Exploring the application of environmental impact assessment to tourism and recreation in protected areas: a systematic literature review
- Published: 09 February 2024
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- Gabriela Francisco Pegler ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6147-6983 1 ,
- Clara Carvalho de Lemos 2 &
- Victor Eduardo Lima Ranieri 1
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Over the years, concerns regarding the effects of tourism and recreational activities on protected areas have been consistently raised. The establishment of recreation ecology dates as far back as the 1920s and 1930s, marking efforts to address these concerns. Throughout the development of this field, a variety of tools and procedures were proposed for managing and monitoring the impacts of recreation, such as the recreation opportunity spectrum, limits of acceptable change, visitor activity management process, visitor impact management (VIM), visitor experience and resource protection, and the protected area VIM. In addition to these tools, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a valuable approach for informing decision-making processes and predicting the environmental consequences of activities that may cause significant environmental degradation, thus aligning tourism and recreation with the goals of preserving protected areas. The purpose of this paper is to identify and critically discuss how environmental impact assessment is contributing to improving decision-making and management of public use in protected areas, with a focus on methodological approaches, the extent of its application and reported outcomes. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic literature review and established a preliminary connection between the methodologies for evaluating and monitoring the impacts of public use proposed in the reviewed articles and EIA. Our findings indicate that EIA can contribute in four main ways: firstly, by being applied prior to the implementation of the activity, secondly, by using methods to identify and predict impacts, thirdly, by applying monitoring procedures, and finally, by providing tiered steps to facilitate better decision-making.
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This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES—Brazil). The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available on request from the corresponding authors.
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Pegler, G.F., de Lemos, C.C. & Ranieri, V.E.L. Exploring the application of environmental impact assessment to tourism and recreation in protected areas: a systematic literature review. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04532-6
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Appropriate tourism impact assessment: a case study of Kaniki Point Resort, Palawan, Philippines.
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1. Introduction
2. methodology.
- Goal definition and scoping: this involves outlining the study’s objectives, intended use and audience, system boundaries, and defining the functional unit, which quantitatively measures the functions provided by the goods or services;
- Inventory analysis: This results in a compilation of inputs and outputs throughout the product’s life cycle in terms of the functional unit. It includes quantitative data on the direct and indirect materials/energy inputs and waste emissions;
- Impact assessment: this evaluates the potential human and ecological impacts of energy, water, and material usage, as well as the environmental emissions identified in the previous phase;
- Interpretation: the outcomes of the preceding phases are evaluated based on the goal and scope, leading to findings and recommendations.
2.1. Goal and Scope
2.2. life cycle inventory analysis, 2.3. life cycle impact assessment, 3. results and discussion, 4. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Inputs and Outputs | Type of Container | |
---|---|---|
Glass Bottle 500 mL | PET Bottle 390 mL | |
Glass Bottle Weight 365 g | PET Bottle Weight 21 g | |
Energy Consumption (MJ/1000 L) | ||
Total Fuel plus Feedstock | 15,775.53 | 5250.66 |
Raw Material Consumption (g/1000 L) | ||
Silica Sand | 75.497 | - |
