assignment basis meaning

Assignment of Contract

Jump to section, what is an assignment of contract.

An assignment of contract is a legal term that describes the process that occurs when the original party (assignor) transfers their rights and obligations under their contract to a third party (assignee). When an assignment of contract happens, the original party is relieved of their contractual duties, and their role is replaced by the approved incoming party.

How Does Assignment of Contract Work?

An assignment of contract is simpler than you might think.

The process starts with an existing contract party who wishes to transfer their contractual obligations to a new party.

When this occurs, the existing contract party must first confirm that an assignment of contract is permissible under the legally binding agreement . Some contracts prohibit assignments of contract altogether, and some require the other parties of the agreement to agree to the transfer. However, the general rule is that contracts are freely assignable unless there is an explicit provision that says otherwise.

In other cases, some contracts allow an assignment of contract without any formal notification to other contract parties. If this is the case, once the existing contract party decides to reassign his duties, he must create a “Letter of Assignment ” to notify any other contract signers of the change.

The Letter of Assignment must include details about who is to take over the contractual obligations of the exiting party and when the transfer will take place. If the assignment is valid, the assignor is not required to obtain the consent or signature of the other parties to the original contract for the valid assignment to take place.

Check out this article to learn more about how assigning a contract works.

Contract Assignment Examples

Contract assignments are great tools for contract parties to use when they wish to transfer their commitments to a third party. Here are some examples of contract assignments to help you better understand them:

Anna signs a contract with a local trash company that entitles her to have her trash picked up twice a week. A year later, the trash company transferred her contract to a new trash service provider. This contract assignment effectively makes Anna’s contract now with the new service provider.

Hasina enters a contract with a national phone company for cell phone service. The company goes into bankruptcy and needs to close its doors but decides to transfer all current contracts to another provider who agrees to honor the same rates and level of service. The contract assignment is completed, and Hasina now has a contract with the new phone company as a result.

Here is an article where you can find out more about contract assignments.

Assignment of Contract in Real Estate

Assignment of contract is also used in real estate to make money without going the well-known routes of buying and flipping houses. When real estate LLC investors use an assignment of contract, they can make money off properties without ever actually buying them by instead opting to transfer real estate contracts .

This process is called real estate wholesaling.

Real Estate Wholesaling

Real estate wholesaling consists of locating deals on houses that you don’t plan to buy but instead plan to enter a contract to reassign the house to another buyer and pocket the profit.

The process is simple: real estate wholesalers negotiate purchase contracts with sellers. Then, they present these contracts to buyers who pay them an assignment fee for transferring the contract.

This process works because a real estate purchase agreement does not come with the obligation to buy a property. Instead, it sets forth certain purchasing parameters that must be fulfilled by the buyer of the property. In a nutshell, whoever signs the purchase contract has the right to buy the property, but those rights can usually be transferred by means of an assignment of contract.

This means that as long as the buyer who’s involved in the assignment of contract agrees with the purchasing terms, they can legally take over the contract.

But how do real estate wholesalers find these properties?

It is easier than you might think. Here are a few examples of ways that wholesalers find cheap houses to turn a profit on:

• Direct mailers
• Place newspaper ads
• Make posts in online forums
• Social media posts

The key to finding the perfect home for an assignment of contract is to locate sellers that are looking to get rid of their properties quickly. This might be a family who is looking to relocate for a job opportunity or someone who needs to make repairs on a home but can’t afford it. Either way, the quicker the wholesaler can close the deal, the better.

Once a property is located, wholesalers immediately go to work getting the details ironed out about how the sale will work. Transparency is key when it comes to wholesaling. This means that when a wholesaler intends to use an assignment of contract to transfer the rights to another person, they are always upfront about during the preliminary phases of the sale.

In addition to this practice just being good business, it makes sure the process goes as smoothly as possible later down the line. Wholesalers are clear in their intent and make sure buyers know that the contract could be transferred to another buyer before the closing date arrives.

After their offer is accepted and warranties are determined, wholesalers move to complete a title search . Title searches ensure that sellers have the right to enter into a purchase agreement on the property. They do this by searching for any outstanding tax payments, liens , or other roadblocks that could prevent the sale from going through.

Wholesalers also often work with experienced real estate lawyers who ensure that all of the legal paperwork is forthcoming and will stand up in court. Lawyers can also assist in the contract negotiation process if needed but often don’t come in until the final stages.

If the title search comes back clear and the real estate lawyer gives the green light, the wholesaler will immediately move to locate an entity to transfer the rights to buy.

One of the most attractive advantages of real estate wholesaling is that very little money is needed to get started. The process of finding a seller, negotiating a price, and performing a title search is an extremely cheap process that almost anyone can do.

On the other hand, it is not always a positive experience. It can be hard for wholesalers to find sellers who will agree to sell their homes for less than the market value. Even when they do, there is always a chance that the transferred buyer will back out of the sale, which leaves wholesalers obligated to either purchase the property themselves or scramble to find a new person to complete an assignment of contract with.

Learn more about assignment of contract in real estate by checking out this article .

Who Handles Assignment of Contract?

The best person to handle an assignment of contract is an attorney. Since these are detailed legal documents that deal with thousands of dollars, it is never a bad idea to have a professional on your side. If you need help with an assignment of contract or signing a business contract , post a project on ContractsCounsel. There, you can connect with attorneys who know everything there is to know about assignment of contract amendment and can walk you through the whole process.

ContractsCounsel is not a law firm, and this post should not be considered and does not contain legal advice. To ensure the information and advice in this post are correct, sufficient, and appropriate for your situation, please consult a licensed attorney. Also, using or accessing ContractsCounsel's site does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and ContractsCounsel.

Meet some of our Lawyers

Greg Fidlon has been practicing exclusively in employment law since 1998. He represents and advises clients in all aspects of the employment relationship. In addition to his litigation work, Greg regularly negotiates and drafts corporate policy handbooks, employment contracts, separation agreements and restrictive covenants. He also develops and presents training programs and has spoken and written extensively on labor and employment law topics.

Orly Boger has worked in the high tech industry and in a leading law firm before launching her law firm. Orly focuses on startup companies and technology transactions. She structures and negotiates software and technology license agreements, strategic partnerships, cloud-based/SaaS agreements, internet related transactions, OEM agreements, supply, distribution, telecommunications. In addition, Orly has experience in serving as an in-house legal counsel for start up companies at various phases of their development, providing strategic legal advise to entrepreneurs and emerging companies with a comprehensive understanding of the business and legal issues. She has been helping companies develop a legal strategy for all aspects of their operations, from commercial transactions and partnerships, scalable SaaS or services agreements, privacy policies, employment related policies, open source licensing and much more.

Experienced sports and entertainment attorney. I specialize in contracts, business formation, licensing, wage disputes, negotiations, and intellectual property.

I advise clients in the areas of business, trademarks, real estate, employment, and finance. My overarching goals are to unite creative people and companies to assist them in making sound legal and business decisions. I have been fortunate enough to build a fast-growing, 21st-century law firm with an amazing staff by my side. Our focus is not just on providing invaluable legal insight but creating a better all-around client experience. We provide unique subscription pricing and flat-fee options for our clients, providing billing transparency and enhanced value to all of our wonderful clients. Focus areas: contract drafting, negotiations, research, trademarks international law, entertainment, business development, entity choice; business: manager, team builder, leader, motivator. Speaking Engagements: National Business Institute (NBI) - "Business Contracts 101"

Hi, I am the founding member of Son of Brown Law Firm, based in Charlotte North Carolina. Our firm practices in the areas of Business Transactions, Cannabis/Hemp, Personal Injury and Immigration Law.

Patrycja S.

Freelance attorney helping others beat overflow work by assisting with legal research, legal drafting, discovery, litigation support and client relations.

Jerry provides legal advice to business owners regarding contracts, business law, labor & employment, wills and estates, and real estate.

Find the best lawyer for your project

Quick, user friendly and one of the better ways I've come across to get ahold of lawyers willing to take new clients.

Need help with a Contract Agreement?

Post Your Project

Get Free Bids to Compare

Hire Your Lawyer

CONTRACT LAWYERS BY TOP CITIES

• Austin Contracts Lawyers
• Boston Contracts Lawyers
• Chicago Contracts Lawyers
• Dallas Contracts Lawyers
• Denver Contracts Lawyers
• Houston Contracts Lawyers
• Los Angeles Contracts Lawyers
• New York Contracts Lawyers
• Phoenix Contracts Lawyers
• San Diego Contracts Lawyers
• Tampa Contracts Lawyers

ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACT LAWYERS BY CITY

• Austin Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Boston Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Chicago Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Dallas Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Denver Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Houston Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Los Angeles Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• New York Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Phoenix Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• San Diego Assignment Of Contract Lawyers
• Tampa Assignment Of Contract Lawyers

Contracts Counsel was incredibly helpful and easy to use. I submitted a project for a lawyer's help within a day I had received over 6 proposals from qualified lawyers. I submitted a bid that works best for my business and we went forward with the project.

I never knew how difficult it was to obtain representation or a lawyer, and ContractsCounsel was EXACTLY the type of service I was hoping for when I was in a pinch. Working with their service was efficient, effective and made me feel in control. Thank you so much and should I ever need attorney services down the road, I'll certainly be a repeat customer.

I got 5 bids within 24h of posting my project. I choose the person who provided the most detailed and relevant intro letter, highlighting their experience relevant to my project. I am very satisfied with the outcome and quality of the two agreements that were produced, they actually far exceed my expectations.

How It Works

Want to speak to someone.

Get in touch below and we will schedule a time to connect!

Find lawyers and attorneys by city

• assignments basic law

Assignments: The Basic Law

The assignment of a right or obligation is a common contractual event under the law and the right to assign (or prohibition against assignments) is found in the majority of agreements, leases and business structural documents created in the United States.

As with many terms commonly used, people are familiar with the term but often are not aware or fully aware of what the terms entail. The concept of assignment of rights and obligations is one of those simple concepts with wide ranging ramifications in the contractual and business context and the law imposes severe restrictions on the validity and effect of assignment in many instances. Clear contractual provisions concerning assignments and rights should be in every document and structure created and this article will outline why such drafting is essential for the creation of appropriate and effective contracts and structures.

The reader should first read the article on Limited Liability Entities in the United States and Contracts since the information in those articles will be assumed in this article.

Basic Definitions and Concepts:

An assignment is the transfer of rights held by one party called the “assignor” to another party called the “assignee.” The legal nature of the assignment and the contractual terms of the agreement between the parties determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the assignment. The assignment of rights under a contract usually completely transfers the rights to the assignee to receive the benefits accruing under the contract. Ordinarily, the term assignment is limited to the transfer of rights that are intangible, like contractual rights and rights connected with property. Merchants Service Co. v. Small Claims Court , 35 Cal. 2d 109, 113-114 (Cal. 1950).

An assignment will generally be permitted under the law unless there is an express prohibition against assignment in the underlying contract or lease. Where assignments are permitted, the assignor need not consult the other party to the contract but may merely assign the rights at that time. However, an assignment cannot have any adverse effect on the duties of the other party to the contract, nor can it diminish the chance of the other party receiving complete performance. The assignor normally remains liable unless there is an agreement to the contrary by the other party to the contract.

The effect of a valid assignment is to remove privity between the assignor and the obligor and create privity between the obligor and the assignee. Privity is usually defined as a direct and immediate contractual relationship. See Merchants case above.

Further, for the assignment to be effective in most jurisdictions, it must occur in the present. One does not normally assign a future right; the assignment vests immediate rights and obligations.

