case study questions on biomolecules class 11 biology

Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Biomolecules

Case study questions class 11 biology chapter 9 biomolecules.

CBSE Class 11 Case Study Questions Biology Biomolecules. Important Case Study Questions for Class 11 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Biomolecules.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 11 Biology Biomolecules

Enzymes are composed of one or several polypeptide chains. However, there are a number of cases in which non-protein constituents called co-factors are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active. In these instances, the protein portion of the enzymes is called the apoenzyme. Three kinds of cofactors may be identified: prosthetic groups, co-enzymes and metal ions. Prosthetic groups are organic compounds and are distinguished from other cofactors in that they are tightly bound to the apoenzyme. For example, in peroxidase and catalase, which catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, haem is the prosthetic group and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme. Co-enzymes are also organic compounds but their association with the apoenzyme is only transient, usually occurring during the course of catalysis. Furthermore, co-enzymes serve as co-factors in a number of different enzyme catalyzed reactions. The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are vitamins, e.g., coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADP contain the vitamin niacin. A number of enzymes require metal ions for their activity which form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or more cordination bonds with the substrate, e.g., zinc is a cofactor for the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase. Catalytic activity is lost when the co-factor is removed from the enzyme which testifies that they play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

1.) In complex of protein and co-factors, protein is referred as ___________________.

a) Proenzyme

b) Coenzyme

c) Apoenzyme

d.) Proteinase enzyme.

2.) ________________ Co-factor are found very tightly bound to the apoenzyme.

a.) Co-enzyme

b.) Proenzyme

c,) Proteinase

d.) Prosthetic

3.) Enlist the type of co-factor with examples.

4.) Define co-factors.

5.) What result come off if co-factor is removed from the enzyme?

3.) Three kinds of cofactors

• Prosthetic groups – e.g. Haem
• Co-enzymes – e.g. Niacin
• Metal ions – e.g. zinc

4.) Co-factor are the non-protein constituents are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active. Enzymes are composed of one or several polypeptide chains. However, there are a number of cases in which non-protein constituents are bound to the enzyme to make the enzyme catalytically active.

5.) Catalytic activity is lost when the co-factor is removed from the enzyme which testifies that they play a crucial role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

The activity of an enzyme can be affected by a change in the conditions which can alter the tertiary structure of the protein. These include temperature, pH, and change in substrate concentration or binding of specific chemicals that regulate its activity. Temperature and pH Enzymes generally function in a narrow range of temperature and pH. Each enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature and pH called the optimum temperature and optimum pH. Activity declines both below and above the optimum value. Low temperature preserves the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state whereas high temperature destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denatured by heat.

Concentration of Substrate With the increase in substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction rises at first. The reaction ultimately reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax) which is not exceeded by any further rise in concentration of the substrate. This is because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation of these molecules, there are no free enzyme molecules to bind with the additional substrate molecules.

The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that bind to the enzyme. When the binding of the chemical shuts off enzyme activity, the process is called inhibition and the chemical is called an inhibitor.

When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as competitive inhibitor. Due to its close structural similarity with the substrate, the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the substrate binding site of the enzyme. Consequently, the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme action declines, e.g., inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate which closely resembles the substrate succinate in structure. Such competitive inhibitors are often used in the control of bacterial pathogens.

1.) _______________ is a chemical compound or molecule which is responsible for decrease or stop the enzyme activity by binding to an enzyme.

a.) Catalyser

b) Inhibitor

c) Regulator

d) Controller

2.) _______________ preserve the enzyme and keep them in temporarily inactive state.

a.) Optimum pH

c) Optimum temperature

d) Low temperature

3.) Give reason – why most of the enzymes destroyed in high temperature condition?

4.) Explain the relation between substrate concentration and enzymatic activity?

5.) Explain competitive inhibition and inhibitor.

3.) Enzymes are composed of one or several polypeptide chains. Almost all enzymes are protein. High temperature condition destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denatured by heat.

4.) Concentration of Substrate With the increase in substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction rises at first. The reaction ultimately reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax) which is not exceeded by any further rise in concentration of the substrate. This is because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation of these molecules, there are no free enzyme molecules to bind with the additional substrate molecules.

5.) When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as competitive inhibitor. Due to its close structural similarity with the substrate, the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the substrate binding site of the enzyme. Consequently, the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme action declines. This phenomenon is called as competitive inhibition.

Almost all enzymes are proteins. There are some nucleic acids that behave like enzymes. These are called ribozymes. An enzyme like any protein has a primary structure, i.e., amino acid sequence of the protein. An enzyme like any protein has the secondary and the tertiary structure. When you look at a tertiary structure you will notice that the backbone of the protein chain folds upon itself, the chain criss-crosses itself and hence, many crevices or pockets are made. One such pocket is the ‘active site’. An active site of an enzyme is a crevice or pocket into which the substrate fits. Thus enzymes, through their active site, catalyse reactions at a high rate. Enzyme catalysts differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways, but one major difference needs mention. Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temperatures and high pressures, while enzymes get damaged at high temperatures (say above 40°C). However, enzymes isolated from organisms who normally live under extremely high temperatures (e.g., hot vents and sulphur springs), are stable and retain their catalytic power even at high temperatures (upto 80°-90°C). Thermal stability is thus an important quality of such enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms.

