omit the page number.
APA Citation Generator
Get started
APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Missing element | What to do | Reference format |
---|---|---|
Author | Start the reference entry with the source title. | Title. (Date). Source. |
Date | Write “n.d.” for “no date”. | Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
Title | Describe the work in square brackets. | Author. (Date). [Description]. Source. |
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.
A publication of the harvard college writing program.
Harvard Guide to Using Sources
The recommendations in this section are based on the standards set forth by the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., APA, 2020), which is available through Hollis . While you can check out the print edition, they offer only limited online access. The APA also maintains a Web site ( http://www.apastyle.org/ ) that provides a basic citation tutorial, answers to frequently asked questions, and a blog.
No one expects you to memorize the format for every type of source you will cite in APA style. Instead, you should know where to look for models of each type of source. This section explains the basics of APA-style citations and provides citation examples for some commonly used sources. For more information, you should consult the links below.
If you are looking for information on how to generate citations using Zotero or other citation software, you can find links to library resources here .
November 20, 2023
Properly citing case studies plays a crucial role in academic writing for several reasons. Firstly, citing case studies demonstrates the credibility and reliability of your arguments and research. By referencing the original sources, you show that you have conducted thorough research and have used reputable and authoritative information to support your claims.
Secondly, citing case studies allows readers to further explore the topic and verify the information provided. It enables them to locate and read the full case study if they wish to delve deeper into the details and findings. This promotes transparency and fosters a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Finally, citing case studies acknowledges the contributions of the original authors and researchers. By giving proper credit, you adhere to ethical standards of academic integrity and avoid plagiarism. It also ensures that the individuals responsible for the case study receive recognition for their work.
In summary, citing case studies is essential in academic writing to enhance credibility, facilitate further exploration, and acknowledge the original authors’ contributions.
When citing a case study in your essay, it is important to follow some basic guidelines to ensure accuracy and consistency. Here are the key guidelines to keep in mind:
By adhering to these basic guidelines, you can ensure that your case study citations are accurate, consistent, and accessible for your readers. Remember to consult the specific guidelines of your chosen citation style to ensure complete adherence.
When citing a case study in APA format, follow these guidelines to accurately reference the source:
Example APA citation for a case study:
Make sure to properly format the citation, including hanging indents, use of italics, and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate references page at the end of your essay, following APA formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in MLA format, follow these guidelines to reference the source accurately:
Example MLA citation for a case study:
Remember to properly format the citation, including hanging indents, use of italics, and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate works cited page at the end of your essay, following MLA formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in Chicago style, follow these guidelines to reference the source accurately:
Example Chicago citation for a case study:
Remember to properly format the citation, including hanging indents and punctuation. Additionally, list all the case studies you cited in a separate bibliography page at the end of your essay, following Chicago formatting guidelines.
When citing a case study in Harvard style, follow these guidelines to accurately reference the source:
Example Harvard citation for a case study:
Ensure the citation is properly formatted, including punctuation, use of italics, and indentation. Also, list all the case studies cited in a separate references list at the end of the essay, following Harvard formatting guidelines.
Finding case studies for your essay is made easier with the availability of online databases. These databases compile various case studies from different disciplines, allowing you to access a wide range of relevant examples. Here are some online databases you can use to find case studies:
When searching in these databases, use keywords specific to your topic, such as the name of the industry or concept you are focusing on. Additionally, if you find a relevant case study, make sure to cite it correctly using the appropriate citation style.
Sociology Research Topics Ideas
Importance of Computer in Nursing Practice Essay
History Research Paper Topics For Students
By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related emails.
Debating in class or composing a persuasive paper is a fruitful intellectual practice. Doing so, participants and writers are expected...
Most students wonder whether it is possible to cite an article in an essay. The answer is “Yes”! Why not...
Let us explain what is what and how it can be used. An anthology is a published collection of poems...
I want to feel as happy, as your customers do, so I'd better order now
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
⚙️ Styles | APA 6 & APA 7 |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Case study from a website.
. Case Study Number (if given). Database main URL
Berry, A. (2024). . . Harvard Business School Case 822-122.
| |
| |
|
. Case study number (if given). URL
Henderson, R. M., Locke, R. M., & Lyddy, C. (2019). . . Case No. ETH33. | |
| |
|
(pp. Page Numbers). Publisher.
Green cause-related marketing for social innovation: Helping people to reimagine plastic recycling and sustainability. In M. M. Galan-Ladero, C. Galera-Casquet, & H. M. Alves (Eds.), (pp. 19-30). Springer. | |
| |
|
Create a new citation.
Published February 4, 2021. Updated August 9, 2021.
To create a reference or citation for a case study, you will need to know basic information including the name of the author, title of the case study, journal or book title, and publication year.
The templates and examples below will show you how to cite a case study in MLA style, APA style, Chicago style, and Harvard referencing style.
Easily cite a case study in the style of your choice using the Chegg Writing citation generator .
Help protect your paper against accidental plagiarism with the Chegg Writing plagiarism checker and citation generator .
In-text citation template and example:
(Author Surname Page number)
(Rapp and Caramazza 373)
Works cited entry template and example:
Surname, First M. “Title of the Case Study.” Name of Publication , Volume number, Issue number, Publication Day Month Year, Page number. Case study.
Rapp, Brenda, and Alfonso Caramazza. “Selective Difficulties with Spoken Nouns and Written Verbs: A Single Case Study.” Journal of Neurolinguistics , vol. 15, no. 3, 2002, pp. 373–402. Case Study.
(Author Surname, Year)
(Rapp & Caramazza, 2002)
Reference list entry template and example:
Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the case study [Case study]. Name of Publication , Volume(Issue), Page number.
Rapp, B., & Caramazza, A. (2002). Selective difficulties with spoken nouns and written verbs: A single case study [Case study]. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 15(3), 373–402.
Footnote template and example:
Author Full Name, “Title of the Case Study,”
Name of Publication
Volume number, Issue number (Publication Month Day, Year): Page number.
Brenda Rapp and Alfonso Caramazza, “Selective Difficulties with Spoken Nouns and Written Verbs: A Single Case Study,”
Journal of Neurolinguistics
15, no. 3 (2002): 373.
Shortened Note
Author Surname, “Shortened Title of the Case Study,” Page number.
Rapp and Caramazza, “Selective Difficulties,” 402.
Bibliography entry template and example:
Author Surname, First M. “Title of the Case Study.” Name of Publication Volume number, Issue number (Publication Month Day, Year): Page number.
Rapp, Brenda, and Alfonso Caramazza. “Selective Difficulties with Spoken Nouns and Written Verbs: A Single Case Study.” Journal of Neurolinguistics 15, no. 3 (2002): 373–402.
(Author Surname Publication year)
(Rapp and Caramazza 2002)
Author Surname, First M. Publication year. “Title of the Case Study.” Name of Publication Volume number, Issue number: Page number.