No specific language is required to create an assignment so long as the assignor makes clear his/her intent to assign identified contractual rights to the assignee. Since expensive litigation can erupt from ambiguous or vague language, obtaining the correct verbiage is vital. An agreement must manifest the intent to transfer rights and can either be oral or in writing and the rights assigned must be certain.

Note that an assignment of an interest is the transfer of some identifiable property, claim, or right from the assignor to the assignee. The assignment operates to transfer to the assignee all of the rights, title, or interest of the assignor in the thing assigned. A transfer of all rights, title, and interests conveys everything that the assignor owned in the thing assigned and the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor. Knott v. McDonald’s Corp ., 985 F. Supp. 1222 (N.D. Cal. 1997)

The parties must intend to effectuate an assignment at the time of the transfer, although no particular language or procedure is necessary. As long ago as the case of National Reserve Co. v. Metropolitan Trust Co ., 17 Cal. 2d 827 (Cal. 1941), the court held that in determining what rights or interests pass under an assignment, the intention of the parties as manifested in the instrument is controlling.

The intent of the parties to an assignment is a question of fact to be derived not only from the instrument executed by the parties but also from the surrounding circumstances. When there is no writing to evidence the intention to transfer some identifiable property, claim, or right, it is necessary to scrutinize the surrounding circumstances and parties’ acts to ascertain their intentions. Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998)

The general rule applicable to assignments of choses in action is that an assignment, unless there is a contract to the contrary, carries with it all securities held by the assignor as collateral to the claim and all rights incidental thereto and vests in the assignee the equitable title to such collateral securities and incidental rights. An unqualified assignment of a contract or chose in action, however, with no indication of the intent of the parties, vests in the assignee the assigned contract or chose and all rights and remedies incidental thereto.

More examples: In Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs ., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998), the court held that the assignee of a party to a subordination agreement is entitled to the benefits and is subject to the burdens of the agreement. In Florida E. C. R. Co. v. Eno , 99 Fla. 887 (Fla. 1930), the court held that the mere assignment of all sums due in and of itself creates no different or other liability of the owner to the assignee than that which existed from the owner to the assignor.

And note that even though an assignment vests in the assignee all rights, remedies, and contingent benefits which are incidental to the thing assigned, those which are personal to the assignor and for his sole benefit are not assigned. Rasp v. Hidden Valley Lake, Inc ., 519 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). Thus, if the underlying agreement provides that a service can only be provided to X, X cannot assign that right to Y.

Novation Compared to Assignment:

Although the difference between a novation and an assignment may appear narrow, it is an essential one. “Novation is a act whereby one party transfers all its obligations and benefits under a contract to a third party.” In a novation, a third party successfully substitutes the original party as a party to the contract. “When a contract is novated, the other contracting party must be left in the same position he was in prior to the novation being made.”

A sublease is the transfer when a tenant retains some right of reentry onto the leased premises. However, if the tenant transfers the entire leasehold estate, retaining no right of reentry or other reversionary interest, then the transfer is an assignment. The assignor is normally also removed from liability to the landlord only if the landlord consents or allowed that right in the lease. In a sublease, the original tenant is not released from the obligations of the original lease.

Equitable Assignments:

An equitable assignment is one in which one has a future interest and is not valid at law but valid in a court of equity. In National Bank of Republic v. United Sec. Life Ins. & Trust Co. , 17 App. D.C. 112 (D.C. Cir. 1900), the court held that to constitute an equitable assignment of a chose in action, the following has to occur generally: anything said written or done, in pursuance of an agreement and for valuable consideration, or in consideration of an antecedent debt, to place a chose in action or fund out of the control of the owner, and appropriate it to or in favor of another person, amounts to an equitable assignment. Thus, an agreement, between a debtor and a creditor, that the debt shall be paid out of a specific fund going to the debtor may operate as an equitable assignment.

In Egyptian Navigation Co. v. Baker Invs. Corp. , 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30804 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2008), the court stated that an equitable assignment occurs under English law when an assignor, with an intent to transfer his/her right to a chose in action, informs the assignee about the right so transferred.

An executory agreement or a declaration of trust are also equitable assignments if unenforceable as assignments by a court of law but enforceable by a court of equity exercising sound discretion according to the circumstances of the case. Since California combines courts of equity and courts of law, the same court would hear arguments as to whether an equitable assignment had occurred. Quite often, such relief is granted to avoid fraud or unjust enrichment.

Note that obtaining an assignment through fraudulent means invalidates the assignment. Fraud destroys the validity of everything into which it enters. It vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments. Walker v. Rich , 79 Cal. App. 139 (Cal. App. 1926). If an assignment is made with the fraudulent intent to delay, hinder, and defraud creditors, then it is void as fraudulent in fact. See our article on Transfers to Defraud Creditors .

But note that the motives that prompted an assignor to make the transfer will be considered as immaterial and will constitute no defense to an action by the assignee, if an assignment is considered as valid in all other respects.

Enforceability of Assignments:

Whether a right under a contract is capable of being transferred is determined by the law of the place where the contract was entered into. The validity and effect of an assignment is determined by the law of the place of assignment. The validity of an assignment of a contractual right is governed by the law of the state with the most significant relationship to the assignment and the parties.

In some jurisdictions, the traditional conflict of laws rules governing assignments has been rejected and the law of the place having the most significant contacts with the assignment applies. In Downs v. American Mut. Liability Ins. Co ., 14 N.Y.2d 266 (N.Y. 1964), a wife and her husband separated and the wife obtained a judgment of separation from the husband in New York. The judgment required the husband to pay a certain yearly sum to the wife. The husband assigned 50 percent of his future salary, wages, and earnings to the wife. The agreement authorized the employer to make such payments to the wife.

After the husband moved from New York, the wife learned that he was employed by an employer in Massachusetts. She sent the proper notice and demanded payment under the agreement. The employer refused and the wife brought an action for enforcement. The court observed that Massachusetts did not prohibit assignment of the husband’s wages. Moreover, Massachusetts law was not controlling because New York had the most significant relationship with the assignment. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the wife.

Therefore, the validity of an assignment is determined by looking to the law of the forum with the most significant relationship to the assignment itself. To determine the applicable law of assignments, the court must look to the law of the state which is most significantly related to the principal issue before it.

Assignment of Contractual Rights:

Generally, the law allows the assignment of a contractual right unless the substitution of rights would materially change the duty of the obligor, materially increase the burden or risk imposed on the obligor by the contract, materially impair the chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce the value of the performance to the obligor. Restat 2d of Contracts, § 317(2)(a). This presumes that the underlying agreement is silent on the right to assign.

If the contract specifically precludes assignment, the contractual right is not assignable. Whether a contract is assignable is a matter of contractual intent and one must look to the language used by the parties to discern that intent.

In the absence of an express provision to the contrary, the rights and duties under a bilateral executory contract that does not involve personal skill, trust, or confidence may be assigned without the consent of the other party. But note that an assignment is invalid if it would materially alter the other party’s duties and responsibilities. Once an assignment is effective, the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor and assumes all of assignor’s rights. Hence, after a valid assignment, the assignor’s right to performance is extinguished, transferred to assignee, and the assignee possesses the same rights, benefits, and remedies assignor once possessed. Robert Lamb Hart Planners & Architects v. Evergreen, Ltd. , 787 F. Supp. 753 (S.D. Ohio 1992).

On the other hand, an assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to “all of the limitations of the assignor’s right, all defenses thereto, and all set-offs and counterclaims which would have been available against the assignor had there been no assignment, provided that these defenses and set-offs are based on facts existing at the time of the assignment.” See Robert Lamb , case, above.

The power of the contract to restrict assignment is broad. Usually, contractual provisions that restrict assignment of the contract without the consent of the obligor are valid and enforceable, even when there is statutory authorization for the assignment. The restriction of the power to assign is often ineffective unless the restriction is expressly and precisely stated. Anti-assignment clauses are effective only if they contain clear, unambiguous language of prohibition. Anti-assignment clauses protect only the obligor and do not affect the transaction between the assignee and assignor.

Usually, a prohibition against the assignment of a contract does not prevent an assignment of the right to receive payments due, unless circumstances indicate the contrary. Moreover, the contracting parties cannot, by a mere non-assignment provision, prevent the effectual alienation of the right to money which becomes due under the contract.

A contract provision prohibiting or restricting an assignment may be waived, or a party may so act as to be estopped from objecting to the assignment, such as by effectively ratifying the assignment. The power to void an assignment made in violation of an anti-assignment clause may be waived either before or after the assignment. See our article on Contracts.

Noncompete Clauses and Assignments:

Of critical import to most buyers of businesses is the ability to ensure that key employees of the business being purchased cannot start a competing company. Some states strictly limit such clauses, some do allow them. California does restrict noncompete clauses, only allowing them under certain circumstances. A common question in those states that do allow them is whether such rights can be assigned to a new party, such as the buyer of the buyer.

A covenant not to compete, also called a non-competitive clause, is a formal agreement prohibiting one party from performing similar work or business within a designated area for a specified amount of time. This type of clause is generally included in contracts between employer and employee and contracts between buyer and seller of a business.

Many workers sign a covenant not to compete as part of the paperwork required for employment. It may be a separate document similar to a non-disclosure agreement, or buried within a number of other clauses in a contract. A covenant not to compete is generally legal and enforceable, although there are some exceptions and restrictions.

Whenever a company recruits skilled employees, it invests a significant amount of time and training. For example, it often takes years before a research chemist or a design engineer develops a workable knowledge of a company’s product line, including trade secrets and highly sensitive information. Once an employee gains this knowledge and experience, however, all sorts of things can happen. The employee could work for the company until retirement, accept a better offer from a competing company or start up his or her own business.

A covenant not to compete may cover a number of potential issues between employers and former employees. Many companies spend years developing a local base of customers or clients. It is important that this customer base not fall into the hands of local competitors. When an employee signs a covenant not to compete, he or she usually agrees not to use insider knowledge of the company’s customer base to disadvantage the company. The covenant not to compete often defines a broad geographical area considered off-limits to former employees, possibly tens or hundreds of miles.

Another area of concern covered by a covenant not to compete is a potential ‘brain drain’. Some high-level former employees may seek to recruit others from the same company to create new competition. Retention of employees, especially those with unique skills or proprietary knowledge, is vital for most companies, so a covenant not to compete may spell out definite restrictions on the hiring or recruiting of employees.

A covenant not to compete may also define a specific amount of time before a former employee can seek employment in a similar field. Many companies offer a substantial severance package to make sure former employees are financially solvent until the terms of the covenant not to compete have been met.

Because the use of a covenant not to compete can be controversial, a handful of states, including California, have largely banned this type of contractual language. The legal enforcement of these agreements falls on individual states, and many have sided with the employee during arbitration or litigation. A covenant not to compete must be reasonable and specific, with defined time periods and coverage areas. If the agreement gives the company too much power over former employees or is ambiguous, state courts may declare it to be overbroad and therefore unenforceable. In such case, the employee would be free to pursue any employment opportunity, including working for a direct competitor or starting up a new company of his or her own.

It has been held that an employee’s covenant not to compete is assignable where one business is transferred to another, that a merger does not constitute an assignment of a covenant not to compete, and that a covenant not to compete is enforceable by a successor to the employer where the assignment does not create an added burden of employment or other disadvantage to the employee. However, in some states such as Hawaii, it has also been held that a covenant not to compete is not assignable and under various statutes for various reasons that such covenants are not enforceable against an employee by a successor to the employer. Hawaii v. Gannett Pac. Corp. , 99 F. Supp. 2d 1241 (D. Haw. 1999)

It is vital to obtain the relevant law of the applicable state before drafting or attempting to enforce assignment rights in this particular area.