1.) _____________ is the pocket like region of an enzyme into which substrate molecules bind.

a) Protein site

b) Co-factors

c) Coenzyme

d) Active site

2.) Identify incorrect statement

Statement 1 – Nucleic acids which behave like enzymes are commonly termed as nucliozymes.

Statement 2 – An enzyme like any protein has a primary, secondary and the tertiary structure.

Statement 3 – Enzyme catalysts differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways.

Statement 4 – All enzymes are proteins.

b) Both 1 & 3

d.) None of the above

3.) How active site of enzymes are formed?

4.) Explain how Enzyme catalysts differ from inorganic catalysts?

5.) What is ribozymes?

3.) Enzyme have primary, secondary and tertiary structure like proteins. In tertiary structure, backbone of the protein chain folds upon itself, the chain criss-crosses itself and leads to the formation of many crevices or pockets are made. These pockets are referred as active site of enzyme. An active site of an enzyme is a crevice or pocket into which the substrate fits.

4.) Enzyme catalysts differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways. Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temperatures and high pressures, while enzymes get damaged at high temperatures (above 40°C). There are some exceptions such as enzyme isolated from thermophilic organisms.

5.) There are some nucleic acid behave like an enzymes, these nucleic acid is termed as ribozymes.

Metabolic pathways can lead to a more complex structure from a simpler structure (for example, acetic acid becomes cholesterol) or lead to a simpler structure from a complex structure (for example, glucose becomes lactic acid in our skeletal muscle). The former cases are called biosynthetic pathways or anabolic pathways. The latter constitute degradation and hence are called catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways, as expected, consume energy. Assembly of a protein from amino acids requires energy input. On the other hand, catabolic pathways lead to the release of energy. For example, when glucose is degraded to lactic acid in our skeletal muscle, energy is liberated. This metabolic pathway from glucose to lactic acid which occurs in 10 metabolic steps is called glycolysis. Living organisms have learnt to trap this energy liberated during degradation and store it in the form of chemical bonds. As and when needed, this bond energy is utilised for biosynthetic, osmotic and mechanical work that we perform. The most important form of energy currency in living systems is the bond energy in a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

There are thousands of chemical compounds in a living organism, otherwise called as metabolites or biomolecules, are present at concentrations characteristic of each of them. For example, the blood concentration of glucose in a normal healthy individual is 4.2 mmol/L– 6.1 mmol/L, while that of hormones would be nanograms/mL. The most important fact of biological systems is that all living organisms exist in a steady-state characterised by concentrations of each of these biomolecules. These biomolecules are in a metabolic flux. Any chemical or physical process moves spontaneously to equilibrium. The steady state is a non-equilibrium state. Systems at equilibrium cannot perform work. As living organisms work continuously, they cannot afford to reach equilibrium. Hence the living state is a non-equilibrium steady state to be able to perform work; living process is a constant effort to prevent falling into equilibrium. This is achieved by energy input. Metabolism provides a mechanism for the production of energy. Hence the living state and metabolism are synonymous. Without metabolism there cannot be a living state.

1.) ________________ is the destructive process, which involves complex structure breakdown into simple form.

a) Amphibolic pathway

b) Anabolic pathway

c) Catabolic pathway

d) None of the above

2.) ______________ is the normal glucose concentration in normal healthy individual.

a) 9 mmol/L– 6.8 mmol/L

b) 5 mmol/L– 6.5 mmol/L

c) 0 mmol/L– 7.1 mmol/L

d) 2 mmol/L– 6.1 mmol/L

3.) Give any one example of catabolic reaction that take place in human body.

4.) Give the name of chemical bond in which energy liberated during degradation of metabolites, is stored.

5.) Define anabolic pathways and catabolic pathways.

3.) Glucose becomes lactic acid in our skeletal muscle is the catabolic pathway reaction, which constitute degradation of biomolecule and release energy.

4.) In Living organism energy liberated during degradation of metabolites stored in the form of chemical bonds i.e. ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important form of energy currency in living systems.

5) Anabolic pathway – Metabolic pathways which leads to a more complex structure from a simpler structure are termed as anabolic pathways or biosynthetic pathways.

Catabolic pathway – Metabolic pathways which leads to a simpler structure from a complex structure are termed as catabolic pathways.

