science and superstition essay

The science of superstition – and why people believe in the unbelievable

Reader in Applied Cognitive Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University

Senior Lecturer and Researcher in Cognitive and Parapsychology, Manchester Metropolitan University

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The number 13, black cats, breaking mirrors, or walking under ladders, may all be things you actively avoid – if you’re anything like the 25% of people in the US who consider themselves superstitious.

Even if you don’t consider yourself a particularly superstitious person, you probably say “bless you” when someone sneezes, just in case the devil should decide to steal their soul – as our ancestors thought possible during a sneeze .

Superstition also explains why many buildings do not have a 13th floor – preferring to label it 14, 14A 12B or M (the 13th letter of the alphabet) on elevator button panels because of concerns about superstitious tenants. Indeed, 13% of people in one survey indicated that staying on the 13th floor of a hotel would bother them – and 9% said they would ask for a different room .

On top of this, some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa, do not have a 13th row . Lufthansa also has no 17th row – because in some countries – such as Italy and Brazil – the typical unlucky number is 17 and not 13.

What is superstition?

Although there is no single definition of superstition , it generally means a belief in supernatural forces – such as fate – the desire to influence unpredictable factors and a need to resolve uncertainty. In this way then, individual beliefs and experiences drive superstitions, which explains why they are generally irrational and often defy current scientific wisdom.

Psychologists who have investigated what role superstitions play, have found that they derive from the assumption that a connection exists between co-occurring, non-related events. For instance, the notion that charms promote good luck, or protect you from bad luck.

For many people, engaging with superstitious behaviours provides a sense of control and reduces anxiety – which is why levels of superstition increase at times of stress and angst. This is particularly the case during times of economic crisis and social uncertainty – notably wars and conflicts. Indeed, Researchers have observed how in Germany between 1918 and 1940 measures of economic threat correlated directly with measures of superstition.

Superstitious beliefs have been shown to help promote a positive mental attitude . Although they can lead to irrational decisions, such as trusting in the merits of good luck and destiny rather than sound decision making.

Carrying charms, wearing certain clothes, visiting places associated with good fortune, preferring specific colours and using particular numbers are all elements of superstition. And although these behaviours and actions can appear trivial, for some people, they can often affect choices made in the real world.

Superstitions can also give rise to the notion that objects and places are cursed. Such as the Annabelle the Doll – who featured in The Conjuring and two other movies – and is said to be inhabited by the spirit of a dead girl. A more traditional illustration is the Curse of the Pharaohs , which is said to be cast upon any person who disturbs the mummy of an Ancient Egyptian person – especially a pharaoh.

Numbers themselves can also often be associated with curses. For example, the figure 666 in a licence plate is often featured in stories of misfortune. The most famous case was the numberplate “ ARK 666Y ”, which is believed to have caused mysterious vehicle fires and “bad vibes” for passengers.

Sporting superstitions

Superstition is also highly prevalent within sport – especially in highly competitive situations. Four out of five professional athletes report engaging with at least one superstitious behaviour prior to performance. Within sport, superstitions have been shown to reduce tension and provide a sense of control over unpredictable, chance factors.

Superstitions practices tend to vary across sports, but there are similarities. Within football, gymnastics and athletics, for example, competitors reported praying for success, checking appearance in mirror and dressing well to feel better prepared. Players and athletes also engage with personalised actions and behaviours – such as wearing lucky clothes, kit and charms.

Famous sportspeople often display superstitious behaviours. Notably, basketball legend Michael Jordan concealed his lucky North Carolina shorts under his Chicago Bulls team kit. Similarly, the tennis legend Björn Bork, reportedly wore the same brand of shirt when preparing for Wimbledon.

Rafael Nadal has an array of rituals that he performs each time he plays. These include the manner in which he places his water bottles and taking freezing cold showers. Nadal believes these rituals help him to find focus, flow and perform well.

Walking under ladders

What all this shows is that superstitions can provide reassurance and can help to reduce anxiety in some people. But while this may well be true, research has shown that actions associated with superstitions can also become self-reinforcing – in that the behaviour develops into a habit and failure to perform the ritual can actually result in anxiety .

This is even though the actual outcome of an event or situation is still dependent on known factors – rather than unknown supernatural forces. A notion consistent with the often quoted maxim , “the harder you work (practice) the luckier you get”.

So the next time you break a mirror, see a black cat or encounter the number 13 – don’t worry too much about “bad luck”, as it’s most likely just a trick of the mind .

• Conspiracy theories
• False beliefs
• Mandela Effect
• Superstitions

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81 Superstition Essay Topics & Examples

Are you nervous when seeing a broken mirror? Maybe it’s time to write an essay about superstitions!

🏆 A+ Superstition Essay Examples

📌 best superstitions essay topics, 👍 controversial topics about superstition, ❓ questions about superstitions.

A superstition is any practice or belief that is considered to be irrational or attributed to magic. Most of the superstitions are deeply rooted in regional and national cultures. Though opposed by religion and science throughout history, superstitions have survived to this day. In your superstition essay, you might want to focus on its meaning or the negative effects. Another idea is to talk about various superstitions from around the world. Finally, you can tell the reader about opposition to superstition. Whether you need to write a 250-words essay or a research paper, our article will be helpful. It contains superstition essay examples together with best title ideas and topics about superstitions.

• Religion and Superstition in Twain’s “Tom Sawyer” Two belief systems influence the character of Tom Sawyer in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer religious dogma and superstition. Tom’s religious beliefs create the root of his superstitious beliefs.
• Chinese New Year Superstition as a Reflection of Our Hopes and Fears They vary from one part of the world to another, and bring an almost unique flavor to the region that they belong to, shaping the lives of its people and their sense of culture.
• Symbolism and Superstition in Architecture and Design It is this use of symbolism as a part of architectural aesthetics and design that will be focused on in this paper within the context of superstitions from different cultures and how they influence the […]
• Superstitions: The Behavioral Approach In this context, the appearance of the superstition phenomena as a result of such conditioning can be accurately explained by the behavioral approach.
• “Superstitions: The Irrational Beliefs That Influence Our Behavior” by William Kelly Kelly explains that superstition entails objects that are deemed to result in good luck, deeds that tend to inspire good luck or bad luck and actions that can lead to unpleasant fortune.
• Death Lore: Texas Rituals, Superstitions, and Legends of the Hereafter Further, it links the same to the beliefs and values of the people of the state of Texas. It has not been able to address some of the aspects that encompass the Texas Death lore.
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• Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition and other Confusions of Our Time by M. Sherman
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• Science Versus Superstition in “Dracula”
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• What Superstitions Bring Good Luck?
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• What Is the Connection Between the Use of Dialect and the Portrayal of Superstitions?
• What Is the Difference Between Faith and Superstitions?
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• Why Do People Believe In Superstitions?
• What Are Superstitions in Sociology?
• How Does Education Help Eliminate Superstitions?
• Are Superstitions Still Relevant in Contemporary Society?
• How Do Superstitions Impact Our Lifestyles?
• What Is the Difference Between Superstitions and Indigenous Knowledge?
• What Are the Superstitious Beliefs?
• What Are Superstition Behaviors?
• What Is the Main Idea of Superstitions?
• How Do Superstitions Differ From Religion?
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• What Is the Most Superstitions Country?
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• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Science vs. Superstition: Debunking Mythical Beliefs Throughout History

Share share tweetoverview introduction to science vs. superstition science and superstition have long been at odds with each other, representing two contrasting ways of understanding the world. while science relies on evidence, experimentation, and logical reasoning to explain natural phenomena, superstition often relies on beliefs, rituals, and supernatural explanations. in this article, we will explore […].

by Andrei Tapalaga | Oct 12, 2023 | Culture

Introduction to Science vs. Superstition

Science and superstition have long been at odds with each other, representing two contrasting ways of understanding the world. While science relies on evidence, experimentation, and logical reasoning to explain natural phenomena, superstition often relies on beliefs, rituals, and supernatural explanations. In this article, we will explore the historical context of this ongoing battle between science and superstition, debunking mythical beliefs that have persisted throughout history. By examining various examples, such as the case of South Korea Electric Fans, we will shed light on the power of scientific knowledge in dispelling unfounded beliefs and fostering rational thinking.

The Role of Superstition in Human History

Throughout human history, superstition has played a significant role in shaping beliefs, behaviors, and societal norms. From ancient civilizations to modern times, people have relied on superstitions to explain the unexplainable and find meaning in the world around them. Superstitions have provided a sense of control and comfort in times of uncertainty, offering a way to navigate through the complexities of life. Whether it be the belief in omens, charms, or rituals, superstitions have influenced decision-making, influenced cultural practices, and even impacted political systems. While some may dismiss superstitions as mere irrational beliefs, they have undeniably left a lasting impact on human history, leaving behind a rich tapestry of myths, legends, and traditions that continue to shape our lives today.

The Importance of Debunking Mythical Beliefs

Throughout history, debunking mythical beliefs has played a crucial role in advancing human knowledge and understanding. By challenging and disproving superstitions, we have been able to separate fact from fiction and pave the way for scientific progress. One example of this is the debunking of 7 surprising lunar speculations. These speculations, which were based on unfounded beliefs and superstitions, hindered our understanding of the moon and its effects on Earth. However, through rigorous scientific research and evidence-based reasoning, these speculations were debunked, allowing us to gain a more accurate understanding of lunar phenomena. This highlights the importance of questioning and critically examining mythical beliefs, as they can often impede scientific advancements and hinder our overall understanding of the world.

Ancient Superstitions

Belief in Gods and Goddesses

Throughout history, humans have held a deep-seated belief in gods and goddesses. These divine beings were seen as powerful entities who controlled various aspects of the world and influenced human lives. From ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Greeks to modern religions like Christianity and Hinduism, the belief in gods and goddesses has shaped the course of human history. People turned to these deities for guidance, protection, and blessings, offering sacrifices and performing rituals to appease them. The belief in gods and goddesses provided a sense of order and purpose, explaining natural phenomena and offering hope in times of uncertainty. However, as scientific knowledge advanced, many of the myths and superstitions surrounding these divine beings have been debunked. Today, the belief in gods and goddesses continues to be a subject of debate, with some embracing religious faith while others adhere to a more rational and scientific worldview. The clash between science and superstition in relation to the belief in gods and goddesses remains a fascinating topic, highlighting the complex nature of human beliefs and the ongoing quest for understanding the mysteries of the universe.

Astrology and Horoscopes

Astrology and horoscopes have been a subject of fascination and debate for centuries. While some people believe that the alignment of celestial bodies can influence human behavior and destiny, others view it as nothing more than pseudoscience. The practice of astrology dates back to ancient civilizations, where astrologers would interpret the positions of the stars and planets to make predictions about individuals’ lives. However, modern science has debunked the claims of astrology, showing that there is no scientific evidence to support its accuracy. Despite the lack of scientific validity, astrology continues to have a significant following, with many people relying on their horoscopes for guidance and insight into their lives. It is important to distinguish between astrology as a form of entertainment and astrology as a genuine belief system. While it can be entertaining to read horoscopes and see how they might align with our experiences, it is essential to approach astrology with a critical mindset and not take it as an absolute truth.

Magic and Witchcraft

Throughout history, magic and witchcraft have been deeply ingrained in human culture. These mystical practices have captivated the human imagination and sparked both fear and fascination. From ancient civilizations to modern times, people have sought answers and solutions through spells, potions, and rituals. However, it is important to distinguish between the realm of magic and the realm of science. While magic may hold a certain allure, it is ultimately a belief system rooted in superstition and myth. It is not based on empirical evidence or logical reasoning. In fact, clinging to magical beliefs can sometimes hinder progress in various aspects of life, including fitness. For example, the notion of relying on magical rituals or charms to improve physical health can prevent individuals from adopting evidence-based methods and practices that truly promote fitness and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to critically evaluate and question the validity of magical beliefs, especially when they are holding back fitness progress.

Medieval Superstitions

The Fear of Witches and Witch Hunts

Throughout history, societies have been plagued by the fear of witches and the subsequent witch hunts. These irrational beliefs and practices have caused immense harm and suffering to countless individuals. The fear of witches often stems from a lack of understanding and a tendency to scapegoat certain individuals or groups. In many cases, influential figures and authorities have exploited this fear to maintain power and control over the masses. This has led to the persecution and execution of innocent people based on unfounded accusations and superstitions. The consequences of these witch hunts have been devastating, resulting in the loss of innocent lives and the perpetuation of fear and ignorance.

Alchemy and the Quest for Immortality

Throughout history, alchemy has been a subject of fascination and intrigue. Alchemists, in their quest for immortality, sought to transform base metals into gold and discover the elixir of life. While their experiments and practices may seem mystical and superstitious, they laid the foundation for modern chemistry and scientific inquiry. Alchemy also provided psychological insights into the paranormal, as alchemists delved into the realms of the unknown and sought to unlock the secrets of the universe.