Conclusion:

In the current business world of fast changing structures, agreements, employees and projects, the ability to assign rights and obligations is essential to allow flexibility and adjustment to new situations. Conversely, the ability to hold a contracting party into the deal may be essential for the future of a party. Thus, the law of assignments and the restriction on same is a critical aspect of every agreement and every structure. This basic provision is often glanced at by the contracting parties, or scribbled into the deal at the last minute but can easily become the most vital part of the transaction.

As an example, one client of ours came into the office outraged that his co venturer on a sizable exporting agreement, who had excellent connections in Brazil, had elected to pursue another venture instead and assigned the agreement to a party unknown to our client and without the business contacts our client considered vital. When we examined the handwritten agreement our client had drafted in a restaurant in Sao Paolo, we discovered there was no restriction on assignment whatsoever…our client had not even considered that right when drafting the agreement after a full day of work.

One choses who one does business with carefully…to ensure that one’s choice remains the party on the other side of the contract, one must master the ability to negotiate proper assignment provisions.

Founded in 1939, our law firm combines the ability to represent clients in domestic or international matters with the personal interaction with clients that is traditional to a long established law firm.

Read more about our firm

© 2024, Stimmel, Stimmel & Roeser, All rights reserved  | Terms of Use | Site by Bay Design

Sentence examples similar to by assignment basis from inspiring English sources

Login and get your AI feedback from Ludwig. Login and get your AI feedback from Ludwig.

Is your sentence correct in English?

Login and get your AI feedback from Ludwig.

The 7-Eleven account had previously been handled on an assignment basis , Ms. Manley said, by three Dallas agencies: Coffee/Black Advertising; Levenson & Hill; and the Richards Group.

Mr. Blevin rotates the Indy assignment on a year- by -year basis with the two other I.R.L. chief flagmen.

The Giuliani administration expressed regret over the governor's decision, saying the city already allowed students receiving public assistance to participate in internships or work-study programs in place of workfare assignments , on a case- by -case basis .

Successful application of this approach may enable researchers to better understand the confidence of taxonomic assignments on a read- by -read basis as well as across taxonomic ranks.

Now you can keep an eye on your assignments on a week- by -week basis .

A Hakluyt spokesman in London said Mr. Heywood had worked on a case- by -case basis , but had not been on an assignment for it in Chongqing when he died.

Manual corrections to the above automated structural and functional assignments were completed on an individual gene- by -gene basis as needed.

Boundless aligns its books with other common textbooks on a chapter- by -chapter basis , so that students can keep up with assignments easily.

Functional assignments for hypothetical and predicted genes of interest were performed manually on a gene- by -gene basis .

It was a case- by -case basis .

Most of these peaks are amenable to assignment on the basis of the conventional Raman measurements on hemoglobin conducted by Hu and coworkers [39].

Write in English at your best, with Ludwig

Used by millions of students, scientific researchers, professional translators and editors from all over the world.

Listya Utami K.

Be a smart writer

Most frequent sentences:, write in english at your best with ludwig.

• More from M-W
• To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In

Definition of assignment

task , duty , job , chore , stint , assignment mean a piece of work to be done.

task implies work imposed by a person in authority or an employer or by circumstance.

duty implies an obligation to perform or responsibility for performance.

job applies to a piece of work voluntarily performed; it may sometimes suggest difficulty or importance.

chore implies a minor routine activity necessary for maintaining a household or farm.

stint implies a carefully allotted or measured quantity of assigned work or service.

assignment implies a definite limited task assigned by one in authority.

Examples of assignment in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'assignment.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

see assign entry 1

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing assignment

• self - assignment

Dictionary Entries Near assignment

Cite this entry.

“Assignment.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assignment. Accessed 2 Sep. 2024.

Legal Definition

Legal definition of assignment, more from merriam-webster on assignment.

Nglish: Translation of assignment for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of assignment for Arabic Speakers

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!

Can you solve 4 words at once?

Word of the day, incandescent.

See Definitions and Examples »

Get Word of the Day daily email!

Popular in Grammar & Usage

Plural and possessive names: a guide, 31 useful rhetorical devices, more commonly misspelled words, why does english have so many silent letters, your vs. you're: how to use them correctly, popular in wordplay, 8 words for lesser-known musical instruments, it's a scorcher words for the summer heat, 7 shakespearean insults to make life more interesting, birds say the darndest things, 10 words from taylor swift songs (merriam's version), games & quizzes.

Look up a word, learn it forever.

Other forms: assignments

Whether you’re an international spy with a new mission or a high school student with math homework — when you get an assignment , you’d better do it! An assignment is a task that someone in authority has asked you to do.

The word assignment is just the noun form of the common verb assign , which you use when you want to give someone a duty or a job. When you assign something, that something is called an assignment . The word can also refer to the act of distributing something. If you are distributing new office furniture at work, you might say, “ Assignment of the new chairs will begin tomorrow.”

• noun an undertaking that you have been assigned to do (as by an instructor) see more see less types: show 6 types... hide 6 types... school assignment , schoolwork a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher writing assignment , written assignment an assignment to write something classroom project a school task requiring considerable effort classwork the part of a student's work that is done in the classroom homework , prep , preparation preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home) lesson a task assigned for individual study type of: labor , project , task , undertaking any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
• noun a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces) “a hazardous assignment ” synonyms: duty assignment see more see less types: show 10 types... hide 10 types... guard , guard duty , sentry duty , sentry go the duty of serving as a sentry fatigue , fatigue duty labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on) charge , commission , mission a special assignment that is given to a person or group reassignment assignment to a different duty sea-duty , service abroad , shipboard duty naval service aboard a ship at sea shore duty naval service at land bases fool's errand a fruitless mission mission impossible an extremely dangerous or difficult mission martyr operation , sacrifice operation , suicide mission killing or injuring others while annihilating yourself; usually accomplished with a bomb secondment the detachment of a person from their regular organization for temporary assignment elsewhere type of: duty work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons
• noun the act of putting a person into a non-elective position synonyms: appointment , designation , naming see more see less types: show 6 types... hide 6 types... nomination the act of officially naming a candidate co-optation , co-option the act of appointing summarily (with or without the appointee's consent) delegacy the appointment of a delegate ordinance , ordination the act of ordaining; the act of conferring (or receiving) holy orders recognition designation by the chair granting a person the right to speak in a deliberative body laying on of hands laying hands on a person's head to invoke spiritual blessing in Christian ordination type of: conclusion , decision , determination the act of making up your mind about something
• noun the act of distributing something to designated places or persons “the first task is the assignment of an address to each datum” synonyms: assigning see more see less types: allocation , storage allocation (computer science) the assignment of particular areas of a magnetic disk to particular data or instructions type of: distribution the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning
• noun (law) a transfer of property by deed of conveyance synonyms: grant see more see less types: apanage , appanage a grant (by a sovereign or a legislative body) of resources to maintain a dependent member of a ruling family land grant a grant of public land (as to a railway or college) type of: transferred possession , transferred property a possession whose ownership changes or lapses
• noun the instrument by which a claim or right or interest or property is transferred from one person to another see more see less type of: instrument , legal document , legal instrument , official document (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right

Vocabulary lists containing assignment

The Dawes Act, or General Allotment Act of 1887, was a law that allowed the U.S. government to take Native American tribal lands and divide them into 40 acre lots for individual Native Americans. The goal was to break up communal tribal lands and speed the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. The Dawes Act caused great suffering with much of the land winding up in the hands of white settlers.

Learn these words from the autobiography by David Lubar (Inside: Level B, Unit 4). Here are our links to the selections of "Every Body Is a Winner": The Human Machine; My Fabulous Footprint , The Beat Goes On; All Pumped Up , Two Left Feet, Two Left Hands , How Coach Told Me; Bionics Here are our links to the units of Level B: Unit 1 , Unit 2 , Unit 3 , Unit 4 , Unit 5 , Unit 6 , Unit 7 , Unit 8 Here are our links to the Inside books: Level A , Level B , Level C Here is our link to a list of academic vocabulary for Inside: Academic Vocabulary

Prepare for the IELTS exam with this list of words related to education and academics.

Sign up now (it’s free!)

Whether you’re a teacher or a learner, vocabulary.com can put you or your class on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement..

Understanding an assignment and assumption agreement

Need to assign your rights and duties under a contract? Learn more about the basics of an assignment and assumption agreement.

Get your assignment of agreement

by   Belle Wong, J.D.

Belle Wong, is a freelance writer specializing in small business, personal finance, banking, and tech/SAAS. She ...

Read more...

Updated on: November 24, 2023 · 3 min read

The assignment and assumption agreement

The basics of assignment and assumption, filling in the assignment and assumption agreement.

While every business should try its best to meet its contractual obligations, changes in circumstance can happen that could necessitate transferring your rights and duties under a contract to another party who would be better able to meet those obligations.

If you find yourself in such a situation, and your contract provides for the possibility of assignment, an assignment and assumption agreement can be a good option for preserving your relationship with the party you initially contracted with, while at the same time enabling you to pass on your contractual rights and duties to a third party.

An assignment and assumption agreement is used after a contract is signed, in order to transfer one of the contracting party's rights and obligations to a third party who was not originally a party to the contract. The party making the assignment is called the assignor, while the third party accepting the assignment is known as the assignee.

In order for an assignment and assumption agreement to be valid, the following criteria need to be met:

• The initial contract must provide for the possibility of assignment by one of the initial contracting parties.
• The assignor must agree to assign their rights and duties under the contract to the assignee.
• The assignee must agree to accept, or "assume," those contractual rights and duties.
• The other party to the initial contract must consent to the transfer of rights and obligations to the assignee.

A standard assignment and assumption contract is often a good starting point if you need to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement. However, for more complex situations, such as an assignment and amendment agreement in which several of the initial contract terms will be modified, or where only some, but not all, rights and duties will be assigned, it's a good idea to retain the services of an attorney who can help you draft an agreement that will meet all your needs.

When you're ready to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement, it's a good idea to have a firm grasp of the basics of assignment:

• First, carefully read and understand the assignment and assumption provision in the initial contract. Contracts vary widely in their language on this topic, and each contract will have specific criteria that must be met in order for a valid assignment of rights to take place.
• All parties to the agreement should carefully review the document to make sure they each know what they're agreeing to, and to help ensure that all important terms and conditions have been addressed in the agreement.
• Until the agreement is signed by all the parties involved, the assignor will still be obligated for all responsibilities stated in the initial contract. If you are the assignor, you need to ensure that you continue with business as usual until the assignment and assumption agreement has been properly executed.

Unless you're dealing with a complex assignment situation, working with a template often is a good way to begin drafting an assignment and assumption agreement that will meet your needs. Generally speaking, your agreement should include the following information:

• Identification of the existing agreement, including details such as the date it was signed and the parties involved, and the parties' rights to assign under this initial agreement
• The effective date of the assignment and assumption agreement
• Identification of the party making the assignment (the assignor), and a statement of their desire to assign their rights under the initial contract
• Identification of the third party accepting the assignment (the assignee), and a statement of their acceptance of the assignment
• Identification of the other initial party to the contract, and a statement of their consent to the assignment and assumption agreement
• A section stating that the initial contract is continued; meaning, that, other than the change to the parties involved, all terms and conditions in the original contract stay the same

In addition to these sections that are specific to an assignment and assumption agreement, your contract should also include standard contract language, such as clauses about indemnification, future amendments, and governing law.