Proteins are heteropolymers containing strings of amino acids. Structure of molecules means different things in different contexts. In inorganic chemistry, the structure invariably refers to the molecular formulae (e.g., NaCl, MgCl2, etc.). Organic chemists always write a two dimensional view of the molecules while representing the structure of the molecules (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Physicists conjure up the three dimensional views of molecular structures while biologists describe the protein structure at four levels. The sequence of amino acids i.e., the positional information in a protein – which is the first amino acid, which is second, and so on – is called the primary structure of a protein. A protein is imagined as a line, the left end represented by the first amino acid and the right end represented by the last amino acid. The first amino acid is also called as N-terminal amino acid. The last amino acid is called the C-terminal amino acid. A protein thread does not exist throughout as an extended rigid rod. The thread is folded in the form of a helix, only some portions of the protein thread are arranged in the form of a helix. In proteins, only right handed helices are observed. Other regions of the protein thread are folded into other forms in what is called the secondary structure. In addition, the long protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woollen ball, giving rise to the tertiary structure. This gives us a 3-dimensional view of a protein. Tertiary structure is absolutely necessary for the many biological activities of proteins.

Some proteins are an assembly of more than one polypeptide or subunits. The manner in which these individual folded polypeptides or subunits are arranged with respect to each other (e.g. linear string of spheres, spheres arranged one upon each other in the form of a cube or plate etc.) is the architecture of a protein otherwise called the quaternary structure of a protein (Fig. 9.4 d). Adult human haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits. Two of these are identical to each other. Hence, two subunits of α type and two subunits of β type together constitute the human haemoglobin (Hb).

In a polypeptide or a protein, amino acids are linked by a peptide bond which is formed when the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid reacts with the amino (-NH2 ) group of the next amino acid with the elimination of a water moiety (the process is called dehydration). In a polysaccharide the individual monosaccharides are linked by a Glycosidic bond. This bond is also formed by dehydration. This bond is formed between two carbon atoms of two adjacent monosaccharides. In a nucleic acid a phosphate moiety links the 3’-carbon of one sugar of one nucleotide to the 5’-carbon of the sugar of the succeeding nucleotide. The bond between the phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar is an ester bond. As there is one such ester bond on either side, it is called phosphodiester bond. Nucleic acids exhibit a wide variety of secondary structures. For example, one of the secondary structures exhibited by DNA is the famous Watson – Crick Model. This model says that DNA exists as a double helix. The two strands of polynucleotides are antiparallel i.e., run in the opposite direction. The backbone is formed by the sugar-phosphate-sugar chain. The nitrogen bases are projected more or less perpendicular to this backbone but face inside. A and G of one strand compulsorily base pairs with T and C, respectively, on the other strand.There are two hydrogen bonds between A and T and three hydrogen bonds between G and C. Each strand appears like a helical staircase.

1.) To form polypeptide molecules, number of amino acids joined together by _______________ bond.

a.) Covalent bond

b) Glycosidic bond

c) Peptide bond

d) Phosphodiester bond

2.) Number of monosaccharides are joined together by _____________ to form polysaccharide.

a.) Phosphodiester bond

c) Hydrogen bond

d) Ester bond

3.) Define N-terminal amino acid and c-terminal amino acid.

4.) Explain how amino acid chain formed in the formation of polypeptide molecule.

5.) Name the bond present between nitrogen bases ( A and G / T and C ) of nucleic acid.

3) The first amino acid present in amino acid chain is also called as N-terminal amino acid. The last amino acid is called the C-terminal amino acid.

4) When the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid reacts with the amino (-NH2) group of the next amino acid, they form peptide bond between them. This way formation of amino acid chain continuous which leads to the polypeptide.

5) The nitrogen bases A and G of one strand compulsorily base pairs with T and C, respectively, there are two hydrogen bonds between A and T and three hydrogen bonds between G and C.

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Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions

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If you are finding it difficult to solve Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions, you are not alone. Many students face difficulties in solving such questions, as they require in-depth knowledge of the subject. However, with the right resources and guidance, it is possible to overcome these difficulties. One of the best resources for Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions is the myCBSEguide app.

myCBSEguide provides detailed information and Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions that can help you understand the concepts better. Class 11 Biology students can also find several practice questions at the end of each chapter that can help Class 11 Biology students in understanding the concept better.

Biology: The study of living organisms

Biology is the study of life and all living things. It is a natural science that covers a wide range of topics, from the structure and function of the human body to the behavior of plants and animals. Class 11 biology students learn about the various branches of biology, such as anatomy, physiology, ecology, and evolution. In addition, they also study the cell, the building block of all living things. By understanding how cells work, students can better understand how the body works as a whole.

Class 11 students entering the world of Biology

For Class 11 students, biology is the foundation for Class 12 CBSE students. It is a vital topic that helps students grasp the fundamental notions of life and living beings. Cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and plant and animal physiology are all themes addressed in biology. Biology is a fascinating topic that teaches students about the natural world around them. Biology is an excellent foundation for Class 11 CBSE students who want to pursue a career in medicine. Biology is critical for understanding the human body and its processes, as well as developing medical remedies.

Significance of Biology for class 11 students

• Biology encourages students to learn the fundamentals of biology.
• It promotes a rational/scientific attitude toward issues such as population, environment, and development by encouraging the acquisition of new information and its application to individuals and society.
• It raises public knowledge of environmental issues, problems, and remedies.
• It raises students’ understanding of the diversity of living species and fosters respect for other living beings.
• It understands that even the most complicated biological phenomena are based on fundamentally simple processes.