Belief in Supernatural Creatures

Throughout history, humans have held a deep fascination with supernatural creatures. From ancient mythologies to modern folklore, the belief in beings such as vampires, werewolves, and ghosts has persisted across cultures. These mythical creatures are often depicted as possessing extraordinary powers or abilities, captivating the human imagination and fueling superstitions. While rational thinking and scientific advancements have debunked many of these mythical beliefs, the allure of supernatural creatures continues to captivate and intrigue us. Whether it is the fear of the unknown or the desire for a sense of wonder, the belief in supernatural creatures has played a significant role in shaping human culture and beliefs throughout history.

Superstitions in the Renaissance

The Influence of Astrology on Renaissance Thinkers

During the Renaissance period, astrology played a significant role in shaping the thoughts and beliefs of intellectuals and philosophers. It was believed that the positions and movements of celestial bodies could influence human behavior and events on Earth. Renaissance thinkers, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, were not only fascinated by astrology but also considered it as a legitimate science. They studied astrological charts and made predictions based on the alignment of planets and stars. Astrology was seen as a way to understand the interconnectedness of the universe and to gain insights into human nature. However, as scientific advancements were made, astrology gradually lost its credibility and was replaced by more empirical methods of inquiry. Nonetheless, the influence of astrology on Renaissance thinkers cannot be denied, as it shaped their worldview and contributed to the development of new ideas and theories.

The Search for the Philosopher’s Stone

The search for the Philosopher’s Stone has been a fascinating journey throughout history. This legendary substance, also known as the Elixir of Life, was believed to have the power to transmute base metals into gold and grant immortality to those who possessed it. However, despite the allure and mystique surrounding the Philosopher’s Stone, its existence remains a subject of debate and speculation. Throughout the ages, many alchemists and scholars dedicated their lives to unraveling the secrets of this elusive substance, but their efforts often led to inaccurate facts and misleading information.

The Belief in Alchemical Transformations

Throughout history, there has been a strong belief in alchemical transformations, where substances could be transformed into more valuable or powerful forms. This belief was prevalent in various cultures, including ancient Egypt, China, and Europe during the Middle Ages. Alchemists sought to discover the Philosopher’s Stone, a mythical substance that was believed to have the power to transmute base metals into gold and grant immortality. The pursuit of alchemical transformations was not only driven by the desire for material wealth but also by the quest for spiritual enlightenment. Alchemists believed that the process of transforming substances mirrored the inner transformation of the self, leading to a higher state of consciousness. Despite the lack of scientific evidence, the belief in alchemical transformations persisted for centuries, influencing the development of chemistry and inspiring countless stories and legends.

Modern Superstitions

The Persistence of Astrology in the Modern World

Astrology, despite being widely regarded as a pseudoscience, continues to persist in the modern world. It is a belief system that claims to predict human behavior and events based on the positions and movements of celestial bodies. While astrology has been debunked by scientific evidence, its popularity remains strong. One reason for this persistence is the role of authorities in shaping the course of history. Throughout history, influential figures such as kings, emperors, and religious leaders have relied on astrology to make important decisions. They believed that the alignment of the stars and planets could provide guidance and insight into the future. This association with authority has contributed to the continued belief in astrology, despite its lack of scientific validity.

The Rise of Conspiracy Theories

Conspiracy theories have gained significant attention and popularity in recent years, fueled by the rise of social media and the widespread dissemination of information. These theories often revolve around controversial topics and events, with proponents claiming hidden agendas and cover-ups by powerful organizations or governments. While some conspiracy theories may have a basis in truth, many are based on unfounded beliefs and superstitions. It is important to critically analyze and evaluate the evidence before accepting these theories as fact. One example of debunking a popular conspiracy theory is exposing the fallacy of Friday the 13th and the Knights Templar.

The Influence of Superstitions on Health and Wellness

Superstitions have long been a part of human culture, influencing beliefs and behaviors in various aspects of life. When it comes to health and wellness, superstitions can have a significant impact on individuals and communities. One such influence is the prevention of conspiracy theories from affecting family time. In today’s digital age, where information spreads rapidly and easily, conspiracy theories can easily infiltrate people’s minds and create unnecessary fear and anxiety. However, by adhering to certain superstitions, individuals can protect themselves and their families from falling prey to these baseless theories. These superstitions act as a shield, providing a sense of security and comfort, and preventing the disruption of family dynamics. By understanding the influence of superstitions on health and wellness, we can better navigate the complexities of modern life and ensure the well-being of ourselves and our loved ones.

The Impact of Science on Superstition

Throughout history, science has played a crucial role in dispelling various mythical beliefs and superstitions. One area where science has made significant progress is in dispelling breastfeeding myths. In the past, there were numerous misconceptions surrounding breastfeeding, leading to harmful practices and beliefs. However, through scientific research and advancements in medical knowledge, these myths have been debunked. Scientists have conducted extensive studies to understand the benefits and importance of breastfeeding, providing evidence-based information to counter superstitions. By dispelling breastfeeding myths, science has empowered women with accurate knowledge, enabling them to make informed decisions about their health and the well-being of their infants.

The Importance of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking plays a crucial role in debunking mythical beliefs throughout history. By employing logical reasoning and evidence-based analysis, critical thinkers are able to separate fact from fiction and challenge superstitious notions. This ability to think critically allows individuals to question and scrutinize the validity of various claims and beliefs, ensuring that only well-supported and scientifically proven ideas are accepted. Moreover, critical thinking fosters a deeper understanding of the world by encouraging individuals to explore alternative explanations and seek empirical evidence. It promotes intellectual growth, skepticism, and the pursuit of truth, ultimately leading to a more rational and enlightened society. In a world filled with misinformation and irrational beliefs, the importance of critical thinking cannot be overstated. It serves as a powerful tool in dismantling superstitions and fostering a culture of scientific inquiry and evidence-based reasoning.

The Future of Debunking Mythical Beliefs

As we continue to advance in scientific knowledge and understanding, the future of debunking mythical beliefs looks promising. With the advent of technology and the availability of information at our fingertips, it has become easier than ever to dispel superstitions and unravel the mysteries behind them. The scientific method, with its emphasis on evidence-based reasoning and critical thinking, will continue to be the driving force behind debunking mythical beliefs. As more people gain access to education and scientific literacy, the influence of superstitions will gradually diminish. Additionally, the rise of social media and online communities provides a platform for debunkers to share their findings and engage in meaningful discussions. This collective effort will contribute to the spread of rational thinking and the dismantling of mythical beliefs. However, it is important to acknowledge that debunking mythical beliefs requires sensitivity and empathy. People’s beliefs are deeply ingrained and often tied to their cultural and personal identities. Therefore, effective debunking strategies should focus on education, open dialogue, and respect for individual perspectives. By fostering a culture of critical thinking and scientific inquiry, we can pave the way for a future where superstitions are replaced by evidence-based knowledge and rationality.

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The science of superstition

And why people believe in the unbelievable.

By Neil Dagnall and Ken Drinkwater/The Conversation | Published Jul 5, 2018 7:00 PM EDT

The number 13, black cats, breaking mirrors, or walking under ladders, may all be things you actively avoid—if you’re anything like the 25% of people in the US who consider themselves superstitious. Even if you don’t consider yourself a particularly superstitious person, you probably say “bless you” when someone sneezes, just in case the devil should decide to steal their soul—as our ancestors thought possible during a sneeze. Superstition also explains why many buildings do not have a 13th floor—preferring to label it 14, 14A 12B or M (the 13th letter of the alphabet) on elevator button panels because of concerns about superstitious tenants. Indeed, 13% of people in one survey indicated that staying on the 13th floor of a hotel would bother them—and 9% said they would ask for a different room. On top of this, some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa, do not have a 13th row. Lufthansa also has no 17th row, because in some countries—such as Italy and Brazil—the typical unlucky number is 17 and not 13.

What is superstition?

Although there is no single definition of superstition , it generally means a belief in supernatural forces —such as fate—the desire to influence unpredictable factors, and a need to resolve uncertainty. In this way then, individual beliefs and experiences drive superstitions, which explains why they are generally irrational and often defy current scientific wisdom.

Psychologists who have investigated what role superstitions play have found that they derive from the assumption that a connection exists between co-occurring, non-related events. For instance, the notion that charms promote good luck, or protect you from bad luck.

For many people, engaging with superstitious behaviors provides a sense of control and reduces anxiety—which is why levels of superstition increase at times of stress and angst. This is particularly the case during times of economic crisis and social uncertainty , notably wars and conflicts. Indeed, Researchers have observed how in Germany between 1918 and 1940 measures of economic threat correlated directly with measures of superstition.

Superstitious beliefs have been shown to help promote a positive mental attitude . But they can lead to irrational decisions, such as trusting in the merits of good luck and destiny rather than sound decision making.

Carrying charms, wearing certain clothes, visiting places associated with good fortune, preferring specific colors, and using particular numbers are all elements of superstition. And although these behaviors and actions can appear trivial, for some people, they can often affect choices made in the real world.

Superstitions can also give rise to the notion that objects and places are cursed. Such as the Annabelle the Doll —who featured in The Conjuring and two other movies—and is said to be inhabited by the spirit of a dead girl. A more traditional illustration is the Curse of the Pharaohs , which is said to be cast upon any person who disturbs the mummy of an Ancient Egyptian person—especially a pharaoh.

Numbers themselves can also often be associated with curses. For example, the figure 666 in a license plate is often featured in stories of misfortune. The most famous case was the numberplate “ ARK 666Y “, which is believed to have caused mysterious vehicle fires and “bad vibes” for passengers.

Sporting superstitions

Superstition is also highly prevalent within sport—especially in highly competitive situations. Four out of five professional athletes report engaging with at least one superstitious behavior prior to performance. Within sport, superstitions have been shown to reduce tension and provide a sense of control over unpredictable, chance factors.

Superstitious practices tend to vary across sports, but there are similarities. Within football, gymnastics, and athletics, for example, competitors reported praying for success, checking their appearance in a mirror and dressing well to feel better prepared. Players and athletes also engage with personalized actions and behaviors—such as wearing lucky clothes, kit, and charms.

Famous sportspeople often display superstitious behaviors. Notably, basketball legend Michael Jordan concealed his lucky North Carolina shorts under his Chicago Bulls team kit. Similarly, the tennis legend Björn Bork reportedly wore the same brand of shirt when preparing for Wimbledon.

Rafael Nadal has an array of rituals that he performs each time he plays. These include the manner in which he places his water bottles and taking freezing cold showers. Nadal believes these rituals help him to find focus, flow and perform well.

Walking under ladders

What all this shows is that superstitions can provide reassurance and can help to reduce anxiety in some people. But while this may well be true, research has shown that actions associated with superstitions can also become self-reinforcing—in that the behavior develops into a habit and failure to perform the ritual can actually result in anxiety .

This is even though the actual outcome of an event or situation is still dependent on known factors rather than unknown supernatural forces; a notion consistent with the often quoted maxim , “the harder you work (practice) the luckier you get.”

So the next time you break a mirror, see a black cat or encounter the number 13, don’t worry too much about “bad luck,” as it’s most likely just a trick of the mind .

Neil Dagnall is a Reader in Applied Cognitive Psychology, and Ken Drinkwater is a Senior Lecturer and Researcher in Cognitive and Parapsychology at Manchester Metropolitan University. This article was originally featured on The Conversation .

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Essay On Superstition

500 words essay on superstition.

Ever since a long time, we have seen man believe in some kind of power unseen. Even though they can’t see it, they feel it is present and working. This is what gives rise to superstitions. They are unreasonable and irrational but they still exist all over the world. Through essay on superstition, we will go through it in detail.

Origin of Superstitions

The man started to believe in superstitions when he got a feeling that humans are at the mercy of natural elements. Similarly, some superstitions were also created because of social values. As a result, people worship forces of nature for a long time.

The Greeks and Pagans used to worship elements of nature in the form of Gods and Goddesses. Same is the case with Indian tradition. People continue to worship the sun, moon, stars, planets, plants and more believing these things have the power to influence our lives.

You might have heard ‘it is because of the impact of some evil star’ and more when a disease overtakes or disaster strikes. Even the people in the West have been believing in them. You will find instances in Shakespeare’s plays where he includes things like omens, witches and more.

In fact, ever since a long time till date, people still consider the number 13 to be unlucky. Similarly, salt spilling over the dinner table is also an ill-omen. In India , people consider the black cat crossing the way to be unlucky. Similar is the case of an owl hooting or a dog wailing.