Rapp, Brenda, and Alfonso Caramazza. 2002. “Selective Difficulties with Spoken Nouns and Written Verbs: A Single Case Study.” Journal of Neurolinguistics 15, no. 3: 373–402.
(Author Surname, Publication Year)
(Rapp and Caramazza, 2002)
Author Surname, F.M. (Publication Year) ‘Title of case study’, Name of Journal , Volume(Issue), pp. #-#.
Rapp, B. and Caramazza, A. (2002) ‘Selective difficulties with spoken nouns and written verbs: A single case study’, Journal of Neurolinguistics , 15(3-5), pp. 373–402.
Writing a paper ? Don’t forget to include a bibliography .
Digital media, personal communication, government documents, additional sources.
Nail down everything from main ideas to small edits: real expert proofreading, plagiarism scans, and instant grammar checks 24/7
Get the most out of chegg writing.
Chegg Writing » Citations » Citing a case study
These examples are references. The examples demonstrate the style and format required for a reference list.
Need help with in-text citation style? Click the tab Citations & Reference List .
APA 7 Style Guide Examples
The examples on this page should only be used as a guide. The following links are official APA Style resources:
APA Style FAQ [APA Style]
Quick Answers - Reference
APA Tutorial: The Basics of APA Style
URL where information was r etrieved not required for library database citations.
Database where information was retrieved not required in most instances except for special cases.
A citation for an article from a library database does not require the URL or name of the database.
ONLINE! URL
Do not include the words "Retrieved from" any longer before the URL
URL is important for items found freely available online. APA rules recommend using the homepage URL when an item can be easily located - such as URLs for news websites or online databases such as Hathi Trust and Internet Archive. Here is an example - only the homepage URL is used, not the full webpage URL.
Gallagher, D. (2018, Feb. 3 ) Is Google Losing to Amazon? Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Retrieved date is only included in a reference if the information cited is likely to change.
In general, do not include retrieved date within a citation, unless it is required by your instructor, or you are citing a blog, wiki, and a post from a personal website.
Example of information likely to change:
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved August 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
This is only in cases where this is no published date and the information is likely to change.
[Square Brackets] have several functions in APA Style. Regardless of the function, words within square brackets are your words .
1) [Square brackets] identify source types. APA Style recommends (not requires) providing identifying information when the title and other information in the citation does not identify the source. Add [square brackets] when needed to clarify what the item is. For example, [Case study], [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Excel document], [Video], [Interview], [Data], [Data set].
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
2) Use square brackets If you’re referencing an unusual item.
APA Style Blog: Using Square Brackets
3) Use square brackets when there is missing information - for example, missing date and title.
APA Style Blog: Missing Pieces: How to Write an APA Style Reference Even Without All the Information
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person as the author consider using a corporate/group name.
Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
No author? Are you sure? Is it a Group/corporate Author?
APA Style Blog on group authors
If there is no author and no group/corporate author, begin the reference with the TITLE in the author-place. Use a shortened version of the title in when using in-text citations.
No date? Missing title? Missing source?
APA Style Blog on missing information
Article - print.
I ansiti , M., Lakhani, K. R., McBrien, K., & Moon, M. (2017). Managing our hub economy: Strategy, ethics, and network competition in the age of digital superpower. Harvard Business Review , 95 (5), 84-92.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. , (Issue ), Page numbers. |
Klein, G., & Aubry, M. (2017). Introducing the issue on megaprojects. Project Management Journal , 48 (6), 3-4. https://www.pmi.org/PMJ
Wang, J., Meric, G., Liu, Z., & Meric, I. (2010). A comparison of the determinants of stock returns in the 1987 and 2008 stock market meltdowns. Banking and Finance Review, 2 (1), 15-26. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
APA Style Blog on citing newspapers
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t." APA Style Blog
If the site does not refer to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source as a webpage - scroll down to Online - Webpage.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. . https://www.someaddress.com
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com |
Journal Article:
Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators. International Journal of Information Management, 30 (6), 475-480.
Magazine Article:
Barkin, E. (2010, April). Jetting to greener pastures. Customer Relationship Management, 14 (4), 30-33,36.
Newspaper Article:
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times , 157 (54418), A1. https://www.nytimes.com/
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. , (Issue), Pages.
Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (Year, Month Day). , (Issue), Pages. URL or Database name if unique database. |
Gonzalez, J., Ragins, B., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2018). Friends and family: The role of relationships in community and workplace attachment. Journal of Business & Psychology , 33 (1), 89-104. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10869-016-9476-3
Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q
Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. (issue), page range. https://doi.org/####### |
White papers.
Department for Business Innovation & Skills. (2016). Success as a knowledge economy: Teaching excellent, social mobility and student choice [White paper]. Crown. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf
APA Style on White Papers
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). Publisher.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. 123). http:// www.URL.com
Source: American Psychological Association, 2010, p.206.
Brader, t. (2006). campaigning for hearts and minds: how emotional appeals in political ads work . university of chicago press., laudon, k.c. & traver, c.g. (2016). e-commerce: business, technology, society (12 th ed.). pearson., lewis, r., & dart, m. (2010). the new rules of retail: competing in the world's toughest marketplace . palgrave macmillan., miller, t. e., bender, b. e., & schuh, j. h. (2005). promoting reasonable expectations: aligning student and institutional views of the college experience . jossey-bass..
Book with no author, but has an editor or editors: add (Ed.) or (Eds.)
Duncan , G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor . Russell Sage Foundation.
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). . Publisher. If the edition is known, include it in the reference - but not the first edition. APA Style Blog: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). (edition# ed.). Publisher. |
Ebook from a library database (ie. Ebook Central ProQuest)
Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management metrics, KPIS, and dashboards: A guide to measuring and monitoring project performance . https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Ebook found online:
Barton, Clara. (1904). A story of the Red Cross: Glimpses of field work . D. Appleton and Company. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30230
Ebook accessed using a specific reader
Gladwell, M. (2011). Outliers: The story of success . Back Bay Books. https://www.amazon.com
Cite an ebook with the same information as a print book, and add the URL. Author, A. A. (Year of publication). . Publisher. URL |
Case study published by harvard business school publishing.
Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Eisenmann, T., & Herman, K. (2010). Google, Inc. HBS No. 910036-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing.
Bernhut, S. (2013). The Ivey Business Journal Interview: State Capitalism, with Aldo Musacchio . Ivey ID: 9B13TB08. Ivey Publishing.
Author(s). (Year). Publisher. Author(s). (Year). Publisher. >> If the case study does not include these elements, it is likely a case study that is in an article format - cite as an article. (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. |
Looking for tables > use formatting information in the box Tables.
Click through the tabs and find in-text citation and reference examples.
Using Statista? Scroll down to the Statista box.
Video tutorial: APA Style for Figures and Tables
Looking for tables > using formatting information in the box Tables.
A figure may be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a figure.
When you use a figure that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference that original source. This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure (image):
A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It should have the same kind and proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.