Case study questions in Class 11 Biology

Case studies are a part of to Class 11 biology examination paper pattern. These case studies can be used to assess a student’s understanding of a subject as well as their ability to apply that understanding in a real-world context. Incorporating case study questions into Class 11 Biology can provide students with a more hands-on and realistic experience with the subject. Class 11 Biology students can better learn how chemical concepts are utilized in the real world by going through real-life problems. Class 11 Biology Case study questions can also aid in the development of critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

Examples of Class 11 Biology Case Study Questions

We must solve a range of Class 11 Biology case study questions in order to achieve high grades in Biology. Class 11 Biology students must be seeking some examples of case study questions in order to improve their grades. myCBSEguide has prepared a variety of Class 11 Biology case study questions that will undoubtedly assist all students studying the subject. We have compiled a selection of Class 11 Biology case study questions for you. Have a look at the following Class 11 Biology case study question examples.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 1

Read the following and answer any four questions: The detailed structure of the membrane was studied only after the advent of the electron microscope in the 1950s. Meanwhile, chemical studies on the cell membrane, especially in human red blood cells (RBCs), enabled the scientists to deduce the possible structure of the plasma membrane. These studies showed that the cell membrane is composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

• Nucleic acid
• Carbohydrate
• Phosphoglycerides
• Glycoproteins
• Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
• Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
• Assertion is true but reason is false.
• Both assertion and reason are false.

Answer Key:

• (b) The lipids are arranged in a bilayer in the plasma membrane with the polar head towards the outer sides and the hydrophobic tails towards the inner part.
• (a) The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of phosphoglycerides.
• (c) In human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52 percent protein and 40 percent lipids.
• (b) Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins can be classified into two types – integral or peripheral.
• (b) The plasma membrane is selectively permeable to some molecules present on either side of it. Neutral solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the lower. Hence, both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 2

Read the following and answer any four questions: Plastids are found in all plant cells and in euglenoids. These are easily observed under the microscope as they are large. They bear some specific pigments, thus imparting specific colours to the plants. Plastids consist of numerous membrane layers embedded in a material called the stroma. They have their own genome and ribosomes.

• Leucoplasts
• Chloroplasts
• Chromoplasts
• Carotenoids
• Amyloplasts
• Aleuroplasts
• Elaioplasts
• (a) The leucoplasts are the colourless plastids of varied shapes and sizes with stored nutrients.
• (b) The aleuroplasts store proteins in grains.
• (a) Amyloplasts are leucoplasts store carbohydrates (starch) in potato.
• (c) The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is called the stroma.
• (c) The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments which are responsible for trapping light energy essential for photosynthesis. The chromoplasts impart colours to the parts of the plant as yellow, orange or red colour. Hence, Assertion is true but reason is false.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 3

Read the following and answer any four questions: In human beings, the lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber which is formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs, and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The anatomical setup of the lungs in the thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity. Such an arrangement is essential for breathing. Breathing involves two stages – inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, the atmospheric air is drawn in and during expiration, the alveolar air is released out.

• 12 – 16
• 70 – 72
• Ribs lift up
• Diaphragm flattens
• Ribs flatten
• Both ribs lift up and diaphragm flattens
• Tidal volume
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume
• Residual Volume
• Vital Capacity
• 6000 to 8000 mL
• 2500 mL to 3000 mL
• 1000 mL to 1100 mL
• 1100 mL to 1200 mL
• The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient.
• Expiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure.
• The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles help in generation of pressure gradients.
• Expiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis.

Choose from below the correct alternative.

• a. Only I is true
• b. I and IV are true
• c. III and II are true
• d. I and III are true
• (a) On an average, a healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute.
• (d) When we breathe in, the ribs are lifted up and the diaphragm flattens which increases the size of the chest cavity. Because of this, the air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
• (a) Volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration is called tidal volume.
• (d) Residual volume of air is the remaining air in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
• (d) The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and a specialized set of muscles – external and internal intercostals between the ribs, help in the generation of pressure gradients. Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis. Hence, statements I and III are true.

Class 11 Biology case study questions 4

Read the following and answer any four questions: Exchange of gases also occurs between blood and tissues. O 2  and CO 2  are exchanged in these sites by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure/concentration gradient. The solubility of the gases, as well as the thickness of the membranes involved in diffusion, are also some important factors that can affect the rate of diffusion.