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India and Superstitions

India has a long history of superstitions. There are many superstitions which people in this country follow. When someone sneezes during the time of departure, people consider it unlucky.

Similarly, when you hear long mewing of a cat, people consider it a bad omen. Alternatively, offering curd before the start of any journey is auspicious. A group which follows superstitions a lot are students appearing for an examination.

Weeks before exams, the visit to temples starts to grow. Some of the students also get a taveez with a lucky stone to help them out. Further, some students place their stationery for the exam in the prayer room.

Most common superstitions include not cutting nails at night, not using the broom after sunset, not opening the scissors without cutting anything, not looking at oneself in a broken mirror and many more.

Even some political leaders in India believe in superstitions. For instance, they wait for an auspicious day to file their nomination or take an oath. In other words, even in the highest places, people do follow superstitions.

Conclusion of the Essay on Superstition

If we look at it closely, there is no logic as such behind the beliefs in superstitions. However, they have grown age-old and despite all the scientific advancement, they are not going anywhere soon. However, it is better to subject ourselves less to them otherwise each moment of our life will be on the edge.

FAQ of Essay on Superstition

Question 1: What are some superstitions followed in India?

Answer 1: In India, people consider the black cat crossing the way to be unlucky. Similar is the case of an owl hooting or a dog wailing. Indians also offer curd before the start of a journey.

Question 2: What is the importance of superstition?

Answer 2: For several people, engaging with superstitious behaviours offers a sense of control and eases anxiety. This is why levels of superstition rise at times of stress and angst. This is mostly the case during times of economic crisis and social uncertainty notably wars and conflicts.

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Science & Superstition

In this scientific era of many discoveries and inventions, science making the impossible possible with the blink of an eye, there’s no place for superstition. Science and superstitions are poles apart. Yet they are the two sides of the same coin unknown of their interdependence.

Superstitions are self-imposed selfish beliefs, something imaginary yet unimaginable disbelief, or mere beliefs. But science – the most well-known and popular word of this era. Science as is believed to be something realistic which even makes the unreal real; the unachievable achievable.

Science in itself is a sweet beginning and sometimes a bitter ending whereas superstitions have neither beginning nor end; it is complete in itself.

But still, these two unrealistic and realistic, unimaginable and imaginable, never-ending and ever ending concepts are interconnected somewhere beyond the universe by some unpredictable threads of God.  Science completes superstitions in the same way as reasons complete assumptions. Reasons sometimes fail to explain rendering the assumptions to be almost dark and blank. And sometimes baseless reasons succeed in explaining a taboo.

Let’s have a quick look at the following examples:-

1. Eat curd and sugar before heading out                                                   Eating curd and sugar before stepping out for something new and important is considered to be good luck as the consumption of curd has a cooling effect on the stomach and sugar which is added provides instant glucose which makes your work easier and successful. This combination is indispensable for Indians and its consumption was slowly linked to good luck.

2. Don’t wash or cut hairs on certain days                                 Washing or cutting hairs on certain days like on Tuesdays or Thursdays are considered to be bad luck but there’s no truth in this as it was one of the water management practices. And moreover, during those days, barbers got a holiday on those days. So, just to give them a holiday people don’t cut hairs on those days.

3. Swallow tulsi leaves never chew Tulsi leaves shouldn’t be chewed, it needs to be swallowed. The science behind his is that the tulsi leaves contain a little amount of arsenic. Thus, chewing it directly could result in degradation of enamel.

4. Bathe after attending a funeral ceremony                                               Earlier bathing was necessary after attending a funeral ceremony but today it’s not like earlier as our ancestors didn’t have vaccinations against smallpox, hepatitis and other deadly diseases. So they came up with this ritual of bathing so as to prevent themselves from infection from the dead body.

5. Menstruating women are considered impure and unclean:           In a country like India, it is very prevalent and this gave rise to many other superstitious beliefs. At that time women were not allowed inside the kitchen, temples, mosques, and other religious spots. They are not allowed to perform any household duties. The reason is that at that point of time women are comparatively weak because of a lot of blood loss. So, they are given complete rest. Moreover, ancient stone statues of God maintain a certain equilibrium with the atmosphere and may collapse if any disturbance occurs. As women release a lot of heat during this period, they are not allowed inside the temple since this may cause a disturbance in the natural equilibrium and may result in cracks in the idols.

6. Lizard falling on human is bad luck It is said to be bad luck but the scientific reasons behind this is that the lizard releases poisonous chemicals from its body in order to protect themselves from enemies and if it falls on human body or food, it is bound to contaminate it. So, bathe is taken after it falls on someone.

7. Using lemons and green chillies to avoid buri nazar                          The nimbhu mirchi tadka is one of the commonly visible superstitions among the society whose use is often encouraged due to the qualities of lemon and chillies as they both are rich in different vitamins Ad create certain acidic odour which helps keep away insects. Thus, our ancestors used this as a symbol during ceremonies which now turned into a tadka.

8. Bats entering the house means death                                                       It is considered to be a bad omen. The real reason behind this superstition is that the bats bring a lot of deadly diseases along with them and when there was no medical facility available during those days, people would die due to rabies, Ebola, Nipah and other illness brought in by the illness.

9. Ghosts residing in peepal trees This myth continues to prevail even today. But the scientific reason behind this is that the trees use carbon dioxide during the day and releases oxygen but at night, it is the other way round. So, when you sleep under the tree, the excess carbon dioxide level can make you feel heavy in the fist and suffocated which is associated with the feeling of being possessed by some spirits.

10. Throwing coins in fountains and rivers bring good

Most currencies in ancient times were made of copper and by throwing copper coins into rivers, our forefathers apparently ensured that they were consuming pure water. Science has it that copper has antimicrobial property and it can kill 99.9% of infection-causing bacteria. However, today neither do we use copper coins nor do we drink water directly from the river. This belief has brought in more pollution than good luck.

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Science vs Superstition Essay Example

• Pages: 2 (302 words)
• Published: July 28, 2016
• Type: Essay

Science and superstition have been a hot topic for many years. Science can be proven. People say that superstition can’t be proven. This topic however has caused controversy and can never seem to be resolved. In this research paper science and superstition will be compared and contrasted and ultimately try to find out the truth to science and superstition. The first topic is science. Science is defined as the intellectual study of physical and natural environments. Science can be tested and proven.

Science experiments can however be complicated and will sometimes not have a definitive result. This shows how sometimes not even science can be definitively proven. The second and final topic is superstition. People say that superstition can’t be proven but there is controversy surrounding that topic. Superstition is one of the most popular yet co

ntroversial topics. Superstition is most of the time carried down through the family and passed on generation to generation.

Superstition is another popular but highly controversial topic that some people are trying to strive to test. Even though science and superstition are different they have some similarities. For one in some people’s minds they can both be proven. In other peoples mind however they only believe science can be proven. For some people superstition is passed from generation to generation and some people have very strong beliefs.

For others they don’t believe in superstition and only believe in science. Science and superstition have similarities and differences. Science and superstition are a controversial but hot topic. Science can be proven and tested. Superstition is considered to not be able to be tested. Both of the

topics are under controversy but people are battling out these two topics. Science and superstition have some similarities and some differences but both will probably always be arguable.

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Free Science versus Superstitions Essay Sample

Science is study that use research finding to prove or disapprove a certain phenomenon. In science, data collected from research work and subject to interpretation to come up with some logical conclusions that are quantifiable. A superstition is traditional outstanding belief about a certain occurrence or something. An example is the belief of getting sick in which scientists argue that diseases are due to disease causing pathogens. Superstitious beliefs in history have different about the same. Some belief that people get sick due to wrongdoing a deviation from the ancestors wishes. Scientists have strongly proved of their argument but superstitious believers just trust what they deem the cause of this suffering. Hank claims that he can bring the sun back after an eclipse that was untimely. Merlin on the other hand claims that his magic tricks can bring the light back but finally Merlin is not able. Similarly, another duel comes up when Hank blows up Merlin’s tower with lightning and dynamite and claims to be a better magician than Merlin since Merlin is not able to prevent the destruction by incantations (Twain 449). Hank who uses the scientific knowledge to make a destructive lightning can state and explain exactly what causes the destruction. Merlin who uses supernatural powers has no grounds to support as to why the he cannot control destruction. Hank Morgan is in fact manipulating people with his tricks (science), just slightly different from what Merlin does with his false magic. They both want the same thing to make King Arthur believe in their magic so that they gain the control (Twain 450).

Several experiments performed by Hank Morgan were successful opposed to Merlin who attempted to conduct some miracles in vain, as they tried to prove who is mighty. This theory of science and superstition are contrasting as is evident from these tricks. Hank Morgan conducts yet another trick in restoring the flow of miraculous waters at the valley of holiness as Merlin attempts but is unable to accomplish his mission (Twain 450). Hank disguises people who have no scientific knowledge when he defeats Merlin on his field. These people regard the experiments conducted by Hank by confusing them as also magical. Hank finally concludes after his defeating trials that science is a magic and that he is the best magician (Twain 450). Hank protects his compound with electric fence unknown to Merlin who has a belief that he can cross the fence, which in an attempt is electrocuted and dies instantly. Hank was disguising himself as a magic that Arthur had no reason to refuse since there was no grounds to dispute. Everyone is now confused of the difference between science and magic. Science deals with facts, as Hank was not in a position to control the sun eclipse but altered statements that were found to be true. The difference between the two is only the fact that science has some underlying facts but magic dwells on unforeseen powers. Hank uses unknown to many powers of science and technology like a pocket battery to start a water pump to drive water up the valley of holiness. This relation between science and magic is evident when hank defeats the surrogate Merlin through disguise.

Science is easy to understand since it uses defined principles that are easy to comprehend and uniform in its results. Supernatural powers are not applicable since the 19th century though science is developing very fast with more sophisticated machines being invented. Twain in his novel creates the ambivalence of the paradox of the magical science. The different types of sciences includes one that use progress, reasoning and a high degree of civilization and the second science represents a Connecticut Yankee. These two sciences are in opposite sides of each other. The invention of telephone in 1880 is so the implementation of scientific machines which brought a difference of lifestyle.

Science is very important in everyday life to perfect our performance in all fields. From the history of science, people used science in making work simple even during the Stone Age. Early man used the knowledge of friction to make fire. This is actually science at those times. Everything around us is surrounded a fact of science that can be used to improve a previously used method. Superstitions have no account since the base of whatever happens is baseless and only the practitioner knows what is happening. Sometimes one may think and conclude that these magic do not work and just mind tricks. From the past in the Christian society, Jesus performed miracles that were magical. Nobody could exactly explain what Jesus did since the acts were magic. Hank used his knowledge of science as magic to woe people about his powers to so many things unknown to anybody else. Hank used things that were mechanically fit to simplify work. These include bicycles, water pumps, sewing machines, and the power of electricity. These things given as gifts to the working conditions people who were serving Arthur efficiently. He therefore used science as magic for his own benefits.

The industrial revolution that was in late 1880’s was because of science since people were able to communicate using telephones, use simple machines to produce goods and ease transportation of people. These machines and activities are not actually magic. Machines used steam to propel them from one point to another. This from the perception of the people was magic. The superstition belief was because of lack of knowledge of the evolving minds of people. We can therefore conclude the superstition as a strong belief of what we cannot explain. Hank used this fact to disguise and benefit from the prevailing circumstances of people who had nothing to say about science. In fact, superstitions have never worked anywhere but used to benefit the person using grounds that are not straightforward. The theory of occult is not documented anywhere in the history of discoveries.

Superstition and science have a relation in the fact that, each of them aims at delivering knowledge that is not common to everybody. Discoveries serve a big role in this field. Science has served a big role in civilization in the world from the industrial revolution of the world. Science brings about knowledge of problem solving related to making work easier. Machines and power that are still under scientific investigation are creating very many job opportunities that have led to improved standard of living. The magic science has not done much since those who practice the magic are still living in the past time of the 18th century. This was proved by the comparison of Hank and Marlin when they competed for who had stronger magic powers. This is evidence that during these times the empires and kingdoms practiced magic as the measure of strength. Anybody who could move the masses with his or her magic got an automatic recognition from the state. This is different from the world today where science exhibitions organized by different states to enhance creativity in the world are popular. To develop any scientific invention today bear the name of the person who discovered it. These include the discovery of the telephone by Bell that is now Bell’s electric phone. Discoveries will never cease so long as people still need to advance in different fields.

Most of the companies today are employing the research department to explore on different ways of advancing in the development of production and improving sales. Superstitions worked those times of the ancient kingdoms however, they are not accountable for the outcomes. Magic power worked in those times during the era when science was magic to the people of those times. Science is applicable in the advancement of the technology that creates the basis of any industrial state. Development in a state is depended on the level of scientific innovation. The most productive countries have history of investment in science and technology leading to increased agricultural and industrial production.