Sometimes circumstances change, and as a business owner you may find yourself needing to assign your rights and duties under a contract to another party. A properly drafted assignment and assumption agreement can help you make the transfer smoothly while, at the same time, preserving the cordiality of your initial business relationship under the original contract.

You may also like

What Does 'Inc.' Mean in a Company Name?

'Inc.' in a company name means the business is incorporated, but what does that entail, exactly? Here's everything you need to know about incorporating your business.

October 9, 2023 · 10min read

How to Write a Will: A Comprehensive Guide to Will Writing

Writing a will is one of the most important things you can do for yourself and for your loved ones, and it can be done in just minutes. Are you ready to get started?

July 21, 2024 · 11min read

How to Start an LLC in 7 Easy Steps (2024 Guide)

2024 is one of the best years ever to start an LLC, and you can create yours in only a few steps.

July 29, 2024 · 22min read

• Dictionaries home
• American English
• Collocations
• German-English
• Grammar home
• Practical English Usage
• Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta)
• Word Lists home
• My Word Lists
• Recent additions
• Resources home
• Text Checker

Definition of assignment noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

• Students are required to complete all homework assignments.
• You will need to complete three written assignments per semester.
• a business/special assignment
• I had set myself a tough assignment.
• on an assignment She is in Greece on an assignment for one of the Sunday newspapers.
• on assignment one of our reporters on assignment in China
• The students handed in their assignments.
• The teacher gave us an assignment on pollution.
• Why did you take on this assignment if you're so busy?
• He refused to accept the assignment.
• assignment on

Want to learn more?

Find out which words work together and produce more natural-sounding English with the Oxford Collocations Dictionary app. Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary app.

Loan Participation Vs Assignment

• No Comments

Sub-participation

Sub-participation is a form of loan participation in which a lender shares its risk with a second party. This type of loan participation does not change the documentation of the loan. This type of loan participation can also include future amounts for loans that have not yet been fully disbursed, such as a revolving credit facility.

The legality of sub-participation is dependent on the conditions of the loan agreement. In general, a loan participant cannot enforce the loan or proceed against the collateral on their own. Furthermore, the borrower may not even be aware that the loan participant is involved. However, the seller of the participation retains the right to enforce or compromise the loan, as well as to amend it without the consent of the participant.

As for drafting sub-participation agreements, there are many ways to do so. But it is important to include at least the following provisions: The term of the agreement, the rate of interest, and the repurchase provisions. These provisions should be included in the sub-participation or assignment agreement.

Assignment and sub-participation are standard terms in inter-bank transactions. We will examine the purposes of the loan participation and assignment agreements, as well as the terms of the transaction. While they are essentially interchangeable, they are fundamentally different.

Loan participation and assignment are both ways to transfer ownership of a loan. Assigning a loan to a third party or sub-assigning it to yourself is a common way to transfer the loan.

The terms “loan participation” and “assignment” are often used in the banking industry. Both terms refer to the transfer of a loan’s rights and payments between two financial institutions. We’ll look at what each term means and how they differ from each other.

Loan participation has long been a common form of loan transfer. Its advantages over other loan transfer methods include the ability to diversify a portfolio and limit risk. It also eliminates the need for loan servicing. However, this option can be problematic when it differs from underlying loans. For this reason, it’s important to structure loan participation carefully.

Whether a loan is a participation or an assignment depends on a variety of factors. The percentage of loan ownership, relationship with the other financial institution, and confidence in the other party are all important considerations. However, the basic difference between participation and assignment is that the former involves the original lender continuing to manage the loan while the latter takes on the responsibility of doing so.

As a rule, loan participation is a good option if the original lender does not want to keep the title of the loan. It allows the borrower to avoid the costs associated with the loan and is more attractive for borrowers. In addition, loan participation arrangements can be more flexible than outright assignments. However, it’s important to make sure that the arrangement you enter into is formal. This will prevent any confusion or conflict down the road.

Syndication

Understanding the differences between loan participation and syndication is important for lenders. Understanding these two options can help them find the best solutions for their lending needs. Syndication is a common type of lending program where lenders pool their loans together to reduce the risks of defaults. Loan participation programs can be more complex and require due diligence to be effective.

Syndicated lending allows lenders to access the expertise and business relationships of their fellow lenders while maximizing their exposure to deal flow. However, lenders who join a syndicated lending arrangement often give up some of their independence and flexibility to take unilateral action. In addition, these arrangements often involve the involvement of legal counsel, which can also be important.

A loan participation arrangement is a group of lenders coming together to fund a large loan. A lead bank underwrites the loan and sells portions of it to other financial institutions. Loan syndication, on the other hand, is an arrangement whereby multiple financial institutions pool their money together and make one large loan. In this type of arrangement, the original lender transfers the rights and obligations to the purchasing financial institution. The risk is then shared among the participating lenders, allowing them to share in the interest and the risks of the loan’s default.

A syndication contract can be structured in as many tranches as necessary to meet the borrowing needs of a customer. The underlying contract will contain a commitment contract that specifies the ratio of participation among the participants. Each tranche will have a borrower, which will be a common participant or may be different. The contract will require that each participant fulfill their commitments before the scheduled due dates.

Loan participation and assignment are standard transactions between banks. They are similar in some respects but have different purposes. 

There are many types of loan participation agreements. Some involve a full assignment, while others are a sub-participation. If you are involved in loan participation or assignment, you need to understand which type of agreement applies to your situation. There are several types of loan participation agreements, including sub-participation agreements, undisclosed agencies, and assignments.

Sub-participation agreements are typically used to assign part of the loan amount to a new lender, and the loan documentation remains unchanged. In addition, these types of agreements include future amounts, which may be provided as part of a revolving credit facility or a portion of a loan that hasn’t been fully disbursed.

Loan participation is a popular option for lenders to limit their exposure to borrowers. Lenders may sell a portion of the loan to an investor or sell a portion of their interest to another party. While the transfer of a loan portion does not always require the consent of the transferor, lenders must consider participating interest guidelines and the applicable rules.

How Do Variables Affect Bank Loan Sales?

Comments are closed.

• Participate

SALES [email protected] 501-246-5148

SUPPORT [email protected] 501-313-3414

Get ahead of the competition.

Demos of our products take only 30 minutes and we offer a free trial.

Schedule Your Demo Today

Schedule a Demo

All Rights Reserved.

• Schedule A Demo

• TheFreeDictionary
• Word / Article
• Starts with
• Free toolbar & extensions
• Word of the Day
• Free content

as·sign·ment

As•sign•ment.

An assignment is a task that someone is given to do, usually as part of their job.

An assignment is also a piece of academic work given to students.

In American English, an assignment is also a piece of work given to students to do at home.

Work given to schoolchildren to do at home is also called homework .

Be Careful! Homework is an uncountable noun. You do not talk about 'homeworks' or 'a homework'. Note that you do not say ' I have made my homework '. You say 'I have done my homework'.

• admeasurement
• all nighter
• annual training
• anthropopathism
• anthropopathy
• anthropophuism
• anthropopsychism
• appointment
• apportionment
• apportionment (air)
• assignation
• Assignment of dower
• assibilation
• Assideanism
• assiduously
• assiduousness
• assignability
• assigned risk
• assimilability
• assimilable
• assimilating
• assimilation
• assimilationism
• assimilationist
• assimilative
• assimilator
• assimilatory
• Assimulation
• Assiniboine
• Assiniboine Mount
• Assiniboine River
• assistance dog
• assistance mechanism
• assigned to you
• assigning to
• Assignment (computer science)
• Assignment (education)
• Assignment (law)
• Assignment Action Number
• Assignment and Analysis of Broadband Spectra
• Assignment and Justification Questionnaire
• Assignment and Lease
• Assignment and Licensing System
• Assignment and Transmittal Document
• Assignment Area
• Assignment Availability Code
• Assignment by Choice
• Assignment Capsule
• Assignment Capsules
• Assignment Clause, Life Insurance
• Assignment Completed
• Assignment Consideration
• Assignment Control Authority
• Assignment Control Number
• Assignment Coordination Group
• Assignment Data Card
• Assignment Date
• Assignment Eligibility & Availability
• Assignment for benefit of creditors
• Facebook Share

Assignments

• by teachmint@wp

What is assignment in education? Assignment meaning is the tasks given to students by their teachers and tutors to complete in a defined time. They can also be referred to as the work given to someone as a part of learning. Assignments can be in the form of written, practical, art or fieldwork, or even online. Their purpose is to ensure that students understand the subject matter thoroughly.

Generally, students are assigned a task as a part of their homework. The allocation of assignments is not only restricted to a class or subject but this method can be applied at any stage of life. They are a great way to judge the ability and understanding of an individual towards a subject matter.

The culture of providing homework starts from kindergarten in various forms. Small children are asked to read and write what they learn in the class. Students in the higher class are given work as a part of their revision exercise and help them prepare for exams. Individuals doing honors write journals as a part of an assignment that determines their knowledge in that subject.

The structure of assignments depends upon the nature of the task and subject. They must be well-researched, including case studies or examples within a proper framework. These studies are useful for students to achieve the desired examination results. It also helps them to concentrate better on education. Knowing what is assignment in education helps teachers assess students better.

Importance of Assignments

Giving assignments to the students is a crucial part of student assessment. The importance of giving assignments to the students is discussed in detail below:

• Learning practical skills Assignments enable students to develop new skills. In order to complete the assignments, students learn new skills which help them in their academic careers. 
• Enhances time management skills Whenever assignments are allocated to the students, a time limit is set by teachers within which the assignment has to be submitted. What is assignment in education enable students to complete their tasks and learn timely submission of work. 
• Learning researching skills Students tend to do a lot of research about the questions given in the assignment. Assignment meaning is to help them develop their research skills and come in handy in their future careers. 
• Enhance the Writing Caliber Many students have a problem of not being able to put their thoughts into words. Writing assignments can help them develop writing skills and be expressive in real life as well. 

Since assignments are deadline-based, they help students take responsibility and manage time. The work assigned to students may be individual or group activities, or both, to develop teamwork in them. 

The above-mentioned information gives us a context of assignment meaning and its importance to the students. Assignments provide a basis for the student assessment and should be given timely.  

Try Teachmint, an integrated school platform for efficient school management .

Learn more about  Teachmint plans  here.

Digitize your school in minutes with Teachmint’s integrated platform

" * " indicates required fields

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of assignment in English

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

• It was a plum assignment - more of a vacation really.
• He took this award-winning photograph while on assignment in the Middle East .
• His two-year assignment to the Mexico office starts in September .
• She first visited Norway on assignment for the winter Olympics ten years ago.
• He fell in love with the area after being there on assignment for National Geographic in the 1950s.
• act as something
• all work and no play (makes Jack a dull boy) idiom
• be at work idiom
• be in work idiom
• housekeeping
• in the line of duty idiom
• join duty idiom
• undertaking

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

assignment | Intermediate English

Assignment | business english, examples of assignment, collocations with assignment.

These are words often used in combination with assignment .

Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.

Translations of assignment

Get a quick, free translation!

Word of the Day

to do something in order to be allowed more time

It’s not really my thing (How to say you don’t like something)

Learn more with +Plus

• Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
• Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
• Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
• Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
• English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
• English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
• English–Dutch Dutch–English
• English–French French–English
• English–German German–English
• English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
• English–Italian Italian–English
• English–Japanese Japanese–English
• English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
• English–Polish Polish–English
• English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
• English–Spanish Spanish–English
• English–Swedish Swedish–English
• Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
• on assignment
• Intermediate    Noun
• Collocations
• Translations
• All translations

To add assignment to a word list please sign up or log in.

Add assignment to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

What is “Assignment of Income” Under the Tax Law?