• Atmospheric pressure
• Partial pressure
• Differential pressure
• Capillary pressure
• pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 140 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 95 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg
• pO 2  – 40 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 45 mm Hg
• The given diagram represents the exchange of gases at the alveolus and the body tissues with blood and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• The amount of CO 2  that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much lesser compared to that of O 2 .
• All the factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O 2  from tissues to alveoli and that of CO 2  from alveoli to tissues.
• The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is much less than a millimetre.
• Only I is true
• I and IV are true
• III and II are true
• I and III are true
• (b) Pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure.
• (a) Alveoli are the primary sites of exchange of gases.
• (c) The diffusion membrane is made up of three major layers.
• (d) The values of pO 2  and pCO 2  in the body tissues is: pO 2  – 104 mm Hg, pCO 2  – 40 mm Hg.
• (b) The given diagram represents the exchange of gases at the alveolus and the body tissues with blood and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The amount of CO 2  that can diffuse through the diffusion membrane per unit difference in partial pressure is much higher compared to that of O 2 . All the factors in our body are favourable for the diffusion of O 2  from alveoli to tissues and that of CO 2  from tissues to alveoli. The total thickness of diffusion membrane is much less than a millimetre.

Dealing with Class 11 Biology case study questions

There are a number of different ways to approach Class 11 Biology case study questions, but the most important thing is to make sure that Class 11 Biology students answer all parts of the question and provide as much detail as possible. In some cases, you may need to research the topic further in order to be able to answer the Class 11 Biology case study questions fully.

When dealing with Class 11 Biology case study questions, it is also important to think about the different perspectives that might be involved. For example, if you are asked to evaluate a particular decision made by a scientist, you will need to consider the impact of that decision from both the scientist’s perspective and the perspective of those affected by the decision.

Answering case study questions can be challenging, but it is an important skill to develop if you want to pursue a career in fields such as business or law. With practice, Class 11 Biology students will be able to approach these questions with confidence and provide well-reasoned, detailed answers.

Class 11 Biology curriculum: As fascinating as Biology itself

The current curriculum of Class 11 Biology provides students with up-to-date principles as well as more extensive exposure to current topics in the discipline. Class 11 Biology curriculum also strives to emphasize the basic concepts that are shared by animals, plants, and microbes, as well as the link between Biology and other fields of study. Class 11 Biology structure provides for a straightforward, sequential flow of ideas. It connects the science of biology to actual life through technological advancements. It connects biological discoveries and breakthroughs to everyday issues including the environment, industry, health, and agriculture. The new curriculum of Class 11 Biology also emphasizes scientific ideas and their application, while ensuring that enough chances and opportunities for mastering and recognizing fundamental concepts remain within its framework.

CBSE Class 11 Biology (Code No. 044)

COURSE STRUCTURE

myCBSEguide: An app as intriguing as biology

If you’re looking for an app that’s as intriguing as biology, myCBSEguide is a perfect choice. With millions of downloads, it’s one of the most popular apps on the App Store, and for good reason. myCBSEguide offers extensive coverage of the CBSE curriculum, with detailed explanations of concepts, thousands of practice questions, case study questions and much more. Whether you’re a student, teacher, or parent, myCBSEguide is an essential tool for anyone wanting to learn more about biology.

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Class 11th Biology - Biomolecules Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023

Class 11th Biology - Biomolecules Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023 Study Materials Sep-09 , 2022

QB365 provides a detailed and simple solution for every Possible Case Study Questions in Class 11 Biology Subject - Biomolecules, CBSE. It will help Students to get more practice questions, Students can Practice these question papers in addition to score best marks.

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Biomolecules case study questions with answer key.

Final Semester - June 2015

All the chemical elements found in a sample of earth's crust are also present in a sample of living tissue. But a critical chemical analysis shows that the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in the living organisms. (a) Name the most abundant chemical compound in living organisms. (b) What term is given to the carbon compounds in living cells? (c) Name any two functional groups of such compounds. (d) Name any two elements present in the 'ash' of plants.

The tens and thousands of chemical compounds, called metabolites in a living organism are in a flux and the living state is a non-equilibrium steady-state. Metabolic inputs of energy prevent an equilibrium to be reached. (a) Why is living state considered a non-equilibrium state? (b) Living state and metabolism are considered synonymous. Justify the statement.

All enzymes (except ribozymes) are proteins. An enzyme, like any other protein, has a primary, secondary and tertiary structure. The protein functions as enzyme in its tertiary structure, where active sites are formed. (a) What is active site of an enzyme? (b) How are active sites formed? (e) Mention one major difference between inorganic catalysts and enzyme catalysts.

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Unit 8: Biomolecules

About this unit, introduction to biomolecules.