Limestone | 29.491 | - |
Soda Ash | 23.593 | - |
Hydrogen | - | 0.609 |
Oxygen | - | 13.642 |
Sodium Hydroxide | - | 0.012 |
Auxiliary Materials | 23.593 | 0.518 |
Water | 277.213 | 38.569 |
Atmospheric Emissions (g/1000 L) | ||
Particles | 1081.44 | 103.31 |
Carbon Monoxide | 102.84 | 368.98 |
Hydrocarbons | 227.28 | 511.04 |
Nitrogen Oxides | 1211.07 | 738.76 |
Nitrous Oxide | 6.70 | 32.27 |
Sulphur Dioxide | 2105.56 | 1283.77 |
Aldehydes | 10.63 | 3.36 |
Organic Compounds | 1.46 | 3.38 |
Ammonia | 0.36 | 0.03 |
Hydrogen Chloride | 4.25 | 1.75 |
Fluoride & Hydrogen Fluoride | 1.65 | 0.00003 |
Lead | 1.06 | - |
Volatile Organic Compounds | 40.12 | 11.03 |
Waterborne Waste (g/1000 L) | ||
Suspended Materials | 0.12 | 0.01 |
Dissolved Materials | 213.34 | 819.63 |
BOD | 0.12 | 0.01 |
COD | 0.36 | 0.03 |
Oil | 2.87 | 10.13 |
Phenol | - | 0.01 |
Fluoride | 0.009 | 0.057 |
Ammonia | 0.004 | 0.023 |
Sulphate | 0.002 | 0.009 |
Nitrate | 0.004 | 0.009 |
Chloride | 0.00017 | 0.00057 |
Na-ions | 0.00215 | 0.00575 |
Fe-ions | 0.00002 | 0.00009 |
Solid Waste (cm /1000 L) | ||
Municipal Waste, etc. | 78,761.25 | 15,516.15 |
Name | Total Amount | Normalised Damage Factor | Impact Assessment |
---|---|---|---|
Particles (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 1.08 kg | 4.55 × 10 DALY/kg | 4.92 × 10 DALY |
Hydrocarbons (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 2.27 × 10 kg | 2.27 × 10 DALY/kg | 5.16 × 10 DALY |
Nitrogen oxides (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 1.21 kg | 5.76 × 10 DALY/kg | 6.98 × 10 DALY |
Nitrous oxide (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 6.70 × 10 kg | 8.90 × 10 DALY/kg | 5.96 × 10 DALY |
Sulphur dioxide (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 2.11 kg | 3.55 × 10 DALY/kg | 7.47 × 10 DALY |
Aldehydes (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 1.06 × 10 kg | 9.09 × 10 DALY/kg | 9.66 × 10 DALY |
Ammonia (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 3.60 × 10 kg | 5.52 × 10 DALY/kg | 1.99 × 10 DALY |
Volatile organic compounds (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 4.01 × 10 kg | 4.19 × 10 DALY/kg | 1.68 × 10 DALY |
Total Impact on Human Health | 6.37 × 10 DALY |
Name | Total Amount | Normalised Damage Factor | Impact Assessment |
---|---|---|---|
Particles (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 1.03 × 10 kg | 4.55 × 10 DALY/kg | 4.69 × 10 DALY |
Hydrocarbons (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 5.11 × 10 kg | 2.27 × 10 DALY/kg | 1.16 × 10 DALY |
Nitrogen oxides (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 7.39 × 10 kg | 5.76 × 10 DALY/kg | 4.26 × 10 DALY |
Nitrous oxide (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 3.23 × 10 kg | 8.90 × 10 DALY/kg | 2.87 × 10 DALY |
Sulphur dioxide (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 1.28 kg | 3.55 × 10 DALY/kg | 4.56 × 10 DALY |
Aldehydes (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 3.36 × 10 kg | 9.09 × 10 DALY/kg | 3.05 × 10 DALY |
Ammonia (respiratory effects on humans caused by inorganic substances) | 3.00 × 10 kg | 5.52 × 10 DALY/kg | 1.66 × 10 DALY |
Volatile organic compounds (respiratory effects on humans caused by organic substances) | 1.10 × 10 kg | 4.19 × 10 DALY/kg | 4.62 × 10 DALY |
Total Impact on Human Health | 1.38 × 10 DALY |
Name | Total Amount | Normalised Damage Factor | Impact Assessment |
---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen oxides (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 1.21 kg | 1.11 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 1.34 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Nitrous oxide (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 6.70 × 10 kg | 1.71 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 1.15 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Sulphur dioxide (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 2.11 kg | 2.03 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 4.27 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Lead (damage to ecosystem quality caused by ecotoxic emissions) | 1.06 × 10 kg | 4.95 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 5.25 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Total Impact on Ecosystem Quality | 2.31 × 10 PDF·m ·yr | ||