This field of study development includes the social sciences that use scientific methods in carrying out research in behavior. The behavior of a machine, human beings, and animals is under a research using scientific processes. This process predicts the outcome of a phenomenon and hence gives the possible recommendations. Science has replaced ancient theories of everything dwelling on magic. The kings and emperors used superstition to woe people into their strong belief. Kings used the magicians to give interpretations to their problems and the solutions. This is opposite to the thought of this field of study. Now everybody looks at the possibility of development using the scientific knowledge. The solution of problems depends entirely on scientific knowledge. The study is slowly developing from the grass roots to the international development. To empower scientists the governments are supposed to invest heavily to advance the country’s development. The conclusion of the comparison between these theories gives an insight that superstition is also science but of ancient times. The real science of these days depends on the integration of research.

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Superstition Essay | Essay on Superstition for Students and Children in English

Superstition Essay: Superstition is nothing but irrational belief in something. Weakness, fear, melancholy, together with ignorance are the true sources of superstition. If a Hindu believes that a dip in holy Ganges will wash away all his sins, it is just an irrational belief without any basis. It is often a tradition passed down to us from our forefathers.

Superstition is the religion of feeble minds. – Edmund Burke

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Long and Short Essays on Superstition for Kids and Students in English

Given below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Superstition’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on the Superstition of 400-500 words. This long essay about Superstition is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Superstition of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.

Long Essay on Superstition 400 Words in English

Below we have given a long essay on Superstition of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.

Superstition flourished in the past when mystery surrounded everything, and man had no knowledge and could not understand the phenomenon of nature. He believed in supernatural and worshipped various gods and goddesses. Every ordinary fact which he could not understand was considered a miracle. Later the people who were more intelligent became his teacher, also befooled him into believing their clever performances to be miracles. The objects of nature, changes of seasons and everything he could not understand became a miracle and thus a superstition.

Every country has its own superstitions, but it can be agreed without contraction, that the east is more contemplative and thus more superstitious than west.

There are some superstitions which are universally recognized. For instance, a shooting star is considered a very bad omen universally. Shakespeare writes in his play Julius Caesar:

When beggars die there are no comets seen in the skies. Heavens themselves set forth the death of princes. Both in England and India the howling of a dog at night is supposed to show the presence of an evil spirit nearby.

Some more popular superstitions prevalent in India. If a person is to start a journey and another person happens to sneeze only once, it is considered ill for the person who is to begin his journey, although two or three sneezes are considered harmless. Among the Hindus it is considered an ill omen to begin a new task on Saturday.

Again, studies can be started on Saturday it is considered lucky. If a cat crosses your path, it is not a good omen. The screech of an owl is considered ill omen and harbinger of some calamity. If a man’s right eye throbs, it is indicative of some good but if a woman’s right eye throbs, it is considered ill-omen. The itching of right palm is indicative of the arrival of money. If a crow sits on the head of a person, his death is supposed to be imminent. Considering buying or bringing iron in the house on a Saturday is dangerous is another superstition.

In England, even today, the number thirteen is feared and avoided. They avoid walking under a ladder to avoid disaster.

Short Essay on Superstition 200 Words in English

Below we have given a short essay on Superstition is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

There are many superstitions based on ghosts, witches and spirits. Often, houses are supposed to be haunted. Lincoln’s ghost is still seen in White House. When a woman suffers from hysteria, she is supposed to be overpowered by some ghost or witch. Many people, even the educated ones go to some so-called fraudulent people to get rid of evil spirits. Such people are another version of witch-doctor of South Africa.

The source of superstition lies in the thinking of man. When some problem is not removed by earthly efforts or is not understood, we tend to be superstitious and try to find its solution by other means. Burke has rightly said that superstition is the religion of feeble minds. In reality weakness, fear of the unknown, ignorance and illiteracy are the true sources of superstition.

Modern era with all its progress of education, science and technology is not devoid of superstition. New superstitions in idolizing child, laborer and other factors are present. Therefore superstitions, it seems, are going to persist. To some extent, everyone is superstitious, only when it goes to its extremes, it is dangerous. According to Goethe superstition is the poetry of life.

Superstitions stand in the way of progress and civilization and make our perspective limited and enhance our weakness. We hesitate and falter in taking decisions and therefore we cannot contribute to progress thoughts. Superstitions are a hindrance to clear thinking, reasoning and logic. Superstition, at best, should be avoided and not encouraged otherwise we will also be doing the same what our forefathers did.

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The Science Of Superstitions

The debate between realism and anti-realism is, at least, a century old. Does Science describe the real world – or are its theories true only within a certain conceptual framework? Is science only instrumental or empirically adequate or is there more to it than that? Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that all ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs. William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes beyond facts and into the realm of feelings.

Maybe so, but is there is little doubt today that beliefs are somehow involved in the formation of many scientific ideas, if not of the very endeavour of Science. After all, Science is a human activity and humans always believe that things exist (=are true) or could be true. A distinction is traditionally made between believing in something’s existence, truth, value of appropriateness (this is the way that it ought to be) – and believing that something. The latter is a propositional attitude: we think that something, we wish that something, we feel that something and we believe that something.

Believing in A and believing that A – are different. It is reasonable to assume that belief is a limited affair. Few of us would tend to believe in contradictions and falsehoods. Catholic theologians talk about explicit belief (in something which is known to the believer to be true) versus implicit one (in the known consequences of something whose truth cannot be known). Truly, we believe in the probability of something (we, thus, express an opinion) – or in its certain existence (truth). All humans believe in the existence of connections or relationships between things.

This is not something which can be proven or proven false (to use Popper’s test). That things consistently follow each other does not prove they are related in any objective, “real”, manner – except in our minds. This belief in some order (if we define order as permanent relations between separate physical or abstract entities) permeates both Science and Superstition. They both believe that there must be – and is – a connection between things out there. Science limits itself and believes that only certain entities inter-relate within well defined conceptual frames (called theories).

Not everything has the potential to connect to everything else. Entities are discriminated, differentiated, classified and assimilated in worldviews in accordance with the types of connections that they forge with each other. Moreover, Science believes that it has a set of very effective tools to diagnose, distinguish, observe and describe these relationships. It proves its point by issuing highly accurate predictions based on the relationships discerned through the use of said tools. Science (mostly) claims that these connections are “true” in the sense that they are certain – not probable.

The cycle of formulation, prediction and falsification (or proof) is the core of the human scientific activity. Alleged connections that cannot be captured in these nets of reasoning are cast out either as “hypothetical” or as “false”. In other words : Science defines “relations between entities” as “relations between entities which have been established and tested using the scientific apparatus and arsenal of tools”. This, admittedly, is a very cyclical argument, as close to tautology as it gets. Superstition is a much simpler matter: everything is connected to everything in ways unbeknown to us.

We can only witness the results of these subterranean currents and deduce the existence of such currents from the observable flotsam. The planets influence our lives, dry coffee sediments contain information about the future, black cats portend disasters, certain dates are propitious, certain numbers are to be avoided. The world is unsafe because it can never be fathomed. But the fact that we – limited as we are – cannot learn about a hidden connection – should not imply that it does not exist. Science believes in two categories of relationships between entities (physical and abstract alike).

The one is the category of direct links – the other that of links through a third entity. In the first case, A and B are seen to be directly related. In the second case, there is no apparent link between A and B, but a third entity, C could well provide such a connection (for instance, if A and B are parts of C or are separately, but concurrently somehow influenced by it). Each of these two categories is divided to three subcategories : causal relationships, functional relationships and correlative relationship.

A and B will be said to be causally related if A precedes B, B never occurs if A does not precede it and always occurs after A occurs. To the discerning eye, this would seem to be a relationship of correlation (“whenever A happens B happens”) and this is true. Causation is subsumed by a the 1. 0 correlation relationship category. In other words : it is a private case of the more general case of correlation. A and B are functionally related if B can be predicted by assuming A but we have no way of establishing the truth value of A.

The latter is a postulate or axiom. The time dependent Schrodinger Equation is a postulate (cannot be derived, it is only reasonable). Still, it is the dynamic laws underlying wave mechanics, an integral part of quantum mechanics, the most accurate scientific theory that we have. An unproven, non-derivable equation is related functionally to a host of exceedingly precise statements about the real world (observed experimental results). A and B are correlated if A explains a considerable part of the existence or the nature of B.

It is then clear that A and B are related. Evolution has equipped us with highly developed correlation mechanisms because they are efficient in insuring survival. To see a tiger and to associate the awesome sight with a sound is very useful. Still, we cannot state with any modicum of certainty that we possess all the conceivable tools for the detection, description, analysis and utilization of relations between entities. Put differently: we cannot say that there are no connections that escape the tight nets that we cast in order to capture them.

We cannot, for instance, say with any degree of certainty that there are no hyper-structures which would provide new, surprising insights into the interconnectedness of objects in the real world or in our mind. We cannot even say that the epistemological structures with which we were endowed are final or satisfactory. We do not know enough about knowing. Consider the cases of Non-Aristotelian logic formalisms, Non-Euclidean geometries, Newtonian Mechanics and non classical physical theories (the relativity theories and, more so, quantum mechanics and its various interpretations).

All of them revealed to us connections which we could not have imagined prior to their appearance. All of them created new tools for the capture of interconnectivity and inter-relatedness. All of them suggested one kind or the other of mental hyper-structures in which new links between entities (hitherto considered disparate) could be established. So far, so good for superstitions. Today’s superstition could well become tomorrow’s Science given the right theoretical developments. The source of the clash lies elsewhere, in the insistence of superstitions upon a causal relation.

The general structure of a superstition is: A is caused by B. The causation propagates through unknown (one or more) mechanisms. These mechanisms are unidentified (empirically) or unidentifiable (in principle). For instance, al the mechanisms of causal propagation which are somehow connected to divine powers can never, in principle, be understood (because the true nature of divinity is sealed to human understanding). Thus, superstitions incorporate mechanisms of action which are, either, unknown to Science – or are impossible, as far as Science goes.

All the “action-at-a-distance” mechanisms are of the latter type. Parapsychological mechanisms are more of the first kind. The philosophical argument behind superstitions is pretty straightforward and appealing. Perhaps this is the source of their appeal. It goes as follows: There is nothing that can be thought of that is impossible (in all the Universes) There is nothing impossible (in all the Universes) that can be thought of. Everything that can be thought about – is, therefore, possible (somewhere in the Universes) Everything that is possible exists (somewhere in the Universes)

If something can be thought of (=is possible) and is not known (=proven or observed) yet – it is most probably due to the shortcomings of Science and not because it does not exist. Some of these propositions can be easily attacked. For instance: we can think about contradictions and falsehoods but (apart from a form of mental representation) no one will claim that they exist in reality or that they are possible. These statements, though, apply very well to entities, the existence of which has yet to be disproved (=not known as false, or whose truth value is uncertain) and to improbable (though possible) things.

It is in these formal logical niches that superstition thrives. The Science Of Superstitions <a href=”http://www. geocities. com/vaksam/”>Sam Vaknin’s Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The debate between realism and anti-realism is, at least, a century old. Does Science describe the real world – or are its theories true only within a certain conceptual framework? Is science only instrumental or empirically adequate or is there more to it than that? Jose Ortega y Gasset said (in an unrelated exchange) that all ideas stem from pre-rational beliefs.

William James concurred by saying that accepting a truth often requires an act of will which goes beyond facts and into the realm of feelings. Maybe so, but is there is little doubt today that beliefs are somehow involved in the formation of many scientific ideas, if not of the very endeavour of Science. After all, Science is a human activity and humans always believe that things exist (=are true) or could be true. A distinction is traditionally made between believing in something’s existence, truth, value of appropriateness (this is the way that it ought to be) – and believing that something.

The latter is a propositional attitude: we think that something, we wish that something, we feel that something and we believe that something. Believing in A and believing that A – are different. It is reasonable to assume that belief is a limited affair. Few of us would tend to believe in contradictions and falsehoods. Catholic theologians talk about explicit belief (in something which is known to the believer to be true) versus implicit one (in the known consequences of something whose truth cannot be known). Truly, we believe in the probability of something (we, thus, express an opinion) – or in its certain existence (truth).

All humans believe in the existence of connections or relationships between things. This is not something which can be proven or proven false (to use Popper’s test). That things consistently follow each other does not prove they are related in any objective, “real”, manner – except in our minds. This belief in some order (if we define order as permanent relations between separate physical or abstract entities) permeates both Science and Superstition. They both believe that there must be – and is – a connection between things out there.

