human sexuality essay topics

5 studies that offer fascinating conclusions about human sexuality

Christopher Ryan: Are we designed to be sexual omnivores?

“My hope is that a more accurate updated understanding of human sexuality will lead us to have greater tolerance for ourselves, for each other, greater respect for unconventional relationship configurations like same-sex marriage or polyamorous unions, and that we’ll finally put to rest the idea that men have some innate instinctive right to monitor and control women’s sexual behavior,” Ryan says . “And we’ll see that it’s not only gay people that have to come out of the closet: we all have closets we have to come out of.”

Below, read up on some more lines of research that suggest out-of-the-box ideas about our sexuality.

Question: Is bisexuality a sexual orientation, something that’s temporary or an outgrowth of the sexual fluidity we all exhibit? . Research: In a 2008 study , Lisa M. Diamond of the University of Utah presented the results of a decade-long assessment of nearly 70 women who identified as lesbian, bisexual, or sexually unlabelable. Five times over the course of the study, the women detailed their sexual identities, attractions, behaviors, and their social and familial relationships. . Results: Based on Diamond’s findings, bisexuality is not a “transitional stage that women adopt ‘on the way’ to lesbian identification” or an “experimental phase” for heterosexuals. Her results, instead, supported that, “Bisexuality may best be interpreted as a stable pattern of attraction to both sexes in which the specific balance of same-sex to other-sex desires necessarily varies according to interpersonal and situational factors,” she writes. .
Question: Which comes first—desire or arousal? . Research: In a study from 2004, described in this New York Times article , Ellen Laan, Stephanie Both and Mark Spiering of the University of Amsterdam examined participants’ physical responses to sexual images. . Results: The research indicates that we respond physically to highly sexual visuals before our mind even engages with them. In other words, desire doesn’t precede arousal—it’s the other way around. And we aren’t even aware it’s happening. .
Question: Do men and women respond differently to sexual images? . Research: The same New York Times article describes an Emory University study that tracked participants’ eye movements and brain activity while they looked at sexually explicit photos. . Results: Men and women didn’t have the same reactions, but they might not be the ones you’d expect. Men looked at the faces in the photographs much more than women did, and everyone quickly flipped past close-ups of genitalia. Brain activity was gender-dependent: in particular, men had a lot more activity in the amygdala than women did. .
Question: Does geography influence the body types we idealize and are attracted to? . Research: There’s a lot written about the effects of culture and media on the bodily standards we uphold. But the International Body Project , a survey of 7,434 people worldwide, aimed to investigate whether there were more base-level factors motivating our ideal body types, too. . Results: The researchers found that places with low socioeconomic status tended to value heavier female body types, while places with high socioeconomic status tended to favor thinner bodies—possibly because body fat acts as an indicator of status when resources are scarce. And the effect of media shouldn’t be underestimated: “Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem,” the researchers write. .
Question: Do men and women have different sex drives? . Research: A recent New York Times Magazine article describes a University of Wisconsin, Madison “ meta-analysis ” of more than 800 studies of our sexual habits conducted over 15 years. . Results: The researchers found that “the evidence for an inborn disparity in sexual motivation is debatable,” the Times Magazine piece reports. The study “suggests that the very statistics evolutionary psychologists use to prove innate difference — like number of sexual partners or rates of masturbation — are heavily influenced by culture. All scientists really know is that the disparity in desire exists, at least after a relationship has lasted a while.” Women’s desire does decrease, but not as a matter of course—as a result of monogamy in particular.

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188 Best Human Sexuality Research Topics For Your Assignment

The key to writing a great research project is coming up with a great idea that is original and interesting to both yourself and the reading audience. Professors are always looking to find projects that thoroughly answer questions with evidence-based facts and examples in support of a well-thought thesis argument.

In the field of human sexuality, it is very important to brainstorm several interesting topics for a research project at any level (i.e., high school through graduate school). Our expert writers have put together this list of human sexuality research topics that may provide you with some inspiration to build a great project for a high school, college, or graduate assignment.

What Is Human Sexuality?

The subject of human sexuality is a broad term that is best defined as the way people express themselves and experience sexuality, including biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social and spiritual behaviors and feelings.

The subject has had varied and historical contexts over time, and because there are so many directions one takes in researching and writing an assignment in this subject, you should do your due diligence in exploring several options before starting on a project.

How to Choose Research Topics on Human Sexuality?

Here are five simple steps to follow when selecting a topic in this area of study. If you get started early (within a day or two of receiving the assignment prompt) you should have no trouble narrowing your options to one or two related ideas that you can build upon:

Brainstorm 4 – 5 Research Ideas: The easiest step in the process is brainstorming. You can write a list of ideas taken from class lectures, assigned readings, interesting articles from journals, or the internet. Your goal should be to write on something in which you learn something new by pushing the envelope.
Select a Manageable Research Topic: Choose a broad subject and extract a few ideas and formulate a few questions you would like to explore. This will help you bring your topic down to earth so that you aren’t overwhelmed by having to write a comprehensive paper on the entire scope of human sexuality.
Narrow the Focus of Your Topic: You need to take your broad idea and make it more specific. Even if you find yourself changing your mind, you will be getting closer to a topic that is worth the effort you will put into completing the assignment.
Define Your Topic as a Question: Once you have focused your topic on something clear and concise, it would be helpful to define your idea into a specific research question that will put your paper into context and that will guide you when crafting your thesis statement.
Conduct Background Research: At this point, you should a great idea of the content you will need to search for to craft your research paper. Spend a few hours searching the web for background information. Start building an outline and keep detailed lists of in-depth academic research you will need to do.

Human Sexuality Research Paper Topics For High School Students

Many high school students are just developing their researching and writing skills. Research projects at this level are usually 5 pages long and require about two weeks to complete. The following ideas are manageable and appropriate for this level:

How do bad habits impact healthy sexuality in teenagers?
How do sex laws in the U.S. affect how people view sexuality?
How do biochemistry and medication affect sexual behaviors in adults?
Should society promote greater awareness of the importance of good sexual health?
How do teenage bisexuals internalize their feelings as it relates to sexual stigmas?
What are some of the physical changes that contribute to reduced sexual desire in men?
How can one better understand human sexuality through the lifecycle?
How to safely navigate the hookup culture among millennials?
What are the negative effects of sexting in young adults?
What do young people know about gender identification?
At what age should students learn about human sexuality?
How have sexual behaviors changed in young adults in the 21st century?
How to deal with the social stigma that comes with identifying as LGBTQ?
How can therapy help in situations where a partner has indulged in extramarital sex?
What are some of the physical changes that contribute to reduced sexual desire in women?
What are some of the biggest concerns young people have about gender?
Has the majority of society accepted same-sex marriages?
How do young people view consensual and non-consensual sexual experiences?
How are the sex lives negatively impacted by couples going through midlife crises?
Why is there a stigma for being sexually inexperienced before turning 18?
Are schools adequately providing enough education about human sexuality?
What impact has the internet had on sexual behaviors in young adults?
How important are sexual stimuli in creating sexual responses among married couples?
What are the major milestones males will experience in their lifespan?
How has human sexuality evolved over the generations?
Are sex educators adequately prepared to instruct today’s youth?
How does healthy and happiness affect the way teenagers feel about their sexuality?
How prevalent is extramarital sex in couples between the ages of 30 and 40?
What role do parents play in explaining human sexuality to their children?
What are the major milestones females will experience in their lifespan?
What role does religion play in the way people perceive human sexuality?
What are the most common questions young people have about sexual orientation?

Human Sexuality Psychology Research Paper Topics For College Students

These human sexuality topics for a research paper are more difficult than the ones listed above. At the college level, most students will write 1 or 2 research papers per semester (a midterm and a final) and will require about a month to complete. Here are some great ideas to consider:

How do psychological interpretations impact how young people view sexuality?
What are the psychological changes towards sexuality that occur with age?
In what ways does a person’s environment affect human sexuality?
What are the most common psychological dimensions in sexual behavioral health?
What are some of the biggest factors that cause reduced sexual desire in men?
Can marriages remain healthy despite sexual inactivity for prolonged periods?
How are sexual behavior patterns different in men and women?
How does the desire for being a parent influence sexual behavior in adults?
How do sexual images affect attention bias and recognition?
How have historical investigations on sexuality influenced modern perceptions of sex?
What are some mental health issues that influence sexual violence in adults?
What effects do anti-depressants have on sexual behaviors?
How do sexual practices in people affect behavioral changes?
How does the loss of a partner influence change in sexual desire in males and females?
What are the best or most effective treatments for sex addicts?
How do married couples and non-married couples view sexuality differently?
What are some of the biggest factors that cause reduced sexual desire in women?
How does infidelity impact human sexuality in married couples?
How has the definition of human sexuality changed over the last century?
How has the way we define sex addiction changed in the 21st century?
How do psychological needs influence sexual behaviors in young adults?
How can people overcome destructive sexual behaviors?
How are common and alternative sexual behaviors different across age groups?
How does infertility affect sexual desire in adults?
What impact does the media have on the way people perceive sexuality?
How do different typologies of adherence influence sexual satisfaction?
How do people become addicted to sex?
What impact have psychologists had in advancing the study of human sexuality?
Should psychological assessments be mandatory before sentencing sexual offenders?
What are the biggest social prohibitions against human sexuality?
What role do gender definitions have on a child’s understanding of sexuality?
What are the psychological dimensions of human sexual health and behaviors?

Good Human Sexuality Research Topics For Graduate School Students

Graduate research projects are significantly harder and often become a starting point for future studies if students wish to pursue a degree that incorporates human sexuality. These ideas require a lot of research, so students need to get started on these projects as early as possible:

How does school-based education on condom use influence sexual behaviors?
What effect does alcohol and/or drug use have on human sexuality?
What is the correlation between condom use and erection problems in young men?
Should comprehensive sex education be mandatory in all U.S. public schools?
What has sexual behavior increased among adolescents in the U.S.?
How has human sexuality been depicted in major art pieces of the 20th century?
What impact has the feminist movement had on our perceptions of human sexuality?
Should we learn more about the rise of sexuality among children in modern society?
What are the major characteristics of people that identify as asexual?
What can neurobiology tell us about sexual behaviors in adults?
Should sexual education classes encourage abstinence more than they do now?
How did England’s Victorian society control female sexuality?
Has modern technology caused virginity to lose its sense of virtue among young people?
How have birth control policies changed in the U.S. over the last 50 years?
Is abstinence-only sex education a great tactic to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies?
How important is sex education in public and private schools?
How did ancient societies view human sexuality differently than we do today?
In what ways does gender sexuality matter as it relates to human rights?
What do people in the military forces feel about human sexuality perceptions?
How is sexual orientation depicted in the Bible?
How can we use sex education to help promote sexual violence?
What are the perceived sexual and emotional satisfaction across different contexts?
How do people of different ethnic groups perceive human sexual experiences differently?
How do people view flirting and seduction differently in the U.S. versus the U.K.?
What do understand about gender identification among children?
How are sex education school policies different across the United States?
How can parents handle child sexuality choices without discouraging personal choices?
What role should politics play in determining sexual behavior in people?
What are the implications for how women define their experiences with rape?
How should high school teachers orient young people about sexual orientation?
How can we effectively measure sexual inhibition and excitation proneness in men?
How does cultural background affect the way people view human sexuality?

Current Human Sexuality Popular Topics Of Research For Any Level

A great way to capture your reading audience’s attention is to connect with them by writing about something current. You can turn to the web or recently published journals to find what others are currently discussing in the field of human sexuality. Choose something you find interesting from the list below or customize an idea to suit your needs more adequately:

What can we learn from examining the validity of compulsive sexual behavior?
Is the romantic kiss a near-human universal in expressing sexuality?
Why has compulsive sexual behavior increased in adults in the last decade?
Has television had too much of a negative impact on the way teenagers view human sexuality?
How have sexual behaviors among single parents of young children changed in the U.K.?
Would television censorship decrease sexual activity among teenagers?
In what ways has the pandemic limited safe access to sexual health services?
Why do young people continue to put themselves at risk of contracting an STD?
Do young people find it important to express how they identify sexually?
How influential are the early human sexuality studies of the 19th century to today’s research?
How are teenagers expressing sexuality differently now than a decade ago?
How do people perceive PDA differently today than 20 years ago?
Does access to better health services improve sexual health among teenagers?
What are the best techniques for teaching sexuality to teenagers?
Why are adult men attracted to adolescent girls?
In what ways should researchers reshape sexual studies for the 21st century?
What are some of the biggest sexual taboos around the world?
How can we shorten the gap in sexual understanding between parents and teens?
How does the LGBTQ community view virginity differently than the hetero community?
How can technology be used to better understand human sexuality?
How is gender expression in same-sex relationships different than in other relationships?
Are teenagers being sexualized on television and what impact does this have?
What can we learn about sexual needs during the Covid-19 pandemic?
What are some of the factors that affect sexuality in older women?
What factors affect a woman’s sexual arousal in the workplace?
What does it mean to “experiment sexually” in today’s society?
What does it mean to be positive about one’s sexual behaviors?
What are the major factors that affect sexuality in men over 50?
What are today’s biggest myths about human sexuality?
What impact has Covid-19 had on sexual health?
How does the media influence compulsive sexual behavior among teens?
What are the negative effects of engaging in cybersex?