See Simon Fraser University's instructions for citing multi-sources.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library, and adapted with permission.
APA Style on citing Tables & Figures
Use this format for figures you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from (page number), by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year. Publisher. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1. FinSec's communication networks. Reprinted from Employment Relations in New Zealand (2nd ed., p.355), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright 2009 by Erling Rasmussen.
In-text citation:
This is clearly indicated in Figure 1,... |
Reference list entry:
Rasmussen, E. J. (2009). (2nd ed.). Pearson. |
If you simply refer to a figure, format the in text-citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... interpretations of the painting “Mona Lisa” (Gombrich 1995, p. 203). |
Gombrich, E. H. (1995). (16th ed.). Phaidon. |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from “Title of Article,” by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, (issue), page number. Copyright [Year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1. Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs. Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N. Jahan and S. Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7 (9) , p.53. Copyright 2016 by Chinniah Lakshmiammal Educational Academy & Research (CLEAR) Foundation.
As shown in Figure 1, there are five groups of factors that influence... |
Jahan, N., & Rahman, S. (2016). Factors that obstruct tourism development in bangladesh. , 7(9), 48–55. |
If you simply refer to a figure and do not include it in your text, format the in text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... in the installation "Talking about the Weather"... (Randerson, 2007, p. 446). |
Randerson, J. (2007). Between reason and sensation: Antipodean artists and climate change. , (5), 442–448. https://doi.org/10.1162/leon.2007.40.5.442 |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Title of the database. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Example from ACNielsen Market Information Digest database
Figure 1 . The market location and dollar sales of meat pies in New Zealand. SMAP is the segment of market for the Auckland Province, SMLNI for the Lower North Island, SMSI for the South Island; MAP is the moving annual total. Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database. Copyright 2011 by The Nielsen Company.
Example: from Passport (Euromonitor) database
Figure 2 . Trade volume of ready to drink high strength premixes sold in New Zealand, measured in 000 litres. Passport database. Copyright 2010 by Euromonitor International.
As Figure 1 shows, sales of meat pies ... As shown in Figure 2, ... |
Euromonitor International. (2010). [Graph]. Passport database. The Nielsen Company. (2011). [Graph] Nielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand database.
|
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way:
...trade volume...(Euromonitor International, 2010). The painting ... (Pollock, 1942). |
Euromonitor International. (2010). [Graph]. Passport database. |
Pollock, J. (1942). [Painting]. ARTstor database. |
. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. From URL. Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. |
Figure 1 . Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). Girl with a pearl earring . From Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 2 . America's Army screen dump showing soldiers and watch tower. From America's Army (Version 3). http://www.americasarmy.com. Copyright 2010 by America’s Army.
As Figure 1 shows, ... As shown in Figure 2, ... |
[Photograph]. (n.d.). http://www.americasarmy.com. Vermeer, J. (c. 1665). [Photograph]. http://www.mauritshuis.nl/index.aspx?Chapterid=2295. |
If you refer to a figure, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
... facial expression reminiscent of Munch’s . |
McCahon, C. (1954). [Painting]. http://www.mccahonhouse.org.nz/fifties/5360manukau1954.asp?artwork=19
Hamilton, D. (1975). [Photograph]. http://www.rennart.co.uk/posters.html
[Photograph]. (2006). http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm
[Untitled photograph of a giraffe]. (n.d.). http://www.birminghamzoo.com/animals/ |
Examples of references for figures.
Retrieved from a library database
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph]. Euromonitor Passport database .
Format: Figure
Author. (year created). Title of work [Type of work], Database name or URL.
No author? Use a corporate/agency/company (as known as group author name), or a screen name. If this is not an option, use the title in place of the author.
Looking for: graphs, flow charts, maps, drawings, photos, etc. > see box Figures.
Created by Auckland University of Technology Library , and adapted with permission.
Tables usually show numerical value or textual information and are almost always characterized by a row-column structure. Any type of illustration other than a table is a figure .
General notes on tables:
Number t ables sequentially (i.e.if you have more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table 1, Table 2 .....
Title is placed directly a bove the table itself and below the table number.
Note is placed directly below the table, the word "Note" in italics with a full stop, for example: Note.
For specific and probability note (section 5.16, p 138).
Ruling (Lines)
Sales of Take Home Ice Cream in New Zealand
Note . MAT= moving annual total, From ACNielsen Market Information Digest New Zealand .Copyright 2010 by The Nielsen Company.
Use this format for tables you COPY - reproduced exactly as they appear in another source. Use this format when you do not make any modifications or add data to the table.
Note format - note under a table
Note. Reprinted from Employment relations in New Zealand (p 98), by E. Rasmussen, 2009. Pearson. Copyright (2009) by Erling Rasmussen.
...as shown in Table 1, no compensation... |
Use the reference style for books - see go to box Books
If you simply refer to a table, format the in-text citation and the reference list entry in the usual way.
....fifty eight percentage received compensation (Rasmussen, 2009). |
Rasmussen, E. (2009). . Pearson. |
Note format - note under a table
Adapted/Retrieved/Reprinted from "Title of Article" by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname.Year, Journal Title, Volume(issue), page(s). Copyright year by Name of Copyright Holder. |
In-text citation:
... as shown in Table 1 |
Use the reference style for articles - see box Articles .
....the multivariate longitudinal models (Bainter & Howard, 2016) |
Bainter, S.A., Howard, A.L. (2016). Comparing within-person effects from multivariate longitudinal models. . 52(12), 1955–1968. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000215 |
Note Format : note below a table
General notes, including definitions of abbreviations. Name of Database. Copyright (year) by XXX. |
Percentage of Men and Women Who Have Bought Fruit and Vegetable Products in the Last Four Weeks
Note. wc = weighted count, shown in thousands; v% =vertical percentage, showing which % of the column group also belongs to the row group; h% = horizontal percentage showing which percentage of the row group also belongs to the column group. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. Copyright 2015 by Roy Morgan New Zealand Ltd.
.... as shown in Table 2 |
Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2015). [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. |
...fewer men than women bought vegetables (Roy Morgan, New Zealand, 2010) |
Reference List entry:
Roy Morgan New Zealand. (2010). [Table]. Roy Morgan Single Source New Zealand database. |
Note format - note below a table
Include the title of the document if the table title does not provide enough information. Adapted/Retrieved/Reprinted from Source website. Copyright (Year) by Name of copyright Holder. |
Percentage of New Zealand Population Who Have Never Worked by Age Group. By age group June 2016 quarter
|
|
15–19 | 48.5 |
20–24 | 8.4 |
25–29 | 3.4 |
30–34 | 1.8 |
35–39 | 1.5 |
Note . Adapted from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx . Copyright (2016) by Statistics New Zealand.
...as shown in Table 1, young people make up most of the never-worked group... |
Use the reference style for websites - see box Online , tab Websites.