• Introduction to biomolecules (Opens a modal)
• Introduction to macromolecules (Opens a modal)
• Biological macromolecules 4 questions Practice
• Lipid overview (Opens a modal)
• Lipids (Opens a modal)
• Lipids 4 questions Practice
• Introduction to proteins and amino acids (Opens a modal)
• Overview of protein structure (Opens a modal)
• Proteins 4 questions Practice

Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)

• Introduction to carbohydrates (Opens a modal)
• Carbohydrates (Opens a modal)
• Carbohydrates 4 questions Practice

Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids (Opens a modal)
• Introduction to nucleic acids and nucleotides (Opens a modal)
• DNA (Opens a modal)
• Antiparallel structure of DNA strands (Opens a modal)
• DNA structure 4 questions Practice
• Identifying the nature of bond linking the monomers and the process involved. 4 questions Practice

Metabolism and the living state

• Introduction to metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism (Opens a modal)
• Overview of metabolism (Opens a modal)
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate (Opens a modal)
• Metabolism 4 questions Practice
• Introduction to kinetics (Opens a modal)
• Activation energy (Opens a modal)
• Enzymes (Opens a modal)
• Enzymes and the active site (Opens a modal)
• Classification of enzymes (Opens a modal)
• Enzymes 4 questions Practice

Regulation of enzymes

• Competitive inhibition (Opens a modal)
• Noncompetitive inhibition (Opens a modal)
• Enzyme cofactors and coenzymes (Opens a modal)
• Basics of enzyme kinetics graphs (Opens a modal)
• Enzyme regulation and inhibition 4 questions Practice

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 - Biomolecules

• NCERT Solutions

Are you searching for NCERT Solutions of Biology Class 11 Biomolecules?  Here, you will find NCERT Solutions of Biomolecules Class 11 which explains the broad range of diversity of living organisms and their chemical compounds.

NCERT solutions of Biology Class 11 Biomolecules is a crucial study material for students who aspire to attain excellent marks in their class. Below you will find the Biomolecules Class 11 NCERT Solutions PDF which is absolutely free of cost. Download Now! 

Biomolecules Chapter at a Glance - Class 11 NCERT Solutions

Biomolecules

Access NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology

1. What are macromolecules? Give examples?

Ans:  Chemical compounds, which are found in the acid-insoluble fraction are called macromolecules or biomacromolecules. As suggestive of its name, its molecular weights lie above \[1000\] Dalton. Consequently, micro molecules have molecular weights of less than \[1000\] Daltons. 

Examples of macromolecules are—proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, etc. Except for lipids, all the other macromolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymeric substances.

2. Illustrate a peptide, glycosidic, and phosphodiester bond.

Ans: The illustration of peptide, glycosidic and phosphodiester bonds are given below.

Peptide Bond: Amino acids in a protein are linked by Peptide bonds. Correspondingly, the proteins are called a polypeptide. Peptide bonds are formed when the carboxyl group of one amino-acid reacts with the amino group of the next amino acid with the elimination of a water molecule. As water molecule is eliminated so the reaction is that of dehydration.

(Image Will Be Updated Soon)

Figure: Peptide bond

Glycosidic Bond: Glycosidic bonds are bonds linking the individual sugar units (monosaccharides) in a disaccharide or a polysaccharide. When two sugar units join, they join with the help of a glycosidic linkage with the release of a water molecule.

Figure: Glycosidic bond

Phosphodiester Bond: Phosphodiester bonds link individual nucleotides in a nucleic acid. So, we say DNA (a nucleic acid) is a polynucleotide. A phosphodiester linkage is formed due to the linking of carbon of one sugar of a nucleotide with the carbon of the sugar of an adjacent nucleotide by a phosphate moiety. The bond among the phosphate and hydroxyl groups of sugar is an ester bond. It is a phosphodiester bond as there is one such ester bond on either side.

3. Write a short note about the tertiary structure of proteins?

Ans: Tertiary structure specifies the spatial layout of amino acids that are far apart in the linear structure as well as those remains that are adjacent. The arrangement of amino acids specifies the ultimate \[3\] -D structure of any specific protein. The polypeptide chain folds spontaneously so that the majority of its hydrophobic side chains are buried in the interior, and the majority of its polar charged chains are on the surface. The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces (salt bridges), and disulfide links.

4. Find and write down structures of ten fascinating small molecular weight biomolecules. Find there is any industry that produces the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.

Ans:  The structures of ten different small molecular weight biomolecules are given below.

Cholesterol:

Deoxyribose:

Tryptophan:

Many industries manufacture compounds by the process of isolation. Some examples are given below.

5. Proteins have a primary structure. If you are provided with a method to know which amino acid is at either of the two termini (ends) of a protein, can you link this information to the homogeneity or purity of a protein?

Ans: The series of amino acids, i.e., the positional information in a protein which is the first amino acid, which is second, and so on is known as the primary structure of a protein. The initial amino acid is also known as an N-terminal amino acid. The final amino acid is known as the C-terminal amino acid. 

Yes, we can relate this information to the homogeneity or purity of a protein. Based on the number of amino groups and carboxyl groups, there are acidic (e.g., glutamic acid), basic (lysine), and neutral (valine) amino acids, proteins may be acidic, basic, and neutral.

6. Find out and create a list of proteins utilized as therapeutic agents. List additional uses of proteins (e.g., cosmetics, etc.)

Ans: A list of proteins used as therapeutic agents are given below.

Both plants and animals give the appropriate proteinaceous materials for the preparation of cosmetic items. Proteins from algae and fungi, though, are also increasingly being utilized as protein sources.