Gross income is taxed to the individual who earns it or to owner of property that generates the income. Under the so-called “assignment of income doctrine,” a taxpayer may not avoid tax by assigning the right to income to another.

Specifically, the assignment of income doctrine holds that a taxpayer who earns income from services that the taxpayer performs or property that the taxpayer owns generally cannot avoid liability for tax on that income by assigning it to another person or entity. The doctrine is frequently applied to assignments to creditors, controlled entities, family trusts and charities.

A taxpayer cannot, for tax purposes, assign income that has already accrued from property the taxpayer owns. This aspect of the assignment of income doctrine is often applied to interest, dividends, rents, royalties, and trust income. And, under the same rationale, an assignment of an interest in a lottery ticket is effective only if it occurs before the ticket is ascertained to be a winning ticket.

However, a taxpayer can shift liability for capital gains on property not yet sold by making a bona fide gift of the underlying property. In that case, the donee of a gift of securities takes the “carryover” basis of the donor.  

For example, shares now valued at $50 gifted to a donee in which the donor has a tax basis of $10, would yield a taxable gain to the donee of its eventual sale price less the $10 carryover basis. The donor escapes income tax on any of the appreciation.

For guidance on this issue, please contact our professionals at 315.242.1120 or [email protected] .

Share This Story, Choose Your Platform!

Privacy overview.

Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.

Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.

Contingency vs. Retained Recruiters: What is the Difference?

• Post author By Jörgen Sundberg

What most people don’t realize is that there are two different types of recruiters/headhunters out there. Recruiters work on either a Retained or a Contingency basis. What are the differences and how does it all affect you as a job seeker? This is my attempt at explaining how it works.

Working on a retained basis means the recruiter will charge an upfront fee to the client to conduct a search. They will operate on an exclusive basis meaning the job will only be filled through this recruitment company. These recruiters work very closely with their clients and will take their time and use an agreed methodology to find the best person for the job. The process is usually rigorous with a shortlist of anything from three to ten names being presented before interviews commence. In a perfect world, the retained recruiter will be able to present five candidates with the ideal skills, location, salary, etc. and all the client has to do is pick the one they like the most.

A retained recruitment assignment doesn’t come cheap; the client will expect to pay up to 50% of the projected first annual salary of the successful candidate. Companies will request a retained search when they are looking to fill a senior position and sometimes when all other cheaper search options have been exhausted.

Contingency:

Contingency search, on the other hand, is when the candidate is the bargaining chip. Contingency is sometimes described as No Win, No Fee (or even No Cure, No Pay). It is what it says on the tin, a service performed by a recruitment company for free until the day a candidate represented by them takes a position with their client. Recruiters working on this basis often have to compete with the client’s internal HR department, advertising, direct applicants, and typically one or more other recruitment companies.

The trick here is to represent the best candidate or candidates and to do this faster than the other channels. If for instance, the vacancy is hard to fill, chances are there will only be a few candidates out there qualified for the position. Getting to these before everyone else is vital for the successful no-win, no-fee recruiter.

Difference in methodology:

The retained recruiter takes their time to get things right using processes and agreed methodology, knowing they will eventually fill the position thanks to their exclusivity terms. The contingency recruiter will be a lot quicker and most probably deliver more candidates to increase the odds of making a placement.

Another difference is that the retained recruiter has signed up to a service level, sometimes a retained search can be challenging and these projects can be rather lengthy. The contingency recruiter will simply move on to another vacancy or client where they believe they can get a more straightforward win.

Implications for you the candidate:

So what does this mean to you? If you are approached about a vacancy, ask the recruiter how they got the assignment and what the competition is. If you are dealing with a retained recruiter, you are more likely to get full briefings on the role, the interviews, a potential offer and so forth. Having said that, contingency recruiters tend to be more proactive and have better sales skills – something that can certainly help you get the perfect job.

Share this post:

• Tags Contingency , Contingency Recruitment , difference , methodology , Recruiter , Recruiters , Recruitment , retained

By Jörgen Sundberg

Founder of Undercover Recruiter & CEO of Link Humans , home of The Employer Brand Index .

• Daily Crossword
• Word Puzzle
• Word Finder
• Word of the Day
• Synonym of the Day
• Word of the Year
• Language stories
• All featured
• Gender and sexuality
• All pop culture
• Writing hub
• Grammar essentials
• Commonly confused
• All writing tips
• Pop culture
• Writing tips

Advertisement

[ uh - sahyn -m uh nt ]

She completed the assignment and went on to other jobs.

Synonyms: job , obligation

He left for his assignment in the Middle East.

• an act of assigning; appointment.
• the transference of a right, interest, or title, or the instrument of transfer.
• a transference of property to assignees for the benefit of creditors.

/ əˈsaɪnmənt /

• something that has been assigned, such as a mission or task
• a position or post to which a person is assigned
• the act of assigning or state of being assigned

assignment of a lease

• the document effecting such a transfer
• the right, interest, or property transferred
• law (formerly) the transfer, esp by an insolvent debtor, of property in trust for the benefit of his creditors
• logic a function that associates specific values with each variable in a formal expression
• history a system (1789–1841) whereby a convict could become the unpaid servant of a freeman

Other Words From

• misas·signment noun
• nonas·signment noun
• reas·signment noun

Word History and Origins

Origin of assignment 1

Synonym Study

Example sentences.

Yariel Valdés González and I faced these challenges while on assignment in South Florida and the Deep South from July 21-Aug.

They’re putting time into decoration just as they would in their physical classroom, and students can interact with the space by, say, clicking on a bookshelf to get a reading assignment.

For now, if the district moves to in-person learning, instruction in Carlsbad will take place on campus five days per week and students may engage in additional independent practices and other assignments at home.

The assignments must also respect the relationships between the elements in the group.

It’s very hard, by the way, to do real random assignment studies of couples therapy.

His most recent assignment was the 84th Precinct, at the Brooklyn end of the Brooklyn Bridge.

When Lewis was shipped off to Vietnam, his son was just three months old, and the timing of the assignment worried Lewis.

When Vial got that first assignment, she was just beginning her photography career, and Cirque du Soleil was only a few years old.

“For our winter issue, we gave ourselves one assignment: Break The Internet,” wrote Paper.

By the 1950s the rapid assignment of gender to an ambiguously gendered infant had become standard.

Consent to an assignment may be given by the president of the company, without formal vote by the directors.

A transfer by the lessee of the whole or a part of his interest for a part of the time is a sublease and not an assignment.

An assignment to one who has an insurable interest as relative, creditor and the like, is always valid.

When an assignment of it is made, the assignee may sue in his own name for rent accruing after the assignment.

In some states statutes forbid the assignment of such policies for the benefit of creditors.

Related Words

• appointment

• Search Search Please fill out this field.
• Options and Derivatives
• Strategy & Education

Assignment: Definition in Finance, How It Works, and Examples

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Yarilet Perez is an experienced multimedia journalist and fact-checker with a Master of Science in Journalism. She has worked in multiple cities covering breaking news, politics, education, and more. Her expertise is in personal finance and investing, and real estate.

What Is an Assignment?

Assignment most often refers to one of two definitions in the financial world:

• The transfer of an individual's rights or property to another person or business. This concept exists in a variety of business transactions and is often spelled out contractually.
• In trading, assignment occurs when an option contract is exercised. The owner of the contract exercises the contract and assigns the option writer to an obligation to complete the requirements of the contract.

Key Takeaways

• Assignment is a transfer of rights or property from one party to another.
• Options assignments occur when option buyers exercise their rights to a position in a security.
• Other examples of assignments can be found in wages, mortgages, and leases.

Uses For Assignments

Assignment refers to the transfer of some or all property rights and obligations associated with an asset, property, contract, or other asset of value. to another entity through a written agreement.

Assignment rights happen every day in many different situations. A payee, like a utility or a merchant, assigns the right to collect payment from a written check to a bank. A merchant can assign the funds from a line of credit to a manufacturing third party that makes a product that the merchant will eventually sell. A trademark owner can transfer, sell, or give another person interest in the trademark or logo. A homeowner who sells their house assigns the deed to the new buyer.

To be effective, an assignment must involve parties with legal capacity, consideration, consent, and legality of the object.

A wage assignment is a forced payment of an obligation by automatic withholding from an employee’s pay. Courts issue wage assignments for people late with child or spousal support, taxes, loans, or other obligations. Money is automatically subtracted from a worker's paycheck without consent if they have a history of nonpayment. For example, a person delinquent on $100 monthly loan payments has a wage assignment deducting the money from their paycheck and sent to the lender. Wage assignments are helpful in paying back long-term debts.

Another instance can be found in a mortgage assignment. This is where a mortgage deed gives a lender interest in a mortgaged property in return for payments received. Lenders often sell mortgages to third parties, such as other lenders. A mortgage assignment document clarifies the assignment of contract and instructs the borrower in making future mortgage payments, and potentially modifies the mortgage terms.

A final example involves a lease assignment. This benefits a relocating tenant wanting to end a lease early or a landlord looking for rent payments to pay creditors. Once the new tenant signs the lease, taking over responsibility for rent payments and other obligations, the previous tenant is released from those responsibilities. In a separate lease assignment, a landlord agrees to pay a creditor through an assignment of rent due under rental property leases. The agreement is used to pay a mortgage lender if the landlord defaults on the loan or files for bankruptcy . Any rental income would then be paid directly to the lender.

Options Assignment

Options can be assigned when a buyer decides to exercise their right to buy (or sell) stock at a particular strike price . The corresponding seller of the option is not determined when a buyer opens an option trade, but only at the time that an option holder decides to exercise their right to buy stock. So an option seller with open positions is matched with the exercising buyer via automated lottery. The randomly selected seller is then assigned to fulfill the buyer's rights. This is known as an option assignment.

Once assigned, the writer (seller) of the option will have the obligation to sell (if a call option ) or buy (if a put option ) the designated number of shares of stock at the agreed-upon price (the strike price). For instance, if the writer sold calls they would be obligated to sell the stock, and the process is often referred to as having the stock called away . For puts, the buyer of the option sells stock (puts stock shares) to the writer in the form of a short-sold position.

Suppose a trader owns 100 call options on company ABC's stock with a strike price of $10 per share. The stock is now trading at $30 and ABC is due to pay a dividend shortly. As a result, the trader exercises the options early and receives 10,000 shares of ABC paid at $10. At the same time, the other side of the long call (the short call) is assigned the contract and must deliver the shares to the long.

• Terms of Service
• Editorial Policy
• Privacy Policy

Speak with a Licensed Insurance Agent

• (888) 335-8996

Medicare Assignment

Home / Medicare 101 / Medicare Costs / Medicare Assignment

Summary: If a provider accepts Medicare assignment, they accept the Medicare-approved amount for a covered service. Though most providers accept assignment, not all do. In this article, we’ll explain the differences between participating, non-participating, and opt-out providers. You’ll also learn how to find physicians in your area who accept Medicare assignment. Estimated Read Time: 5 min

What is Medicare Assignment

Medicare assignment is an agreement by your doctor or other healthcare providers to accept the Medicare-approved amount as the full cost for a covered service. Providers who “accept assignment” bill Medicare directly for Part B-covered services and cannot charge you more than the applicable deductible and coinsurance.

Most healthcare providers who opt-in to Medicare accept assignment. In fact, CMS reported in its Medicare Participation for Calendar Year 2024 announcement that 98 percent of Medicare providers accepted assignment in 2023.

Providers who accept Medicare are divided into two groups: Participating providers and non-participating providers. Providers can decide annually whether they want to participate in Medicare assignment, or if they want to be non-participating.