Science limits itself and believes that only certain entities inter-relate within well defined conceptual frames (called theories). Not everything has the potential to connect to everything else. Entities are discriminated, differentiated, classified and assimilated in worldviews in accordance with the types of connections that they forge with each other. Moreover, Science believes that it has a set of very effective tools to diagnose, distinguish, observe and describe these relationships. It proves its point by issuing highly accurate predictions based on the relationships discerned through the use of said tools.

Science (mostly) claims that these connections are “true” in the sense that they are certain – not probable. The cycle of formulation, prediction and falsification (or proof) is the core of the human scientific activity. Alleged connections that cannot be captured in these nets of reasoning are cast out either as “hypothetical” or as “false”. In other words : Science defines “relations between entities” as “relations between entities which have been established and tested using the scientific apparatus and arsenal of tools”. This, admittedly, is a very cyclical argument, as close to tautology as it gets.

Superstition is a much simpler matter: everything is connected to everything in ways unbeknown to us. We can only witness the results of these subterranean currents and deduce the existence of such currents from the observable flotsam. The planets influence our lives, dry coffee sediments contain information about the future, black cats portend disasters, certain dates are propitious, certain numbers are to be avoided. The world is unsafe because it can never be fathomed. But the fact that we – limited as we are – cannot learn about a hidden connection – should not imply that it does not exist.

Science believes in two categories of relationships between entities (physical and abstract alike). The one is the category of direct links – the other that of links through a third entity. In the first case, A and B are seen to be directly related. In the second case, there is no apparent link between A and B, but a third entity, C could well provide such a connection (for instance, if A and B are parts of C or are separately, but concurrently somehow influenced by it). Each of these two categories is divided to three subcategories : causal relationships, functional relationships and correlative relationship.

All of them revealed to us connections which we could not have imagined prior to their appearance. All of them created new tools for the capture of interconnectivity and inter-relatedness. All of them suggested one kind or the other of mental hyper-structures in which new links between entities (hitherto considered disparate) could be established. So far, so good for superstitions. Today’s superstition could well become tomorrow’s Science given the right theoretical developments. The source of the clash lies elsewhere, in the insistence of superstitions upon a causal relation. The general structure of a superstition is: A is caused by B.

The causation propagates through unknown (one or more) mechanisms. These mechanisms are unidentified (empirically) or unidentifiable (in principle). For instance, al the mechanisms of causal propagation which are somehow connected to divine powers can never, in principle, be understood (because the true nature of divinity is sealed to human understanding). Thus, superstitions incorporate mechanisms of action which are, either, unknown to Science – or are impossible, as far as Science goes. All the “action-at-a-distance” mechanisms are of the latter type. Parapsychological mechanisms are more of the first kind.

The philosophical argument behind superstitions is pretty straightforward and appealing. Perhaps this is the source of their appeal. It goes as follows: There is nothing that can be thought of that is impossible (in all the Universes) There is nothing impossible (in all the Universes) that can be thought of. Everything that can be thought about – is, therefore, possible (somewhere in the Universes) Everything that is possible exists (somewhere in the Universes) If something can be thought of (=is possible) and is not known (=proven or observed) yet – it is most probably due to the shortcomings of Science and not because it does not exist.

Some of these propositions can be easily attacked. For instance: we can think about contradictions and falsehoods but (apart from a form of mental representation) no one will claim that they exist in reality or that they are possible. These statements, though, apply very well to entities, the existence of which has yet to be disproved (=not known as false, or whose truth value is uncertain) and to improbable (though possible) things. It is in these formal logical niches that superstition thrives.

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SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITIONS: Essay

SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITIONS

Science and superstitions, although they claim their descent from the same, a common ancestry, yet like the Arabs and the Israelis, forgetting that they are brothers, are always at draggers drawn with each other; they have no love lost between them. Of the two sisters, the science and the superstition, the latter is the older. The common ancestor is ignorance. Born of the ignorance the superstition grew fast on the very I fertile ground of the hearts – innocent and ignorant. After a very long | time of the birth of the first child, the superstition, the second child, the more intelligent the more modern, the more beautiful child, the science was born. The latter born baby, the science, set-forth on the path that did shoot of distinctly at a fairly large angle, perhaps never to meet its sister again. It would not be wrong to say that though they are sisters, yet the latter, the younger sister is clearly distinguishable from her older sister.

As man gradually gained more knowledge about the causes behind the natural phenomena; he began shedding off some of the fear associated with them. This was because man could now find and understand some of the ‘natural’ secrets. Once the ball was set rolling, the pace of the progress of science gained acceleration and momentum. The progress of the one meant the regress of the other. That means the science progressed as the other regressed, it w as the mental standard of the superstitious people that deteriorated, they became more and more superstitious, while the scientific minded people became more scientific minded. As compared with the superstitious people, the men of science proceeded more scientifically, more logically. The men of science are gods as compared with their ancestors, who were not scientific or even scientific, minded. Yet whereas it would be perfectly correct to say that science is the sister, if not the daughter of ignorance, it must be remembered that this daughter is modem and is a thoroughly transformed child. It is the men of science who have revolutionized the world who made it at once a heaven and hell by their inventions of comfort and the devices of destruction. Had it been not for the revolutions of science, the world would have been much i different from what it is as we see it.

Science had reduced time and distance, the world shrink as the pace of science increases. Television, the telescope and the microscope are the eyes of our eyes; telephone is the ear of our ears, as the machines are the hands of our hands. We are riding the horseless carriages, the railways trains and the pilotless aeroplanes. Printing presses, the factories and the mills have made our lives fit to be envied by the gods of mythology, and the atom bombs, the I. C. B. M.  s have set everything ready to destroy that has been created. The progress of science has brought the world to the edge – to the very top of the conical crater of a volcano, only a few fastidious steps and the world will be drawn into the abysmal depths of infernal fire of the hell.

‘Blood is thicker than water’ they say, and the same is true of science and superstitions. They are sisters, the children of the same parents after all sooner or later they will unite again. When anyone or anything goes up and up and had reached a point that it is not possible to go higher, there is no alternative but to fall down and again to the same level if not lower to rise slowly, gradually. Before and insects are near enough their death, just before they have come near enough to death, nature provides them with wings, turning them into moths to enable them to fly the flight of death. Similarly when a stage reaches when science has reached such a stage as that no further rise is possible, then there will be only the last, the final leap to the deep depths of the ravines of ignorance. There will then be happy meeting between the long separated sisters, the elder one will once hold the younger sister in her arms, perhaps more firmly, more tightly, out of the excited ness of the meeting.

Has superstition left man for good or has it left man at all, is a question that is not too difficult to answer. And the answer is’ NO. Even the most advanced of men, including the men of science, are seen worshipping God, and gods, and statues, and believing in the miracles, magic and superstition. Numerous Scientists, and seen wearing certain ‘karas’, red, black or white threads tied round their wrists or slung round their necks, certain devices to cast off the evil spell cast by the evil eye and other sources. A sneeze would keep in check most of the best advanced scientists from undertaking any new experiment in science or the sight of a crow or a cat or even a sweeper or a Brahmin or a bare headed or bald man, or the sight of an empty vessel will make even the most modern people shudder for a while, and for a moment make hem desist from doing anything new or stop them in midst of anything they are doing. How can it be said that superstition has divorced science or the other way round, the science has divorced superstition.

Last but not the least, the superstitions, of whatever type or nature they might be, if they or their origin be traced back, they will be found to have been based upon some very sound, scientific belief. This proves that there was science first and that gradually at some period in antiquity that science must have been advanced so much that, further advance not being possible, man would have become ignorant and superstitious again, retaining some of the science in it. And then superstitious must have grown on the soil of science, again and science would have done away with superstition, and the cycle must have continued, as we see today.  We read in the scriptures of various mythologies that in the darkest ancient past people used to come on the earth from the ‘other worlds’ and return thither. Similarly the people from the earth used to visit the moon and other planets of the solar system and beyond. Only about a few years ago was in the papers mat Soviet scientists have proved mat Mohammad, Jesus Christ and Lord Buddha were nit the beings of the earth. They came, they say, from the other worlds and returned to the worlds they came from, because this world was not fit to be lived in by them. The ignorant and unworthy men of this earth were too human and so inhuman in their behaviour to them that either they killed them or they tortured them to slow death, and still they fortunately or unfortunately did not die, they left for heavenly abodes. This again proves that the stories about the people coming and going from and to the other worlds, were and are not merely tall talks or the fairy tales of the Arabian nights or just fairy tales; those stories that we read in the various scriptures. The pulse of the time has, since time immemorial, been pulsating between the two extremities, one at each end, the superstition and science, ties to the common thread of ignorance, their common mother.

Concluding, it may be said that whether it be, the science or it be the superstition, they are die inseparable companions from birth, and their relation cannot be snapped, it cannot be severed. One has something of the other in it, something inherent in it. Neither can divorce the other. This has been so since the time remembered not and shall probably till the times that cannot be predicted. They are hand in gloves with each other, they will ever be so.

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Essay on science and superstition (500+ words).

Science is an instrument by which man can find truth by virtue of experiments and the power of reasoning. We know man is, on the whole, a rational being. They are making their way through the darkness of ignorance with the help of the searchlight of science. On the other hand, superstition is a blind faith of an individual. It may, of course, spread into a society or a nation.

In the primitive age man was a helpless creature on earth. He was ignorant of the natural forces and the causes behind them. The sun or the rain were then imagined to be gods. When pleased, such gods would use their power for man’s reward, but when angry, they would use it for man’s punishment. Man could not save himself from natural disasters as he did not have the knowledge to understand why these things happened. Today we have learnt the scientific explanations of phenomena that were once used to be dreaded as mysterious. Still, the superstitions remain in some kind or other among our people. We suffer from the blind fear or inhibition of superstitions. The result is that superstitions tend to become a bad habit.

Superstition is perhaps the greatest enemy of all kinds of progress. It deprives a man of his power of reasoning and resists any new scientific ideas as much as it can. In fact, there is an inherent contradiction between science and superstition. Superstition is the sworn enemy of science. Scientific ideas gain potency only in proportion to its success in the battle against superstition. Superstition is the crooked offspring of ignorance and, in its turn, tries to honour ignorance as sacred and permanent without any rhyme or reason. So Bruno, Galileo and Copernicus stood against superstition for promoting science even at the cost of their lives.

But superstition has not totally lost its force till today. For example, if someone sneezes, or calls us from behind at the time of starting, we lose our self-confidence. An eclipse of the sun is inauspicious to some superstitious people. Even if a house lizard ticks, it is regarded by many as ominous for a journey.

We see that the ignorant village people treat the epidemic of cholera or pox as the blessing of the goddess Shitala. The so-called civilised and elite persons also have some superstitions such as their notion about the odd number of thirteen, black cat at night etc. Even some teachers of science wear rings with special stones or metals to pacify the planets supposed to be angry with them!

Thus ignorance and weakness of character is, as a whole, the cause, and superstition is the effect. And, if we mean to eradicate an evil effect, we must direct our attack against the cause from which it springs. If we treat superstition as a disease, science should be regarded as the right medicine to cure it. This is precisely what science does in the relentless battle against superstition. Of course, here science means not only the bookish knowledge of science, but the scientific spirit in its truest sense. And if we want to be free from superstition, this scientific spirit must go deep within our social system and change our attitude from within.

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Essay on Superstition

Have you ever discontinued walking through that road if a black cat crosses your path? What happened when you feel your left palm itchy? Have you ever crossed your fingers when feeling nervous? Does your mother give you curd and sugar before going to work? If yes, then surely you have heard about these superstitions.

Many people still follow these superstitions for good luck. To learn more about them, today we will discuss Superstition in detail.

Short and Long Superstition Essay in English

Here, we are presenting long and short essays on Superstition in English for students under word limits of 100 – 150 Words, 200 – 250 words, and 500 – 600 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in English. These provided essays will help you to write effective essays, paragraphs, and speeches on Superstition.

Superstition Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) Superstition is an illogical belief that something will bring good luck or bad luck.

2) Sometimes, people believe that certain numbers, colors, or objects can bring them luck.

3) It can lead to a false sense of security and create unrealistic expectations.

4) Superstitions can be found in many cultures.

5) Superstitions can motivate people to work harder and achieve goals.

6) However, it can provide comfort and reassurance when situations are uncertain.

7) Superstitions can help people to cope with anxiety.

8) Sometimes, it can lead to a distorted view of reality by neglecting scientific evidence.

9) It can also lead to a rejection of evidence-based knowledge.

10) For example, it is believed that entering a house through the back door is bad.

Short Essay on Superstition (250 – 300 Words)

Introduction

Superstition is a belief or practice that is based on useless fear of the unknown rather than on logical reasoning or scientific facts. It is an ancient form of belief that has been around for thousands of years and is still prevalent in many cultures today. Superstition can be a positive or negative influence on people, depending on how it is used and interpreted.