Current Human Sexuality Research Topics In Psychology

There are a lot of topics in human sexuality for research you can find by watching the news, reading newspaper, journal, and magazine articles, and checking the web. The latest topics have a lot of information readily available on the web, but you must be sure the information you use in your research paper comes from reputable and trustworthy sources:

How effective has sex therapy been in treating people who find no pleasure in intercourse?
How has the stigma of having multiple partners led to low self-esteem in adults?
How does an abusive childhood affect sexual health as an adult?
In what ways have people changed their perceptions about having a healthy sex life?
What does it mean to have a healthy sex life in the 21st century?
How have advancements in sex therapy methods helped mental health?
What are some stereotypes that affect the way people view their sexual orientation?
Can pornography be used to help stimulate sexual desire in married couples?
What do we know about the influences sex predators have that cause them to behave in certain ways?
What influence do the fears of contracting an STD have on sexual orientation?
What do we know about human sexuality that can be used to prevent sexual predators from acting on their desires?
How much influence do parents have on their children’s sexual orientations?
How is sexual attraction affected by psychological characteristics developed at an early age?
How much influence did Sigmund Freud have on today’s study of human sexuality?
What effects can sexual play during childhood have on mental development?
What are some anomalies of reproductive organs that affect self-confidence?
What significance does sexual health have in determining a person’s mental health?
How does mental health affect the way a person approaches sexual relationships?
What are some factors that contribute to instances of pedophilia?
What are the biggest psychological issues related to human sexuality?
How does race affect how people view human sexuality?
How has the fluidity of sexual orientation changed in the last half-century?
How do covert rendezvous help stimulate sexual experiences?
How has collaborative pornography viewing impacted the quality of relationships?
What are the biggest links between sexual behaviors and violent behaviors?
Can sexual therapy have a positive effect on sexual predators?
How is the sexual psychology of women different from that of men?
What is the safest way to talk to our children about pornography?
How do rape victims cope with the stigma that comes from revealing clothing?
Is there such a thing as too much porn for our sexual health?
What can victims of child sexual abuse suffer from mentally as adults?
What is the psychological impact of traveling long distances for sex?

Hot Research Topics In Human Sexuality For A Large Project

Sometimes you will find hot topics being discussed everywhere you go. These can stem from a social or legal issue that you hear about in the news and that has drawn a lot of attention. Here are some ideas our experts have found that are currently being discussed:

How do personal finances influence people’s use of internet dating sites?
What does it mean to have sex in the 21st century?
How common is infidelity in the United Kingdom versus the United States?
What are the challenges in having a healthy sex life after a serious physical injury?
What is the difference between love and sexual attraction?
What is the best way to keep their children safe from sexual abuse?
What are the similarities and differences in courtship practices across cultures?
Is it ethical to prevent underage marriages in sovereign nations?
What does it mean to be sexually “normal” in today’s society?
What are the major stereotypes associated with aging and sexual health?
How effective are HIV awareness campaigns that target women in the U.S.?
How has literature changed in the way it expresses human sexual behavior?
What challenges do women face when identifying nonconsensual sexual experiences?
Should same-sex couples be given the same adoption rights as mixed-sex couples?
How do people perceive sex workers in terms of sexual and mental health?
Is there a link between pornography consumption and violence during sex?
How has communication changed to express sexual desires more accurately?
Do people with multiple partners have more satisfactory sexual lives?
What are the similarities and differences between same-sex and mixed-sex couples?
Should teenagers turn to the internet to find answers to question about sexuality?
How can we best protect LGBTQ workers against discrimination?
What does it mean to consent to sex legally in the U.S.?
What do we know about the anatomies of male and female orgasms?
Are male and female-specific gender roles nearing an end?
What influence does pregnancy have on a woman’s sexual desires?
What do the latest advancements in female sexuality research say?
What factors impact the way people develop attitudes toward asexuality?
How can we prevent unwanted teenage pregnancy in third-world countries?

For more professional assistance coming up with topics on this subject or assistance reviewing, editing, or writing a research assignment, contact our online college assignment help service for fast high-quality support. We make the process of creating exceptional assignments that earn the highest scores easy. We are not like the other cheap services you will find on the web; we guarantee our sociology homework help and work is written from scratch by one of our certified academic writers, so you can be sure to find the academic success you deserve.

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Human Sexuality

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Human Sexuality: Personal Reflection Research Paper

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Introduction

Personal reflection, critical thinking and value systems in sexual decisions, effect of environment and historical perspective on my sexuality, gender identity, attraction and love, reference list.

Even though it might not be explicitly expressed, sexuality is very important to every person. Whether a person is old or young, man or woman or from any background, sexuality affects every aspects of their lives. The field of sexuality has always attracted many scholars who try to explain issues that surround human sexuality; however, this topic is not openly discussed leading many people to be ignorant of sexuality issues. It is commonly agreed that sexual drive is one on of the major drives that influence our decisions. In fact, sexual drives come next to basic drives such as eating and sleep. Due to this, knowledge on human sexuality is very important. It allows one to understand experiences and objective decisions on sexual life. To me, the course on human sexuality was eye-opening; allowing me to understand some of the things that I assumed to be obvious.

Before this course, issues on sexuality did seem important. I took the issues as only worth of being experienced but not to be discussed. I took sexual identity and feeling as given but not based on rational decision s. My sexual decisions were not well evaluated; I relied on impulsive emotions to make such decisions. I did not have a plane of reference to gauge my sexual decisions. Today, as I reflect on my earlier experience I see the course as liberating for giving me knowledge to base my sexual decisions on. Gender and sexuality seemed synonymous and seemed to have just been acquired and which a person had no influence. Today I can reflect on influence of these forces to my identity and all other aspects of my life. Love and attraction were just clichés whose meaning seemed to be obvious. Issues relationship and romance seemed to be obvious and negative experiences from relationships seemed to be just an element of bad lack (Nevid, J.S. et al., 2005, 67). Today, due to the principle acquired in the course, I have understanding of these issues and also on their influence on my relationship. Today I understand how love intimacy start, develop and how they can be maintained. Today the forces of sexuality do not just influence me without knowledge but I understand every element of sexual experience and mould them to the right direction.

I have always appreciated the use of value system making ethical decisions. However, I could not have imagined how critical thinking could be applied in making sexual decisions. I considered decisions made on sexuality to be based on emotions and feelings that could not be based to reason. I also saw value systems and sexuality to be incompatible and in competition. The course has brought light to this issue. I have come to realize that value systems and critical thinking are compatible with sexual decisions and in fact, should always be used in such decisions. Indeed, sex is a need; however expressing one’s sexuality is based on personal choice (Diamond, J., 1997, p87). The decisions are not just based by the biological nature of human but rational decisions should be used. Before, I did not apply a lot of thoughts to my decisions but left them to instinct of conscience. I did not closely relate ethics with sexuality only basing May decisions on my conscience.

My value system is very important in my decisions on sexuality. They give me a base in which to arrive at my decisions and to evaluate sexual drives. I strongly believe in ethical action. It evaluates the ethical consequence of any actions and believes that any actions should be based on rational decisions. In sexuality, ethics are also important. Critical thinking acquired in the course has allowed me to evaluate the ethical consequences of my sexual drive (Craig, A. H., 2008, p99).

Every individual has value systems that influence their decisions. From the course, I have been able to appreciate value systems of other people. Knowledge of their value system helps me to understand the rationale through which they make sexual decisions. This however does not make me to be swayed but have helped me to respect my value systems. Also this knowledge has allowed me to be tolerant of other people’s sexual decisions. Although I may strongly believe in sex as reserved for marriage, I have no problem with other people who hold contrary opinions. I am now able to respect their decisions but at the same time respect my decision ns even more. In making sexual decisions, I now have very strong tools: value systems and critical thinking.

Romantic novels, magazines and movies were the main base of my knowledge on sexuality. Critical thinking has given me a tool to critically analyze the ideas presented before taking applying them. Critical thinking has given me the skills to ask questions that would lead to a better conclusion.

Environment and history has great influence on the perspective that we have on sexuality. Each person live in a certain environment interacting with other people in the environment, thus one have to be influenced by the perspectives held by other people. The value systems, culture and other aspects of life are acquired from the environment. Historical perspective e in very important in analyzing the perspective on sexuality held today (Nevid, J.S. et al., 2005, p78). To me, evaluating historical perspective helps to analyze whether the perspective on sexuality that I hold today is really mine or acquired other perspectives. Review of historical perspective help to appreciate the influence of culture and religion to attitude on sexuality and sexual behavior (Sharon, M. V. & Simon, L., 2006, p123). As the course progressed, influence of various cultures to my sexuality was evaluated. This enabled me to identify the cultures that have influenced my perspective on sexuality in a bigger way.

As I evaluate the influence of historical perspective and environment on my sexuality, I have realized that Christianity has great influence on me. My Christian parent made it clear that sex is sacred and reserved for marriage. My parents discouraged premarital sex mostly due to their Christian background. The perspective on sexuality has passed down though sermon, scripture and other Christian teachings. For example Paul advised those who could to life as celibate, Augustine also taught that indulgence in carnal pleasure was a great hindrance to spirituality (Nevid, J.S. et al., 2005, p56). Other sexual practice such as anal, oral and masturbation is viewed as sinful. Today I can appreciate the influence of environment and historical perspective but I am able to make my own stand on my sexuality.

Discussion on historical perspective and environment has made me to appreciate my sexual identity. Gender identity is very important and it entails the recognition f a person as either a male or a female. As I reflect on my life, I realize that I developed my gender identity depending on how I was treated (Craig, A. H., 2008, p33). The type of cloth worn to me by my parents had great influence to my gender. The type of games that I was encouraged to participate and the toys bought to me said very much on my gender. The kind of chore given to me during my earlier life suggested strongly on my gender. Remark made by my parent on me suggested the kind of life that I was supposed to live and also to my gender. As I now realize, the gender identity from my parent and environment is through the learning theory (Abramson, P. R., & Pinkerton, S. D., 1995, p113). This theory suggest that children acquire their gender identity by observing their parent, siblings, duties assigned, and perspective created in the media to gain their gender identity.

For a long time now, I have been in relationships. If I compare the relationships to a game, then love and attraction were the moist important element in the game. I have fallen in love in various time; engaging in intimacy and various decisions on relationship. From the course, I can now appreciate the opposite attraction as postulated by science. Indeed I am attracted to individuals of opposite sex who share so me qualities with me and that we have common interest.

Sexuality is a very important element in human lives. Sexuality dictates our relationships, career and other decision in our lives. It is mostly assumed that our sexuality has nothing to do with science but the course suggested otherwise. The skill of critical thinking acquired in the course in very important in making decision on sexuality. Knowledge on attraction and love, influence of environment and historical perspectives on our sexuality is important in appreciating our sexuality and making decisions on the same.

Abramson, P. R., & Pinkerton, S. D. (1995). With Pleasure: Thoughts on the Nature of Human Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.

Craig, A. H. (2008). Human sexuality: personality and social psychological perspectives . Philadelphia: Sage Publication.

Diamond, J. (1997). Why is Sex Fun? The Evolution of Human Sexuality. New York: BasicBooks.

Nevid, J.S. et al. (2005). Human Sexuality in a world of diversity. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.

Sharon, M. V. & Simon, L. (2006). Human sexuality . New York: Sinauer Associates.

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Human Sexuality Essay

1. introduction.

The introduction to this essay serves as a guide for understanding the purpose and significance of exploring human sexuality. The primary goal of this work is to provide an in-depth analysis of various aspects of human sexuality, including its biological, psychological, and social dimensions. By examining these interconnected factors, the essay aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of human sexuality and its impact on individuals and society. Furthermore, the scope of this exploration encompasses a wide range of topics, such as sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual health, and the cultural, historical, and ethical aspects of human sexuality. The significance of understanding human sexuality is underscored by its profound influence on human behavior, relationships, and overall well-being. By gaining insight into these complex dynamics, individuals and communities can promote sexual health, gender equality, and sexual rights, thus contributing to a more inclusive and respectful society. This essay seeks to provide a valuable resource for anyone interested in delving into the multifaceted nature of human sexuality and its implications for human experience.

1.1. Purpose of the Essay

The purpose of this essay is to provide a comprehensive and insightful exploration of human sexuality. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this work aims to examine various aspects of human sexuality, including physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and developmental factors that influence human sexual behavior and experience. By delving into the complex and multifaceted nature of human sexuality, this essay seeks to promote a deeper understanding of this fundamental aspect of human life. Furthermore, the essay endeavors to challenge the prevalent stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding human sexuality and to foster a more inclusive and respectful discourse on the subject. By shedding light on the diversity of human sexual expression, orientation, and identity, the essay aims to contribute to the promotion of sexual health and well-being for individuals and communities. Ultimately, the goal of this essay is to provide a nuanced and balanced perspective on human sexuality, informed by empirical evidence and critical analysis, in order to enrich our understanding of this integral aspect of human existence.