If you refer to a table but don’t provide a copy of it in your assessment, simply give an in-text citation in the usual way
...twenty four year olds who never worked (Statistics New Zealand, 2016). |
Reference list entry:
Statistics New Zealand. (2016). [Table]. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and _unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx |
Multi source data
If you create your own table by compiling data from multiple sources, you will still need to cite where you got your information from. You do not need to give the full bibliographic citation in the note, an author and date is sufficient.
Note format - note under table:
Data for ABC from Author (date), from XYZ from Author (date), and MNO from Author (date). |
As shown in Table 3....... |
Note: you used should have a full bibliographic entry in your Reference List even though the information in the field uses a lot of the same information. |
Multiple kinds of data
If you have multiple kinds of data (population figures, employment information... etc.) in one table you would describe each set of data)
Note format - note under Table:
Population figures for ABC from Author (date), and for XYZ from Author (date). Data for total unemployed for ABC from Author (date) and for XYZ from Author (date). |
Note: you used should have a full bibliography entry in your reference list even though the information in the Note uses a lot of the same information. |
For more information see:
APA Style for figures & tables
Examples of references for tables.
Retrieved from a book
New Strategist. (2008). Women's time use by age, 2007 [Table]. In New Strategist Editors, American women: Who they are and how they live (4th ed.) . New Strategist Publications, Inc.
Retrieved from a online source
US Census Bureau. (2002). Industries in Which California Ranks First in Terms of Sales or Receipts Per Capita [Table]. 2002 Economic Census . http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/tops/TOPSTCA.HTM
National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). [Chart showing racial makeup of San Francisco Unified School District students under age 18]. Common Core of Data . http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/
If the table you find does not have a title, then describe the content in [square brackets].
Format: Table
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. In author or editor of work Title of work . Publisher.
Author. (Publication Date). Title of table [Table]. Title of website. URL
Author. (Publication Date). [Title of table] [Table]. Title of website. URL
Personal interviews that you conduct do not have references. Personal interviews are considered personal communication. Include any relevant and important information about the interview in the body of your paper. APA Style states, "An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication." APA Style
The company's new initiatives will likely lead to rewriting the mission statement (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2009).
J. Smith (personal communication, August 15, 2009) claims the company' new initiatives will likely lead to rewriting the mission statement. |
Interviews - research participants . APA Style
An interview you read has a citation and reference. Where did you find the interview? Is it from a magazine article, website, blog, etc.? Use the appropriate APA Style format to create the reference.
Email & personal communications do not have references at the end of your paper, but you will create a citation within the body of your paper.
Why do personal communications not have references? References are created to direct your reader to the sources of information you used in your paper. With personal communications you cannot direct the reader to the source - to the phone conversation you had, to your email inbox, to the day of the interview - the reader of your paper cannot access these sources.
Include any relevant and important information about the email and personal communication in the body of your paper.
Here is an example for the APA Style :
K. M. Ingraham (personal communication, October 5, 2013) stated that she found her career as an educational psychologist intellectually stimulating as well as emotionally fulfilling. |
No citation is needed for an entire website. Include the website within the body of a paper.
"In my paper, I mention a website. I refer to the website as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific webpage or an article within a website. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
NO . All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples - full websites mentioned within a paper.
1) The Department of Health has just released a new website to help people identify and compare health care programs available in their area. The website is called HealthCare.gov at http://www.healthcare.gov/ This resource is easy to use and the interface is intuitive, but the website will not support members of the population not using the internet.
2) Kidspsych ( http://www.kidspsych.org ) is a wonderful interactive website for children. This resource is appropriate for children ages 3 to 10.
APA Style Blog: Websites & Webpages
Webpage with author:
Doyle, A. (2017, July 1). Best questions to ask at a job interview: What to ask the employer during a job interview. The balance careers. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/questions-to-ask-in-a-job-interview-2061205
Authors for websites are often corporations, organizations or governments. If there is no person listed as the author consider using a corporate/group name . Use a corporate/group name when an o rganization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work. Ask yourself, whose website is it - what company, organization or government agency?
United States government agency
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018, February 14). Traumatic brain injury: FDA actions and research. http://usgov.info/2018/02/14/traumatic-brain-injury-fda-actions-and-research/
U.S. Small Business Association. (n.d.). Build your business plan. https://www.sba.gov/tools/business-plan/1?interiorpage2015
Ben & Jerry's. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.benjerry.com/about-us
Samsung. (2018). Vision 2020. https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/vision/vision2020/
Kaiser Permanente. (2013, November). Measuring quality and patient safety. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org
Effective business plans: Strategies for managers. (2018, March 4). Business Pros. http:// www.businesspros.com
Format: Title of webpage. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Webpage. URL
In-text citation for no author: ("First Few Words of Title," YEAR). ("Effective Business Plans," 2018).
If the site refers to itself as a newspaper, magazine or journal cite the source using an article format. Scroll up to Articles - Online.
"There’s no governing authority who decides what’s a newspaper versus a website versus an online magazine versus something else entirely. Best to look at how the site refers to itself and follow the convention associated with that. So if they call themselves a newspaper, italicize the name; otherwise, don’t."
Use these formats are for webpages - not articles from online journals, magazines or newspapers (see box: Articles)
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). URL
Corporate Author. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). URL
(Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Retrieved from URL |
Stephanie (2018, february 5). what to do if your obamacare 1095-a column b is zero. poorer than you . http://poorerthanyou.com/category/taxes/.
APA Style on citing Blogs
When citing Wikipedia, cite an archived version of a Wikipedia page so that readers can retrieve the version you used.
*Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting “View history” and then the time and date of the version you used.
*If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and a retrieval date.
Business performance management. ( 2018, January 25 ). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_performance_ management
Neurology. (n.d.). In Wikipedia . Retrieved December 15, 2017 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology
APA Style Blog on citing Wikipedia
"In my paper, I mention a blog. I refer to the blog as a whole, and I am not discussing a specific blog post. Do I need to create an in-text citation and a reference list citation?"
No. All you need to do is include the URL within the body of your paper, and you do not need to include the website and URL in your reference list at the end of the paper. In APA Style there is no specific formatting recommendations.
Two examples for mentioning the entire blog, wiki or personal website. In the body of the paper:
1) At age 22, blogger Stephanee (Stephanie), started her the blog Poorer Than You (http://poorerthanyou.com). The posts are aimed at millennials and provide financial advice on a variety of topics.
2) I have learned a lot by reading the Psych Learning Curve blog (http://psychlearningcurve.org). This blog is an excellent resource for teachers.