High-protein plants most widely used as beginning material for making vegetable proteins are wheat and corn gluten, rice, soy, and oat protein concentrates, and defatted oilseeds (almond, peanuts, sunflower). Among the larger variety of vegetable proteins, soy globulins and wheat gluten are by far of the widest use. Wheat gluten (often just known as wheat protein) is a distinctive cereal protein of high elasticity when hydrated. Soy proteins are useful because of their thickening and emulsifying effects.

7. Explain the composition of triglyceride.

Ans: Triglycerides are a type of lipids found in living beings, that are synthesised due to the esterification of three fatty acids with a glycerol molecule. These are also called fats and oils based on their melting points.

Oils have lower melting points as compared to fats. The three fatty acids may be different or the same. Therefore, they may be known as simple or mixed.

8. Can you explain what occurs when the milk is converted into yoghurt or curd, from your perception of proteins.

Ans: Milk contains a protein called casein. This protein provides milk with its characteristic white colour. It is of high nutritional value because it contains all the essential amino acids required by the man's body. The curd formation takes place as lactic acid bacteria chemically react to the casein of milk. Lactic acid bacteria present in the curd that is used as the culture, cause coagulation of milk casein and thus, convert it into curd.

9. Can you try the structure of biomolecules utilizing commercially available atomic models (Ball and stick models).

Ans: Yes, we can create models of biomolecules using commercially available atomic models.

10. Attempt titrating an amino acid against a weak base and discover the number of dissociating (ionisable) functional groups in the amino acid.

Ans: Once an amino acid is titrated against a weak base. It dissociates and provides two functional groups: (i) \[{\text{ -  COOH}}\] group (carboxylic group) (ii) Amino group ( \[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\] ).

11. Draw the structure of the amino acid alanine.

Ans: The structure of alanine is given below.

12. What are gums made of? Is fevicol different?

Ans: Gums are made up of carbohydrates and chemically they are heteropolysaccharides. 

Fevicol is polyvinyl alcohol glue. It is different from natural gums as it is a synthetic product.

13. Find out a qualitative test for proteins, fats and oils, and starch amino acids and test any fruit juice, saliva, sweat, and urine for them.

i. A qualitative test for proteins: Xanthoproteic test

ii. A qualitative test for fats: Emulsification test

iii. A qualitative test for oils: Paper test

iv. A qualitative test for starch : Iodine test

14. Find out exactly how much cellulose is produced by the plants in the biosphere and then compare it to how much paper is produced by human beings and therefore, what is the use of plant material by man each year. What a loss of vegetation?

Ans: Most paper is formed from wood pulp. The major component of wood pulp is cellulose, a polymer made of several glucose molecules linked together. The cellulose molecules and their bonding to each other give the paper its properties. Nearly \[33\% \] of everything in the plant matter is cellulose. The cellulose content of wood is \[40 - 50\% \] and that of cotton is \[90\% \] . For industrial use, cellulose is mostly obtained from cotton and wood pulp. It is used primarily to produce paper and paperboard; to a smaller extent. It is converted into a large variety of derivative products like rayon and cellophane.

15. Describe the important properties of enzymes.

Ans: Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biochemical reactions in cells. So, usually, enzymes are proteins but sometimes RNA also behaves catalytically. Catalytic RNAs are called Ribozymes. Each enzyme works best at its optimum temperature. Subsequently, enzymes are proteins, they are denatured at high temperatures.

Enzymes Work Most Excellent At Their Optimal pH

Graph That Displays The Effect of pH On Enzyme Activity

i. With the rise in substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction increases at first. The reaction ultimately achieves a maximum velocity (v max) which is not exceeded by any additional increase in the concentration of the substrate. 

ii. The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of particular chemicals (maybe modulators or inhibitors of enzyme action) that bind to the enzyme. 

iii. Enzymes are substrate-specific. Due to the three-dimensional folding of the enzyme, it forms pockets or crevices. One such pocket is called the active site. An active site of the enzyme is a crevice or a pocket at which the substrate binds.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 ‘Biomolecules’ - Benefits of Class 11 Ch 9 NCERT Solutions

Class 11 Ch 9 CBSE NCERT Solutions is easy to comprehend so students can attain higher percentages in their final exams. Students can gain the following benefits after going through the NCERT Solution of Biomolecules Class 11.

Specialised subject teachers have formulated the Biomolecules Class 11 questions and answers for students to fetch excellent marks in their exams.

Teachers of a high calibre have described the NCERT solutions in Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 with illustrations for easy understanding.

The NCERT Solution of Biomolecules Class 11 aims to save students valuable time so that they can reap the maximum benefit in less time.

Biology Class 11 NCERT solutions  Chapter 9 covers the entire chapter with accuracy.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 ‘Biomolecules’  - Topics Covered in Chapter 9 Biomolecules

Following are the topics covered in the chapter.