1.2. Scope and Importance of Understanding Human Sexuality

Understanding human sexuality is a crucial aspect of human development and interaction. The scope of this understanding encompasses various factors such as biological, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of human sexuality. It involves an exploration of sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual health, and reproductive rights. A comprehensive understanding of human sexuality is vital for promoting sexual health, preventing sexual violence, and promoting overall well-being. The importance of understanding human sexuality is evident in its impact on individual and societal levels. It helps individuals make informed decisions about their sexual health and behavior, leading to healthy relationships and fulfilling sexual experiences. Moreover, understanding human sexuality is essential for addressing issues such as sexual diversity, reproductive rights, and sexual health disparities. It also plays a crucial role in promoting gender equality and combating discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. In summary, the scope and importance of understanding human sexuality are far-reaching, influencing various aspects of human life. By delving into the complexities of human sexuality, this essay aims to shed light on its significance in promoting individual well-being and societal progress.

2. Historical Perspectives on Human Sexuality

In this section, we delve into the historical perspectives on human sexuality, tracing its evolution and the differing attitudes towards it in ancient civilizations, the medieval and Renaissance periods, and the significant shifts in the 19th and 20th centuries. Our exploration begins with an examination of sexuality in ancient societies, where we will analyze the beliefs, practices, and cultural norms that shaped the perception of human sexuality in civilizations such as ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Moving on, we will explore the views on sexuality during the medieval and Renaissance periods, highlighting the impact of religious, social, and cultural factors on the understanding of human sexuality during these times. We will dissect the prevailing attitudes towards sex and the roles of individuals in society, as well as the emergence of new ideas and philosophies that influenced the perception of human sexuality. Finally, our journey through historical perspectives on human sexuality brings us to the 19th and 20th centuries, where we will investigate the pivotal shifts in societal attitudes, scientific advancements, and cultural movements that transformed the discourse on human sexuality. This section will offer a comprehensive analysis of the key events, influential figures, and landmark studies that shaped the understanding of sexuality in the modern era, setting the stage for the contemporary discourse on human sexuality.

2.1. Ancient Civilizations

Ancient civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, had complex and varied attitudes toward human sexuality. In Mesopotamia, sex was seen as a sacred act and fertility was highly valued, leading to the development of goddesses associated with sexuality and procreation. In Egypt, sexuality was intertwined with religious beliefs, as seen in the worship of the fertility god Min and the erotic nature of some religious texts. India, with its Kama Sutra and embrace of erotic art, had a more open and celebratory approach to human sexuality. In China, the teachings of Confucius emphasized the importance of family and the role of sex in procreation, while Taoism celebrated sexual pleasure and the harmonization of yin and yang energies. These ancient civilizations provide valuable insights into the diverse ways in which human sexuality was understood and integrated into the cultural and religious fabric of societies. Understanding these perspectives is crucial in gaining a comprehensive appreciation of the historical roots of human sexuality.

2.2. Medieval and Renaissance Views

During the medieval and Renaissance periods, views on human sexuality were heavily influenced by religious and cultural factors. In the medieval era, the Christian church played a dominant role in shaping attitudes towards sex, promoting the idea that sexual desire was inherently sinful. Consequently, sex was often viewed as a necessary evil, primarily for procreation rather than pleasure. The writings of influential theologians such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas reinforced these beliefs, contributing to a climate of sexual repression and guilt. However, the Renaissance period saw a gradual shift in attitudes towards sexuality. The revival of classical learning and humanism led to a growing interest in human experience and the exploration of the natural world, including sexuality. Art, literature, and scientific inquiry began to depict sex and the human body in a more open and naturalistic manner, reflecting a newfound fascination with human desire and physicality. This evolving outlook on sexuality can be seen in the works of artists like Michelangelo and the writings of figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and William Shakespeare, who explored themes of sensuality and eroticism. The contrasting viewpoints of the medieval and Renaissance periods provide valuable insight into the complex historical perspectives on human sexuality, illustrating the profound influence of religion, philosophy, and cultural movements on the attitudes and understandings of sex across different eras. These contrasting views continue to shape contemporary discussions around sexuality, highlighting the enduring legacy of historical perspectives on human sexual behavior and identity.

2.3. 19th and 20th Century Shifts

During the 19th and 20th centuries, significant shifts occurred in societal attitudes and understandings of human sexuality. These changes were influenced by various factors, including scientific advancements, socio-political movements, and evolving cultural norms. The emergence of psychiatry and psychology as fields of study brought about new perspectives on sexuality, leading to the conceptualization of sexual identity and sexual orientation. Moreover, the women's rights movement and the fight for LGBTQ+ rights challenged traditional gender roles and heteronormative standards, fostering greater acceptance and understanding of diverse sexual experiences and expressions. The widespread availability of contraception and the legalization of abortion further reshaped attitudes towards sexual behavior and reproductive rights. Additionally, the advent of mass media and the internet created new platforms for the discussion and representation of sexuality, contributing to both increased openness and ongoing debates around sexual expression and censorship. These combined developments have played a pivotal role in shaping contemporary views on human sexuality and continue to influence ongoing discussions and advocacy efforts in this domain.

3. Biological Foundations of Human Sexuality

Section 3 of "An In-Depth Exploration of Human Sexuality" delves into the biological foundations of human sexuality, exploring the intricate interplay of genetics, hormones, and reproductive anatomy and physiology. Genetics and hormones play a crucial role in determining an individual's sexual orientation, as well as their overall sexual development. The interaction between genetic factors and hormonal influences has been the subject of extensive research, shedding light on the complex biological mechanisms underlying human sexuality. Furthermore, an understanding of reproductive anatomy and physiology is essential for comprehending the physical aspects of human sexuality. By delving into the intricacies of the reproductive system, we gain insight into the physiological processes that drive human sexual behavior and reproduction. In summary, the exploration of the biological foundations of human sexuality provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic, hormonal, and anatomical factors that shape human sexual development and behavior. This section aims to deepen our understanding of the biological underpinnings of human sexuality, laying the groundwork for a more nuanced and holistic comprehension of this fundamental aspect of human experience.

3.1. Genetics and Hormones

The study of human sexuality encompasses various biological factors, including genetics and hormones. Genetics play a significant role in shaping an individual's sexual characteristics and preferences. The combination of genes inherited from parents can influence a person's sexual orientation, gender identity, and even their predisposition to certain sexual disorders. Research has identified specific genetic markers that may be associated with sexual orientation, although the precise mechanisms linking genes to sexuality are still not fully understood. Hormones, on the other hand, play a crucial role in regulating sexual development and behavior. During puberty, the surge of sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males. These hormones also influence sexual desire and arousal, impacting an individual's overall sexual functioning. Additionally, fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle can affect a person's sexual drive and preferences. Understanding the biological foundations of human sexuality, including genetics and hormones, provides valuable insights into the complexity of human sexual behavior and experiences. While biological factors are just one aspect of sexuality, they contribute to the diversity and individuality of human sexual expression and should be considered in conjunction with other psychological, social, and cultural influences.

3.2. Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

In the section "3.2. Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology", we delve deep into the intricate biological processes that underpin human sexuality. Within this context, it is essential to understand the reproductive anatomy and physiology to appreciate the complexities of human sexual behavior and reproduction. The reproductive anatomy of the human body comprises the internal and external sexual organs, while reproductive physiology refers to the functioning of these organs to facilitate conception and childbirth. In males, the reproductive anatomy includes structures such as the testes, vas deferens, and penis, while females possess organs like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. Furthermore, the complex interplay of hormones and the menstrual cycle regulate the female reproductive physiology, while the male reproductive physiology involves the production and maturation of sperm. Understanding these anatomical and physiological aspects is crucial in comprehending the diverse manifestations of human sexuality, as well as the processes leading to reproduction. Consequently, a thorough exploration of reproductive anatomy and physiology provides foundational knowledge essential for a comprehensive understanding of human sexuality and reproduction.

4. Psychological Aspects of Human Sexuality

In this section, we will delve into the psychological aspects of human sexuality, focusing on sexual orientation and gender identity. Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring physical, romantic, and/or emotional attraction to another person. It is an intrinsic aspect of a person's identity and is not chosen. Common sexual orientations include heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual, but there is a wide spectrum of orientations that individuals may identify with. The psychological exploration of sexual orientation involves understanding the development of sexual attraction, the impact of societal norms and prejudices, and the coming out process for individuals. Gender identity, on the other hand, relates to a person's internal understanding of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. This psychological aspect of human sexuality is complex and can encompass a range of identities, including transgender, non-binary, and genderqueer. Understanding gender identity involves exploring the influence of societal gender norms, the experience of gender dysphoria for some individuals, and the psychological process of coming to terms with one's true gender identity. By examining these psychological aspects of human sexuality, we gain insight into the diversity and complexity of human experiences and the importance of affirming and supporting individuals in their sexual orientation and gender identity journey.

4.1. Sexual Orientation

Section 4.1. Sexual orientation addresses the psychological aspects of human sexuality related to an individual's attraction to others. Sexual orientation is a complex and multifaceted aspect of human identity, which encompasses a range of emotional, romantic, and sexual attractions. It is important to note that sexual orientation is not a choice, but rather an inherent aspect of an individual's identity. The most commonly recognized sexual orientations include heterosexual (attraction to the opposite gender), homosexual (attraction to the same gender), and bisexual (attraction to both genders). However, there are also other sexual orientations that fall outside of these categories, such as pansexual, asexual, and more. It is essential to understand that each person's sexual orientation is unique and may evolve over time. Research has shown that sexual orientation is influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, environmental, and social factors. It is not determined by any single factor, and individuals do not have control over their sexual orientation. Furthermore, the understanding and acceptance of various sexual orientations have evolved over time, leading to greater visibility and rights for LGBTQ+ individuals. It is important to respect and acknowledge the diversity of sexual orientations, and to create inclusive and supportive environments for individuals of all orientations. Understanding sexual orientation is crucial in promoting respect, equality, and understanding among all individuals, and embracing the diversity of human sexuality is an integral aspect of human development and social progress.

4.2. Gender Identity

In the exploration of human sexuality, the concept of gender identity is of utmost importance. Gender identity refers to an individual's internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. This aspect of human sexuality is deeply rooted in psychological and sociocultural factors, and it plays a significant role in shaping one's overall sense of self and how they relate to others. The understanding of gender identity goes beyond the traditional binary concept of male and female, encompassing a wide spectrum of gender identities, including non-binary, genderqueer, and transgender, among others. It is crucial to recognize that gender identity is distinct from sexual orientation, as it pertains to how a person identifies themselves, rather than who they are attracted to. Furthermore, the exploration of gender identity involves acknowledging the challenges and discrimination that individuals with non-conforming gender identities may face within society. It is essential to foster an inclusive and supportive environment that respects and affirms the diverse spectrum of gender identities. In summary, the thorough examination of gender identity within the context of human sexuality is vital for promoting understanding, acceptance, and equality for all individuals, irrespective of their gender identity. This exploration contributes to a broader understanding of the multifaceted nature of human sexuality and the importance of embracing diversity within society.

5. Cultural and Societal Influences on Human Sexuality

Cultural and societal influences play a significant role in shaping human sexuality. Religion and ethics, for instance, have long been powerful forces in determining attitudes towards sex, marriage, and gender roles. Different religious doctrines and moral codes have varying views on premarital sex, contraception, homosexuality, and gender identity, which in turn inform individuals' perceptions and behaviors towards these aspects of human sexuality. Furthermore, media and technology have become increasingly influential in shaping societal attitudes towards sexuality. From advertising and entertainment to social media and dating apps, the portrayal of sex and relationships in the media can significantly impact individuals' perceptions of what is normal or desirable. Additionally, technology has also changed the way people access information about sex, engage in sexual activities, and form intimate connections, creating new opportunities and challenges for individuals navigating their sexuality within a rapidly evolving digital landscape. Overall, the cultural and societal influences on human sexuality are complex and multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of factors that shape individual beliefs, behaviors, and experiences related to sex and relationships. Understanding these influences is crucial for promoting healthy and informed attitudes towards human sexuality in diverse and evolving social contexts.

5.1. Religion and Ethics

The influence of religion and ethics on human sexuality is a complex and multifaceted topic. Across different cultures and belief systems, religious teachings and ethical principles play a significant role in shaping individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards sexuality. While some religions emphasize abstinence and purity, others may promote the importance of procreation and marital intimacy. Ethical considerations surrounding issues such as contraception, abortion, and LGBTQ+ rights are also deeply intertwined with religious beliefs and moral values. Moreover, the intersection of religion and ethics with human sexuality often involves tensions and debates within societies. Religious teachings may clash with modern secular values, leading to conflicts regarding sexual education, reproductive rights, and gender roles. However, it is also important to recognize the diversity of perspectives within religious traditions, as well as the potential for evolving interpretations of ethical principles in response to contemporary issues. In summary, the impact of religion and ethics on human sexuality is a contentious and dynamic area of study. Understanding the intricate interplay between cultural, religious, and ethical influences is crucial for comprehending the complexities of human sexuality within different societal contexts.