Energy from coal (damage to resources caused by extraction of fossil fuels) | 1.58 × 10 MJ | 1.02 × 10 | 1.61 × 10 MJ |
Total Impact on Resources | 1.61 × 10 MJ |
Name | Total Amount | Normalised Damage Factor | Impact Assessment |
---|---|---|---|
Nitrogen oxides (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 7.39 × 10 kg | 1.11 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 8.20 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Nitrous oxide (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 3.23 × 10 kg | 1.71 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 5.52 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Sulphur dioxide (damage to ecosystem quality caused by the combined effect of acidification and eutrophication) | 1.28 kg | 2.03 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 2.61 × 10 PDF·m ·yr |
Lead (damage to ecosystem quality caused by ecotoxic emissions) | 0 | 4.95 × 10 PDF·m ·yr/kg | 0 |
Total Impact on Ecosystem Quality | 1.14 × 10 PDF·m ·yr | ||
Energy from coal (damage to resources caused by extractions of fossil fuels) | 5.25 × 10 MJ | 1.02 × 10 | 5.36 × 10 MJ |
Total Impact on Resources | 5.36 × 10 MJ |
Impact Category | Weighting Factor | Unit |
---|---|---|
Human health | 400 | ECO 99 unit/DALY |
Ecosystem quality | 400 | ECO 99 unit/PDF·m ·yr |
Resources | 200 | ECO 99 unit/MJ |
Impact Category | Total Impact Calculated × Weighting Factor | Total Weighted Impact |
---|---|---|
Human’s health deterioration | 6.37 × 10 DALY × 400 (ECO 99 unit/DALY) | 25.5 ECO 99 units |
Downgrading of the ecosystem quality | 2.31 × 10 PDF·m ·yr × 400 (ECO 99 unit/PDF·m ·yr) | 9.23 × 10 ECO 99 units |
Natural resources depletion | 1.61 × 10 MJ × 200 (ECO 99 unit/MJ) | 3.22 ECO 99 units |
Impact Category | Total Impact Calculated × Weighting Factor | Total Weighted Impact |
---|---|---|
Human’s health deterioration | 1.38 × 10 DALY × 400 (ECO 99 unit/DALY) | 5.52 ECO 99 units |
Downgrading of the ecosystem quality | 1.14 × 10 PDF·m ·yr × 400 (ECO 99 unit/PDF·m ·yr) | 4.54 × 10 ECO 99 units |
Natural resources depletion | 5.36 × 10 MJ × 200 (ECO 99 unit/MJ) | 1.07 ECO 99 units |
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Karvounidi, M.D.; Alexandropoulou, A.P.; Fousteris, A.E.; Georgakellos, D.A. Evaluation of Vinegar Bottles’ Environmental Footprint Using the Life Cycle Approach: A Preliminary Analysis. Environments 2024 , 11 , 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11070154
Karvounidi MD, Alexandropoulou AP, Fousteris AE, Georgakellos DA. Evaluation of Vinegar Bottles’ Environmental Footprint Using the Life Cycle Approach: A Preliminary Analysis. Environments . 2024; 11(7):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11070154
Karvounidi, Maria D., Alexandra P. Alexandropoulou, Andreas E. Fousteris, and Dimitrios A. Georgakellos. 2024. "Evaluation of Vinegar Bottles’ Environmental Footprint Using the Life Cycle Approach: A Preliminary Analysis" Environments 11, no. 7: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11070154
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IMAGES
COMMENTS
The Tourism Impact Assessment (TIA) is a methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with tourism in NPA. We tested TIA on three NPA of the National Protected Areas System of Uruguay. We identified fifteen main tourist activities that can affect four biological components (i.e., biodiversity, plant coverage, soil and water ...
Tourism Impact Assessment (TIA) (Canteiro, Córdova-Tapia, Brazeiro, 2018) ... This essay focuses on some aspects of protected areas as a territorial management model, with the aim of provoking ...
while "the sociocultural impact of tourism " resulted in 29 papers. e fth and nal keyword search, " environmental impact of tourism" yielded 19 papers, resulting in a total of 247 papers.
Table 1 presents a summary of selected tourism economic impact studies. The pioneering study in this field was published by Sadler and Archer in Annals of Tourism Research in 1975, with a further 420 full-length articles published on this subject between 1975 and 2020. On average, fewer than 12 articles were published each year in 20 SSCI or ABS journals, indicating that the research topic has ...