One of the advantages of superstition is that it can give people a sense of comfort and security in an uncertain world. Believing in superstitions can also help people cope with difficult situations, as they may feel that they have some control over their fate or that luck is on their side.

Disadvantages

The main disadvantage of superstition is that it can lead to harmful decisions and behavior. Superstitions can also lead to fear and anxiety, as people may worry that their actions will lead to bad luck or misfortune. It can also lead to a lack of critical thinking and discourage creativity. Sometimes, it can create a state of superstitious paralysis, where people are unwilling to take action. Superstitions can also lead to a reliance on luck instead of taking responsibility.

A superstition is an ancient form of belief that is still prevalent in many cultures today. While superstitions can provide a sense of comfort and security, they can also lead to irrational decisions. Therefore, it is important to remember that superstition is a form of belief and not a scientific fact and should not be used as a substitute for logical reasoning or scientific inquiry.

Long Essay on Superstition (500 Words)

Superstition and science have been at odds with one another since the dawn of time. Superstition is defined as a belief in supernatural forces or luck that can influence events, while science is based on the observation of facts and the formulation of theories through experimentation. Throughout history, superstition has been used to explain and predict events, while science has been used to create and explain the world around us.

What is Superstition?

Superstition is defined as a senseless belief or practice that is based on luck or fate. In other words, it is a belief in supernatural powers that influence our lives and the events that happen around us. This belief is often rooted in a deep-seated fear of the unknown or a lack of scientific understanding. Superstitions can vary widely, with some being harmless, while others have the potential to hurt our lives.

Origins of Superstition

The origins of superstition are unclear and have been the subject of debate for centuries. Some scholars believe that superstition is a result of primitive man’s attempt to explain natural phenomena, while others suggest that it is a product of the early religious beliefs of primitive cultures. However, the superstition persists today in many parts of the world.

Superstition: A Belief Beyond Logic

Superstition has been around for centuries and still exists in many cultures today. Superstition is an illogical belief that an object, action, or circumstance not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome. It is a belief in supernatural causality, which is a belief that one event causes another without any physical process linking the two events. It is derived from fear and ignorance and can be passed on from one generation to the next.

The Role of Superstition in Everyday Life

Superstition plays an important role in everyday life. Many people believe that certain actions can bring good luck or bad luck, and superstitions often provide a sense of security and comfort. For example, some people believe that carrying a lucky charm or engaging in certain rituals can bring good luck. Superstitions are often used to ward off bad luck and to bring good fortune.

The Effects of Superstition

While superstitions can be comforting, they can also have a negative effect on people’s lives. Superstitious beliefs can lead to irrational behavior and can result in people feeling helpless and powerless. Additionally, superstitions can lead to fear and anxiety and can interfere with decision-making. Sometimes, people may find superstitions fun and interesting, but it is important to remember that superstitions are not based on fact. It can have both positive and negative effects, depending on how it is used and interpreted.

Science has helped to counter superstitious beliefs by providing evidence-based explanations for natural phenomena. By providing logical explanations for natural events, science has helped to displace superstition and has provided a more logical way to explain the world. Therefore, superstition and science can be used together to create a better understanding of the world.

I hope the above-provided essay on Superstition will be helpful to you in understanding the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of superstition.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Superstition

Ans. Religion is based on faith, while superstitions are based on fear and a belief in supernatural forces.

Ans. Yes, superstitions can be harmful if they lead to foolish behavior.

Ans. No, superstition does not have any scientific basis.

Ans. People believe in superstitions because they provide a sense of comfort and control in the face of uncertainty.

Ans. Superstitions can come from different cultures and religions as well as personal experiences.

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Essay on “Superstitions” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Superstitions

Essay No. 01

Superstitions are as old as man. The earliest men who had no scientific knowledge fell on easy prey to superstition.  Thus, illiteracy and lack of knowledge and capacity to reason out are the hotbeds which generate and perpetuate superstition.

Mahatma Buddha was probably the first great man to expound and explain the value and significance of reason which eliminated superstition altogether. He emphasized that everything should be thoroughly studied, judged and tested before being believed. Later, many other great men like Guru Nanak and Kabir exhorted the people to shun superstitions.

Many people may believe that faith is also a form of superstition. But, as we can see if we think deeply, there is a difference. Faith is a positive factor whereas superstition is a negative factor.

Earlier, superstition was rampant in villages. The belief in ghosts was common. It was believed that these ghosts operated at night and that they were visible to some people and invisible to others. Taking advantage of this many clever men burned into tan tricks and controllers of ghosts. They cheated the gullible villagers. Unfortunately, even at present, such clever men are at work.

There are many kinds of superstitions which are observed by common people. The throbbing of eyes, a cat crossing our way, coming across a Brahmin-all these are believed to be inauspicious. The cawing of a crow indicated the possibility of a guest visiting our house that day. Similarly, if we come across a sweeper early in the morning, it is considered to be auspicious.

We should try to develop a scientific spirit of mind and judge everything on the basis of reason.

Essay No. 02

Superstitions are widespread. They are found throughout the world among people in some form or the other. They more prevalent among illiterate and uneducated people. With the advancement of knowledge, learning and science, they are gradually losing ground, yet they hold their sway even among educated people of the society.

A belief based on ignorance or fear is a superstition. A superstition is never rational. It is always against the known laws of science and reasoning. Superstitions have many forms and practices. Beliefs in charms, omens, super-natural powers and beings, etc., have their roots in superstitions. What is mysterious, unknown, and inexplicable generally because fear, and fear in its turn generates superstitions and blind-beliefs.

Thus, they originate and thrive on human ignorance’s and blind-faith in things mysterious and unknown. Psychologically, the sense of insecurity, fear of ill luck and the dread of inexplicable forces in nature give birth to superstitions. Superstitions may differ from place to place, community to community and country to country, yet they have common origins. They originate from fear and lack of knowledge of things. When some phenomena cannot be explained and understood, people start fearing them and assign them divine and mysterious origins. In ancient times all races and people were governed by superstitions.

Superstitions found rich and fertile soil in human ignorance and lack of scientific knowledge. The less a race is enlightened, the more it tends to be superstitious. Some vested interests like priestly class, etc., also exercise a great influence in spreading and maintaining superstitions. Many of our religious rituals and rites are blind beliefs and tricks played by the priests, etc., on the gullible people.

The superstitions have caused mankind a lot of positive harm. The hold of superstitions on mankind is still strong. In spite of advancement of science and technology people suffer from superstitions and complexes born out of them. Take, for example, the dread of the number “13” in the West. They regard it the most unlucky number. They avoid it at any cost because they think it ominous and fatalistic. It is a taboo for them. This superstition has its origin in the last Supper of Christ. When Christ supped last, there were 13 persons, and soon after that Christ was crucified.

Because of these superstitions many godmen priests, so-called astrologers, palmists and occultists are having roaring business. The gullible and superstitious people throng their shops and willingly get duped. Superstitions have various forms and manifestations. At some places it can be seen in the worship of snakes, animals, trees and the practice of witch crafts. At others it is observed in the form of animal and human sacrifices. Sometimes a superstitious person does not hesitate even in sacrificing his own son or daughter to propitiate a god or goddess. There is no limit a. superstitious person can stoop to. Much of bigotry and fanaticism have their roots in our superstitions. Many times a woman is burnt alive as a witch or sorceress. It reminds us of Jaon of Arc of France who was burnt to death because she was considered a witch by the invading English army.

In many villages and towns there are houses, places, trees and caverns believed to be haunted by ghosts. The graveyards are supposed to be frequented by these spirits, and should therefore be avoided, at night and at odd hours. If anybody dares to go there at odd hours, he or she is bound to be possessed by the evil spirits. The only remedy available is rationality and scientific temper. The more the knowledge based on facts, the lesser the evils of superstitions. We must eradicate ignorance, fear of the unknown, the ideas of existence of evil spirits through dissemination of scientific knowledge and enlightenment in order to root out superstitions from our minds.

In India there are many superstitions. Beliefs in ghosts, witches, omens, spirits, age old rotten customs and traditions are to be found almost everywhere in India. For thousands and thousands of people in India superstitions are synominous with religion because they are weak-minded and rationally not developed. They are victims of the superstitions and irrational rotten faiths in the guise of religion, traditions and rituals. Not long ago small-pox was considered as the result of the wrath of a goddess. Still in many villages and towns the goddess Shitala is worshipped as the authoress of small-pox. Similarly, sneezing at the start of a work or a travel is considered as an evil portent. The crossing of a cat while you are going for some work is also regarded as equally ominous. In such an event it is presumed that the work is sure to end in failure. The barking of a dog, the crying of a cat, the howling of a jackal and broying of an ass are also taken as ominous. But a man or woman, with a pitcher full of water, crossing your way, a sweeper sweeping the road before you, are looked upon as auspicious.

There are certain days and hours which are auspicious. The people of India have set beliefs and want to perform work accordingly. They consult an astrologer or a priest for an auspicious movement to start an important work or a journey. The time and date of a marriage, inauguration, foundation laying of a house, start of a business, etc., are fixed according to the positions of the planets and stars. There are certain inauspicious days and months when no good and important work can be undertaken.

For the Indians the sun-eclipse, the sight of a comet and a shooting star are very ominous. They signify some disaster or national tragedy to them.

“When beggars die there are no comets seen, The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.”

Essay No. 03

Superstitions  had  their  origin  in  the  element  of  fear  in  man. Whatever  could  not  be  explained  by  reason  was  looked  upon  as an  object  of  terror  and  was  worshipped.  However  even  now, when  civilization  has  progressed  and  education  has  spread, superstitions  are  current  all  over  the  world.  Superstitions  reduce a  man’s  efficiency  and,  therefore,  should  be  done  away  with.

Superstitions  cut  across  caste,  communal,  and  even  national  boundaries People  an  over  the  world  have  superstitions,  though  they  may  differ from  country  to  country  and  region  to  region.  Not even the  educated  arc free  from  superstitions.  In some  cases,  superstitious  beliefs  are  very  deep- rooted.  In  spite  Of  all  evidence  to  the  contrary,  people  continue  to  hold  fast  to  them  and  allow  their  lives  to  be  regulated by  them.

The  origin  of  superstitions  can  be  traced  to  the  element  of  fear  (which  is anti-rationalistic),  the  urge  for  security  and  material  welfare.  Human beings  Cherish  a  deep-seated  wish  for  their physical  Well-being.  They, would  go  to  any  length  to  ward    Off,  real  or  imaginary, danger  to  ,their bodies  and  falling  prey  to  diseases  and  death.  Also  the  desire  for  success; in  projects  involving  material  welfare  is  so  great  in  human  beings  that  even  the  thought  of  failure  unnerves  them.  They,  therefore  believe in certain  superstitions.  Some of  the superstitions  involve either  positively doing  certain  things    or  avoiding  certain situations  or  happenings; Superstitions  are  a  legacy  from  the  Stone  and  Wood  ages.  The  primitive men then  did  not  understand  a  large  part  of  the  natural  phenomena. Their  reason  was  not  highly developed.  They  attributed  their  success  or failure,  or  physical  condemn  to  irrational  beliefs.  Also  superstitions  came into  vogue  through  repeated  coincidences.  For  example,  if  a  person  often met  a, particular  type  of  animal,  while.  going  out  on  a  mission,  and  each time  he  was-unsuccessful,  he  began  to  regard that  animal  as  a  bad  omen. Or  conversely,  success  associated  with  a  series  of  coincidental  happenings; also  created  a  superstition.

In  the  Western  civilization,  one  of  the  most  well-known  superstitions the  ill-luck  number  thirteen  is  supposed  to  bring.  A  person  getting  number thirteen  for  his  car  will  shudder  to  drive  his  vehicle  for  tear  of  accidents. TA  house  with  this  number  will  fill  the  inmates  with  fear  of disease  and death. But  such  is  not  the  case  in  India.  Also, in the  West,   passing under  a  ladder  is considered  unlucky. This superstition  also  is  not  current in  India.