5.2. Media and Technology

In today's society, media and technology play a significant role in shaping human sexuality. From the portrayal of sex in movies, TV shows, and advertisements to the accessibility of online pornography and dating apps, the impact of media and technology on our understanding and expression of sexuality cannot be underestimated. The constant exposure to sexual content through various media channels can have both positive and negative effects on individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards sex. Media and technology also provide platforms for individuals to explore and express their sexual identity and preferences. Social media and dating apps have created opportunities for people to connect with others who share similar interests and desires, leading to the normalization and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations and practices. Furthermore, the availability of sexual education and resources online has empowered individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual health and well-being. However, it is important to recognize the potential risks associated with the widespread use of media and technology in relation to human sexuality. The unrealistic and hypersexualized portrayal of bodies and relationships in the media can contribute to body image issues, low self-esteem, and unhealthy sexual behaviors. Additionally, the anonymity and convenience of online interactions can lead to the proliferation of non-consensual sexual content, cyberbullying, and exploitation. In conclusion, media and technology have become integral factors in shaping human sexuality, influencing individuals' perceptions, behaviors, and experiences. It is essential for society to critically examine the role of media and technology in the realm of human sexuality and to promote responsible and respectful interactions in the digital age.

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Social Issues

Human Sexuality Essays (Examples)

Teaching Sexual Education In Public School

Planned Parenthood (2019). What is sex education? Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/for-educators/what-sex-education

Sexual Morality

Effectiveness of the war on drugs.

ACLU (2020). Against drug prohibition. Retrieved from: https://www.aclu.org/other/against-drug-prohibition " target="_blank" REL="NOFOLLOW">

War On Drugs

Gender contact comfort and sex, the nature of marriage, why the gender wage gap is really a myth, sexual behavior and sexual morality.

Soble, A. (n.d.). Philosophy of Sexuality. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Analyzing The Speeches Of Angela Y Davis

Boys dont cry 1999 transgenderism, related topics.

Human Culture
Human Dignity

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Single Parent
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Male Dominance
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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Sex, Gender and Sexuality — Gender and Sexuality

Gender and Sexuality

Categories: Sex, Gender and Sexuality

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Words: 463 |

Published: Jan 29, 2024

Words: 463 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Definitions and concepts, historical perspective on gender and sexuality, intersections of gender and sexuality, impact on individuals and society, current debates and challenges.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge.
hooks, b. (2000). Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. South End Press.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum.

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Human Sexuality, Essay Example

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Human sexuality is the way in which one experience and express themselves as sexual beings. There are many factors that help develop ones sexuality. Gender is one of the most important factors. Whether, someone is male or female will likely have a major influence on the development of their individual sexuality. Furthermore, sexuality is an integral part of ones personalities whether they are aware of it or not. (Ludwin)

An individual’s behavior in it relationship or marriage is often attributed to positive as well as negative actions and reactions of a partner. It is understood that happy and well-adjusted couples are able to engage in what are known as relationship-enhancing attributions. Couples who are unable to communicate, or those who are generally unhappy tend to engage in distress-maintaining attributions.(Human Sexuality,chpt 3)

In the book Dual Attraction Understanding Bisexuality the authors state “Men and women experience bisexuality in different ways…. For men it is easier to have sex with another man as opposed to falling in love with another man…for women it is easier to fall in love.” They went on to say both bisexual men and women seem to share the same traditional ideas about gender for example for men it is more physical and for women it is more intimate. The basis for the dual attraction being each gender has something different to offer.(Dual Attraction, pg 7)

STDs are infections you can get through having oral, anal or vaginal sex with an infected partner. An individual can become infected with more than one STD at a time. It is unlikely that STDs can be transmitted from inanimate objects other than sex toys—an object has to have fresh and wet with contaminated body fluid on it

(WEB STD Services).

Along with popular methods like the Pill and condoms, contraceptive options include intrauterine devices, diaphragms, and the transdermal patch, to name a few.

Many forms of birth control do not protect you from STDs. The Pill, for example, while a very effective method of birth control, does not protect against STDs, and may include side effects. Yet the benefits of taking the Pill include protection against acne and PMS symptoms, and reducing the risk to certain cancers. (Healthline Editorial Team)

Healthline Editorial Team (2012) Involve your Partner. Retrieved from website: http://www.healthline.com/health/emergencycontraception/birthcontrolptions?utm_account=EF&utm_medium=google&utm_semcampaign=Emergency+Contraception+%5BFertility%5D++ROC&utm_adgroup=Emergency+Contraception+Sitelinks&utm_match=Broad&utm_query=%2Bbirth%20%2Bcontrol&utm_term=Birth+Control+Options&utm_content=8714217656&utm_source=google&marinid=sdcrxeBP1&gclid=CNnD_PKp768CFQc4nAodN2MZWQ

Ludwin,Molina(1999)Human Sexuality, California State Universaty, Article

Parks, LCSW,Lance J. (2012)Human Sexuality.Retrieved from website: https://www.speedyceus.com/ceus-courses/material_detail/208/

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Services (2012) Retrieved from website: http://www.stdservices.on.net/std/definition.htm

Weinberg,Martin S. , Williams,Colin J. , Pryor,Douglas W. (1994) Dual Attraction Understanding Bisexuality

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Gender And Sexuality - Free Essay Examples and Topic Ideas

Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, expectations, and behaviors associated with being male or female, while sexuality refers to an individual’s sexual attractions, behaviors, and preferences. Gender and sexuality are complex and multifaceted aspects of human identity that are shaped by a variety of factors, including biological, environmental, psychological, and social influences. It is important to recognize that gender and sexuality are not binary, but fall along a spectrum of diverse experiences and expressions. Understanding and respecting diverse gender and sexual identities is crucial in creating an inclusive and accepting society.

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Human Sexuality essays

25 samples in this category

The Controversies & Evolution that surround Human Sexuality

To begin this topic regarding human sexuality, I will be diving into the controversies within the field itself. I will be covering basic concepts such as, human sexuality, societies stance on the topic and general research that portray the topic in the way...

Age-Related Sexual Behavior

Among the research that has been conducted by psychologists that study human sexuality, it has been made known that little effort has been put into age-related sexual behavior Gray et al. (2019). Whether they differ in terms of sex, age, and calculating any patterns in between those biological factors Gray et al. (2019). Early research amongst age-related sexual patterns mostly covered those who were at their reproductive ages Gray et al. (2019) It is good that they are studying age-related sexual behavior among those in their reproductive ages. But it seems like to have a better understanding of this in human sexuality, they need to extend the ages to see how humans evolve during and after their reproductive years. Which leads to the next part, the researchers decided to make the study go even further than those within their reproductive years, they studied individuals over the age of 20+ to a little over 89+ Gray et al. (2019). They found that sexual behavior and desire changed over the years according to the conducted research. Which makes sense especially since the research shows sexual decline the older a person got. Especially women over the age of 45 Gray et al. (2019) stated, ‘Older women were most likely single because there was a lower frequency with sex, loss, divorce etc. with their husbands.’ Which is also known as senescence according to Gray et al. (2019).

Controversial Research

It is not a surprise that the topic of Human Sexuality is a controversial one. There have been countless research done in which there are mixed feelings within the topic. The first research we will talk about was one conducted by Alfred Kinsey. Alfred Kinsey was an American Biologist. He is also known as the father of the sexual revolution. His research talked about Sexual behavior within the human female. His findings particularly sparked controversy because he was talking in-depth on how a woman’s sexual response occurs. Especially since the book he published was in 1953 and it was the first of its kind as said by Lehmiller (2017). Even after Kinsey’s research, many psychologists have been diving within the research of human sexuality. The one thing that has yet to change for sure is the reaction of society in general (Lehmiller 2017). The bad thing about the reaction of society is that when it reveals what people do, it conflicts with their assumptions Lehmiller (2017). The research ultimately fails because the crowd’s reaction to the truth means that they will harm the researcher’s findings, meaning everything will be ignored or altered Lehmiller (2017). Which seems to be the only downside when it comes to the reaction of the crowd, and very unfortunate for the research itself.

Do Personality Traits Have an Influence on Sexuality?

Sexual activity is an important part of human well-being and satisfaction in terms of having a relationship. To back this up, Allen & Walter (2018) states that sexual activity helps satisfy the relationship and even reduce the risk of a disease that may be chronic. In most countries whether they are developed or not, unsafe sex is on the top of the list when it comes to transmitting a disease Allen & Walter (2018). Now find a link between the big 5 personalities they officially conducted a study by using meta-analysis. What this does is it shows empirical research that can potentially find the association of both personalities and human sexuality Allen & Walter (2018). And to top it off they used gender and sex as biological factors, I stated above, to find the methodological difference with well-estimated risks as said by Allen & Walter (2018). The big-five personality traits that humans obtain as said by Allen & Walter (2018), are ‘neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and finally conscientiousness’ (p. 1082). There may be some controversy with the traits as they are not significantly nor adequately representable for everyone. It kind of is like the zodiac signs, some may be aware of them, but some may disagree. Once they have finalized the research they found that all of the personality traits had either a positive or a negative correlation Allen & Walter (2018). For example, neuroticism having a negative correlation to emotions of sadness, and depression Allen & Walter (2018). Extraversion had a positive correlation to high sexual activity and so on. Homosexuality was correlated to openness, and had a negative correlation to openness was homophobia Allen & Walter (2018). It seems like the studies show a correlation to the big-five personality traits.

Controversies Associated with Female Sexuality

Some controversies that women face today with their sexuality is directly associated with their sexual desires and response Chivers & Brotto (2017). There are many misconceptions about female sexuality and response as it is. Considering we live in a time where the media is probably one of the most powerful ways to interpret and/or misinterpret meaning. Furthermore, let’s look at the controversies that women face today according to their sexuality. It all starts with assumptions, the first assumption talked about within this research was that women need a source to become aroused Chivers & Brotto (2017). That is a current example of four that have caused controversy due to sociocultural ignorance today Chivers & Brotto (2017). What this research does is that it disproves all of the assumptions created by society or even by the media or even psychologists who are studying female sexual response. In my opinion, it is always good to be accurate and precise with research. Research like this can be delicate, but they for sure covered almost everything within the topic of female sexuality assumptions.

Controversies and Evolution of Sexuality

I see a pattern in terms of how human sexuality has come from and where it is now. The reason why this topic is controversial is that people may alter, make assumptions, ignore what the researchers have to say. When they do this, they may misinform others by molding precise information into something that fits within a biased mind. From my interpretation on reading the articles, I can see that people are either uncomfortable, scared of what the truth upholds, but in reality, if there is anything more important it would be the researchers because they are the ones who know what they are doing. It is rather disappointing seeing how hard psychologists and psychiatrists work hard and not get the reactions they deserve, but then again society and the media do that all the time.

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Studying Sex: A Content Analysis of Sexuality Research in Counseling Psychology

Using a sex positive framework, the authors conducted a 61-year (1954–2015) content analysis of sexuality research in the flagship counseling psychology journals, the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist . Given counseling psychology’s core strengths- and multiculturalism-related values, this study aimed to uncover which human sexuality topics were published most, whether publications aligned with a sex positive, neutral, or negative discourse, what methodologies were used, and differences in how populations were investigated across race. Researchers used an integrative approach to content analysis and human coding ( Neuendorf, 2011 ). Results highlighted that out of 188 articles meeting criteria, a slight majority (38.05%) focused on sexual orientation, identity, and minorities topics. Only 4.78% utilized a sex-positive perspective. Quantitative and conceptual pieces were most published, and publications disproportionately focused on primarily White populations. When people of color were included, the discourse was sex negative. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Outside of a special issue on sex counseling ( Jacobs & Whitley, 1975 ) in The Counseling Psychologist over four decades ago, sexuality research in counseling psychology (CP) has been scant. While counseling psychologists have made important contributions to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual (LGBTQIA) research ( Atkinson, Brady, & Casas, 1981 ; Rostosky, Riggle, Horne, & Miller, 2009 ; Shelton & Delgado-Romero, 2011 ), sexuality research has been otherwise limited in the field of CP. This mirrors psychology’s overall commitment to sex research. Via the search term “sex research” on Springer Link, with the content type set to “articles,” other fields, including medicine (166,944), biomedical sciences (82,859), life sciences (76,949), and social sciences (41,839), dedicate more measureable attention to sexology than psychology at large (40,399). Despite values that presuppose a natural alignment with sexuality research in general, and sex positive sexology specifically, there are gaps in the type of sexuality research counseling psychologists conduct and publish in The Counseling Psychologist and the Journal of Counseling Psychology . The published research also differs in methodology and discourses engaged, based on race.