Providers who do not accept Medicare Assignment can charge up to 15% above the Medicare-approved cost for a service. If this is the case, you will be responsible for the entire amount (up to 15%) above what Medicare covers.

Below, we’ll take a closer look at participating, non-participating, and opt-out physicians.

Medicare Participating Providers: Providers Who Accept Medicare Assignment

Healthcare providers who accept Medicare assignment are known as “participating providers”. To participate in Medicare assignment, a provider must enter an agreement with Medicare called the Participating Physician or Supplier Agreement. When a provider signs this agreement, they agree to accept the Medicare-approved charge as the full charge of the service. They cannot charge the beneficiary more than the applicable deductible and coinsurance for covered services.

Each year, providers can decide whether they want to be a participating or non-participating provider. Participating in Medicare assignment is not only beneficial to patients, but to providers as well. Participating providers get paid by Medicare directly, and when a participating provider bills Medicare, Medicare will automatically forward the claim information to Medicare Supplement insurers. This makes the billing process much easier on the provider’s end.

Medicare Non-Participating Providers: Providers Who Don’t Accept Assignment

Healthcare providers who are “non-participating” providers do not agree to accept assignment and can charge up to 15% over the Medicare-approved amount for a service. Non-participating Medicare providers still accept Medicare patients. However they have not agreed to accept the Medicare-approved cost as the full cost for their service.

Doctors who do not sign an assignment agreement with Medicare can still choose to accept assignment on a case-by-case basis. When non-participating providers do add on excess charges , they cannot charge more than 15% over the Medicare-approved amount. It’s worth noting that providers do not have to charge the maximum 15%; they may only charge 5% or 10% over the Medicare-approved amount.

When you receive a Medicare-covered service at a non-participating provider, you may need to pay the full amount at the time of your service; a claim will need to be submitted to Medicare for you to be reimbursed. Prior to receiving care, your provider should give you an Advanced Beneficiary Notice (ABN) to read and sign. This notice will detail the services you are receiving and their costs.

Non-participating providers should include a CMS-approved unassigned claim statement in the additional information section of your Advanced Beneficiary Notice. This statement will read:

“This supplier doesn’t accept payment from Medicare for the item(s) listed in the table above. If I checked Option 1 above, I am responsible for paying the supplier’s charge for the item(s) directly to the supplier. If Medicare does pay, Medicare will pay me the Medicare-approved amount for the item(s), and this payment to me may be less than the supplier’s charge.”

This statement basically summarizes how excess charges work: Medicare will pay the Medicare-approved amount, but you may end up paying more than that.

Your provider should submit a claim to Medicare for any covered services, however, if they refuse to submit a claim, you can do so yourself by using CMS form 1490S .

Opt-Out Providers: What You Need to Know

Opt-out providers are different than non-participating providers because they completely opt out of Medicare. What does this mean for you? If you receive supplies or services from a provider who opted out of Medicare, Medicare will not pay for any of it (except for emergencies).

Physicians who opt-out of Medicare are even harder to find than non-participating providers. According to a report by KFF.org, only 1.1% of physicians opted out of Medicare in 2023. Of those who opted out, most are physicians in specialty fields such as psychiatry, plastic and reconstructive surgery, and neurology.

How to Find A Doctor Who Accepts Medicare Assignment

Finding a doctor who accepts Medicare patients and accepts Medicare assignment is generally easier than finding a provider who doesn’t accept assignment. As we mentioned above, of all the providers who accept Medicare patients, 98 percent accept assignment.

The easiest way to find a doctor or healthcare provider who accepts Medicare assignment is by visiting Medicare.gov and using their Compare Care Near You tool . When you search for providers in your area, the Care Compare tool will let you know whether a provider is a participating or non-participating provider.

If a provider is part of a group practice that involves multiple providers, then all providers in that group must have the same participation status. As an example, we have three doctors, Dr. Smith, Dr. Jones, and Dr. Shoemaker, who are all part of a group practice called “Health Care LLC”. The group decides to accept Medicare assignment and become a participating provider. Dr. Smith decides he does not want to accept assignment, however, because he is part of the “Health Care LLC” group, he must remain a participating provider.

Using Medicare’s Care Compare tool, you can select a group practice and see their participation status. You can then view all providers who are part of that group. This makes finding doctors who accept assignment even easier.

To ensure you don’t end up paying more out-of-pocket costs than you anticipated, it’s always a good idea to check with your provider if they are a participating Medicare provider. If you have questions regarding Medicare assignment or are having trouble determining whether a provider is a participating provider, you can contact Medicare directly at 1-800-633-4227. If you have questions about excess charges or other Medicare costs and would like to speak with a licensed insurance agent, you can contact us at the number above.

Announcement About Medicare Participation for Calendar Year 2024, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Accessed January 2024

https://www.cms.gov/files/document/medicare-participation-announcement.pdf

Annual Medicare Participation Announcement, CMS.gov. Accessed January 2024

https://www.cms.gov/medicare-participation

Does Your Provider Accept Medicare as Full Payment? Medicare.gov. Accessed January 2024

https://www.medicare.gov/basics/costs/medicare-costs/provider-accept-Medicare

Kayla Hopkins

Ashlee Zareczny

• Medicare Eligibility Requirements
• Medicare Enrollment Documents
• Apply for Medicare While Working
• Guaranteed Issue Rights
• Medicare by State
• Web Stories
• Online Guides
• Calculators & Tools

© 2024 Apply for Medicare. All Rights Reserved.

Owned by: Elite Insurance Partners LLC. This website is not connected with the federal government or the federal Medicare program. The purpose of this website is the solicitation of insurance. We do not offer every plan available in your area. Currently we represent 26 organizations which offer 3,740 products in your area. Please contact Medicare.gov or 1-800-MEDICARE or your local State Health Insurance Program to get information on all of your options.

Let us help you find the right Medicare plans today!

Simply enter your zip code below

Office of the CIO

Guidelines for data classification.

The purpose of this guideline is to establish a framework for classifying institutional data based on its level of sensitivity, value, and criticality to the university as required by the university's Information Security Policy. Classification of data will aid in determining baseline security controls for the protection of data.

This policy applies to all faculty, staff, students, and third-party agents of the university and any other university affiliate authorized to access institutional data. In particular, this guideline applies to those who are responsible for classifying and protecting institutional data, as defined by Information Security Roles and Responsibilities .

Note : This Guideline applies to all operational and research data.

Definitions

The definitions below are for use within the Guidelines for Data Classification. An affiliate is anyone associated with the university, including students, staff, faculty, emeritus faculty, and any sponsored guests. Most individuals affiliated with the university have an Andrew userID.

Confidential data is a generalized term typically representing data classified as restricted according to the data classification scheme defined in this guideline. This term is often used interchangeably with sensitive data.

A data steward is a senior-level employee of the university who oversees the lifecycle of one or more sets of institutional data. See the   Information Security Roles and Responsibilities   for more information.

Institutional data is defined as all data owned or licensed by the university. 

Non-public information is defined as any information that is classified as private or restricted information according to the data classification scheme defined in this guideline.

Sensitive data is a generalized term typically representing data classified as restricted according to the data classification scheme defined in this guideline. This term is often used interchangeably with confidential data.

Data Classification

Data classification, in the context of information security, is the classification of data based on its level of sensitivity and the impact to the university should that data be disclosed, altered, or destroyed without authorization. Data classification helps determine what baseline security controls are appropriate for safeguarding that data. All institutional data should be classified into one of four sensitivity levels or classifications:

Classification of data should be performed by an appropriate data steward. Data stewards are senior-level university employees who govern the lifecycle of one or more sets of institutional data. See Information Security Roles and Responsibilities for more information on the data steward role and associated responsibilities.

Visit the Data Classification Workflow for a process on how to classify data.

Data Collections

Data stewards may wish to assign a single classification to a collection of data that is common in purpose or function. When classifying a data collection, the most restrictive classification of any of the individual data elements should be used. For example, if a data collection consists of a student's name, CMU email address, and social security number, the data collection should be classified as restricted even though the student's name and CMU email address may be considered public information.

Reclassification

Periodically, it is important to reevaluate the classification of institutional data to ensure the assigned classification is still appropriate based on changes to legal and contractual obligations as well as changes in the use of the data or its value to the university. This evaluation should be conducted by the appropriate data steward. Conducting an evaluation on an annual basis is encouraged; however, the data steward should determine what frequency is most appropriate based on available resources. If a data steward determines that the classification of a certain data set has changed, an analysis of security controls should be performed to determine whether existing controls are consistent with the new classification. If gaps are found in existing security controls, they should be corrected in a timely manner, commensurate with the level of risk presented by the gaps.

Calculating Classification

The goal of information security, as stated in the university's Information Security Policy, is to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of institutional data. Data classification reflects the level of impact to the university if confidentiality, integrity, or availability is compromised.

Unfortunately, there is no perfect quantitative system for calculating the classification of a particular data element. In some situations, the appropriate classification may be more obvious, such as when federal laws require the university to protect certain types of data (e.g., personally identifiable information). If the appropriate classification is not inherently obvious, consider each security objective using the following table as a guide. It is an excerpt from  Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) publication 199 , published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which discusses the categorization of information and information systems.

As the total potential impact on the university increases from low to high, data classification should become more restrictive, moving from public to restricted . If an appropriate classification is still unclear after considering these points, contact the Information Security Office for assistance.

Appendix A: Predefined Types of Restricted Information

The Information Security Office and the Office of General Counsel have defined several types of Restricted data based on state and federal regulatory requirements. This list does not encompass all types of restricted data. Predefined types of restricted information are defined as follows:

• Data Classification Workflow [pdf]
• Data Classification Workflow [text version]
• Data Stewardship Council
• Information Security Office
• Roles and Responsiblities

Revision History

• Open access
• Published: 29 August 2024

How are Long-Covid, Post-Sepsis-Syndrome and Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome related? A conceptional approach based on the current research literature

• Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek 1 , 2 ,
• Franka E. A. Joost 1 , 2 ,
• Mathias W. Pletz 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Björn Weiß 4 ,
• Nicolas Paul 4 ,
• E. Wesley Ely 5 , 6 ,
• Konrad Reinhart 4 &
• Norman Rose 1 , 2  

Critical Care volume  28 , Article number:  283 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

1 Altmetric

Metrics details

Long-Covid (LC), Post-Sepsis-Syndrome (PSS) and Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome (PICS) show remarkable overlaps in their clinical presentation. Nevertheless, it is unclear if they are distinct syndromes, which may co-occur in the same patient, or if they are three different labels to describe similar symptoms, assigned on the basis on patient history and professional perspective of the treating physician. Therefore, we reviewed the current literature on the relation between LC, PSS and PICS. To date, the three syndromes cannot reliably be distinguished due similarities in clinical presentation as they share the cognitive, psychological and physical impairments with only different probabilities of occurrence and a heterogeneity in individual expression. The diagnosis is furthermore hindered by a lack of specific diagnostic tools. It can be concluded that survivors after COVID-19 sepsis likely have more frequent and more severe consequences than patients with milder COVID-19 courses, and that are some COVID-19-specific sequelae, e.g. an increased risk for venous thromboembolism in the 30 days after the acute disease, which occur less often after sepsis of other causes. Patients may profit from leveraging synergies from PICS, PSS and LC treatment as well as from experiences gained from infection-associated chronic conditions in general. Disentangling molecular pathomechanisms may enable future targeted therapies that go beyond symptomatic treatment.