Posts and information found within blogs, wikis and personal websites are likely to change and be updated frequently. Therefore, when citing these sources you need to include the retrieved date - this is the date found it. If there is no date, use (n.d.). Titles for items in online communities are NOT italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name or use the title in place of the author.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Title of Blog site. URL
Title of page. (Year, Month Day web page was last updated). Title of Blog site. Retrieved date from URL |
Glass, I. (Producer). (2013, September 6). How I got into college [Audio podcast]. In This American Life . http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/504/how-i-got-into-college
Purdue OWL APA Style: How to Cite a Podcast
LastName, A. A. (Producer). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. In Title of Podcast Series . Publisher. URL
Podcast without a series - stand alone
LastName, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day {of podcast}). Title of podcast [Audio podcast episode]. Publisher. URL
Gallagher , D. (2018, February 3 ). Is Google losing to Amazon? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com
Krauss, C. (2008, August 30). Surge in natural gas has Utah driving cheaply. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com
CNN. (2015, February 15). Boston sets new snow record [Video]. https://www.cnn.com/videos/weather/2015/02/15/newday-alesci-ripley-boston-sets-new-snow-record.cnn/video/playlists/top-news-videos/
Online Newspaper format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Newspaper . https://www.someaddress.com
Online Magazine format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter to start subtitle. Title of Magazine, volume number (issue number if available). https://www.someaddress.com
Online News broadcast video:
Producer Name. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website host. https://www.someaddress.com
Forbes. (2018, January 19). Facebook announces algorithm changes; Apple brings money back to U.S. [Video]. Youtube. https://youtube/39gFZawmKfM
Sasal, D. (2017, June 13) Project Management simplified: Learn the fundamentals of PMI's framework [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/ZKOL-rZ79gs
APA Style: How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video
Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19). Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m
Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://vm.tiktok.com/x2sKUu
Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86
APA 7 TikTok Citation Guide
If you viewed the video on the TED website:
Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking
If you viewed the video on YouTube, the same TED Talk would be referenced as follows:
TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g
APA Style Blog: How to Cite a TED Talk in APA Style
Selick, H. (Director). (1993). The nightmare before Christmas [Film]. Touchstone.
Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [ Film ]. Paramount Pictures.
APA Style Film and TV
If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
Director's last name, first initial (Director). (Year of the film's release). [Film]. Name of the movie studio. Author, A.A. (year, month day). [Film]. http://wwws.URL.com Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com Corporate name. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com Screen name. (year, month day). [Film]. https://www.URL.com |
NY Review of Books. (2013, September 6). The total weight of jellyfish in the Black Sea is 10x greater than that of all fish caught around the world in a year. [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nybooks/status/376055502880665600
Obama, M. (2013, February 28). “ We can give all our children the bright, healthy futures they so richly deserve .” —the First Lady on why healthier food options are good for American businesses [Image attached] [Status update] . Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php? fbid =10152608245040578& set=a.10150238318835578.467644.22092775577&type=1
Gaiman, N. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer out for dinner. [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/10150574185041016
Reuters Top News [Reuters]. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/moments/793575609028915200
APA Style: How to Cite a Twitter Moment
APA Style: How to Cite Facebook
APA Style: How to Cite Instagram
Titles for items in online communities are italicized. If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name.
Author, A.A. (year, month day). . [Type of post]. Site name. https://socialmediaWebsite.com Screen name. (year, month day) . [Type of post]. Site name. https://clickSHAREinYouTubeURL.com |
In APA Style there are no specific formatting rules for citing PDFs.
Why? PDF is just a file format. To cite this type of document, ask yourself: What is this?
You must determine what the nature of the PDF, and then use the corresponding format.
There are two common types of documents that appear as PDFs:
- Articles (magazines, newspapers, journals, newsletters, etc.)
- Reports (government report, company profile, company annual report, etc.)
Need help? Ask us by emailing [email protected]
For Webinar citations in APA 7, Please check out Purdue University APA 7 citation guide on Other Non-Print Sources available here:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_other_non_print_sources.html
No author? Start with the title and then the date. A screen-name can be used as the author. An organization/company can be the author.
Date? If a date is not specifically included with the item you are citing, look for the last updated date. No date type (n.d.)
Titles? Keep it simple - do not italicize website titles. This can get confusing: If a webpage is part of a larger website, do not italicize the title of the page. If the webpage is an independent document on the website, do italicize the title of the page. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. If you are not sure, do not italicize.
URL? Yes, include it. www.theURL.com
Retrieved on date? In general, do not include the retrieved date for most web sources. If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page.
Author and website name? If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time.
[Square Brackets]? APA Style recommends providing identifying information - when needed for clarification. If the information in the citation and URL do not clearly identify what it is you are citing, add [square brackets]. For example, [Blog post], [Wiki], [Twitter post], [Facebook post] [Personal website], [PDF document], [Video], [Interview], [Data].
Instructors frequently require students to use APA Style within presentations. APA Style does not provide specific guidelines for PowerPoint presentations and visuals. You will be adapting APA Style guidelines. Check with your instructor about the format. You will likely need to have in-text citations on the slides throughout your presentation for images, data, quotes and paraphrased statements, AND a slide at the end for a reference list.
Annual Report
American Psychological Association. (2013). 2012 annual report of the American Psychological Association . http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/2012-report.pdf
Unilever. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2015 strategic report. https://www.unilever.com/Images/annual_report_and_accounts_ar15_tcm244-478426_en.pdf
APA Style on citing annual reports
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q. Arrow International, Inc. (2009). 10-K Annual Report 2009 .
Government Report
San Francisco Department of Public Health. (2016). San Francisco community health needs assessment 2016 . https://www.sfdph.org/dph/hc/HCAgen/HCAgen2016/May%2017/2016CHNA-2.pdf
U.S. Department of Education. (2014). Profile of undergraduate students: 2011-12. Web tables (NCES 2015-167). https://nces.ed.gov/ pubs2015/2015167.pdf
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Library database name and/or URL. : Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Publisher Name. |
National Cancer Institute. (2016). Taking part in cancer treatment research studies (Publication No. 16-6249). https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf
Office of the Inspector General U.S. Department of Justice. (2017, May). Review of the handling of sexual harassment and misconduct allegations by the department’s Civil Division . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2017/e1703.pdf
APA Style: How to Cite Government Report
U.S. Constitution
APA Style Blog states, "All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const. , followed by the article, amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant." APA Style Blog: How to Cite the U.S. Constitution in APA Style
In-text (U.S. Const. amend. II)
Reference U.S. Const. amend. II
Congressional Bill
Equitable Health Care for Severe Mental Illnesses Act of 1993, S. 671, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).
Federal Statutes
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2006).
FORMAT: Name of the Statute, Tile number Source § Section number(s) (Year).
APA Style: Writing References for Federal Statutes
|
Government Agency. (Publication date). (version number if provided). https://URL
Title, Bill or Resolution Number, Number of Congress Cong., Number of Session Sess. (Year).