This content analysis described sexuality research in CP and explored gaps in the extant literature. While the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Public Interest Directorate has focused on sexuality, as it relates to sexual orientation ( APA, 2011 ), HIV and AIDS (APA, n.d.), prevention of sexual abuse/assault/trafficking ( Taskforce on Trafficking of Women and Girls, 2014 ), and sexualization of girls ( APA, 2010 ), these interest areas overwhelmingly contribute to sex negative, preventative sexual health discourses, which focus on disease prevention and risk aspects of sexuality (Arakawa, Flanders, Hatfield, & Heck, 2013; Lewis, 2004 ). There is no APA division dedicated to sex and psychology, yet counseling psychologists endorse values that could shift sexuality research towards more eudaemonic, or sex positive, discourses. For example, across race and ethnicity, people of color are more likely to be the subjects of preventative discourses than eudaemonic discourses ( Lewis, 2004 ). One goal of this study was to determine whether this was also the case in CP journals, where our value of multiculturalism proposes to guide our research. Another goal sought to determine the methodologies and samples in CP’s sexuality research. The current analysis described the sexuality research published in the two flagship journals of counseling psychology, The Counseling Psychologist ( TCP ) and the Journal of Counseling Psychology ( JCP ) ( Reimers & Stabb, 2015 ) through July 2015. As there has been no previous content analysis of all sexuality research in CP, there were no limits to the year-span of the search.

Sexuality research, or sexology , encompasses terms such as sex, sexuality, and sexual health, often used interchangeably. The definitions of these terms have shifted over time, with little consensus among researchers. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the first international definition of sexual health the same year the aforementioned Major Contribution was published, making a national, if not global, statement about what sexual health was and was not ( Edwards & Coleman, 2004 ). In addition to the right to accurate information about sex and sexual pleasure, three elements were at the WHO (1975) definition’s core: (1) a capacity to enjoy sexual and reproductive behavior in accordance with a social and personal ethic; (2) freedom from fear, shame, guilt, false beliefs, and other psychological factors inhibiting sexual response and relationships, and (3) freedom from organic disorders, diseases, and deficiencies that interfere with sexual and reproductive functions (p. 191). This sex positive definition of sexual health aligned well with the research published in the 1975 Major Contribution, and it resonates with what the CP field, by professional identity, proposes to endorse today.

WHO (2006) later advanced sexology definitions by delineating between sex, sexuality, and sexual health in sexuality research. Sex is distinguished from sexual behavior, as the birth assignment of male or female based on genital markers ( WHO, 2006 ). Sexuality is characterized by its role as a central organizing construct for humans that reflects not only the attitudes, behaviors, and values aligned with one’s sex, gender, and sexual identities, but also by eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, reproduction, desire, and the like. Importantly, this definition of sexuality attends to who one is on a biopsychosocial level with respect to other intersecting social identities and contexts. This inclusive definition emphasizes one’s right to make choices regarding their bodies and their abstention from or involvement in intimate relationships and sexual behaviors. Thus, sexuality research encompasses both sex and sexual health. These defining, comprehensive terms made for appropriate search stems to guide this inquiry within counseling psychology journals.

Counseling Psychology Values and Sexuality Research

Counseling psychologists are distinguished and guided by their core values. For many counseling psychologists, it is difficult to view any social condition without attending to those aspects that comprise the core of their professional, and often personal, identity ( Packard, 2009 ). Several of the values, including the focus on a) strengths, b) healthy development across the lifespan, c) respect for diversity, d) the influence of sociocultural context, e) considerations of the whole self, and f) social justice ( Packard, 2009 ), can serve as a useful framework when examining human sexuality research ( Author, Author, & Author, 2016a ). As early as 1954, CP journals published sex research, but at what point did the values that represent the counseling psychologist identity begin to inform these studies? Inversely, despite early inquiry in the field, it is important to determine the extent and manner in which counseling psychologists studied sex at all. The two flagship journals, TCP and JCP, point to an initial space for literature review and analysis.

A CP values-based perspective of human sexuality research engenders one to consider the good, the positive, and the strengths associated with healthy sexuality. Sexual health and wellness, as it relates to one’s quality of life, are then key points of analysis. Importantly, this attention to eudaemonic sexual health is considered vital to counseling psychologists in addition to the prevailing discourses on prevention, not in lieu of them. Essentially, the values of CP encourage the amplification of balanced, holistic accounts of sexuality, not just the risk-related aspects. Further, CP values require an exploration of healthy sexual and gender development in nuanced ways. Since holism and development across the lifespan are important components, this means counseling psychologists’ publications should exemplify how sexual health can be promoted across the varying stages of a person’s life with respect to the biological, psychological, cultural, and social impact it may have for them and others. Holistic and multicultural foci attune counseling psychologists to the broad areas of eudaemonic sexual health such as sexuality, gender roles and expression, and relational functioning, especially for marginalized cultural groups. Counseling psychologists are uniquely positioned and equipped to address issues around sexual pleasure ( Syme, Mona, & Cameron, 2013 ). CP’s strengths-based background may encourage a sex-positive framework; therefore it is imperative to uncover whether CP publications represent this framework.

Sex positivity, as a theoretical framework, acknowledges pleasure, freedom, and diversity ( Williams, Thomas, Prior, & Walters, 2015 ). The framework is comprised of eight dimensions of sex positivity: (1) “Positive” Refers to Strengths, Wellbeing, and Happiness; (2) Individual Sexuality is Unique and Multifaceted; (3) Positive Sexuality Embraces Multiple Ways of Knowing; (4) Positive Sexuality Reflects Professional Ethics; (5) Positive Sexuality Promotes Open, Honest Communication; (6) Positive Sexuality is Humanizing; (7) Positive Sexuality Encourages Peacemaking; (8) Positive Sexuality is Applicable across all Levels of Social Structure. This eudaemonic discourse emphasizes sexual pleasure and sexual functioning, as an important component of human life ( Lewis, 2004 ). An explication of these dimensions follows, to clarify how this study determined which manuscripts aligned with sex positive or preventative discourses.

The first dimension of sex positivity elucidates a near perfect alignment with CP’s value of strengths. This dimension encourages empowerment of participants or clients, particularly those who are marginalized and sexually diverse, to see and use their strengths in the development and expression of their sexual identities ( Williams, Thomas, Prior, & Walters, 2015 ). The second dimension normalizes the fluidity and unique experience/expression of sexuality among individuals, across the lifespan and across culture. This dimension calls for appreciation and respect of those differences, as all people across cultures, levels of wellness, and sexual praxis are seen as human and deemed valuable in a sex positive lens, on par with CP’s values of multiculturalism and inclusion. The third dimension reinforces that positive sexuality can be explored through many methodologies and research paradigms, to answer myriad questions related to sex. They borrow the term “theoretical polyamory” ( Shannon & Willis, 2010 ) to encourage the use of various theories to inform sex research. Building on the prior dimension, the fourth dimension states that research, training, and practice around sex and sexuality is done ethically and comprehensively, with respect for diversity. The American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselor, and Therapists ethics code ( AASECT, 2014 ) that guides sex positive practitioners are to be met at the level of the highest aspiration to do good and benefit those with whom we work. The fifth dimension notes that sex positive scholarship promotes open communication as it relates to sexuality, including disclosures about STI status, preferences, desires, and behaviors. An emphasis on freedom of ideas and language in sexual communication intends to create a safe space for developing and maintaining a healthy sex life.

Connected to language, humanization is the crux of the sixth dimension, which promotes that all people are treated humanely, even when their behaviors may be “problematic, even atrocious” (p. 9). Even people who offend are still people first. Furthermore, it is important to avoid derogatory terminology and language when describing people who are marginalized by sexual identity or STI status. Sex positivity and social justice are inextricably linked. The seventh dimension suggests that peace making serves as the intention behind our interventions and scholarship, which includes a shift from “war” and “fight” paradigms aligned with preventative discourses to “bridge building,” understanding, and peaceful outreach (p. 9). Relatedly, the eighth dimension acknowledges that interpersonal, familial, community, and societal contexts are inextricably linked to sexuality and serve as important sites of inquiry and influence ( Williams, Thomas, Prior, & Walters, 2015 ). With these established tenets of sex positivity available to inform sexuality research, the scope of sexuality studies in counseling psychology can now fill several gaps.

Studies of human sexuality run the gamut from LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual) concerns to sexual decision-making. Several disciplines conduct sex research, including sociology, gender studies, public health, nursing, and medicine. There is also a specific field dedicated to sex research: sexology. The field of CP, with its emphasis on strengths-based perspectives, prevention, and multiculturalism, is especially poised to conduct important research of human sexuality, a subject area that has been wrought with taboo and stigma. The purpose of this study is to determine the scope, methods, topics, and populations of sexuality research published in TCP and JCP . While counseling psychologists present their research in myriad journals, JCP and TCP best represent the values of CP, as flagship publications ( Reimers & Stabb, 2015 ). The journals selected for this content analysis are known to reflect the prevailing “zeitgeist, values, beliefs, and perceptions” of CP ( Reimers & Stabb, 2015 , p. 802). This study answered the following research questions: (a) Which human sexuality topics were published most? (b) How many of these articles aligned with a sex positive, neutral, or negative discourse? (c) What methodologies were used in human sexuality studies?, and (d) Were there differences in how populations were investigated (methods or framework) across race/ethnicity?

This content analysis examined the sexual health discourses, methodologies, topics, and participant demographics in sex research within CP literature from the inception of the journals until July 2015. The study employed human coding, where the first author conducted the initial search and coding in 2013. In 2015, the second author conducted a follow-up search of JCP and TCP . The research team performed a tertiary literature review, with each team member rechecking both journals. Search terms included sexual*, condom*, HIV, AIDS, and contraception, which resulted in 190 articles ( JCP , n = 91; TCP , n = 99). These search term stems were selected based on the aforementioned WHO’s (2005) definitions of sex, sexual health, and sexuality, which mark sexuality (sexual*) as an encompassing, comprehensive term for sexology research topics. Terms such as condom, HIV, AIDS, and contraception were added through review of other search terms within the selected articles. Upon review, two articles (Stracuzzi, Mohr, & Fuertes, 2011; Zea, 2010) were excluded because they were duplicates of previously identified articles. The remaining 188 articles ( JCP , n = 90; TCP , n = 98) were coded by sexual health discourses (sex positive [eudaemonic], neutral, or negative [preventative]), methodology (qualitative, quantitative, or conceptual), racial/ethnic makeup of the participants, and human sexuality topics. The first author made the final determination on categorization, after discussion among the group.

The analysis of these articles followed Neuendorf’s (2011) six recommendations for content analysis preparation: theoretical backing; a plan for the scope of investigation; review of past research and development of measures; defining the population of messages to be analyzed; immersion in the message pool; and decision to use human vs. computer assisted coding. This content analysis used a sex-positive theoretical framework ( Williams, Thomas, Prior, & Walters, 2015 ), clearly articulated above. In the plan for this investigation’s scope, the researchers employed an integrative approach to content analysis that described the message content (sex research) and combined “message data with data about the message source” ( Neuendorf, 2011 ; p. 278). For this study, the message data were related specifically to descriptions of the article topics, discourses employed, and demographics investigated. These data represented what the article intended to convey and about whom. The message sources were the flagship journals of CP, and the associated CP values were data about the message source, because they represent who we are or aspire to be through the content of our publications.

The first author’s comprehensive review of the sex research in counseling psychology journals resulted in a code book to guide the secondary and tertiary reviews, meeting criteria for Neuendorf’s (2011) third recommendation. Taking an availability-based approach, we addressed Neuendorf’s (2011) fourth and fifth recommendations by reviewing and including all sex research published in the flagship journals from their inception until the point of manuscript preparation in July 2015. Finally, the selection and use of human coding met criteria for recommendation six.

Whereas an article may have been assigned to multiple topics, they were trichotomously coded by discourse. The researchers initially coded article discourses as eudaemonic and preventative, following Lewis’ (2004) descriptions. We later expanded coding to positive, neutral, or negative, based on a description of those types of discourses outlined in the only other sex research content analysis conducted to date (Arakawa, Flanders, Hatfield, & Heck, 2013). The Arakawa, Flanders, and Heck (2013) article made the case that there is a spectrum from sex positive to sex negative, not a dichotomy. Their categorization highlighted that some articles about sexuality may encompass both or neither positions, as it relates to the purpose of their study and the results. Our findings concurred with their assessment of the literature and our coding process reflects this.

While preventative discourses typically aligned with the sex negative code, and eudaemonic discourses typically aligned with sex positive codes, there was some variation that required greater specificity in the coding process and inclusion of the neutral category. For example, an article about the sex therapy process could be sex negative, neutral, or positive: the history of sex therapy would be coded as neutral, whereas an article about using sex therapy to eliminate dysfunction would be sex negative.