The collapse of tourism caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is forcing many destinations to rethink their economic model, by focusing on sustainability and innovation. Advances in tourism impact assessment can not only improve tourism products and services, but also guide the sector towards responsible choices for the post-COVID era. The paper proposes a new way to assess tourism products using ...
tourism. literature review. meta-evaluation. 1. Introduction. The main goal of this paper is to gather and critically examine empirical evidence on how Climate Change (CC) impacts coastal and maritime tourism. This is done through a review and meta-evaluation of the literature of the last twenty years (2000-2019).
Abstract. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are concerned with the impact of large scale developments on the environment, and developments associated with tourist activity can be at a scale qualifying for such consideration. Yet, despite the growing number of studies charting the impact of tourism developments, few EIAs have been ...
Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Tourism impact assessment: A tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of touristic activities in Natural Protected Areas" by Marcelo Canteiro et al. ... Search 219,760,053 papers from all fields of science. Search. Sign In Create Free Account. DOI: 10.1016/J.TMP.2018.09.007; Corpus ID: 134880204; Tourism ...
According to the authors, there are clear geographic biases in the scientific papers distribution, with the United States and some European countries being overrepresented. ... Tourism impact assessment: A tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of touristic activities in Natural Protected Areas. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 220 ...
There is a growing gap in the developing world between the accumulating information generated by tourism research and its practical application. Nowhere is the gap more apparent than in the relationship between tourism and its impacts on natural and
This chapter presents a practical model for impact assessment (IA) that is more appropriately adapted to the unique contextual requirements of tourism development in developing countries. Therefore, it offers a more pragmatic and immediate way to close the gap between knowledge (tourism research) and action (effective decision making and ...
For example, although isolated environmental impact assessment of tourism at the global scale can provide a detailed overview of the sector's carbon footprint (Lenzen et al., Citation 2018) such studies are difficult to match with destination-level environmental impact assessments due to scale issues. This becomes even more complicated when ...
There is a growing gap in the developing world between the accumulating information generated by tourism research and its practical application. Nowhere is the gap more apparent than in the relationship between tourism and its impacts on natural and human environments. This chapter presents a practical model for impact assessment (IA) that is more appropriately adapted to the unique contextual ...
2.2. Sustainable tourism assessment methods and rating scales. One of the first tools to assess the sustainability of tourism was the BS, developed by Prescott-Allen (Citation 1997).The BS combines indicators of human well-being (social, economic, and institutional) and ecological (biophysical) well-being that can be used from local to global level.
However, tourism could also have a negative effect on the economy. Its boom may lead to a deindustrialization in other sectors (Copeland, 1991); this phenomenon is often called 'Dutch Disease effect'.Despite contractions of the manufacturing sector are not found in the long-run period, the authors warn that the danger of this effect could still be valid in either short or medium run (Song ...
According to Ortolano and Shepherd (1995), Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a planning tool used to forecast and evaluate the impacts of planned projects in order to assist the decision making process. The limited natural resources of an island dictate its capacity to allow and sustain development.
05 Impact assessment fi ndings 29 5.1. Socioeconomic impact of tourism on children, families and communities 29 5.1.1. Perceptions of the tourism industry over time 29 5.1.2. Economic opportunities and risks 29 5.1.3. Tourism employment 30 5.1.4. Economic linkages and leakages 35 5.1.5. Impediments to economic development opportunities 39 5.1.6.
Check our 100% free effects of tourism essay, research paper examples. ... Economic Factors That Affect Tourism Essay (Assessment) ... ..] 1. Pages: 6; Words: 1857; Social Cultural Impacts of Tourism The tourist-host relationship and thus the social cultural impact of tourism is affected by the differences between tourists and hosts, the type ...
Tourism impacts tourist destinations in both positive and negative ways, encompassing economic, political, socio-cultural, environmental, and psychological dimensions. Economic effects: Increased tax revenue, personal income growth, enhanced The impacts of tourism , and the creation of additional employment opportunities.
This paper provides a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing glass and PET vinegar bottles in the Greek market to determine the more eco-friendly option. The analysis covers a 500 mL glass bottle and a 390 mL PET bottle, examining eleven subsystems from raw material acquisition to recycling. The initial findings indicate that glass bottles require more resources and have a greater ...
Amtrak's vulnerability assessment for the Northeast from 2022 designated the entire route from south of New York to Washington as highly susceptible to overhead power line malfunctions during ...