Beamline | BL17B | Source type | Bend magnet (BM) | Collimating mirror | 2.8 mrad Rh/Si Si/Si | Focusing mirror | 2.8 mrad Rh/Si | Monochromator | Double-crystal monochromator (DCM), Si(111) | Energy range | 5–23 keV, 2.5–0.6 Å | Energy resolution (Δ ) | ≤3 × 10 (12.4 keV) | Focused beam size (FWHM) | ≤120 µm × 180 µm (H × V, 12 keV) | Focused beam divergence | ≤1.5 mrad × 0.2 mrad (H × V, 12 keV) | Flux | ≥3 × 10 photons s (300 mA, 12 keV) | Goniometer | ARINAX MD2 Mini-Kappa MK3 | Cryocapability | 80–400 K, LN Oxford Cryosystem 800 | Sample mounting robot | Irelec CATS | Detector | Pilatus3S 2M | | The BL17B beamline station utilizes synchrotron radiation as the X-ray source, offering advantages such as high flux, high collimation and tunable wavelength. Equipped with a two-dimensional area Pilatus detector, the experimental station not only rapidly acquires crystallographic information but also detects diffraction signals both in-plane and out-of-plane, providing detailed orientation distribution information for the same crystal plane. This capability facilitates time-resolved in situ experiments. By altering the incident angle, scattering signals from the surface to the bulk can be obtained. Therefore, experiments employing the synchrotron-radiation-based GIWAXS methodology have significantly contributed to the advancement of energy storage materials. 1.1. Experimental station | Layout of the experimental station: (1) attenuator, (2) slit, (3) ion chamber, (4) fast shutter, (5) co-axis microscope, (6) robot, (7) goniometer, (8) fluorescence detector, (9) cryocooler, (10) Pilatus detector. | The MD2 diffractometer system boasts a high-precision air-bearing rotation axis with a programmable controller, enabling the issuance of shutter commands based on the rotation axes' speed and position. The comprehensive beamline control system integrates slits, light intensity detectors and scatter blockers, among other components. External attachments to the diffractometer include a liquid nitrogen cooling apparatus and an adjustable bracket for fluorescence detection. The low-temperature cooling equipment for the sample consists of a cold head, a liquid nitrogen dewar, a pump, a cold head controller, a liquid nitrogen level controller and a manual controller. The cold head's adjustable temperature range spans from 80 to 500 K (Oxford Cryostream 800 series), facilitating in situ studies of temperature effects on the sample. A user-friendly goniometer head allows for easy manual installation of a standard test sample, enhancing operational efficiency. Pilatus S3 2M detector parameters | Name | PILATUS 2M | Type | 3 × 8 CMOS | Area (mm) | 254 mm × 289 mm | Pixel size | 172 µm × 172 µm | Number of pixels | 1475 × 1679 | Dynamic range | 1048576 | Readout time | 0.0023 s | Highest resolution (Å) | 0.83 Å | | | Schematic diagram of the software user interface. | 2.1. Sample preparation | Schematic illustration of different deposition methods ( one-step spin-coating, two-step spin-coating, vapor deposition and anti-solvent engineering) (Choi , 2020 ). | BL17B experimental users can select the most appropriate preparation method based on the characteristics of their samples. For in situ sample testing, it is recommended that the sample substrate area does not exceed 2 cm × 2 cm, the substrate is typically a silicon wafer or a glass slide, and the sample on the substrate should be uniformly coated with a thickness on the micro-nanometre scale. 2.2. Experimental method | ( ) Photograph of the portable control station and ( ) diagram of the software user interface. ( ) An example of a diffraction pattern recorded in the GIWAXS experiment. | Currently, the GIWAXS testing methods at the BL17B beamline are categorized into offline experiments and in situ experiments. Offline experiments refer to testing pre-prepared samples directly on the sample stage in the laboratory. Our designed sample stage can accommodate ten samples at once for automatic testing, significantly enhancing testing efficiency compared with the traditional method of testing individual samples sequentially. The method described in this paper greatly improves the testing throughput. In addition, in situ experiments encompass in situ spin-coating, heating and variations in environmental atmosphere. When in situ spin-coating and heating tests are required, the multifunctional control station is positioned between the X-ray beam and the detector, and the sample to be tested is securely placed and fixed on the sample stage. The motion control system and the spin-coating and heating device are used to accurately adjust the platform to achieve the desired X-ray exposure on the sample. The spin-coating and heating system is a fixture on the motion system, capable of heating the spin coater. The sample is placed on the spin head, either mechanically secured or attached with specific adhesives to ensure full contact with the spin head without obstructing incident and diffracted light. Relevant parameters of experimental devices | Equipment | Parameter | Spin coater (vac-sorb) | Maximum speed | 9999 r.p.m. | Precision index | ±1 r.p.m. | Single maximum time | 50 min | Heating apparatus | Temperature control range | Room temperature ∼423 K | Effective thermal area | π × 2.5 cm | Atmosphere hood | Shield | π × 6 × 18 cm | Available gas | N , CO, | Pipette | Eppendorf | 100 µL/200 µL/1000 µL | | | Schematic diagram of and . ( ) test, ( ) heating, ( ) spin coating and ( ) atmosphere environment. | In GIWAXS testing, beam cutting is the first and most crucial step. Beam cutting refers to aligning the sample parallel to the X-ray beam and partially blocking the beam to ensure that the light can impinge on the sample surface in a grazing incidence manner during testing. Firstly, the sample is positioned lower than the beam so that the detector fully receives the beam, resulting in the highest detector count. In the second step, the sample position is raised along the Z -axis until the detector count decreases to half of the previous count, indicating that half of the beam is blocked. Finally, the sample is oscillated around the Y -axis within a small angular range. It can be observed that, when the sample is perfectly parallel to the beam, the beam is least obstructed, resulting in the maximum detector count. This angle is set as 0°, and afterward the incident angle can be controlled by tilting the sample stage. For testing perovskite thin film samples, an incident angle of 0.3° is typically chosen, as it achieves a good balance between diffraction signal and background signal. If it is necessary to limit the penetration depth, the incident angle can be adjusted accordingly. Additionally, the penetration ability of X-rays is closely related to their wavelength. Beamline BL17B usually employs X-rays with two wavelengths, 10 keV and 18 keV. The use of 18 keV X-rays provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the two-dimensional diffraction pattern, but it also has a higher penetration power and is less sensitive to changes in incident angle. Therefore, when performing angle-resolved tests, 10 keV X-rays are typically selected. 2.3. Scientific highlights of GIWAXS | Typical achievements in GIWAXS research at the BL17B beamline. | This article outlines the performance of the BL17B beamline station and the methodology of GIWAXS, including experimental testing, auxiliary facilities, data acquisition and user achievements. BL17B is a high-throughput structural analysis beamline with a high degree of automation, enabling rapid, scalable and efficient sample collection and structural determination. A portable/integrated/high-precision GIWAXS testing device developed based on this beamline allows for various in situ experiments, such as in situ coating, heating and atmospheric conditions. This device facilitates real-time monitoring of the crystallization and decomposition processes of perovskites, providing valuable support for the development of more stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. AcknowledgementsWe thank the staff of the NFPS and SSRF team for design, installation and continuing collaboration. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Professor Yang Yingguo for his expert guidance and invaluable assistance on the design of the GIWAXS equipment. Funding informationThe following funding is acknowledged: Chinese Academy Science (CAS) Key Technology Talent Program (grant No. 2021000022). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited. Follow J. Synchrotron Rad. | ![](//sektorel.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif) |
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Define your specific research problem and problem statement. Highlight the novelty and contributions of the study. Give an overview of the paper's structure. The research paper introduction can vary in size and structure depending on whether your paper presents the results of original empirical research or is a review paper.
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
This paragraph should both attract the reader's attention and give them the necessary information about the paper. In any academic paper, the introduction paragraph constitutes 10% of the paper's total word count. For example, if you are preparing a 3,000-word paper, your introduction paragraph should consist of approximately 300 words.
Research paper introduction is the first section of a research paper that provides an overview of the study, its purpose, and the research question (s) or hypothesis (es) being investigated. It typically includes background information about the topic, a review of previous research in the field, and a statement of the research objectives.
Hannah, a writer and editor since 2017, specializes in clear and concise academic and business writing. She has mentored countless scholars and companies in writing authoritative and engaging content. A great research paper introduction starts with a catchy hook and ends with a road map for the research. At every step, QuillBot can help.