Arakawa, Flanders, Hatfield, and Heck (2013) operationalized sex positive articles as those “focused on such topics as, but not limited to: positive attitudes toward sex, sexual desire, sexual fantasy, sexual excitement, sexual pleasure, sex and happiness, orgasm, sex and intimacy, sexual satisfaction, positive and/or healthy relationships” (p. 311). Sex-neutral articles included topics such as “identity formation, prevalence of various sexual identities, or sexual behavior, or comprehensive sex education” (p. 311–312). Sex-negative articles included those that used preventative discourses or emphasized disease or problem models. They included “mental health problems, sexual dysfunction associated with sex, the dangers of sex, sexual stigma or shame, risky sexual behaviors, STIs, HIV/AIDS, teen pregnancy, homophobia, sexual harassment, trafficking in women, forced prostitution, biphobia, transphobia, negative attitudes, and sexual violence/abuse” (p. 311). Eight original article topic codes were inductively developed for the research team to follow, by reviewing and grouping article topics by theme. After collapsing topics, based on lack of occurrence, recurrence, or similarity, six topic codes remained. The final categorization is detailed in Table 1 .

Content Analysis Codebook

STI – Sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk	These articles include research on HIV, AIDS, and other STIs, as well as pregnancy prevention. Sexual behaviors identified as influencing the risk to contract these STIs or have an unwanted pregnancy, such as condom use are included.
SO – Sexual orientation, identity, and minorities	These articles include research on people who identify as LGBTQIA, as well as heterosexual identity development and issues associated with conversion counseling or attempts to change sexual orientation.
SA – Sexual abuse, objectification, or victimization	These articles include research on survivors of sexual abuse, incest, and sexual assault. They also include articles on sexual objectification, aggression, rape, and molestation, perceived or perpetuated.
SF – Sexual functioning, satisfaction, and pleasure	These articles include research on sexual functioning, including sexual dysfunction disorders found in the DSM, sexual satisfaction, and sexual pleasure. Reproduction related topics are also included.
SH – Sexual health communication, attitudes, and values	These articles include research on sexual communication among partners and attitudes and values people hold and/or share about sexuality.
SC – Sexual counseling, education, and therapy	These articles include research on sex counseling and therapeutic interventions for sexual issues, as well as sex education prevention interventions and outreach.
E – Eudaemonic Discourse	These articles include topics related to sexual pleasure, satisfaction, improving sexual functioning, and advocating for the sexual rights of LGBTQIA and other marginalized groups. They align with the elements of a sex-positive framework.
P – Preventative Discourse	These articles include topics that relate to prevention of sexual health risks, such as contracting an STI, treating an STI, preventing sexual victimization, and preventing unwanted pregnancy.
Qual – Qualitative Research	These articles include studies that employ qualitative methodologies, such as consensual qualitative research, grounded theory, and case studies.
Quan – Quantitative Research	These articles include studies that employ quantitative methodologies, such as quasi-experimental design, cross-sectional survey research, and scale development.
Mixed – Mixed Methods Research	These articles include studies that employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
Conc – Conceptual Research	These articles include literature reviews, commentary, and introductions to special issues.
APOC – All People of Color	These articles have samples made entirely of POC.
PPOC – Predominantly People of Color	These articles have samples made of more than 50% POC.
AW – All White	These articles have samples made entirely of White people.
PW – Predominantly White	These articles have samples made of more than 50% White people.
N/A – Not applicable	These articles do not have a sample, because they are conceptual or theoretical.

After organizing based on discourse and topic, we coded methodology (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, or conceptual). Articles were assigned to only one methodology. Conceptual articles, such as literature reviews, commentary, and introductions, were included following the Reimers and Stabbs’ (2015) content analysis example that determined the subject of inquiry, sexuality, was often discussed in theory as much as it was studied empirically.

All articles were reviewed to determine the racial/ethnic makeup of the samples in qualitative and quantitative studies. Articles were coded as all People of Color (APOC), predominantly People of Color (PPOC), predominantly White (PW), and all White (AW). Where more than half, but not all, of the sample were People of Color, articles received a PPOC code. Where more than half, but not all, of the sample were White, articles received a PW code. Conceptual articles received a not applicable (NA) code for this stage of assignment.

Research Question I

The first research question asked: Which human sexuality topics were published most in the two main CP journals? One hundred and eighty-eight human sexuality research articles were found within the Journal of Counseling Psychology ( JCP ) and The Counseling Psychologist ( TCP ) between 1954 and July 2015. There were six main topic areas found, with the overwhelming majority of articles falling under sexual orientation, identity, and minorities ( n = 78; 41%). Several TCP Major Contributions (1991, 1998, 2004, 2010) contributed to this number of publications. Some articles related to more than one category, so the total numbers equal more than 188 (See Table 2 ).

Human Sexuality Topics Published in JCP and TCP

Topics	Number	%
STI - Sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk	32	15.61
SO – Sexual orientation, identity, and minorities	78	38.05
SA – Sexual abuse, objectification, or victimization	51	24.88
SF – Sexual functioning, satisfaction, and pleasure	13	6.34
SH – Sexual health communication, attitudes, and values	7	3.41
SC – Sexual counseling, education, and therapy	24	11.71
Total	205

Articles about sexual abuse, objectification, or victimization ( n = 51; 27.13%) and sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk ( n = 32; 17.02%) made up the second and third most published. These topics were relatively highly published because of special issues on sexual objectification ( Szymanski, Moffitt, & Carr, 2011 ) and HIV ( Hoffman, 1991 ). Very few STI articles mentioned diseases outside of HIV/AIDS. The sexual risk research was limited in pregnancy prevention studies as well.

Research Question II

The second question statedasked, “How many of these articles aligned with a sex positive, neutral, or negative discourse?” Articles that aligned with the sex negative discourse made up a large majority at 70.21% ( n = 132). These articles largely included topics about sexual minorities, followed by sexual functioning, sexual abuse and victimization, HIV, and sex counseling and therapy. Neutral articles, those including topics about sexual identity and sex education, represented 25% of the sample ( n = 47). Articles contributing to sex positive discourses on sexual health were few (4.78%, n = 9) and reported on sexual health and sex counseling.

Research Question III

The third research question asked, “What methodologies were used in human sexuality studies?” Of empirical studies, quantitative methods represented the majority ( n = 91; 48.40%). There were 77 (40.96%) conceptual articles, including commentary, introductions, and reactions, as well as literature reviews and intervention descriptions. Eighteen qualitative studies and two mixed methods studies were also found. The Journal of Counseling Psychology published the large majority of the quantitative articles ( n = 78), while The Counseling Psychologist published the large majority of the conceptual articles ( n = 76).

Research Question IV

The final question asked, “Were there differences in how populations were investigated (methods or framework) across race?” The four categories for organizing the racial and ethnic demographic data were all White (AW), predominantly White (PW), predominantly People of Color (PPOC), all People of Color (APOC; See Figure 1 ). Eighteen studies did not specify the racial or ethnic demographics of their samples. They were not included in the count, although it could be reasonably assumed that those samples were all White or predominantly White, based on the historical context in which the articles were published (1958–1987). Five conceptual articles were written specifically about People of Color, but as they did not include a sample, they were not included in the count.

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Demographics of Sex Research Studies. This bar graph illustrates the number of studies in the content analysis that included the outlined demographic categories.

A total of 94 articles had samples with explicitly stated racial demographics. One study had exactly 50% People of Color (POC) and White people. Studies with PPOC ( n = 5; 5.31%) and APOC ( n = 7; 7.45%) were nearly equal. There were also six AW participant studies (6.38%). Studies with PW participants were the most frequent ( n = 75; 79.79%). PW studies were published over ten times more than any other subject group. The APOC studies focused on sex negative, preventative discourses exclusively, with topics such as sexual abuse, sexual objectification, HIV, and pregnancy prevention. Methodologies included two qualitative studies and five quantitative studies. Among the six AW studies, four aligned with sex negative discourses. Topics included sexual abuse and sexual identity. The remaining two articles were neutral, with topics related to sexual orientation. Methodologies represented across these six AW articles were an equal split of quantitative and qualitative.

The results from this study demonstrate that out of all six main topics of sexuality research in counseling psychology, articles about sexual orientation, identity, and minorities make up the majority. This category contains 53% more articles than those in the next main category: sexual abuse, objectification, and victimization. Representative of the Society of Counseling Psychology’s (SCP) stated values of multiculturalism and inclusion, this focus on sexual minorities is one way that researchers in the field attempts appear to publish research congruent to said values. Despite a focus on studying sexual minority populations, few eudaemonic, sex positive studies have been published. Further, none of the articles focused on consensual non-monogamy, polyamory or kink ( Author, Author, & Author, 2016a ). Articles contributing to the sex negative, preventative discourses in sexual health make up the majority of the field’s foci, as sex positive articles represent less than five percent of research published in the flagship journals. Although prevention is also a value of the Society of Counseling Psychology, the enhancement and enrichment of sexual experiences has mental health benefits that require additional exploration ( Bridges, Lease, & Ellison, 2004 ). The only other sexuality research content analysis found similar results. Although Arakawa and colleagues (2013) surveyed a sample of journals within sexology at large and medicine, sex positive articles represented just seven percent of the articles published in their sample. The type of journal was significant, in that sexology journals such as The Journal of Sex Research and Archives of Sexual Behavior published more sex positive research than the medical journals, The New England Journal of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology . However, counseling psychology’s percentages aligned more with the medical journals than the sexology journals’ trends toward sex positivity.

This study also found that counseling psychologists largely rely on quantitative methods to empirically investigate human sexuality, or they conceptually synthesize, review and address other human sexuality research. As such an intimate and integral aspect of living, expanding methods of inquiry can contribute to sex positive discourses more vividly. Finally, there is a glaring difference in the number of studies sampling predominantly White (PW) people. Greater than ten times more articles with PW samples have been published, and this estimate is conservative given that some articles published prior to the millennium did not specify the race or ethnicity of their samples. None of the studies with APOC or PPOC samples were sex positive, thus we miss a chance to extend multiculturalism beyond merely including POC. Choosing sex positive investigative frameworks with racial minorities relocates the discursive trend toward risk to pleasure and strength in a humanizing manner: a social justice opportunity.

Implications for Research

Although seven percent of the articles reviewed for this content analysis contribute to eudaemonic, or sex positive, discourses, only one explicitly stated that they were guided by a sex positive framework ( Syme, Mona, & Cameron, 2013 ). As counseling psychologists undertake sexuality research, sex positivity exemplifies a value-congruent match for guiding this inquiry. Since 1981, counseling psychologists who identify as sexual minorities and some LGBTQIA allies contributed the most to sexuality research published in the flagship journal with their important work ( Atkinson, Brady, & Casas, 1981 ; Rostosky, Riggle, Horne, & Miller, 2009 ; Shelton & Delgado-Romero, 2011 ), much of it within the past decade. Still, there is more to be done as it relates to talking about sexual behavior, attitudes, and pleasure through a positive lens.

In the two flagship journals, counseling psychology researchers conceptualize and write about sex differently based on the identities of their samples. LGBTQIA people are receiving more attention in sex research in the past decade than they have in forty years. Yet, despite an increase in published research on one marginalized group, LGBTQIA samples, along with people of color, are overwhelmingly examined through risk and medical models ( Tolaymat & Moradi, 2011 ; Wang & Heppner, 2011 ; Simoni, Martone, & Kerwin, 2002 ). Arguably, sexuality research in counseling psychology misses the mark when it comes to marginalized groups, and when the focus turns away from prevention, the literature becomes even more scant for people of color. If counseling psychologists are to embrace sex positivity, attention to diversity must underscore the research more broadly. The current oversight presents a challenge to the multicultural paradigm, in that it ignores pleasure and sexual functioning among marginalized groups ( Lewis, 2004 ). Sexual stereotypes, myths, religious beliefs, and health concerns may limit the pleasure and subsequent sex-related mental health benefits of People of Color ( Bowleg, 2004 ), and counseling psychology continues to perpetuate foreclosed discourses around positive sexuality among racial/ethnic minorities. Undertaking research that presents both sides of the sexual health coin for racial/ethnic minorities is an important future direction for counseling psychologists, using a variety of methodologies and a strengths-based focus, in addition to emphasized commitment to multiculturalism and social justice. Although the scope of this study did not investigate other social locations, people with disabilities are also minimally considered in sex research, and lower social class is presented as a demographic or risk-variable, rather than an identity to explore further.

Qualitative and mixed methods studies offer especially useful options for explicating many sexuality topics. Like most journals, counseling psychology journals have privileged quantitative methods. Sexuality literature reviews and conceptual works add considerably to the body of research, but extending on the recommendations of these articles through qualitative inquiry gives voice to the lived experiences of sexuality across, race, class, gender, ability, and the lifespan. It also provides an opportunity for participants to articulate the positive aspects of sex that remain under-investigated in counseling psychology journals. A qualitative approach can also help researchers uncover how cultural messages differ and influence sexuality within international populations as well. For example, in a qualitative study on heterosexual Black men of Caribbean descent ( n = 11), participants identified pleasure as an important part of their definition of sexual health (Crowell, Delgado-Romero, Mosley, & Huynh, 2016). Future studies should explore sexual experiences of racial, gender, class, ability status, and other minorities through a sex positive lens, employing a wider range of research methods.

