and the impact of anthropogenic activities. This distribution can offer context for understanding the living arrangements of the surveyed population, which might impact their resource consumption patterns and attitudes toward environmental protection.

In each group of Table 7 , the frequency and percent values indicate the number and proportion of respondents involved in the specified type of agricultural activity. This data provided insights into the agricultural practices and activities of the surveyed population, showing the prevalence of different crops and livestock within their households. This information can be useful for understanding the composition of their agricultural practices and their potential impact on the environment and natural resources.

Table 8 provides insights into the purpose of agricultural activities within the sample respondents. The majority of respondents engaged in subsistence farming (49.0%), followed by those involved in both subsistence and commercial farming (38.9%), and a smaller proportion focused on commercial farming alone (12.1%). Although subsistence farming contains a major share of the area, but still commercial farming has a second major share. Commercial farming uses fertilizers and pesticides which harm human health as well as deteriorate the environment. This distribution sheds light on the nature of agricultural practices within the surveyed community and how they might impact natural resource utilization and conservation efforts.

Table 9 revealed that more than half of the surveyed individuals were aware of the environmental issues in the Pir Chinasi National Park (52.9%), while the remaining respondents were not aware (47.1%). This awareness information was crucial for understanding the level of knowledge within the surveyed population about the environmental challenges in the region and can guide efforts to improve awareness and engagement in addressing those issues.

These percentages in Table 10 indicate the proportion of respondents who perceive each anthropogenic activity as a significant contributor to the depletion of natural resources in the area. The respondents’ opinions pointed to deforestation, road construction, livestock grazing, and tourism as the main activities causing resource depletion, with varying levels of consensus among the surveyed population. This information can be valuable for understanding the perceived drivers of environmental degradation and a reference 35 can help guide strategies for mitigating these activities to ensure sustainable resource management 36 .

Table 11 indicates the varied perceptions within the surveyed population regarding the impact of climate change on the natural resources of the Pir Chinasi National Park. Responses ranged from highly negative to highly positive, with a significant portion of respondents expressing a somewhat negative perception. These responses provide insight into the diverse perspectives on the potential consequences of climate change on the local environment and resources 31 .

The percentages in Table 12 indicate the proportion of respondents who utilize each type of fuel for cooking and heating purposes. The data provides insights into the fuel preferences within the surveyed community, which have significant implications for energy consumption patterns and their potential environmental impact. The use of firewood, LPG, natural gas, and electric heaters appears to be relatively common among the surveyed population 37 .

Table 13 reveals that a significant portion of the surveyed population did not have access to alternative sources of energy, such as solar power (65.0%), while a minority did have access (35.0%). This information provides insights into the availability and adoption of renewable energy solutions within the surveyed community 36 , 37 , which can have significant implications for energy security, environmental sustainability, and quality of life.

Table 14 provides insights into the livestock ownership patterns within the surveyed community. The majority owned 1–5 animals (43.9%), with smaller proportions owning 6–10 animals (17.2%) and 11–20 animals (7.6%). A small percentage owned more than 50 animals (1.3%), and a significant proportion did not own any livestock (29.9%). This distribution offers an understanding of the diversity in livestock ownership and its potential implications for resource use and management.

Table 15 provides insight into where the surveyed individuals’ livestock are allowed to graze. The responses indicated that animals were allowed to graze on private land (26.1%), common land (27.4%), and forests (17.2%), while a notable percentage did not have animals that graze (29.3%). Understanding the locations where livestock is grazed can help assess the potential impact on these areas and inform resource management strategies.

Table 16 reveals that a majority of the surveyed population had observed changes in the natural resources of the Pir Chinasi National Park area over the past 5–10 years (59.9%), whereas a smaller proportion (40.1%) has not perceived such changes. This information provides insights into the perceived dynamics of natural resource changes in the region and can help in understanding the evolving environmental conditions and potential factors contributing to these changes.

The percentages in Table 17 indicate the proportion of respondents who believed that each measure should be taken to protect the natural resources in the area. It appears that reforestation programs had the highest agreement (58.0%), followed by strict enforcement of environmental protection laws (53.2%). Other measures such as public awareness campaigns, collaboration with local communities, sustainable tourism practices, and sustainable agriculture practices also received notable support from the surveyed population. These opinions provide insight into the potential strategies that could be pursued to safeguard the natural resources in the Pir Chinasi National Park area according to the surveyed community.