Table of contents. Step 1: Hook your reader. Step 2: Give background information. Step 3: Present your thesis statement. Step 4: Map your essay's structure. Step 5: Check and revise. More examples of essay introductions. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.
After you've done some extra polishing, I suggest a simple test for the introductory section. As an experiment, chop off the first few paragraphs. Let the paper begin on, say, paragraph 2 or even page 2. If you don't lose much, or actually gain in clarity and pace, then you've got a problem. There are two solutions.
When writing your research paper introduction, there are several key elements you should include to ensure it is comprehensive and informative. A hook or attention-grabbing statement to capture the reader's interest. It can be a thought-provoking question, a surprising statistic, or a compelling anecdote that relates to your research topic.
In general, your introductions should contain the following elements: When you're writing an essay, it's helpful to think about what your reader needs to know in order to follow your argument. Your introduction should include enough information so that readers can understand the context for your thesis. For example, if you are analyzing ...
Crafting the perfect introduction for a research paper is both an art and a science. The introduction sets the stage for your entire study, providing essential context, presenting the research problem, and outlining the structure of your paper. Done well, it captures the reader's interest and guides them seamlessly into the body of your research.
Try starting your paper with that. How about starting with an anecdotal story or humor? Middle Sentences : The middle sentences cover the different points in your paper. If you've already planned which order to write the points in the paper, you already know which order to place them in your introductory paragraph. (Hint: it's the same order).
Quotes, anecdotes, questions, examples, and broad statements—all of them can be used successfully to write an introduction for a research paper. It's instructive to see them in action, in the hands of skilled academic writers. Let's begin with David M. Kennedy's superb history, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and ...
Know that for a longer report, your introduction might be more than one paragraph (see sample below). Procedure. Before you write, consider the following: 1. Choose a research topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. For instance, a topic could be abandoned gas wells in Adams County, Colorado. 2.
Download Article. 1. Announce your research topic. You can start your introduction with a few sentences which announce the topic of your paper and give an indication of the kind of research questions you will be asking. This is a good way to introduce your readers to your topic and pique their interest.
Introductions for class essays. Introductions for class essays are simpler than research articles introductions. Most of the time they include the following elements: (1) a general problem that needs a solution; (2) a brief review of solutions that didn't work out; (3) a research question; (4) a hypothesis that answers the research question.
Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft. The revision process. Research paper checklist. Free lecture slides.
Crafting an effective research paper introduction can be challenging, but with the right approach and attention to detail, you can create an introduction that captures the reader's attention and sets the stage for the rest of the paper. Whether you choose a general introduction, a quote-based introduction, a surprising fact-based introduction ...
Step 9: Describe The Structure. Finally, the last step on how to make an introduction in a research paper involves describing the structure of your research paper. You need to provide an overview of the structure of your research paper. Briefly outline the main sections or chapters of your paper. Explain how they contribute to your overall ...
gument. A good introduction grabs the reader's attention and sets the stage for the rest of the paper to hold that attention by outlining the steps the writer will take in the rest of the paper. There is no one right way to write an introduction. The length and content of an intro-duction will change based on the type of writing you are doing.
The key thing is. to guide the reader into your topic and situate your ideas. Step 2: Describe the background. This part of the introduction differs depending on what approach your paper is ...
A research paper introduction holds perhaps the most importance for a study to be successful. After a good research paper abstract, it is the introduction that builds the interest in a reader to continue reading the research paper.If the introduction turns out to be dull and drab, then the study would be a failed one. A good research paper needs a lot of background study, which you often fail ...
Writing a Thesis Statement. Research paper writing is one of the most challenging tasks for students. To write your research papers in a relevant way, it is important to add new information and to connect the text with the research topic. For example, a research paper introduction example can help you learn how to create an introduction that grabs the attention of the reader.
Introduction 'Medicinal foods' refer to resources in the diet that have potential curative value due to the presence of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) [1, 2].PSMs are compounds that usually occur only in special, differentiated cells [] and which help plants defend against predators, pathogens, and competitors [4-7].PSMs can have a range of functions, including the inhibition of ...
Introduction. Proteins play a crucial role in human life, composing cells and governing various aspects of life, impacting our health, development and survival. ... enabling detailed research into sample crystalline behavior. The multi-environmental variable system for samples can be precisely configured according to user requirements ...