Name of the Statute, Title number Source § Section number(s) (Year). |
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Consumer price index - all urban consumers, 1956-2016 [Time series]. http://data.bls.gov
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, jobs and broadband [Data file and codebook]. http://www.pewresearch.org
World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2016). Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms) [Data file]. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.FRM.BKWC.ZS?view= chart
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2008). Indiana income limits [Data set]. http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
APA Style on citing data sets
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Selected housing characteristics, 2007-2011 American community survey 5-year estimates [Data file]. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP04
If a data set has a DOI, include https://doi.org/########## in the citation. For data sets without a DOI, add the URL. The name of the data set is italicized. For example, [Data set]. [Square Brackets] identify the source type. There is not a specific rule for use of [square brackets]. You must determine what the information is: [Data set], [Data file], [Data file and codebook], and so on. [Square Brackets] are optional, but are recommended because they can improve a citation.
Author/Rightsholder. (Year). [Data Set]. http://URL Author/Rightsholder. (Year). [Data Set]. https://doi.org/########## |
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2009). Cahaba River Natural Refuge. https://www.fws.gov/cahabariver/maps.html
International Monetary Fund. (2017, May 8). IMF lending at a glance. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/map/lending/
WOU APA Style on citing maps
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Ingolstadt, Germany, to Geneva, Switzerland]. Retrieved August 4, 2015 from https://goo.gl/maps/ILt8O
APA Style on citing online map s
IAC. (n.d.). Impact investing. In Investopedia . Retrieved May 15, 2016 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/impact-investing.asp
Merriam Webster (n.d.). R eliability. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved January 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability
Dictionary references in APA 7
Dittmer, M. (2018, March 16). Busiest Bay Area airlines. San Francisco Business Times .
Library database fisher, w. w. (2018). patent. encyclopaedia britannica ., online britannica, t. editors of encyclopaedia (2019, november 20). prohibition. encyclopedia britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/prohibition-united-states-history-1920-1933 note: encyclopedia britannica online has a citation tool., business source complete.
Is it an article? Use the format: Articles - library database
Is it a report? >> Use the format: Reports
The database Business Source Complete has a citation tool. Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it.
American psychiatric association. (2013). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, (american psychiatric association, 2013), faulkner reports.
Reports from these databases: Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies (FAITS), and Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Barr, J. G. (2019). Artificial intelligence . Faulkner Advisory for IT Studies.
Keston, G. (2019). Network access control . Faulkner Security Management Practices.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Name of company. (Publication date). (version number if provided). : Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Publication date). (version number if provided). Publisher Name. |
Agile software. In Encyclopedia of Emerging Industries (7th ed., pp. 5-10). Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3664200008/GVRL?u=ggusf_main&sid=GVRL&xid=4c07cc09
Is it an article? >> Use the article format .
Is it a case study? >> Use the case study format .
Mergent Inc. (n.d.). Apple, Inc.: Business segments .
Mergent Inc. (2014, February 28). McDonald's Corp.: Ford Equity research report .
Apple Inc. (2013, October 30). Form 10-K .
Microsoft. (2005, September 25). Form 10-Q.
Google , Inc. (2011, December 31). Form 10-K .
Morningstar . (n.d.). Google: Key ratios . Retrieved March 13, 2014, from Morningstar Investment Research.
Morningstar . (2014, February 28) Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Rating and risk . Morningstar Investment Research.
Reichart, K. R. (2014, March 6). Fidelity Blue Chip Growth: Fund analyst repor t. Morningstar Investment Research database.
Summer, R. (2014, February 25). Google, Inc.: Stock analyst report . Morningstar Investment Research database.
Lopez, G., Ruis, N.G. & Patten, E. (2017, September 8) Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
Shearer, E. & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 6). In 2017, two-thirds of U.S. adults get news from social media [Table]. In News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. http://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/pi_17-08-23_socialmediaupdate_0-01/
Pew Research Center. (2016). June 10-July 12, 2015 – Gaming, Jobs and Broadband [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewresearch.org
Pew Research Center. (2018, January 2018). They’re waiting longer, but U.S. women today more likely to have children than a decade ago: More than half of never-married women in their early 40s have given birth [Report]. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/18/theyre-waiting-longer-but-u-s-women-today-more-likely-to-have-children-than-a-decade-ago/
Industry survey.
Snyder, K. (2017, October). Health care equipment and supplies. CFRA Industry Surveys [PDF].
Library database - Statista - citing data and charts
When you are viewing data, look for the citation button. SELECT CITATION. From the drop-down menu, click APA. We recommend you edit the citation. Note, Statista uses many difference SOURCES - the source is in the place of the author.
Atlas Van Lines. (May 27, 2020). Internal factors that influenced employee relocations in the United States in 2020 [Chart]. In Statista - The Statistics Portal . Retrieved April 08, 2021 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/763368/internal-factors-on-employee-relocation-us/
Airnow. (February 17, 2021). Leading iPhone apps in the Apple App Store worldwide in January 2021, by revenue (in million U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In Statista . Retrieved April 08, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/271103/top-iphone-apps-worldwide-by-revenue/
Library database - Statista - citing a full report
Collignon , H. & Sultan, N. (2014, November). Winning the business of sports 2014 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Janßen , B., Krützfeldt, W., Ramcke, K., & Staffa, V. (2014, August). Industry report - Computer and electronic product manufacturing NAICS Code 334 . Retrieved from Statista database.
Statista. (2018). Coffee market in the U.S. [Report]. Retrieved from Statista database.
Online - using Statista's website - citing data and charts
When there is no author name, use the SOURCE name in place of the author. Statista uses many difference SOURCES. Look under the table or figure for the word SOURCE.
ITU. (2011, October). Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide from 2005 to 2011 (in millions) [Chart]. In Statista . Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/186337/number-of-mobile-broadband-subscriptions-worldwide-since-2005/
Value Line Publishing. (2010, November 26). Ford Motor. Value Line Investment Survey .
Last Updated: March 6, 2024
This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Jennifer Mueller is a wikiHow Content Creator. She specializes in reviewing, fact-checking, and evaluating wikiHow's content to ensure thoroughness and accuracy. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 2006. This article has been viewed 37,701 times.
Particularly in research for business studies or papers in the social sciences, you may want to cite a case study completed by a university or other organization. While case studies have titles and publication information like other articles, they often have a unique case study number that is typically included in your citation. While Chicago citation style is most frequently used in business schools, you may also use the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA) style.
The purpose of any citation is so that the reader can find the sources you used. In the reference list or bibliography section of your paper, the general format for citing an article is this:
Include the author(s), publication date, article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers (if applicable), and page numbers. If available, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or permanent link to the article.
APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite the article's DOI, if available. Harvard Business Review articles generally do not have an assigned DOI. In this situation, it is okay to include "Retrieved from [database]" or "Retrieved from [permalink]." It is also okay omit the link altogether.
© 2022 Florida State University Libraries | 116 Honors Way | Tallahassee, FL 32306 | (850) 644-2706
Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the search page or the Site Map . The Citation Chart provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.
These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.
These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.
These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster
This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.
These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.
These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.
We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?
Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.
Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.
This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.
This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.
This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.
This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.
A recent study published in BMJ Open reports that neurodivergent traits in childhood increase the risk of chronic disabling fatigue (CDF) at 18 years.