Time series analysis of vegetation change dynamics of the selected area was evaluated via NDVI. Spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation degradation, depending on the time scale were analyzed. The status of the landscape was reflected in vegetation indices (VIs), and their interpretation across time explained patterns in vegetative greening (land improvement) and browning (land deterioration). Based on a long-term investigation of vegetation dynamics, Figs. 2 – 4 illustrate swings between periods of gradual deterioration and minor improvements (greening). A slightly declining trend of NDVI was observed during the study period (1995–2020). During the entire study period mean NDVI (maximum = 0.28 (1995)/minimum − 2.8 (2010) was identified see Fig.  2 for instance. In 2000, mean NDVI was monitored at 0.24 (Fig.  2 b). Similarly, the NDVI of 2005 was also calculated via the set of formulas mentioned in the materials and method Section 38 , 39 , 40 .

shows the satellite-based NDVI variation temporally from 1995 to 2020.

Slope patterns of the study area.

Land Surface Temperature (LST) ° C trends of the study area during the study period. The map was created using ArcGIS Desktop software (version 10.8.2, Esri lnc., Redlands,CA, USA). ArcGIS is widely used for creating slope maps from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs).

The mean value of NDVI was 0.22 to 0.76. Pir Chinasi National Park was known for tourism, this decline can be attributed to the expansion of built-up areas to accommodate growing tourist demands, leading to habitat loss and ecological changes. This decline can be attributed to the expansion of built-up areas to accommodate growing tourist demands, leading to habitat loss and ecological changes. NDVI for the year 2015 and 2020 was observed 0.07–0.53 to 0.08–0.57 (Fig.  2 e and f).

Land surface temperature (LST)

Surface temperature had a significant impact on the local ecology and biodiversity. Therefore, in this study, LST for the study period was also calculated to investigate the impacts of temperature on vegetation. The temperature was estimated via Landsat imagery for the selected images from 1995 to 2020 (Fig.  4 ). The temperature range for 1995 was 19 minimum to 29 o C maximum (Fig.  4 a), 23° to 36° for 2000 (Fig.  4 b), whereas 21° to 35° temperature range was observed for 2005 (Fig.  4 c). 29 °C to 39 °C for 2010 see Fig.  4 d. For the year 2015 and 2020 (9°–26 °C and 17–37 °C) were observed respectively.

It has tools specifically for slope calculation, where the slope can be expressed in degrees or as a percentage. Slope analysis, spatial analysis, and 3D visualization using extensions like Spatial Analyst or 3D Analyst. User-friendly interface, extensive documentation, and strong support for various geospatial analyses.

Ground truthing

Data collection from the field was time-consuming due to the monetary constraints 23 , 24 , 33 , therefore, Google Earth data was utilized for the investigation of urbanization patterns. Deforestation was observed where recreational activities were occurring, see Fig.  5 .

Google Earth image of Pir Chinasi National Park.

Figure  5 highlighted the ground truthing based on detailed information about vegetation to validate the remote sensing. The figure shows urbanization patterns. Ground truthing with physical sampling strengthened the validation of the NDVI analysis. Map was generated using the open-source software (QGIS 3.8) along with that an open-source software Google Earth Pro (GEP) was utilized for image data collection. KML files were generated using GEP and converted into shapefiles in the QGIS environment. The geographical coordinates (34°23′22"N 73°32′57"E) were used. https://earth.google.com/web/search/Pir+Chinasi/@34.38987286,73.55007956,2825.08631358a,2608.57706282d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCXkkdsjBB0FAEWoFBBCW-EBAGZ7DNELhfFJAIah7yxvnaFJAOgMKATA

Numerous reports have been published relating NDVI to rainfall patterns. In a similar vein, by reference 41 discovered that precipitation in Ethiopia’s semi-arid areas was strongly correlated with NDVI levels throughout the growing season. According to the reference 42 , 80% of the Caatinga vegetation productivity anomaly may be accounted for by the rainfall anomaly using the vegetation index as a proxy taken by reference 43 in the Horn of Africa reported similar findings.