There  is,  however,  a  long  list  of  superstitions  which  are  prevalent  in India.  A  black  cat  is  one  of  the  worst  omens. (In  the  West,  too,  it  is thought  so).  If  a  black  cat  runs  across  someone’s  path,  it  is  believed,  he either  fails  in  his  job   or  meets  with  an  accident.  Owl is  another  illomened  bird.  Hooting  of  an  owl  is  supposed  to  bring  disaster  in  the neighborhood  or  to  the  particular  house  he  is  sitting  on  at  the  time of hooting. Cawing  of  crow  announces  arrival  of  SOW  guests.  Wailing  of  a dog  foreshadows  death.  If  one  meets  a  Brahmin  immediately  on  setting out  for  a  job,  one  is  Most  likely  to  fail.  On  the  Other  hand,  if   one  meets sweeper/sweepers,  it  is  supposed  to  bring success  in  job.  (It  is  a  rather contradictory  superstition.  Shudras  are  regarded  as  low  and  Brahmins  as twice-born  high  caste    beings  in  Indian  society).  Looking  at  alt  empty Vessel  at  the  time  of  corning  out  of  the  house  is  also  supposed  to  bring failure.  If  someone  sneezes,  when  one  is  getting  ready  to  go  out  to accomplish  a  task,  he  is  likely  to fail,  People  don’t  like  to  be  called back  and  asked  a  question  when  they  are  setting  out  for  some  work. Women’s   braids  are  hung  at  the  back  of  vehicles,  sometimes  even  cars belonging  to  the  posh  people.  A newly-built  house  has  to  ward  off  the evil  eye.  This  is  done   by  hanging, on  the  facade  of,  the  house  an  ugly, fearsome  face,  usually  painted  at  the  back  of  an  earthen  vessel.

At  times, superstitions  are  stretched  too  far. Particular people  are  regarded as ill omened  just.  because  a  death  or  a  serious  crippling accident  took place to  a  family  member  after  they  appeared  on  the  scene.  In  the  Indian setup,  the  newly-married  brides  often  have  to  pay  a  heavy  price.  If immediately  after  the  brides  entry  into  her  in-laws  house  the  death  of her  husband  or  father-in-law  or  even  some  other  member  of  the  family occurs, she  is  blamed  for  it.  For  the  rest  of  her  life,  the  daughter-in-law  is subjected  to  taunts  and  torture  for  no  fault  of  hers.

Some  of  the  superstitions,  however,  are  meant  to  bring  about  social  good or lesson  the  pain  or  feeling  of  loss.  For example,  finding  of  a and  carrying  it  along  is  considered  a  sign  of  good  luck.  The  action, thus  performed,  actually  Proves  beneficial  to  satiety:  The  horse-shoe,  an otherwise  dangerous  thing,  which  could  hurt  a  human  or  damage  a  wheel removed  from  the  road  by  the  picker.  Similarly the  breaking  of  crockery  on  the  occasion  of  a  marriage  ceremony  is  considered  auspicious. The  superstition  is  again  calculated  to  lessen  the  feeling  of  loss  that would  otherwise  be  caused  on  account  of  a  financial  loss.

Superstitions,  to  say  the  least,  affect  human  conduct.  They  ,fill,  men  with unnecessary  anxiety  and  fear,  which  lead  to  nervous  strain.  They  reduce the  capability  of  men  to  perform  certain  tasks  or  delay  the  accomplishment of  jobs.  Many  a  man  go  back  home  because  they  have  encountered  some ill  omen.  Superstitions  sour  human  relationships.  Sneezing  is  a  biological need  likewise.  Asking  a question  when  somebody-  is  about  to  leave  for some  job  is  a  natural  curiosity  of  human  beings.

The  purpose  of  education  is  to  reduce  the  area  of  darkness  and  instill among  people  courage,  self-confidence,  and  thereby  free  the  society  from the  tyranny  of  superstitions.  Although  superstitious  beliefs  are  still  current, with  the  spread  of  education,  many  of  the  superstitions  have  died.  Since most  of  the  superstitions  hinder  positive  action;  the  elders  can  play  a crucial  role  in  freeing  the  youngsters  from  the  yoke  of  superstitions. They  can  explain,,  to  them  the  futility  of  believing  in  them.  Also  they can  set  an  example  by  themselves  not  falling  victim  to  superstitious  beliefs.

Essay No. 04

Superstition

“Superstition”, said Burke, “is the religion of feeble minds”. It is belief that has no basis in reason. It is the daughter of Ignorance and Fear. The word means, literally, standing over—standing still at a thing in fear and awe. Superstition, said Pascal, “is founded on fear or ignorance, and leads men to form false ideas of duty, to dread chimeras, and to lean on a broken reed.” Belief in omens and oracles; servile attachment to ritual, usage, form of words; and seeing the supernatural in every incident of life—all these come under Superstition.

In religion, superstition means irrational fear of the mysterious, and reverence for objects that are no proper objects of worship. Ignorant savages have no scientific knowledge of what we call the forces of nature. They think the sun and the moon, fire and wind and wailer, are governed by super-natural beings, who sometimes seem kind, but more often terrible and cruel. These they fear and worship, and try to propitiate them with offerings, sacrifices and senseless rites. And their imagination peoples the universe with imaginary beings—demons, ghosts and fairies.

A tree is judged by its fruits; and the fruits of superstition are all evil. It has been responsible for a vast amount of cruelty, misery and madness. In old times men offered up human sacrifices to appease imaginary gods. In the Middle Ages, the belief in witchcraft led to the persecution of poor old women, who were believed to be in league with the Devil. The Spanish Inquisition tortured and burnt thousands of innocent people, at the bidding of superstition. And even in civilized countries today, superstition produces narrow mindedness, bigotry and needless mental suffering.

Superstition is a thing of darkness; it cannot stand the light. It is a child of ignorance; it hates and flees from the face of knowledge. As knowledge increases, superstition decreases. Science, which has discovered the real forces of nature, has banished the old bogies of superstition—demons, ghosts, and goblins, and all the creations of fear and ignorance which once made men afraid. But superstition dies slowly; and even to-day silly bits of superstition still linger. There are still people who consult fortune-tellers, think the number thirteen unlucky, will not walk under a ladder, nor start a voyage on a Friday. As knowledge spreads, however, superstition will dwindle till it disappears altogether.

Essay No. 05

Superstitions betray human weakness, ignorance and fear of the unknown and mysterious. They are the irrational belief in things which remain inexplicable, mysterious of sufficient knowledge and unravelled because of lack scientific temper. Superstitions are on the decline because of spread of education, reasoning and scientific advancement. However, even educated and advanced people have their superstitions. It has also been seen that while many old superstitions are dying, new ones are being born. Primitive instincts, fears and beliefs present a fertile land for superstitions. Emotional instability, religious orthodoxy, blind belief in irrational rituals, customs and practices make people an easy prey of the superstitions.

Superstitions are not confined to a particular a particular part of the globe, people, race or community. They are ubiquitous and found throughout the world, in one form or another. There is only a difference of degrees. They are more prevalent among illiterate, uneducated and scientifically less advanced people and societies. Superstitions are being passed on from one generation to another, through religious practies. No doubt they are gradually losing ground with the advancement of rationality, scientific approach to things and globalization of the world, yet, superstitions may not be eradicated for a long time.

Belief in charms supernatural powers, ghosts, evil spirits, and spiritual healing etc., have their deep roots in superstitions. They are common among the people of all classes. For example, the eclipse of the sun and moon, sighting of shooting stars and comets, cries of certain birds like owls, revanes, and wiling of dogs mewing of cats, howling of jackals and braying of the ass at certain hours are still regarded as  ominous in many communities all over the world. The fear of number 13 is another example of our blind belief. All superstitions have their origin in the  human psychology of fear of ill- luck, insecurity and the dread of inexplicable forces in nature. When some phenomena cannot be explained and understood, people start fearing them and assign them divine, supernatural and mysterious origins.

In ancient days, all races and people were governed by superstitions. They found rich and fertile ground in human ignorance and lack of scientific knowledge. The less a community is educated and enlightened, the more it tends to be superstitious and backward. Some vested interests, like the Priestly class etc., also exercise a great influence in spreading, maintaining and generating new superstitions. Many of our religious, sectarian and family rituals and rites are based on blind beliefs, and tricks are being played on gullible people by the so-called godmen, priests, quacks, charlatans, astrologers, palmists, star and crystal gazers. There are many religious cults thriving today throughout the world only because of human ignorance, blind faith and irrationality. Even the developed countries are no exception. In spite of advancement of science and technology, the hold of superstitions on mankind is strong and man continues to suffer from these evils and complexes born out of them. In India, sneezing when someone is about to start work, is considered inauspicious. Similarly, the crossing of the path by a cat, especially a black one, is regarded as boding ill-luck. Like these ominous signs, there are lucky ones as well, which are regarded as harbingers of good luck, fortune and success. Man’s ingrained fear of the unknown and the inexplicable has invented ominous signs, portents and premonitions.

Sacrifice of birds and animals to please the gods and goddesses, and to atone for one’s sins, is a common practice among many communities all over the world. ‘Many women are still lynched because they are mistaken for witches. People still resort to magicians and godmen to exorcise the so-called evil spirits and their harmful influences, and are being willingly fleeced and duped in the process.

Superstitions are thriving in an organised way under various cults, religious sects, godmen, priests, and so-called prophets and representatives of gods. They are successfully leading the masses by the nose. We have actually failed to draw a line between religion and blind faith, bigotry and spiritualism and between prayer and useless incantations. We regard certain hours and days as inauspicious and so consult astrologers, priests and godmen to know the auspicious days and hours to start- our work, projects and journey. Likewise, the time and date of marriage, inauguration, foundation-laying ceremonies are fixed according to the advice of astrologers and the positions of the planets and stars.

The need of the hour is to cultivate more and more objectivity, rationality and scientific spirit in our approach to things, including those which are inexplicable and in some way or other mysterious. We need not give up our ideals, imagination, emotions and impulses and become living robots, but we must be alert and watchful so as not to allow these to dominate and dictate our faculties of reasoning, logic and analysis. Religion is certainly blind if not blended with science and reasoning; and, science is lame, unless guided by conscience and emotions. Our only hope is in sanity, balance and cultivation of scientific outlook and temper. 

Essay No. 06

Majority of people are superstitious blindly. Superstition is a sign of ignorance and backwardness. Thus superstitions do not have any place in science. But people not only in India but in other countries also are superstitious. The number thirteen is regarded as an ominous figure by people in some countries. Even the French architect Le Corbusier, who designed the Indian city Chandigarh, was superstitious for he did not create Sector-13, in Chandigarh. Similarly Europeans consider it lucky if they find a horse shoe on the road. Other popular superstitions are that the howling of a jackal, sight of an owl bodes evil. Some people believe that a journey undertaken in a particular direction, on a given time is inauspicious. Sneezing when a person is ready to leave is considered a bad omen. Similarly howling of a dog is thought to indicate death of someone. But due to the impact of science, people have started questioning popular superstitions. Science sees everything rationally and it will serve people well if they examine these things rationally. People should turn a deaf ear to these superstitions and only then they will progress in their life.

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The Ritual Effect by Michael Norton review – standing on ceremony

From Rafael Nadal’s ball-bouncing to families’ Christmas traditions, what purpose does ritualistic behaviour serve?

T he adjective “ritual”, from Latin via French, means related to religious rites. (A rite, according to the OED, is “a prescribed act or observance in a religious or other solemn ceremony”.) As soon as it appeared, however, the word “ritual” could be used in a derogatory fashion to denote things empty of authentic spiritual content. In his Ecclesiastical History (1570), for example, the martyrologist John Foxe complained about two epistles erroneously (so he argued) attributed to the third-century pope Zephyrinus: they contained “no manner of doctrine” but only “certain ritual decrees to no purpose”. Today one may disparagingly speak of some writer’s “ritual genuflection” to fashionable norms, to accuse them of a kind of moral and intellectual cosplay. Perhaps, then, we are long overdue a defence of the value of ritual, in all its style-over-substance glory? That is what the Harvard business professor Michael Norton aims to provide in his book, an amiable and diverting-enough essay in the genre of airport-friendly smart thinking. Though he notes the power of longstanding social rituals such as the wedding or the funeral, Norton’s interest is mostly in the other kind: “idiosyncratic behaviours that can emerge spontaneously”. From Rafael Nadal’s interminable routine of ball-bouncing and shirt-pulling before every serve, to a romantic couple giving each other ladybird-themed presents, the message is that rituals can not only optimise athletic performance but enrich our lives in general, cementing relationships, encouraging attention to the moment, and – perhaps most importantly for the target audience – tricking one’s employees into being more happily productive.