Implications for Practice

With the exception of the 1975 special issue, the TCP and JCP are especially lacking in research about sex counseling, therapy, and other interventions to enhance sex. Counseling psychologists have an opportunity to bolster sex positive sexuality research as scientist-practitioners in a way that medical journals have yet to (Arakawa et al., 2013). Sex positive research can inform sex therapy, and sex therapy requires the strengths-based, developmental perspective that counseling psychology programs integrate into their trainings. Current training deficits include the actual presence of human sexuality coursework ( Author, Author, & Author, 2016b ). Increasing production and publication of sexuality research in counseling psychology journals, then, also provides literature upon which programs can develop the courses that better prepare trainees to intervene on sexual issues. This challenge is further explored in this special issue ( Author et al., 2016b ).

Furthermore, at a baseline level, counseling psychologists need to be able to use a sex-positive framework when talking about sexuality with clients from initial assessment, including open-ended questions about how clients identify, the nature of their sex lives, as it relates to the presenting problem, sexual health promotion practices, such as condom use, and changes in desire, arousal, and ability to reach orgasm. To increase the comfort level of trainees and licensed practitioners when talking about sex, extensive treatment of human sexuality and sex therapy should be intentionally integrated into continuing education opportunities presented by SCP during convention, the Great Lakes Convention, and the National Multicultural Summit. An intersectional, multicultural perspective should inform both the science and practice. Additionally, developing internships and post-doctoral fellowships that focus on sex positive sex therapy may be a new direction for counseling psychology practitioners. The Society of Counseling can develop a Special Interest Group for members interested in furthering sexuality practice within the division.

Limitations and Future Research

The present study examined sexuality research in the two main counseling psychology journals in the U.S. It could be that counseling psychology sexologists publish their research in other journals that specifically focus on sexuality or ethnic minorities. However, the findings of the present study highlight the foci, samples, and methodologies that have received the greatest attention in the top CP journals while noting those that have been ignored. Errors in categorization were checked thrice through secondary and tertiary reviews by the co-authors and the research team; however, there may be remaining errors given the human coding process ( Neuendorf, 2011 ).

Future research should utilize sex positive frameworks to explore and examine topics such as sexual pleasure, behavior, functioning, and attitudes among all groups. For example, exploring difference in the topics and framework of sex research across gender. Continuing to study sexual minorities, researchers should begin to include sexuality in other marginalized groups, including people of color, people with disabilities, and people from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. An intersectional approach would bolster the studies, rather than isolating specific aspects of one’s possible identities, and a eudaemonic perspective should inform these inquiries, rather than a preventative perspective. Counseling psychologists who study sexuality should collaborate to develop a sexual health course syllabus to implement sexuality research into the model program. Increasing mixed methods and qualitative research about these topics would improve the scientific basis for these trainings. Training programs, such as practica and internships, would benefit from more direct dialogues about human sexuality with trainees, using sexuality research as an evidence-based framework. Additionally, sex positive sexuality research, and training informed by this research, should attend to topics like kink and polyamory, as these areas continue to be excluded from the published research in our flagship journals.

Sexuality research encompasses a broad scope of empirical and conceptual literature. As a behavior that can indicate and improve psychological well-being, sex is a shared experience across race, class, gender, ability, and sexual orientation. The field of counseling psychology needs an intentional focus on sex positive sexuality research. The present study highlights the need for a eudaemonic discourse in the study of sexuality, specifically among racial and ethnic minorities, a population that has historically been the source for risk and deficit models. It is important to note that focusing on pleasure does not mean ignoring risk, but rather provides a context for which sexual behavior occurs. Furthermore, a sex-positive focus could be a way to minimize the stigma and promote humanity. Counseling psychologists are uniquely positioned to lead in sex-positive research with diverse samples, utilizing culture as a context for understanding sexual health and well-being.

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Sexuality – Examining and Defining Human Sexuality

How it works

“Examining and defining human sexuality is a complex issue and has been for a very long time. According to the textbook, human sexuality can be defined as “the ways in which people experience and express themselves as sexual beings” (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018, p.4). Another view of sexuality is considering the “orientation and attraction to people of the opposite gender, the same gender, or both” (Mogila, 2017). How sexuality is manifested is heavily influenced by culture, religion, values, life experiences, biology, and a variety of other factors that make it a complex issue that has been this way for a very long time (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018).

Historically, varying attitudes in sexual trends show that there has always been differing attitudes and behavior when it comes to sexuality. Some cultures, such as the ancient Greeks and early Christians, had many contrasting trends.

In ancient Greece families were considered important (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). That being said, there also seemed to be a fascination with their interpretation of a fit male and would also engage in crude humor (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Ancient Greeks also embraced the idea of bisexuality, and males were able to have homosexual relationships as long as it didn’t negatively impact the family (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). A young man having a relationship with an older successful man wasn’t seen as taboo and could possibly elevate the family’s status (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Prostitution was also a common practice, and the locations were easy to locate and seeking sexual pleasure wasn’t stigmatized (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). While attitudes toward sex seemed more liberating towards men, women were still subjugated to their husband or closest male relative (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). They were restricted in their ability to receive an education, what they could do outside of the home, and could be easily divorced for no reason or for committing adultery (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Men seemed to be the major players in society, while the women were their property whose role was to raise the family.

Christianity also valued the family, but their emphasis on sexual acts was a little bit different from the ancient Greeks. Due to other influences at the time, they began to view sexual acts at giving in to physical temptations associated with sin (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). As such, celibacy was celebrated and sex was viewed to only occur within marriage between a husband and wife, and divorce wasn’t allowed (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Sex was strictly to be used for procreation and wasn’t viewed as something that should be pleasurable (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Any sexual act outside of vaginal intercourse was seen as abominable, including homosexual activity (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Being a virgin before marriage was also viewed as a must, although the emphasis seemed to be more on the woman being a virgin than the man (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Women were seen as either being “pure and virtuous” or “evil temptresses (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018).

The overarching theme in early Christianity is that sexual feelings were associated with sin and shame. As different factions began to form sex was also seen as something that could strengthen a marriage (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). One similarity that early Christians shared with the ancient Greeks is that women were limited in their ability to receive education and were seen to be mainly homemakers (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). While there are still some Christian religions that support those beliefs, many denominations have since evolved and their view on sexuality looks very different today than it did back then.

One major catalyst that has impacted modern views of sexuality is what the textbook refers to as the “sexual revolution” during the 1960s and 1970s (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). This period of time created a shift in our society by encouraging sex to be discussed more openly and to question some of the beliefs that have been held for generations (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). Double standards that had been held were challenged and women were encouraged to explore their sexuality (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2018). For example, the belief that heterosexual orientation is the norm has been prevalent in most societies, and that the only other option is homosexuality (Moglia, 2017). Instead it is now viewed to be more of a continuum according to researchers, although this is still challenged by some Christian beliefs (Jordan, 2011)(Moglia, 2017). Research has also disproved some long standing beliefs that homosexuality is caused by dysfunctional family environments (Moglia, 2017).

Christians also began to question their views on what sexuality meant and created opportunities to challenge some of the long held beliefs and gender norms that were prevalent in society (Jordan, 2011). That being said, there are still some concerns as to how prevalent sex is in our society (Jordan, 2011). The creation of birth control brought up many concerns among those who were against recreational sex, and there are still many debates surrounding the use of contraceptives (Jordan, 2011). This

The sexual revolution also challenged gender roles and, along with the ideas of sexual orientation, gender expression is also being discusses has having a spectrum by some. This has also caused the Christian religion to further define how they see gender and what that looks like. One belief is that gender is strictly binary and while men and women aren’t the same, they are complimentary towards each other (Balswick & Balswick, 2008). Sex is still seen as something that should occur within the bounds of marriage, but it is increasingly seen as something that can bring a couple closer together and experience something divine (Balswick & Balswick, 2008). While these beliefs have the potential to encourage some in exploring their sexuality, it can cause contention amongst social activists who are advocating for gay rights or who are fighting topics such as toxic masculinity that may be supported by these types of beliefs. Since society is made up of individuals with varying beliefs and values, sexuality will continue to be a complicated topic in society for years to come.”

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Essay on Literature

Human Sexuality Essay

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Literature , War , United States , Information , Education , Study , Trauma , Veterans

Words: 1600

Published: 11/26/2019

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Section 1: The Impact of Disoriented emotions on Sexual Performance amongst War Veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq by Nunninck et al. (2010)

In this non experimental study, four post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) cluster conceptualizations were utilized to enhance evaluation of the role that each of the clusters played in enhancing sexual functioning. The study prediction was based on the assumption that given the intimacy that is enhanced through emotional detachment and sexual encounter (reported by the individuals that had PTSD), the sexual numbness symptoms were hardly likely capture many variance that accounted for the sexual functioning and PTSD. All these clusters were closely connected to the sexual complications in a group of 196 veterans that had participated in Pakistan and Afghanistan wars.

A pack of questionnaires was completed by the newly listed troupes. These questionnaires included the standardized PTSD measures together with questions connected to the sexual functioning. This was followed by performance of a strategic regression to enhance examination of the inherent relationship between sexual functioning and cluster. The study portrayed an intimate relationship of the numbness and the sexual functioning. This study concluded that the individuals exhibiting symptoms of sexual numbness require thorough assessment of the problems connected with sexual functioning coupled with being referred for the necessary treatment. In this study, two brief screening items were used. Therefore, the author emphasizes on the need for the future studies benefiting from inclusion of exhaustive standardized sexual functioning measures coupled with further exploring on the direct link of the PTSD measures to a particular sexual disorder. From the findings of this study, it is apparent that more serious PTSD symptomatology was experienced by the veterans with problems related to sexual health. In addition, the study recommended for advanced understanding of the insidious effects of military-linked distress which are inclusive of emotional numbing.

Section 2: Post Traumatic Stress as a War from within by Elias (2008)

Talking about the post-traumatic stress, this magazine highlights sexual functioning as a major concern. In this magazine’s introduction, the author explains complexity of post-traumatic stress. As a result of this complexity, the author warns that this problem has a possibility of being a major concern as more war veterans from Afghanistan and Iraq explores various ways of treating the illnesses. This brief introduction enables the reader to gain a broader understanding the information contained in the article. Without citing the source of the information provided in this article, it is apparent that the author argues from a personal perspective. Therefore the information provided in the magazine can be perceived to be targeting the general public. In the USA Today article, the author hardly cites the source from which the arguments generated are referenced. It is hence apparent that the author provides arguments from a personal perspective. In contrast, the journal cautiously ensures that the facts are well cited and referenced. In addition, the author targets a specific category of readers and does not necessarily have to justify the relevance of the highlighted information. This is based on the fact that although the reader is seemingly providing new information, this information is part of what is widely known and understood by people in relation to the particular topic. The writer then embarks on providing general information about what is well known in that particular topic. Therefore it is common to encounter an article with old and well know information.

Section 3: Comparing the two articles

When we look at the type of information contained in these articles, some differences can also be cited. For instance, the complexity of language use in the journal clearly portrays an article that is targeted at the scholarly people. Consider for instance the special jargons and terminologies that begin at the introduction and continues all through to the conclusion. Therefore without prior knowledge regarding the topic provided, it would be hard have a clear understanding of the language that has been incorporated in this journal. On the other side while reading the USA Today magazine, I can conclude that the language that has been used has mainly targeted any readers, as long as they can read the specific language. Therefore, very simple language has been used, with diverse kind of leaders being considered. Another major difference has been displayed in the layout of the two articles. In the journal, a brief and clear summary of the article is developed in the abstract. There is also a clearly isolated conclusion that revisits the main study topic and provides the reader with the final perspective of the author after conducting a thorough research. Meanwhile, the USA Times has provided the reader with eye catching article. Included in this article are the photographs and illustrations that have hardly been provided in the journal. As I have explained above, both studies describe the study topic in the introductory part and the research topic’s key words. According to the description provided in the journal, emotional numbing is explained to be a PTSD accepted feature. On the other side, USA Today describes PTSD as a mental health condition that has hardly well-known and understood. As further elaborated, the article explains that this disorder is increasingly gaining popularity among the post war veteran solders seeking treatment for their illnesses. It is therefore the statistical and theoretical findings of the journal study that highlights the need for reformation in the PTSD clusters to enhance replication of the independence in the numbness factor. The article by Nunnink et al. (2010) is a comprehensive research which contains a brief introduction, research methodology, research findings and discussion together with conclusion which summarizes the study findings. In the abstract, the study details the methodology that was used in experiment and a brief summary of the results, conclusion and recommendation. In addition, four PTSD clusters are summarized as hyper-arousal, intrusiveness, avoidance, and numbing. These PTSD clusters are closely connected to sexual complications in a sample selected from the veteran solders that had participated in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. On the other side, the USA Today briefly summarizes the topic in the introduction part. The article is not a research and therefore, it refrains from providing the reader with an abstract. The author goes straight to describing the topic after which various perspectives are provided to substantiate the argument developed in the introduction. Despite the differences, I have understood that both articles set the pace with an introduction. For the consumers encountering the research journal, comprehensive enlightening is enhanced through substantiation of the thesis statement with a comprehensive research. After the discussion has been properly detailed, the conclusion summarizes the findings that really convince the reader that the hypothesis is justified. This is as opposed to the USA Today article that hardly substantiates the topic information with a comprehensive research study. Therefore as opposed to this brief article that can be regarded as a mere argument; the research journal is generated on a comprehensive and strategic flow from introduction to the conclusion that enlightens reader based on facts. Therefore for a consumer searching for newsfeed on the healthy matters, the USA Today will be appropriate but for comprehensiveness, the research journal is more communicative and convincing. However, the length of the journal can be one of the demerits especially to a reader seeking firsthand facts without the need for comprehensive reading. Being too detailed would therefore from another perspective be perceived as a weakness when briefly highlighted information is required.