In China, a significant link between NDVI and precipitation was discovered by researchers 17 , 44 . According to reference 45 , NDVI across Northern Mongolia showed a positive association with yearly precipitation and a negative correlation with temperature 16 . Researchers 13 , 46 , 47 , found that NDVI was more closely connected with rainfall than temperature on the Tibetan Plateau and the Loess Plateau, respectively.

In actuality, when evaluating vegetation response to climate change the perceptions of the residents can also be taken 48 . In this study, the respondents perceived a major change in vegetation due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. A weak or negative (−) NDVI-Rainfall link implies that vegetation dynamics are influenced by the climate; a robust and positive ( +) connection indicates changes in vegetation caused by humans. The researcher 49 also found comparable results in its worldwide survey.

According to researcher 50 , precipitation is the key environmental element influencing NDVI changes in the Heihe River Basin, China. According to another researcher 51 , precipitation and land cover in Kenya’s Mara River Basin revealed a highly positive association. According to reports, the primary human activities responsible for the deterioration of the local vegetation and the disappearance of the forest in this region include grazing, agriculture-related settlement growth, and wood collecting 52 , 53 . According to researcher 51 , the highlands’ growing pace of forest degradation is a sign of how much the high population density, 350inch/km 2 2 , 24 , 39 value and exploit this forest on an economic, social, ethnological, and cultural level. It has been studied how some of the aforementioned factors relate to NDVI. The NDVI of the Wei and Jing River Basins, China, was shown to be primarily influenced by three variables: temperature, soil moisture, and precipitation. The researcher 54 demonstrated a tight link between the dynamics of grassland and temperature using NDVI-max at an annual time scale. Future studies could focus on exploring the connection between the environmental elements and the dynamics of the vegetation on the Pir Chinasi National Park.

Conclusions

The study described the dynamics of vegetation and how it responded to changing rainfall patterns and human pressures. It was proven that vegetation change dynamics and degradation are impacted by climate change as indicated by long-term rainfall anomaly (RAI). The study found that 10.81% of the area experienced substantial deterioration, while 23.57% experienced minor degradation. The total area of degraded lands was 34.38% suggesting a major change. To overcome these phenomena, steps of adaptation by the public–private sector are necessary. Improvement in plant cover was observed which is a positive sign. According to the NDVI-Rainfall relationships, the area was found to be significantly impacted by human pressures which require control by public–private partnership. The area under the influence of climatic variability and change is also large enough which requires immediate attention. Sustainable land management practices of conservation tillage, integrated pest management, and agroforestry help preserve soil health, water quality, and biodiversity while reducing erosion, pollution, and the degradation of natural resources. landscape restoration projects of reforestation, wetland restoration, soil erosion control, and the removal of invasive species are essential to achieve land degradation neutrality at the watershed scale. The quality and health of the vegetation were further harmed by unsustainable human activities such as agricultural development, overgrazing, settlement growth, and wood exploitation. However, climate change proved to be a driver of these phenomena. Even though these were the major causes, the degree to which the flora on the plateau tends to green up or brown out, could also be influenced by environmental variables such as soil moisture, solar radiation intensity and duration, drainage density, and topographic restrictions. This study does not conclude that the sole variables affecting vegetation dynamics are rainfall and human influences.

In areas of the park where vegetation patterns indicate deterioration or loss of forest cover, afforestation, and replanting efforts could be done. These initiatives have the potential to improve ecosystem resilience to climate change, restore biodiversity, and sequester carbon. Implement sustainable land management techniques that boost agricultural production, and preserve and improve plant cover, such as conservation agriculture, rotational grazing, and agroforestry. These methods could lessen soil erosion, increase water retention, and protect the benefits provided by ecosystem services. In response to climate change and human intervention establish buffer zones, wildlife corridors, and protected areas to preserve important ecosystems and enhance landscape connectivity.