If patients after intensive care unit (ICU)-treated sepsis caused by COVID-19 present with new persistent sequelae > 3 months after illness, the question arises whether (i) these sequelae can be assigned to the spectrum of Long-Covid, the Post-Sepsis- or the Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome, (ii) patients may have more than one of these syndromes or (iii) they are the same disease entity [ 1 ] and therefore cannot be assigned to a specific syndrome. In the following, overlaps and distinctions between the syndromes will be discussed based on the current research literature. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via Pubmed and Google Scholar.

Link between Covid-19, sepsis and ICU treatment

Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to an infection that leads to organ failure [ 2 ]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause viral sepsis [ 3 ], although certain differences exist with regard to the pathomechanisms underlying possible respiratory dysfunction in both diseases [ 4 ]. According to a meta-analysis from 2021, sepsis was present in one in three patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the first phase of the pandemic, and in almost 80% of COVID-19 patients in the ICU [ 5 ]. A survey from the USA from 2020 and 2021 also found similar proportions of sepsis among hospitalized COVID-19 patients (32.5%), of which 70.8% were caused by COVID-19 alone, 26.2% by both SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 infections, and 3.1% by a bacterial infection alone [ 6 ].

Sepsis, as well as COVID-19, can be treated in both normal wards and ICUs. Even though sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction by definition and is therefore a potentially life-threatening condition, only slightly more than half of patients with sepsis are treated in the ICU in Germany and the USA [ 7 , 8 ].

Definition of Post-Intensive-Care, Post-Sepsis and Long-Covid in the literature

Sequelae after COVID-19 are referred to as Long-Covid (LC), Post-Covid-Syndrome (PCS), or Post-acute sequelae after COVID-19 (PASC). As part of an international Delphi process, the PCS was defined as the presence of symptoms in patients with probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection occurring > 3 months after the acute illness that persist for at least two months and cannot be explained by other diagnoses [ 9 ]. LC or PASC refer to all symptoms lasting for more than three months after the first symptom onset [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], although definitions vary. These symptoms may reappear after initial recovery from an acute COVID-19 episode, progress or persist after the initial illness [ 9 , 12 ]. In the following, we will use the term LC in accordance to the recommendations of the US National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine [ 12 ].

Post-Sepsis-Syndrome (PSS) refers to the physical, cognitive and psychological consequences of surviving sepsis [ 13 ]. It encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders and occurs in both patients with and without intensive care treatment [ 14 ], but is more common after critical illness [ 14 ].

According to the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) definition valid since 2010, the term Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome (PICS) summarizes all new or worsened physical, cognitive or mental impairments that occur after ICU treatment [ 15 ]. Fatigue, chronic pain or sleep disorders [ 16 ] are also included in this syndrome. The term PICS was not introduced as a medical diagnosis, but rather describes a concept to summarize impairments after the intensive care unit, to foster educational measures and to create awareness [ 15 , 17 ].

Empirical findings on the relationship between LC, PSS and PICS

The (co-)occurrence of cognitive, mental and physical disorders characterizes LC, PSS and PICS, with patient-specific symptom spectrums and degrees of severity. With regard to LC and PSS, a cohort study from Canada found that thromboembolic consequences occur more frequently in the 30 days after COVID-19, but cardiovascular consequences (heart failure or hypertension), dementia and depression were more common after non-COVID-19 sepsis in the year after hospital discharge (Fig.  1 ) [ 18 ]. A prospective Danish cohort study reported that cognitive and psychological sequelae did not differ significantly between patients with Covid-19, pneumonia and critical illnesses of other causes [ 19 ].

Spectrum of long-term sequelae after COVID-19 compared to Non-COVID-19 sepsis according to Quinn et al. [ 18 ]. Legend: *—difference observable only in comparison to historical sepsis cohort, **—difference observable in the 30 days post-discharge. Figure created with BioRender.com

It is not surprising that ICU treatment for Covid-19 increases the likelihood of sequelae, which can also be understood as an expression of the influence of higher disease severity [ 20 , 21 ]. According to a recent meta-analysis, the odds ratio for the occurrence of Long-Covid was 2.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.18–2.56) in ICU-treated compared to non-ICU-treated patients [ 20 ]. The quality of life of survivors was also lower after treatment in the ICU than after Covid-19 disease without ICU treatment [ 22 , 23 ], and the recovery or regression of symptoms was slower [ 24 ]. In addition, the Long-Covid symptom severity after ICU treatment also appears to be higher than in patients without ICU treatment [ 25 ].

Furthermore, there are sequelae that arise as a result of therapies carried out during ICU treatment or their complications [ 26 ]. One example is the presence of delirium, which can occur as a complication during intensive care treatment due to predisposing (e.g. age, previous illnesses) and precipitating (e.g. severity of illness, medication, mechanical ventilation) factors [ 26 ]. Delirium is associated with long-term cognitive impairment [ 27 , 28 ]. On the other hand, sequelae seem to differ between ICU patients after Covid-19 and after other illnesses to some degree. A meta-analysis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) found that pulmonary function in the first year after the illness did not differ in Covid-19-related ARDS from ARDS due to other causes; however, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had a higher pooled prevalence in non-Covid ARDS [ 29 ].

The pathophysiology of LC, PSS, and PICS, one the other hand, exhibits significant overlap, but also distinct differences reflecting varying underlying mechanisms (Table  1 ). All three syndromes involve persistent immune dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, and systemic inflammation, leading to multi-systemic impacts [ 10 , 13 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. They have also in common that they overlap with geriatric diseases and comorbidities that may already have existed before the acute illness [ 38 , 39 ] and are modulated by patient-, treatment- and environment-related factors.

It must also be taken into account that Covid-19 and other infections such as Ebola, the West Nile virus, influenza or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can lead to post-infectious sequelae [ 50 , 51 ], which can have similar but sometimes pathogen-specific patterns of occurrence [ 52 , 53 ] or depend on the initial focus of the infection [ 54 ]. These post-infectious sequelae can also be exacerbated by ICU treatment [ 14 ]. The term “infection-associated chronic conditions” (IACC) was therefore introduced in recent publications as an umbrella term to characterize both LC and PSS as well as other post-infectious chronic diseases [ 50 ].

Current challenges in diagnosis

LC, PSS and PICS are syndromes in the sense of symptom complexes, whereby not all symptoms need to co-occur for a diagnosis. This results in a certain heterogeneity in the manifestations of the individual syndromes. At the same time, there is a considerable overlap in possible symptoms, which hinders the differential diagnosis. To this end, it is also unclear if patients can suffer from more than just one of the three syndromes. Such simultaneous diagnosis is currently subject to definitional restrictions, as LC can only be diagnosed if the symptoms cannot be explained by another diagnosis. However, sepsis or ICU treatment in connection with COVID-19 disease are alternative explanations for such symptoms, if the three syndromes are not clearly distinguishable in their clinical appearance and diagnostically.

Moreover, the overlapping disorders and symptoms of LC, PSS or PICS are largely based on the same or at least very similar pathomechanisms (Table  1 ). Such essentially identical pathogenesis questions the distinction between LC, PSS and PICS as three distinct entities in the sense of actually different syndromes. Otherwise, the terms LC, PSS and PICS would only be three different labels, assigned based on different patient histories, or different point of views and the respective professional background of the treating physician, but would ultimately denote the same symptom complex.

Currently, we face a lack of diagnostic and clinical differentiability, and unclear distinction do not allow a clear diagnosis of one or more (coincident) syndromes in patients with COVID-19 viral sepsis treated on the ICU due to a lack of diagnostic marker and criteria. We therefore currently assume that many consequences after sepsis cannot be specifically assigned, while only few symptoms are syndrome-specific (Fig.  2 ) and caused e.g. by COVID-19 persistence in LC.

Conceptual illustration of the relation of PICS, PSS and LC symptoms. The Venn diagram shows that there are symptoms that can be attributed to COVID-19, sepsis or the intensive care stay in terms of their etiology. Examples of this are impairments due to viral persistence after COVID-19, or dysphagia after intubation after intensive care stay. There are also symptoms that cannot be specifically assigned, at least not yet, such as depression or cognitive impairment. Figure created with BioRender.com

What are the implications for the clinical treatment of affected patients? The large number of similarities with regard to the underlying pathomechanisms and clinical manifestations suggest or at least increase the probability that therapeutic measures that have proven effective in one of the syndromes will also be helpful in the other two syndromes [ 55 ]. More important than the labels PICS, PSS or LC seems to be the diagnosis with regard to the individual complaint and symptom patterns and corresponding targeted therapy offers. Synergies from PSS, PICS and LC research should therefore be increasingly utilized [ 56 , 57 ].

a) Diagnostics

With regard to PICS, the SCCM recommends early screening of survivors [ 58 ]; a core outcome set has been developed for this purpose and short screening questionnaires are also available for clinical use [ 37 , 59 , 60 ]. Various initiatives provide extensive resources, standards and guidelines for the recording of long-term diseases and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), such as the "Improve LTO project" [ 61 ] or the “Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials” (COMET) initiative, e.g. providing core outcome measures for physical therapy in the rehabilitation of critical illness survivors after hospital discharge [ 62 ].

The overlap in pathophysiology among LC, PSS and PICS suggests that similar symptom-focused treatment strategies could be beneficial across all three entities. However, developing targeted etiological therapies, like the debated plasmapheresis for LC, depends on understanding disease-specific underlying mechanisms. This approach parallels advances in oncology, where treatments have evolved from broad cytoreductive therapies to precise molecular-targeted interventions. We are at the beginning of such specific therapeutic strategies for LC, PSS, and PICS, and large clinical studies are needed to make significant progress.

In terms of health care structures, the broad spectrum of sequelae after COVID-19, sepsis and ICU treatment results in the need for interdisciplinary, specialized follow-up care that is tailored to the individual needs of patients [ 63 ]. According to current guidelines, early mobilization, physical therapy and nutritional or dysphagia management, delirium prophylaxis, ICU diaries and early rehabilitation measures are already recommended in ICU or during the acute hospital stay as part of PICS or PSS prevention or care [ 64 , 65 ]. In the long term, access to specialized rehabilitation programs should be established [ 64 , 65 ] and primary care provider should be engaged [ 66 , 67 ]. The recommendations largely coincide with those for LC [ 68 ]. Other aftercare concepts such as app-based rehabilitation services [ 69 ], web-based psychotherapy [ 70 ], augmented reality-based trauma therapy, community-based follow up (bundles) [ 71 , 72 ], post-acute treatment bundle strategies [ 73 ] or GP-centered case management [ 74 ] have been or are being investigated in studies as possible innovations in the area of sequelae after Covid-19, sepsis and ICU treatment; however, with varying degrees of effectiveness or pending results. Furthermore, post-ICU, Long-Covid or Post-Sepsis outpatient clinics, which are usually linked to acute hospitals [ 75 , 76 , 77 ], can coordinate post-acute treatment. Particularly for Long-Covid, such structures have been implemented in recent years, with varying operational structures and resources [ 78 ]. Here, LC care can benefit from the experience gained in the area of PSS/PICS—and vice versa.

Conclusions

If long-term impairments occur after ICU treatment for COVID-19 sepsis, these can be caused by the ICU treatment, the septic course with systemic inflammation and organ failure, or by COVID-19 itself. To date, it is not possible to reliably differentiate between LC, PICS and PSS, as the conditions overlap both in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Currently, no diagnostic tools are yet available for a reliable differential diagnosis.

If a differentiation of LC, PSS or PICS proves to be clinically meaningful and relevant, future research is needed to understand the exact pathomechanisms and to identify diagnostic criteria that allow both clear diagnoses of each of the three syndromes and the diagnosis of co-incidences between LC, PSS or PICS (Fig.  3 ). The exclusion of alternative explanations for the respective symptoms of the individual syndromes does not appear to be a suitable criterion.