In this essay, I have provided a review of two articles written in different formats but addressing the same sexual functioning issue in men. In the research article by Nonnink et al. (2010), emotional numbing is highlighted to negatively impact the sexual functioning. The article therefore recommends for thorough assessment of the symptoms of emotional numbness to ensure that sexual functioning problems are treated. In the USA Today, PTSD is highlighted as a mental problem that has hardly been understood and well known. It is also highlighted to be evoked by sexual functioning issue that surrounds these individuals. Although I have highlighted various formats that are used in the two articles, a few similarities are apparent. For instance both articles contain an introductory paragraph that provides a brief background to the problem. However in contrast, the research article starts with a summary of the whole article which is presented in form of an abstract. This is one of the differences from the USA Today article which contains no abstract. However, the two articles have specifically been written to address the interests of various readers. Therefore the comprehensives provided in the research journal may not be desired by a reader that may specifically be seeking for a brief explanation in a simply written article such as a USA Today.

Elias, M. (November 20, 2008). Post-traumatic stress is a war within for military and civilians. In USA Today. Retrieved on August 19, 2011 from;

http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-10-26-PTSD-main_N.htm Nunnink, S. et al. (2010). The Role of Emotional Numbing in Sexual Functioning Among Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. Journal of Military Medicine, 175, 6: 424. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=abaf8841-ffbc-40dd-911b-b30eda4c07ae%40sessionmgr111&vid=5&hid=106

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Human Sexuality

Updated 13 November 2023

Downloads 28

Category Crime , Law

Topic Criminal Justice

Human sexuality is the act of expressing intimacy and sexual sensation amongst human beings. A persons consent is based on acquiescence or compliance between the two parties. There are three types of consent; affirmative consent refers to a person’s express of word indicating agreement, free consent that is a person agreed freely without being induced by fraud, violence, threat or even coercion and capacity to consent that is based on legal ability.

A good example of affirmative consent is a scenario whereby both parties are of legal age and have an agreement in that during the intercourse they both use words like ‘okay’, keep going’ etc. Free consent is whereby both parties agree on having sexual intercourse without being threatened by any one; a good example is two people in love who are of legal age also. Capacity to consent is mostly based on married people that have legal ability to have sexual intercourse.

A person may not be able to consent due to various factors like age, intoxication, unconsciousness, physical disability etcetera. A situation whereby a person is unconscious in that they are asleep, sedated or even suffering from physical trauma may not be able to consent to sexual intercourse since they are physically helpless. Another example is when a person is suffering from physical disability .This makes a person not able agree nor disagree to the act. An intoxicated person may not be privileged to consent as the state may not know if the victim agreed voluntarily or involuntarily.

In the California state, consent is termed as the positive cooperation in attitude and act while pursuing free will. The individual should act voluntarily and gain enough understanding regarding the transaction nature and act in context .Hawaii states that person should be able to free to the sexual act by compulsion and should not be mentally incapacitated nor physically helpless(HRS §§ 707-730; 707-731; 707-732).

The forms of sexual violence include sexual assault, incest, child sexual abuse, intimate partner sexual abuse, drug-facilitated sexual assault and sexual assault of men and boys. An example is a scenario whereby a victim consent is exploited in that the act was an attempted rape, such that the victim was forced to perform the act through oral sex or penetration to the perpetrators body. Another example is when a victim is forced to have the sexual act by a family member. This act is known as incest and the victim may not be able to report the incidence due to blood ties and causes lasting effect on the survivor.

https://www.rainn.org/about-sexual-assault

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ChatGPT: Disruptive or Constructive?

Thursday, Jul 18, 2024 • Jeremiah Valentine : [email protected]

What is Chat GPT?

ChatGPT is a popular emerging technology using Artificial Intelligence. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which describes an AI program that looks for patterns in language and data learning to predict the next word in a sentence or the next paragraph in an essay. The website has a friendly interface that allows users to interact with AI in a n efficient conversational tone . ChatGPT provides another opportunity for students, instructors, researchers, workers, and others to find practical solutions to everyday and complicated problems.

At the root of this conversation is Artificial Intelligence. I plan to explore applicable uses of AI and ChatGPT in the classroom , entrepreneurial potential uses, and applications in industry .

Everyday Uses of Artificial Intelligence

The use of Artificial I ntelligence varies based on the user and their end goal. While many individuals will use certain programs or websites to meet specific objectives , many companies and apps have begun to utilize this emerging technology to better meet their customer's needs.

Duolingo is a popular foreign language learning application that I use to supplement my Spanish studies . The app uses Artificial Intelligence to assess users' knowledge and understanding as they interact with the program , thus streamlining users learning outcomes.

As another example, Khan Academy is a free online resource that helps teachers and students learn any level of math or other grade school topics for free. They have created Khanmigo , using AI. The model acts as a tutor that helps work through a problem while not directly providing the answer. It can assist in writing an essay or solving a complex math problem step by step.

These everyday applications continue a trend of companies implementing this new technolog y into students and teachers' lives . . This new AI technology also allows business professionals to enhance aspects of their processes.

Entrepreneurs, A.I. and the Advantages

While AI already provides companies and organizations with new ways to interact with and better support their customers, AI could also provide emerging industries and entrepreneurs with new paths to business success.

According to Entrpreneur.com, most businesses currently use AI for customer service purposes , however , AI could also help entrepreneurs create effective spreadsheets cataloging useful data with accuracy that can be incredibly specific or broad. Specifically with customer service, AI can quickly find what a customer needs and solve their problems efficiently. It could also analyze how effective marketing campaigns are influencing customers’ purchases.

As I researched for more information about this topic, I found an article in The Journal of Business Venturing Insights published in March 2023, sharing different techniques business students can use ChatGPT as an asset to generate entrepreneurial business pitches. The article titled “ The Artificially Intelligent Entrepreneur” written by Cole Short, an Assistant Professor of Strategy at Pepperdine University, and Jeremy C. Short, a UTA alumni and Professor at the University of North Texas at Denton, showcased different elevator pitch scenarios.

Students and entrepreneurs study CEOs who have impacted an industry dynamically; the CEO's mentality is an asset . I had the opportunity to question Dr. Jeremy Short on how he arrived at the initial question of using AI as a CEO archetype business consultant. An archetype is a symbol, term, or pattern of behavior which others have replicated or emulated.

He responded, “ We used this existing framework and selected a CEO from each archetype and used ChatGPT to create elevator pitches, social media pitches, and crowdfunding pitches. The strength of ChatGPT is based largely on the creativity of the prompt, which is where we aim as authors.”

CEO Archetypes and Prompt Engineering

ChatGPT allows the user to understand the archetypes of successful CEOs and collaborate with entrepreneurial styles. These archetypes are accessible options to consult with AI. Let ’ s break down different CEO archetypes students used during this study:

Creator CEOs are typically serial entrepreneurs and serve during the growth stages of developing new businesses. These individuals are risk takers recognizing opportunities that others don ’ t see. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, and Twitter is the creator archetype.

Transformer CEOs are created by climbing the ladder of a successful business and adding new ideas . They have a firm understanding of the company's culture and work to dramatically change the company, separating it from missteps in the past. Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo is the transformer archetype.

Savior CEOs rescue businesses on the verge of failure with disciplined actions, unique experience and insights they forge a successful path forward for declining businesses. Lisa Su, CEO of AMD is the savior archetype.

ChatGPT was prompted to write an elevator pitch in the style of the previously listed CEOs.

The response for Elon Musk included language about “ building” a product with “ cutting-edge technology.”

Indra Nooyi ’s response included phrases like “ the world is changing” and making “ a positive impact in the world.”

Lisa Su's response produced a pitch speaking about being “ accountable, tough and disciplined” with an emphasis on “ a strong focus on efficiency and performance.”

However, I believe these positions can help entrepreneurs develop their own successful business practices; creating a product your former employer could use to gain an advantage over the competition is disruptive. B uying a company on the brink of bankruptcy that has been mismanaged is a scenario entrepreneurs have explored and practiced .

Prompt engineering is the description of a task AI can accomplish , with instructions embedded in the input. Using prompt engineering, users can fine-tune their input to achieve a desired output incorporating a task description to guide the AI model.

Conversation around ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence

I asked Dr. Short about how students could use this technology as an asset that guides their learning and, additionally, how instructors can use this as well. He spoke about an assignment he is currently using in his classes. “ Chat GPT might be valuable in helping create a recipe for material that students can then refine. For example, in my social entrepreneurship class students create crowdfunding campaigns for either DonorsChoose , a platform that caters to public school teachers or GoFundMe , a service which allows a variety of project types to a larger userbase . I plan on students using ChatGPT to create a ‘rough draft’ to show me so I can see how they refine their responses for their particular campaigns this upcoming fall.” Th is approach allows students to take advantage of popular technology in a constructive way.

The journal article provided some notable conclusions about ChatGPT , i ncluding “ quality control is essential when using automated tools; a hallmark of success for large language models is their vast associative memory, this strength can also be a weakness. Specifically, models such as OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 are capable of confidently generating “ hallucinated” output that appears correct but, it is incorrect or completely fabricated. ChatGPT serves as an emerging tool that can efficiently and flexibly produce a range of narrative content for entrepreneurs and serve to inspire future research at the intersection of entrepreneurship and AI.” ChatGPT ’s limitations and potential applications are continually being explored.

Industry Application

After researching various applications of AI, I spoke with Dr. George Benson, Professor and Department Chair of the Department of Management at The University of Texas at Arlington, about AI and ChatGPT from an industry perspective. His research focuses on Artificial Intelligence with Human Resource Management .

Dr. Benson told me that Artificial Intelligence is being invested heavily by human resource departments who are looking to automate hiring practices. Specifically, he mentioned “ HR is using this as a market opportunity. AI is a useful tool to sift through potential applicants by scanning their resumes for qualifications and experiences. Allowing professionals to hire applicants faster.”

This application allows the technology to handle low-level tasks, but the results generated are being handed to a human to review and act on. He spoke about the potential of A.I. “ There are a lot of unknowns, but the technology is new and getting better.” Looking towards the future, technology is already being applied in different ways . These applications are being explored in the classrooms of UTA as well.

A group of Alumni discuss rankings in a conference room.

Exploration of AI at UTA

The College of Business conduct ed a survey to understand the faculty’s attitude towards A I in the classroom. It was a part of the “Teaching with Chat GPT” workshop on Friday February 9 th , which focus ed on how to integrate Chat GPT and other AI platforms into teaching .

Dr. Kevin Carr, a Clinical Assistant Professor of Marketing at UTA, was a part of the workshop ; he currently teaches Advanced Business Communication . I talked to him about the purpose of the workshop and what he hopes to gain from the group's sessions.

Dr. Carr explained "The point of the workshop is designed to give faculty ideas for instruction and to develop classroom activities to work with students . Our goal for th e workshop is to introduce Artificial Intelligence as a teaching tool for faculty, including showing what AI can do potentially in the classroom. We are going to be very open to faculty’s direction, in terms of ongoing discu ssions and meetings.”

Personal Take

Artificial Intelligence or Chat GPT , in my view, is another useful tool in the toolbox of technology. It will take the air out of certain industries, and it will change jobs, yet every major technological advancement has the potential to do so. The automobile was considered radical, the use of plastic, computers in the workplace, and alternative energy have been impactful on society.

Alternative energy was headlined as the end of oil use. The automobile changed the way cities were formed and led to the creation of a national highway system. Society has always found a way to adapt and overcome major technological innovations, artificial intelligence is not any different.

AI is the technology of tomorrow. It reminds me of something Dr. George Benson said , “ It's cool software that is a sophisticated search engine.” Google, one of the most popular search engines, reshaped the internet, as you search for resources, it is a natural starting point. AI and ChatGPT are an evolution, for students it is a tremendous resource consulting a CEO archetype, creating business pitches, and most importantly shaping the future .

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ChatGPT: Disruptive or Constructive?
ChatGPT is a popular emerging technology using Artificial Intelligence. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which describes an AI program that looks for patterns in language and data learning to predict the next word in a sentence or the next paragraph in an essay. The website has a friendly interface that allows users to interact with AI in a n efficient conversational tone.

5 studies that offer fascinating conclusions about human sexuality

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