Data availability

Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2024 R369), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq & Muhammad Asad Ghufran

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Yaser M. Hafeez

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Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq

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Conceptualization, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq and Naeem Ahmed; Data curation, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq and Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq; Formal analysis, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq, Muhammad Ghufran, Aamir Amanat, and Saima Naz; Funding acquisition, Naeem Ahmed, Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq, and Muhammad Uzair; Investigation, Muhammad Ghufran, Yasser M Hafez, and Aamir Amanat; Methodology, Aamir Amanat and Saima Naz; Project administration, Naeem Ahmed; Resources, Naeem Ahmed, Muhammad Uzair and Saima Naz; Software, Aamir Amanat; Supervision, Naeem Ahmed; Validation, Aamir Amanat; Visualization, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq, Kotb A. Attia, Arif Ahmed Mohammed; Writing – original draft, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq; Writing – review & editing, Muhammad Akhlaq Farooq, Muhammad Ghufran, Naeem Ahmed, Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq, Muhammad Uzair, Kotb A. Attia, Arif Ahmed Mohammed and Saima Naz. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Experimental research and field studies on plants (either cultivated or wild), including the collection of plant material, complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Prior approval was undertaken from the Offices of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad-Pakistan. We also took appropriate permission from the farm or field owner during specimens’ collection and experimentation. We confirm that during the collection and execution of the experiment, the authors have complied with the IUCN Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. All experimental protocols were approved by Offices of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad-Pakistan.

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Farooq, M.A., Ghufran, M.A., Ahmed, N. et al. Remote sensing analysis of spatiotemporal impacts of anthropogenic influence on mountain landscape ecology in Pir Chinasi national park. Sci Rep 14 , 20695 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71689-5

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Top 10 Places to Visit in Jammu & Kashmir

Jun 22, 2018

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Top 10 Places to Visit in Jammu & Kashmir www.kashmirtourholiday.com

Srinagar The capital city Srinagar is the prized possession of the Vale of Kashmir. Imbibing many colors of the state, it reflects the authentic Jammu & Kashmir. The city sits quietly on the bank of Jhelum and contemplates the vivaciousness. The canopied Shikara boats, plush houseboats, snow-capped mountains and the sparkling water of Dal and Nageen Lake come together to bring the picture of authentic Srinagar come alive. The blessing of Prophet Mohammad from Hazratbal Shrine and Jama Masjid, the divinity of Shankarcharya temple, glimpse of floating vegetable market and the bountiful flora and fauna, all honour the capital city with a title of Paradise on Earth. Book Best Srinagar Tour Packages now

2. Leh Complimenting the northern periphery, Leh is a land of queer beauty and sheer adventure. The lofty mountains, the alpine lakes, divine Gompas and the quaint settings make Leh one of the best places to visit in Jammu & Kashmir. Located 434 kms from Srinagar, it majorly intrigues adventure enthusiasts and people with artistic bent of mind. The architectural grandeur of spiritual places like Alchi Monastery, Hemis Monastery, Matho Monastery, Spituk Monastery and Thiksey Monastery dazzles visitors, whereas General Zorawar fort, Stok Palace and Jama Masjid has the potential to surprise spectators.

3. Jammu City Protected and blessed by Mata Vaishno Devi, who seems to have found her earthly abode on the Trikuta Hills, Jammu City is indeed amongst the top places to visit in Jammu & Kashmir. Dubbed as the City of Temples, Jammu invites those seeking peace and tranquility. The unmatched divinity at Raghunath temple, Ranbireshwar temple, Mahamaya temple, Peer Baba and Peer Khoh touches every corner of Jammu invigorates visitors. One must visit the Bahu temple, which is situated inside the majestic Bahu Fort. The temple is dedicated to presiding deity of Jammu, Goddess Kali or Bawe Wali Mata as she is popularly called in the region. Besides the temple, a travel enthusiast can witness architectural grandeur of Bahu Fort and Mubarak Mandi Palace.

4. Rajauri The refuge of several Gujjars and Bakerwalas, Rajauri is situated around 154kms away from Jammu. The district shares border with Pakistan and thus remain an intriguing travel destination. Rajauri is blessed with many charming places to visit; Dehra Ki Gali, Thanna Mandi and Kotranka Budhal are few places that are apt for sightseeing. One can retire to these remote places in summers as the weather remains pleasant here all year round. The magnificent Rajauri Fort, Balidan Bhavan, Dhanidar Fort and Rama Temple are few places that can be visited in the vicinity of Rajauri. An absolute delight for travel and adventure enthusiasts, Rajauri is amongst one of the top places of interest in Jammu Kashmir.