Picking nuggets from psychology and social science research to build this case, Norton also describes his own research into the topic, which consists of a mixture of large-scale surveys (about what kind of personal rituals people perform as they groom, exercise or retire to sleep) and lab tests, in which people are taught rituals and then asked to collaborate on tasks. It turns out that the imposition of arbitrary rituals alone (clapping, chanting, whatever) helps a group of strangers become a team. In this story it is precisely the emptiness of rituals that makes them valuable as “emotional catalysts”, when they are not actually exercises in magical thinking, such as rain ceremonies. (Other animals may be prone to magical thinking, too: pigeons have been observed to repeat a nonsensical action that once was rewarded with food in the hope it will work again.) But when is a ritual not a ritual? Norton discusses family “rituals” such as choices about specific food or Johnny Mathis records at Christmas, but it seems more natural to speak of these as invented traditions. (That preserves the author’s point that we can come to value these traditions very deeply through what he calls “the Ikea effect”: if you build it, you love it more.) I was tickled to learn that the concert pianist Sviatoslav Richter always carried a pink plastic lobster backstage with him before a performance, but was this really a ritual or just a superstition? Meanwhile, if I do something habitually but without any particular drama – for example, drinking two cups of coffee before writing a book review – that is not a ritual either. As Norton notes, the “essence” of a ritual is how it is performed, not what is done. Perhaps one synthesis of such arguments might be that the idea of “ritual” itself is a spectrum, at one end of which lies mere habit, at the other end ceremony. Alas, rituals have a dark side, too, and not just when they are explicitly satanic. The most troubling finding in this book is the obverse of the ritual-as-social-glue: it turns out that groups brought together with newfangled rituals in a research setting automatically view others taught different rituals as an out-group, less worthy of respect. In this light, Earth’s long history of religious wars looks less like a series of battles over actual doctrine than just another strand of us against them. Even so, the book’s overall point perhaps offers a reason for cautious optimism: in a disenchanted world, attention to tiny rituals can clear a little space for everyday magic.

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Antiquarian Book Fair: From Sylvia Plath’s Papers to Vintage Matchbooks

This year’s New York International Antiquarian Book Fair features plenty of quirky items amid the high-ticket treasures. (Poison books, anyone?)

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By Jennifer Schuessler

For those who love a chance to inspect stunning decorative bindings and rare volumes (or just ogle the people who can afford them), the annual New York International Antiquarian Book Fair is an unmissable date on the spring calendar.

This year’s edition, through Sunday at the Park Avenue Armory in Manhattan, will bring nearly 200 dealers from 15 countries. And there will be no shortage of high-ticket treasures, like Sydney Parkinson’s richly illustrated “Account of a Voyage to the South Seas” from 1773 ($57,000) and the first complete, large-scale photographic atlas of the moon, published between 1896 and 1910 ($68,000).

The fair is also the place to get an up-close look at all manner of pulp novels, letters, posters, pamphlets, menus, fliers and other items (mostly) on paper, many of them affordable to browsers on a budget.

Here’s a sampling of some of the more intriguing items on offer, from 19th-century “poison books” to early-20th-century Chinese restaurant matchbooks to a choice relic of 1990s MTV.

Handle With Care

Ready for some bibliotoxicology? Honey & Wax Booksellers , based in Brooklyn, is offering a collection of “poison books” — volumes bound in cloth and paper containing arsenic, which was widely used in the mid-19th-centuryas a decorative bright-green tint. To date, the Poison Books Project has identified nearly 300 surviving examples. The volumes at the fair, priced between $150 and $450, include titles ranging from the innocuous (“Emily and Clara’s Trip to Niagara Falls,” circa 1861) to the vaguely sinister (“The Amulet,” circa 1854). Each comes with nitrile gloves and polyethylene bags, the listing says, “for safe handling of these beautiful but dangerous books.”

‘By Sylvia’

Type Punch Matrix , a dealer in Washington, D.C., is offering what it calls a mini-exhibition of two dozen items relating to the poet Sylvia Plath, much of which, it says, has never been seen by the public. The collection, most of which came from a Plath family friend, includes a signed contract from her first publication, a 1950 story in Seventeen magazine ($10,000), and a handwritten unpublished juvenile poem, “The Snowflake Star” ($45,000), signed “By Sylvia.” There’s also an annotated course reading list from Smith College (including a note about an upcoming blind date) and a copy of Karl Jaspers’s book “Tragedy Is Not Enough,” with the marginal note “cf. August 1953” — an apparent reference to the mental breakdown that inspired Plath’s novel “The Bell Jar.”

Faux Fairies

Between 1917 and 1920, two young cousins in the small Yorkshire village of Cottingley played around with a family camera, creating whimsical fairy scenes using hatpins and paper cutouts. But after their mother brought them to the Theosophical Society in the nearby city of Bradford, members already immersed in theories about the unseen world began earnestly debating the scenes’ authenticity, thus starting one of the more bizarre hoaxes in 20th-century British history.

Even Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes (and an ardent spiritualist ), was taken in, writing in the magazine The Strand that the photos, if proven real, would “jolt the material twentieth-century mind out of its heavy ruts in the mud” and “make it admit that there is a glamour and a mystery to life.” Some believers remained into the 1980s, when one of the surviving cousins finally revealed how they had created the images. Burnside Rare Books from Portland, Ore., is offering a complete set of the five photographs for (no fooling) $28,000.

A scrapbook on offer from the Vermont bookseller Marc Selvaggio gives a glimpse inside the social whirl of Gilded Age New York as enjoyed by Leonard Chenery, a retired naval captain who seemingly never encountered an invitation he didn’t just accept but also lovingly preserve.

Created between 1881 and 1900, the book ($4,500) contains more than 373 menus, programs, invitations, dance cards and other ephemera from some of the city’s most prestigious clubs and grandest commemorative occasions. There are items from enduring stalwarts like the Lotos Club and the Metropolitan Club, as well as vanished outfits like the Thirteen Club , which sought to dispel superstitions by requiring guests to walk under ladders, partake of 13-course dinners, spill salt and otherwise taunt fate. Many items are annotated with lists of guests, speakers, conversation topics and other historical breadcrumbs.

Chop Suey History

The humble matchbook was patented in 1892, and within a few years it became a ubiquitous form of marketing for all kinds of businesses. A collection of more than 3,000 from Chinese restaurants across the United States and Canada ($16,000), offered by Daniel/Oliver in Brooklyn, delivers a pocket-size history lesson in both cultural history and graphic design. By 1929, according to the listing, there were Chinese restaurants in nearly all of the 50 most populous cities in the United States, most of them low-cost venues serving Americanized dishes like chop suey and chow mein. Many of the matchbooks, dating from the 1920s to the 1970s, use a now-familiar stereotypical typeface meant to evoke Chinese calligraphy, which is in fact traceable to a font created in 1883 in Cleveland.

Yo! MTV Writes

In 1981, MTV aired its first video, for “Video Killed the Radio Star” by the Buggles. But long after starting the revolution, the channel still clung to some analog traditions. B&B Rare Books in Manhattan is offering a guest book from MTV’s television studio in London in the late 1990s ($12,500), signed by acts both famous (Foo Fighters, ‘N Sync, Marilyn Manson) and forgotten (like Ultimate Kaos, a boy band created by Simon Cowell). It was a time, the listing notes, when all genres of music were jumbled together, and when MTV still broadcast videos. On one page, Rob Thomas of Matchbox Twenty writes: “There is a dead man in my bathroom.” On another, a doodle by the band Hanson comes with the commandment sacred to every headbanger (and rare book lover?): “Rock on!”

An earlier version of a caption with this article misstated the title of Sydney Parkinson’s richly illustrated book from 1773. It is “Account of a Voyage to the South Seas,” not “A Journal of the Voyage to the South Seas.”

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[pdf notes] science and superstitions: essay, science and superstitions: essay.

SCIENCE and SUPERSTITIONS

Science and superstitions, although they claim their descent from the same, a common ancestry, yet like the Arabs and the Israelis, forgetting that they are brothers, are always at draggers drawn with each other; they have no love lost between them. Of the two sisters, the science and the superstition, the latter is the older. The common ancestor is ignorance. Born of the ignorance the superstition grew fast on the very I fertile ground of the hearts – innocent and ignorant. After a very long | time of the birth of the first child, the superstition, the second child, the more intelligent the more modern, the more beautiful child, the science was born. The latter born baby, the science, set-forth on the path that did shoot of distinctly at a fairly large angle, perhaps never to meet its sister again. It would not be wrong to say that though they are sisters, yet the latter, the younger sister is clearly distinguishable from her older sister.

As man gradually gained more knowledge about the causes behind the natural phenomena; he began shedding off some of the fear associated with them. This was because man could now find and understand some of the ‘natural’ secrets. Once the ball was set rolling, the pace of the progress of science gained acceleration and momentum. The progress of the one meant the regress of the other. That means the science progressed as the other regressed, it w as the mental standard of the superstitious people that deteriorated, they became more and more superstitious, while the scientific minded people became more scientific minded. As compared with the superstitious people, the men of science proceeded more scientifically, more logically. The men of science are gods as compared with their ancestors, who were not scientific or even scientific, minded. Yet whereas it would be perfectly correct to say that science is the sister, if not the daughter of ignorance, it must be remembered that this daughter is modem and is a thoroughly transformed child. It is the men of science who have revolutionized the world who made it at once a heaven and hell by their inventions of comfort and the devices of destruction. Had it been not for the revolutions of science, the world would have been much i different from what it is as we see it.

Science had reduced time and distance, the world shrink as the pace of science increases. Television, the telescope and the microscope are the eyes of our eyes; telephone is the ear of our ears, as the machines are the hands of our hands. We are riding the horseless carriages, the railways trains and the pilotless aeroplanes. Printing presses, the factories and the mills have made our lives fit to be envied by the gods of mythology, and the atom bombs, the I. C. B. M.  s have set everything ready to destroy that has been created. The progress of science has brought the world to the edge – to the very top of the conical crater of a volcano, only a few fastidious steps and the world will be drawn into the abysmal depths of infernal fire of the hell.

‘Blood is thicker than water’ they say, and the same is true of science and superstitions. They are sisters, the children of the same parents after all sooner or later they will unite again. When anyone or anything goes up and up and had reached a point that it is not possible to go higher, there is no alternative but to fall down and again to the same level if not lower to rise slowly, gradually. Before and insects are near enough their death, just before they have come near enough to death, nature provides them with wings, turning them into moths to enable them to fly the flight of death. Similarly when a stage reaches when science has reached such a stage as that no further rise is possible, then there will be only the last, the final leap to the deep depths of the ravines of ignorance. There will then be happy meeting between the long separated sisters, the elder one will once hold the younger sister in her arms, perhaps more firmly, more tightly, out of the excited ness of the meeting.

Has superstition left man for good or has it left man at all, is a question that is not too difficult to answer. And the answer is’ NO. Even the most advanced of men, including the men of science, are seen worshipping God, and gods, and statues, and believing in the miracles, magic and superstition. Numerous Scientists, and seen wearing certain ‘karas’, red, black or white threads tied round their wrists or slung round their necks, certain devices to cast off the evil spell cast by the evil eye and other sources. A sneeze would keep in check most of the best advanced scientists from undertaking any new experiment in science or the sight of a crow or a cat or even a sweeper or a Brahmin or a bare headed or bald man, or the sight of an empty vessel will make even the most modern people shudder for a while, and for a moment make hem desist from doing anything new or stop them in midst of anything they are doing. How can it be said that superstition has divorced science or the other way round, the science has divorced superstition.

Last but not the least, the superstitions, of whatever type or nature they might be, if they or their origin be traced back, they will be found to have been based upon some very sound, scientific belief. This proves that there was science first and that gradually at some period in antiquity that science must have been advanced so much that, further advance not being possible, man would have become ignorant and superstitious again, retaining some of the science in it. And then superstitious must have grown on the soil of science, again and science would have done away with superstition, and the cycle must have continued, as we see today.  We read in the scriptures of various mythologies that in the darkest ancient past people used to come on the earth from the ‘other worlds’ and return thither. Similarly the people from the earth used to visit the moon and other planets of the solar system and beyond. Only about a few years ago was in the papers mat Soviet scientists have proved mat Mohammad, Jesus Christ and Lord Buddha were nit the beings of the earth. They came, they say, from the other worlds and returned to the worlds they came from, because this world was not fit to be lived in by them. The ignorant and unworthy men of this earth were too human and so inhuman in their behaviour to them that either they killed them or they tortured them to slow death, and still they fortunately or unfortunately did not die, they left for heavenly abodes. This again proves that the stories about the people coming and going from and to the other worlds, were and are not merely tall talks or the fairy tales of the Arabian nights or just fairy tales; those stories that we read in the various scriptures. The pulse of the time has, since time immemorial, been pulsating between the two extremities, one at each end, the superstition and science, ties to the common thread of ignorance, their common mother.

Concluding, it may be said that whether it be, the science or it be the superstition, they are die inseparable companions from birth, and their relation cannot be snapped, it cannot be severed. One has something of the other in it, something inherent in it. Neither can divorce the other. This has been so since the time remembered not and shall probably till the times that cannot be predicted. They are hand in gloves with each other, they will ever be so.