CDF can accompany various medical conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS) or long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, it remains unclear what risk factors may cause certain patients to be more susceptible to the development of chronic fatigue than others.
Current estimates indicate that neurodivergent conditions like autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are present in up to 15% of the population. Neurodivergence is associated with an increased risk of both physical and mental health conditions, some of which include chronic pain , connective tissue disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, anxiety, and depression.
An overlap in symptoms has also been observed between CDF and autism or ADHD. Despite the shared risk of chronic fatigue in both autistic children and adults, most studies examining this association have only been conducted on adults.
Various inflammatory and immunological processes have been implicated in chronic fatigue, including mitochondrial, T-cell , B-cell, and natural killer cell (NK) cell dysfunction. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) have also been observed in fatigue syndromes present in the general population.
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) arises due to internal or external stimuli that lead to the overactivation of mast cell mediators. MCAS and chronic fatigue, both common in neurodivergent patients, share numerous symptoms and mechanisms, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in the chronic fatigue experienced by neurodivergent individuals.
Data for the current study were obtained from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), which initially obtained data on 14,541 live births in southwest England between April 1991 and December 1992. Two assessments were subsequently conducted when the children were seven and nine years of age, comprising 8,115 and 8,036 children, respectively. At the age of 18, a final evaluation was conducted using self-reported measures.
The researchers aimed to clarify whether an increased risk of CDF was observed at 18 years in children who tested positive for autism or ADHD at either childhood time point. IL-6 levels were also measured in blood samples obtained at the nine-year visit.
Children with autistic or ADHD traits at seven or nine years of age, respectively, were at a two-fold increased risk of CDF by 18 years of age. Likewise, higher IL-6 levels at nine years of age were associated with a 1.5 times greater risk of experiencing CDF at the age of 18. These results remained significant when controlling for depression.
Mediation analyses showed the indirect impact of higher IL-6 levels in children with both autism and ADHD traits. Among those with these neurodivergent traits, each unit increase in IL-6 levels was associated with an 8% and 6% increased risk of CDF at 18 years of age, respectively.
The higher levels of inflammation could be due to the increased prevalence of gastrointestinal and dental issues observed in neurodivergent individuals. Higher levels of biopsychosocial stress present in neurodivergent children may also lead to increased inflammation and the subsequent experience of CDF. It is also possible that the blood draw itself induced stress to the study participants, particularly those with neurodivergent traits, thereby leading to higher IL-6 levels.
Our results indicate higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue for children with neurodivergent traits, likely linked to higher levels of inflammation .”
The current study provides important insights into the overlap between chronic fatigue, ADHD, and/or autism while also providing evidence on the role of inflammation in mediating the relationship between childhood neurodivergent traits and CDF. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to further examine the different mechanisms, aside from inflammation, that may mediate the relationship between chronic fatigue and neurodivergence.
Neurodivergent children are more vulnerable to physical and mental health conditions, necessitating frequent healthcare visits to monitor their health status. Clinicians are also advised to utilize a holistic approach for treating neurodivergent individuals that considers the brain-body relationship to ultimately improve their quality of life.
Posted in: Child Health News | Medical Science News | Medical Research News | Medical Condition News
Tags: Anxiety , Autism , Blood , Brain , Cell , Children , Chronic , Chronic Pain , Coronavirus , covid-19 , Depression , Encephalomyelitis , Fatigue , Healthcare , Hyperactivity , Inflammation , Interleukin , Mast Cell , Mental Health , Myalgic Encephalomyelitis , Pain , Research , Stress , Syndrome , T-Cell
Dr. Liji Thomas is an OB-GYN, who graduated from the Government Medical College, University of Calicut, Kerala, in 2001. Liji practiced as a full-time consultant in obstetrics/gynecology in a private hospital for a few years following her graduation. She has counseled hundreds of patients facing issues from pregnancy-related problems and infertility, and has been in charge of over 2,000 deliveries, striving always to achieve a normal delivery rather than operative.
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:
Thomas, Liji. (2024, July 31). Neurodivergent children face higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue by 18, study finds. News-Medical. Retrieved on July 31, 2024 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240731/Neurodivergent-children-face-higher-risk-of-chronic-disabling-fatigue-by-18-study-finds.aspx.
Thomas, Liji. "Neurodivergent children face higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue by 18, study finds". News-Medical . 31 July 2024. <https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240731/Neurodivergent-children-face-higher-risk-of-chronic-disabling-fatigue-by-18-study-finds.aspx>.
Thomas, Liji. "Neurodivergent children face higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue by 18, study finds". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240731/Neurodivergent-children-face-higher-risk-of-chronic-disabling-fatigue-by-18-study-finds.aspx. (accessed July 31, 2024).
Thomas, Liji. 2024. Neurodivergent children face higher risk of chronic disabling fatigue by 18, study finds . News-Medical, viewed 31 July 2024, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240731/Neurodivergent-children-face-higher-risk-of-chronic-disabling-fatigue-by-18-study-finds.aspx.
Cancel reply to comment
Maria Marco
In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2024 in San Diego, Maria Marco discusses her research on the health benefits, safety, and waste reduction potential of fermented foods, and the microbial processes involved in their production.
Dan Schieffer
In this interview, NewsMedical speaks to DeNovix's Dan Schieffer about the new app developed for CellDrop, and how it aims to revolutionize hepatocyte count for the drug discovery industry, and more.
Michelle Peace
In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2024 in San Diego, we spoke to Professor Michelle Peace about the challenges and implications of detecting ethanol in e-cigarettes for drug testing and forensic toxicology.
Your AI Powered Scientific Assistant
Hi, I'm Azthena, you can trust me to find commercial scientific answers from News-Medical.net.
A few things you need to know before we start. Please read and accept to continue.
Great. Ask your question.
Azthena may occasionally provide inaccurate responses. Read the full terms .
While we only use edited and approved content for Azthena answers, it may on occasions provide incorrect responses. Please confirm any data provided with the related suppliers or authors. We do not provide medical advice, if you search for medical information you must always consult a medical professional before acting on any information provided.
Your questions, but not your email details will be shared with OpenAI and retained for 30 days in accordance with their privacy principles.
Please do not ask questions that use sensitive or confidential information.
Read the full Terms & Conditions .