5. Gulmarg Dubbed as skiers’ paradise, Gulmarg is indeed amongst the best places to visit in Jammu & Kashmir. Located approximately 52kms away from capital city Srinagar, Meadow of Flowers as it is popularly called Gulmarg is a haven for adventure enthusiasts. Along with prominent skiing options, trekking, snowboarding, golfing, mount biking and fishing are the prime options that Gulmarg overwhelms you with. Visit Kongdori, Shark Fin and Apparwath Peak not only for skiing but also to witness the splendid natural landscape of Gulmarg. Other places to see the blessings of majestic nature near Gulmarg are Nagin Valley (for which you have trek),

6. Udhampur Named after Raja Udham Singh, Udhampur city is the second-largest city in Jammu region. Set amidst lush green surroundings and fringed by eucalyptus trees, Udhampur is one of the best tourist attractions in Jammu & Kashmir. A delight for history lovers, the city offers many relics dating back to the time of epic of Mahabharata. The Krimachi group of temples are said to be the oldest structures in the city. Udhampur is also famous for the underground river Devika, which is considered the sister of Ganga. Visit the Ramnagar fort, located approximately 40kms from Udhampur and built by Raja Suchet Singh. Moungri Cave shrine, Pingla Mata and Sudh Mahadev temple are other prominent places that must be visited in Udhampur.

7. Kathua Owing to the existence of a large number of Sufi shrines, Kathua is dubbed as the City of Sufis. The city is beautifully situated on the bank of river and offers itself as one of the best places to visit in Jammu & Kashmir. True to its title, Kathua houses several religious places including Jasrota temple (inside Jasrota fort), Mata Sundrikote, Mata Bala Sundri, Sapt Sarober and Airwan temple. It is ideal to pay homage to one of these sacred places as in to understand the spirituality prevailing in Kathua. A recreation park called Dream has also been set up in Kathua promising an enthralling rafting experience. The Ujh Barrage located 20kms away from Kathua is an idyllic picnic spot. Kathua also invites the history lovers to Jasrota Fort to witness the grandeur built tastefully by Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Also the temple of Maha Kali in the Jasrota village has emerged as a popular pilgrimage centre in the region.

8. Kupwara Noted for natural beauty and charm, Kupwara is indeed a vital part of Jammu & Kashmir tourism. The lush meadows, alpine mountains and the gushing clear water make Kupwara an important tourist attraction in the state. Boasting of lofty mountain peaks like Shamsbari (12000ft above sea level), Nastachun (10273ft above sea level) and Dajalonjun (16000ft above sea level), this district exemplifies the beauty of Kashmir. The Ainch Mountain offers the opportunity to get a panoramic view of the Vale of Kashmir from its top. There are also many historical villages that allow the history lovers to contemplate including Gushi (Built by Kashi Shah), Karnah (mentioned in Raj Tarangini written by Kalhana) and Keran. However, the Lolab Valley steals the limelight and Kheer Bhawani Asthapan, Hazrat Mehmood Shah Shrine, Shaloora shrine and many other make for other brilliant option for sightseeing in Kupwara.

9. Sonmarg Needless to say that without a visit to Sonmarg, a trip to Jammu & Kashmir would be incomplete. Blessed with unmatched landscape, Sonmarg make for an extravagant visual treat. Famed for many excursion options, there is a large number of trek and short routes that lead to places like Gangabal Lake, Kishansar Lake, Vishansar Lake, Naranag, Haramukh Mountain and the famous Baltal and Thajiwas Glacier. Baltal, which is located 15kms away from Sonmarg, is used as the base camp for pious Amarnath Yatra. Sonmarg. Do not miss out on the opportunity to visit Zojila Pass, which is situated near Sonmarg and connects Kashmir and Ladakh.

10. Pulwama Congenial climate, fragrant saffron fields and affable people welcome you to Pulwama district. Lose yourself in the beauty of sprawling saffron fields and the rich culture that dwells here. Pulwama gives you quite a large number of places for sightseeing including Nagberan, Tarsar Lake, Marsar Lake, Shikargarh and Aripal Nag. Where, Nagberan is a small scenic town that draws lot of nature lovers to it, there Shikargarh is known for attracting wildlife lovers. On the other side, Tarsar and Marsar are two legendary lakes that must be visited for its unmatched beauty. Another allure of Pulwama is Aripal Nag, which is situated 11kms from Tral town and is famed for natural water springs. If you cherish visiting historical places and shrines then the Avantishwar Temple is a must visit for you.

www.kashmirtourholiday.com “Call at +91-9250050998 for best deals on Jammu and Kashmir Holiday Packages”

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