Proposed future research areas on LC, PSS and PICS. Figure created with BioRender.com

For clinical treatment, it is relevant that COVID-19 sepsis can have more frequent and more severe consequences than milder COVID-19 courses. COVID-19 sepsis can also lead to different sequelae than sepsis of other origins. For diagnostics and therapy, synergies can arise from PICS, PSS and LC research as well as IACC in general and contribute to optimizing the care of LC, PSS or PICS patients. "Silo" thinking in individual, clearly defined diseases should be overcome, as it may hinder progress and unnecessarily complicate patient care. The focus should be on adequate diagnostics and therapy for all survivors with long-term consequences after COVID-19, sepsis and ICU treatment.

However, advancing clinical management of LC, PSS and PICS does not make the further molecular differentiation of the exact pathomechanisms in LC, PCS and PSS any less important. Exploring these mechanisms is crucial, as it will enable future targeted therapies that go beyond symptomatic treatment in rehabilitation (Fig.  3 ). For instance, therapies could focus on the elimination of autoantibodies, eradication of viral persistence, and mitochondrial repair, providing more precise and effective treatments tailored to the predominant pathomechanism in each patient. This dual approach of combining broad symptom management with targeted molecular therapies may hold promise for significantly improving patient outcomes.

Availability of data and materials

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Confidence interval

Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials

Coronavirus disease 2019

Epstein-Barr virus

General practitioner

Infection-associated chronic conditions

Intensive care unit

ICU-acquired weakness

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Post-acute sequelae after Covid-19

• Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome

Patient-reported outcome measures

• Post-Sepsis-Syndrome

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2

Society of Critical Care Medicine

van der Slikke EC, et al. Understanding post-sepsis syndrome: how can clinicians help? Infect Drug Resist. 2023;16:6493–511.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Singer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Shappell CN, Klompas M, Rhee C. Does severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cause sepsis? Crit Care Med. 2020;48(12):1707–9.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Herminghaus A, Osuchowski MF. How sepsis parallels and differs from COVID-19. EBioMedicine. 2022;86:104355.

Karakike E, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 as cause of viral sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:2042–57.

Shappell CN, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of sepsis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 versus other pathogens in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Crit Care Explor. 2022;4(5):e0703.

Fleischmann-Struzek C, et al. Challenges in assessing the burden of sepsis and understanding the inequalities of sepsis outcomes between National Health Systems: secular trends in sepsis and infection incidence and mortality in Germany. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(11):1826–35.

Rhee C, et al. Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 2009–2014. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1241–9.

Soriano JB, et al. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–7.

Davis HE, et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):133–46.

Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis. 2021;53(10):737–54.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Ely EW, et al. Long Covid defined. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb2408466 .

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Mostel Z, et al. Post-sepsis syndrome—an evolving entity that afflicts survivors of sepsis. Mol Med. 2019;26(1):6.

Fleischmann-Struzek C, et al. Epidemiology and costs of postsepsis morbidity, nursing care dependency, and mortality in Germany, 2013 to 2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2134290.

Needham DM, et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders’ conference. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):502–9.

Rousseau AF, et al. Long-term outcomes after critical illness: recent insights. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):108.

Hiser SL, et al. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS): recent updates. J Intensive Care. 2023;11(1):23.

Quinn KL, et al. Comparison of medical and mental health sequelae following hospitalization for COVID-19, influenza, and sepsis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183:806.

Peinkhofer C, et al. Brain health after COVID-19, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, or critical illness. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(12):e2349659.

Tsampasian V, et al. Risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):566–80.

Taquet M, et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(5):416–27.

Taboada M, et al. Quality of life and persistent symptoms after hospitalization for COVID-19. A prospective observational study comparing ICU with non-ICU patients. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2022;69(6):326–35.

Halpin SJ, et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):1013–22.

Herrmann J, et al. Prospective single-center study of health-related quality of life after COVID-19 in ICU and non-ICU patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):6785.

Mattioli F, et al. Neurologic and cognitive sequelae after SARS-CoV2 infection: different impairment for ICU patients. J Neurol Sci. 2022;432:120061.

Sankar K, Gould MK, Prescott HC. Psychological morbidity after COVID-19 critical illness. Chest. 2023;163(1):139–47.

Goldberg TE, et al. Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(11):1373–81.

Pandharipande PP, et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1306–16.

Fazzini B, et al. Physical and psychological impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(5):801–14.

Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(12):862–74.

Yende S, et al. Long-term host immune response trajectories among hospitalized patients with sepsis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e198686–e198686.

van der Slikke EC, et al. Exploring the pathophysiology of post-sepsis syndrome to identify therapeutic opportunities. EBioMedicine. 2020;61:103044.

Mira JC, et al. Sepsis pathophysiology, chronic critical illness, and persistent inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(2):253–62.

Proal AD, VanElzakker MB. Long COVID or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): an overview of biological factors that may contribute to persistent symptoms. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:698169.

Merad M, et al. The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19. Science. 2022;375(6585):1122–7.

Lee M, Kang J, Jeong YJ. Risk factors for post-intensive care syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Crit Care. 2020;33(3):287–94.

Schwitzer E, et al. Survival≠ recovery: a narrative review of post-intensive care syndrome. CHEST Critical Care. 2023;1(1):100003.

Article   Google Scholar  

Oronsky B, et al. A review of persistent post-COVID syndrome (PPCS). Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2023;64(1):66–74.

Iwashyna TJ, et al. Spurious inferences about long-term outcomes: the case of severe sepsis and geriatric conditions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(8):835–41.

Reiss AB, et al. Long COVID, the brain, nerves, and cognitive function. Neurol Int. 2023;15(3):821–41.

Haunhorst S, et al. Long COVID: a narrative review of the clinical aftermaths of COVID-19 with a focus on the putative pathophysiology and aspects of physical activity. Oxf Open Immunol. 2022;3(1):iqac006.

Walton AH, et al. Reactivation of multiple viruses in patients with sepsis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e98819.

Miljkovic D, et al. Sepsis and multiple sclerosis: causative links and outcomes. Immunol Lett. 2021;238:40–6.

Annane D, Sharshar T. Cognitive decline after sepsis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(1):61–9.

Merdji H, et al. Long-term cardiovascular complications following sepsis: is senescence the missing link? Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):166.

Park G, et al. Gut mycobiome dysbiosis after sepsis and trauma. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):18.

Inoue S, et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med Surg. 2019;6(3):233–46.

Rabiee A, et al. Depressive symptoms after critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(9):1744–53.

Nikayin S, et al. Anxiety symptoms in survivors of critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;43:23–9.

Peluso MJ, et al. Systems analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in Long COVID. Semin Immunol. 2024;72:101873.

Vivaldi G, et al. Long-term symptom profiles after COVID-19 vs other acute respiratory infections: an analysis of data from the COVIDENCE UK study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;65:102251.

Hickie I, et al. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006;333(7568):575.

Kruckow KL, et al. Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections. Pneumonia. 2023;15(1):5.

He XL, et al. Pulmonary infection is an independent risk factor for long-term mortality and quality of life for sepsis patients. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:4213712.

Holmes D, et al. Exploring post-SEPSIS and post-COVID-19 syndromes: crossovers from pathophysiology to therapeutic approach. Front Med. 2023;10:1280951.

Prescott HC, Girard TD. Recovery from severe COVID-19: leveraging the lessons of survival from sepsis. JAMA. 2020;324(8):739–40.

McCorkell L, Peluso MJ. Long COVID research risks losing momentum—we need a moonshot. Nature. 2023;622(7983):457–60.

Mikkelsen ME, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine’s international consensus conference on prediction and identification of long-term impairments after critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(11):1670–9.

Spies CD, et al. Instruments to measure outcomes of post-intensive care syndrome in outpatient care settings—Results of an expert consensus and feasibility field test. J Intensive Care Soc. 2021;22(2):159–74.

Paul N, et al. Subjective ratings of mental and physical health correlate with EQ-5D-5L index values in survivors of critical illness: a construct validity study. Crit Care Med. 2023;51(3):365–75.

Dinglas VD, Cherukuri SPS, Needham DM. Core outcomes sets for studies evaluating critical illness and patient recovery. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020;26(5):489–99.

Major ME, et al. Surviving critical illness: what is next? An expert consensus statement on physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):354.

Bij de Vaate E, Gerrits KH, Goossens PH. Personalized recovery of severe COVID19: rehabilitation from the perspective of patient needs. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(7):e13325.

Renner C, et al. Guideline on multimodal rehabilitation for patients with post-intensive care syndrome. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):301.

Evans L, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of Sepsis and Septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063–143.

Schmidt K, et al. Management of COVID-19 ICU-survivors in primary care: a narrative review. BMC Fam Pract. 2021;22(1):160.

Fleischmann-Struzek C, et al. White Paper—Improving the care of patients with impairments following sepsis and infections. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2022;147(8):485–91.

PubMed   Google Scholar  

Koczulla AR, et al. S1-leitlinie long-/post-COVID. Pneumologie. 2022;76(12):855–907.

Parker AM, et al. Usability and acceptability of a mobile application prototype for a combined behavioural activation and physical rehabilitation intervention in acute respiratory failure survivors. Aust Crit Care. 2020;33(6):511–7.

Romina G, et al. Internet-based cognitive-behavioural writing therapy for reducing post-traumatic stress after severe sepsis in patients and their spouses (REPAIR): results of a randomised-controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3):e050305.

Stallmach A, et al. Mobile primary healthcare for post-COVID patients in rural areas: a proof-of-concept study. Infection. 2023;51(2):337–45.

Henderson P, et al. Evaluation of a health and social care programme to improve outcomes following critical illness: a multicentre study. Thorax. 2023;78(2):160–8.

Taylor SP, et al. Effect of a multicomponent sepsis transition and recovery program on mortality and readmissions after sepsis: the improving morbidity during post-acute care transitions for sepsis randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(3):469–79.

Schmidt K, et al. Effect of a primary care management intervention on mental health-related quality of life among survivors of sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2703–11.

McPeake J, et al. Key components of ICU recovery programs: what did patients report provided benefit? Crit Care Explor. 2020;2(4):e0088.

Santhosh L, et al. Rapid design and implementation of post-COVID-19 clinics. Chest. 2021;160(2):671–7.

Schofield-Robinson OJ, et al. Follow-up services for improving long-term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012701.pub2 .

Danesh V, et al. Characteristics of post-ICU and post-COVID recovery clinics in 29 U.S. health systems. Crit Care Explor. 2022;4(3):e0658.

Download references

Acknowledgements

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. No funding was received for this work.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Stoystraße 3, 07743, Jena, Germany

Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek, Franka E. A. Joost, Mathias W. Pletz & Norman Rose

Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

Mathias W. Pletz

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Björn Weiß, Nicolas Paul & Konrad Reinhart

Veteran’s Affairs Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, TN, USA

E. Wesley Ely

Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

CFS, JF und NR performed the review and drafted the manuscript. NP, BW, KR, EWE and MP contributed to data interpretation and revised the manuscript for important content.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Joost, F.E.A., Pletz, M.W. et al. How are Long-Covid, Post-Sepsis-Syndrome and Post-Intensive-Care-Syndrome related? A conceptional approach based on the current research literature. Crit Care 28 , 283 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-05076-x

Download citation

Received : 17 July 2024

Accepted : 21 August 2024

Published : 29 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-05076-x

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Post-covid-syndrome

Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535

• Submission enquiries: [email protected]