Provide Feedback
As interest in implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in medical systems grows, discussion continues on how to evaluate the fairness of these systems, or the disparities they may perpetuate. Socioeconomic status (SES) is commonly included in machine learning models to control for health inequities, with the underlying assumption that increased SES is associated with better health. In this work, we considered a large cohort of patients from the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City to investigate the effect of patient SES, race, and sex on schizophrenia (SCZ) diagnosis rates via a logistic regression model. Within an intersectional framework, patient SES, race, and sex were found to have significant interactions. Our findings showed that increased SES is associated with a higher probability of obtaining a SCZ diagnosis in Black Americans ($\beta=4.1\times10^{-8}$, $SE=4.5\times10^{-9}$, $p < 0.001$). Whereas high SES acts as a protective factor for SCZ diagnosis in White Americans ($\beta=-4.1\times10^{-8}$, $SE=6.7\times10^{-9}$, $p < 0.001$). Further investigation is needed to reliably explain and quantify health disparities. Nevertheless, we advocate that building fair AI tools for the health care space requires recognizing the intersectionality of sociodemographic factors.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The APA Manual does not include instructions on how to cite a Harvard Business Review case study. When citing case studies in APA style you will want to include the typical citation elements and apply general formatting guidelines. The following are examples of how case studies could be cited in APA style, but be sure to check with your ...
When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. ... Harvard Referencing Style Guide Harvard Referencing Generator In-text Citations in Harvard Referencing Style How to reference a YouTube (or an online) ...
Google, Inc. HBS No. 9-806-105. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. In-text citation examples - Harvard Business School Case Study. APA in-text citations include the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (for quotes), either as part of the text of your paper or in parentheses. One Author:
APA Citation Style (7th Edition) Case Studies; Search this Guide Search. APA Citation Style (7th Edition) Home; Reference List; In-Text Citations; Books; Articles; Web Resources; ... Number of case study. URL. Examples: Harvard Business School Case Study Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/
and Steve Jobs." HBS No. 407-028 (Boston: Harvard Business School. PEATING A CITATIONAfter the first complete citation of a work, you may abbreviate subsequent instances by using either Ibid. or a shortened fo. citation. Ibid.Use Ibid. to repeat a citation that appears immediately afte.
There is no specific way to reference a case study in APA style. Case studies are typically published as an article or report, or within a book. ... Harvard business school case study. Dey, A. (2022). Corporate governance: A three pillar framework. ... In-text citations; Reference list examples. Artificial intelligence tools ; Book and chapter ;
8 APA; 5 Art; 1 Bilingual Education; 2 Biography; 4 Biology; 4 Blackboard; 1 Book Return; 94 Business; 25 Business Cornerstone (company, industry,country research) 5 Career; 21 Catalog FAQ; 19 Checkout/Checkin; 11 Chemistry; 3 Children's/Young Adult Literature; 27 Citation Format; 8 Communication; 7 Computer Information Systems; 3 Computer ...
APA uses a reference list , an alphabetized list of sources following the end of the book or paper, for its complete list of sources referenced. This list should be titled "References" in bold and alphabetized by the first item in the citation, which, in most cases, is the author's last name. Each reference from this list must be cited in your ...
Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the ...
Hours. Wednesday, July 24, 2024. Baker Library | Bloomberg Center. 9:00am - 5:00pm. Main Desk (Stamps Reading Room) 9:00am - 5:00pm. Research Help (Stamps Reading Room) 9:00am - 5:00pm. Quiet Study - HBS Tap Access Only (Stamps Reading Room)
Harvard College Writing Program. 1. parenthetical citation in APA style includes the author's last name as well as the year in which the work was published, with a comma between them. If you are referring directly to a specific page in the source, you should also include the page number in your parenthetical citation.
Harvard Style Guide: Case studies. This guide explains how to use the Harvard Style. It includes a short tutorial. Reference: Author/editor Last name, Initials. (Year) 'Title of case study' [Case Study], Journal Title, Volume (Issue), pp. page numbers. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL CASE STUDY. Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title. HBS No. xxxxx. https://..... Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp ...
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
No one expects you to memorize the format for every type of source you will cite in APA style. Instead, you should know where to look for models of each type of source. This section explains the basics of APA-style citations and provides citation examples for some commonly used sources. For more information, you should consult the links below.
Citing a Case Study in Harvard Style. When citing a case study in Harvard style, follow these guidelines to accurately reference the source: Authors of the case study: Include the last name(s) and initials of the author(s) of the case study. Separate multiple authors' names with commas and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name.
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more ...
Reference List Citation. Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case Study Number (if given). Database main URL. Note: If your source has two to twenty authors, include all of the authors' last names, first initials, and second initials (if given) in the Reference List citation. Examples.
Citing a case study in MLA style. In-text citation template and example: (Author Surname Page number) (Rapp and Caramazza 373) Works cited entry template and example: Surname, First M. "Title of the Case Study.". Name of Publication, Volume number, Issue number, Publication Day Month Year, Page number. Case study.
Case Study published by Harvard Business School Publishing. Thomas, D.A. (1999). Leaving. HBS No. 400033-PDF-ENG. Harvard Business School Publishing. ... Click CITE and select APA citation format. Review the citation and edit it. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed): DSM-5. DSM-5
3. List publication information for the case study. Type the city where the case study was published, then follow with a period. Type the name of the publishing company (which will typically be the university or organization that produced the study). Place a comma, then provide the year the case study was published.
Harvard Business Review, 92(5), 119-123. Meyer, E., (2014). Navigating the Cultural Minefield. ... APA Style strongly encourages authors to cite the article's DOI, if available. Harvard Business Review articles generally do not have an assigned DOI. In this situation, it is okay to include "Retrieved from [database]" or "Retrieved from ...
APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
Empirical Study; Nonclinical Case Study; Quantitative Study. Supplemental Material. Other(Internet) Grant Sponsorship. Sponsor: Imperial College London, United Kingdom Recipient: No recipient indicated. Release Date. 20231127 (PsycINFO) References. Number of Citations: 106, Number of Citations Displayed: 106
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: APA. Thomas, Liji. (2024, July 31). Neurodivergent children face higher risk of chronic disabling ...
Introduction. While the fungal associates of vascular plants are generally well understood, those that interact with bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) remain poorly studied by comparison (e.g. compare Ellis and Ellis Citation 1985; with Ellis and Ellis Citation 1988; Davey and Currah Citation 2006).This is partly because bryophytes themselves are a less-studied group ("minority ...
Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a widespread and frustrating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, with severe consequences on patients' quality of life and health care systems' costs. Currently, the most severe cases of SUI are treated using implanted (and rather invasive) extraurethral artificial sphincters. The authors propose an innovative, minimally ...
PVT system cover up to 26 % of electricity and 48 % of heat from beer brewing process. Comparing energy yield shows PVT behaving up to 67 % higher than a same-size PV. PVT high investment and auxiliaries leaves them behind PV in cost-effective operation. PVT in cold weather can be economic due to higher electricity prices.
Introduction: Concussion is known to cause transient autonomic and cerebrovascular dysregulation that generally recovers; however, few studies have focused on individuals with an extensive concussion history. Method: The case was a 26-year-old male with a history of 10 concussions, diagnosed for bipolar type II disorder, mild attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a history of migraines ...
As interest in implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in medical systems grows, discussion continues on how to evaluate the fairness of these systems, or the disparities they may perpetuate. Socioeconomic status (SES) is commonly included in machine learning models to control for health inequities, with the underlying assumption that increased SES is associated with better health.