Analysis of chemical compounds

Primary and secondary metabolites

Biomacromolecules

Proteins 

Structure of Proteins

Polysaccharides 

Nucleic Acids

Concept of Metabolism 

Metabolic pathways

Class 11 Biology Biomolecules NCERT Solutions - Contents of the Pdf 

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter Biomolecules entails solutions to the questions given at the end of the chapter. Students can learn the  Class 11 Biomolecules questions and answers from the Biology Biomolecules NCERT Solutions pdf offered by Vedantu on this page. NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules pdf includes questions from the following topics.

Ex 9.1 - How to Analyse Chemical Composition?

Ex 9.2 - Primary and Secondary Metabolites

Ex 9.3 - Biomacromolecules

Ex 9. 4 - Proteins

Ex 9.5 - Polysaccharides

Ex 9.6 - Nucleic Acids

Ex 9.7 - Structure of Protein

Ex 9.8 - Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer

Ex 9.9 - Dynamic State of Body Constituents - Concept of Metabolism

Ex 9.10 - Metabolic Basis of Living

Ex 9.11 - The Living State

Ex 9.12 - Enzymes

Class 11 Biology Biomolecules NCERT Solutions - Summary in Points

The Biomolecules chapter is summarised in the following pointers which are as follows:

Biomolecules are chemical substances created by living organisms that range in size from small molecules like metabolites to huge molecules like protein and carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four classifications of macromolecules.

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or compounds that yield these when they are hydrolyzed.

Proteins are defined as complex polypeptides which constitute monomeric amino acids. The amino acids are arranged in a specific order. 

Based on the structure of the amino acid polypeptide arrangement, the proteins are classified as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary.

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are the genetic content. The nucleic acids are responsible for passing down the hereditary information from one filial generation to another. 

Nucleic acids are classified into two classes: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). 

Transcription and translation are the two key processes that are accomplished by the nucleic acids.

Transcription is defined as the process of formation of m RNA using the genetic code.

The translation is defined as the process of protein formation from the transcribed mRNA. 

Lipids are organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water, are connected to fatty acids, and are used by living cells. 

Fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, mono-, di-, or triglycerides, and phospholipids are examples of lipids.

NCERT Biology Class 11 Biomolecules - Important Questions and Answers (Solved) 

1. What do you mean by Hydrolysis?

Ans. While carbohydrates are digested the glycosidic bond between sugar residue is broken with the presence of water and this is termed ‘Hydrolysis’.

2. Name one monosaccharide sugar that is found in the blood plasma of human beings.

Ans. Glucose. 

3. How does calcium help our body?

Ans. Calcium helps in making our bones and teeth strong. 

NCERT Biology Class 11 Biomolecules Weightage Marks

Students would need to attempt 70 marks in of theory and 30 marks in of practical in the examination. The latest marking scheme suggests that Biology Class 11 Chapter 9, which is a part of Unit III, will carry 12 marks for theory and four marks for practical questions excluding Practical Record and Viva Voce. The students would need to perform one minor experiment under Part A.

Preparation Tips - How Do I Study Biology in CBSE Class 11?

Below are some tips which can be referred to and studied in Biology in CBSE Class 11:

Study the concepts thoroughly and understand the chapters well.

Practice the theories with the diagrams.

Solve NCERT-based questions and answers.

Also, study the previous year’s questions and answers to know the types of questions which might come in the question paper. 

NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter wise Solutions - Free PDF Download

Chapter 1 - The Living World

Chapter 2 - Biological Classification

Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

Chapter 4 - Animal Kingdom

Chapter 5 - Morphology of Flowering Plants

Chapter 6 - Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Chapter 7 - Structural Organisation in Animals

Chapter 8 - Cell The Unit of Life

Chapter 9 - Biomolecules

Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Chapter 11 - Transport in Plants

Chapter 12 - Mineral Nutrition

Chapter 13 - Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Chapter 14 - Respiration in Plants

Chapter 15 - Plant Growth and Development

Chapter 16 - Digestion and Absorption

Chapter 17 - Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Chapter 18 - Body Fluids and Circulation

Chapter 19 - Excretory Products and their Elimination

Chapter 20 - Locomotion and Movement

Chapter 21 - Neural Control and Coordination

Chapter 22 - Chemical Coordination and integration

Conclusion 

Hope this study material was a great help for the students of Class 11 who are studying Biology. NCERT questions and answers must be studied properly by the students so that they can score good marks in their exams.

Download the free pdf and take note of the important chapter coverage covered in this chapter. 

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 - Biomolecules

1. Explain Macromolecules with an Example.

Macromolecules or biomacromolecules are polymerised biomolecules that constitute an array of macromolecules having a high degree of molecular weight. Such formation of significantly large biomolecules is macromolecules. Their molecular weight roughly lies between 18 to 800 daltons (Da). Though macromolecules are comparatively larger than other molecules, you cannot see it with a naked eye. You can find these complex macromolecules in a colloidal state present in the intercellular fluid and are polymeric. Broad macromolecules examples are protein, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, etc. Other macromolecules examples are DNA, RNA, Nylon, Polyester, Keratin in hair, waxes,oil, steroids, grease, hormones, etc. 

2. Can you use Protein as a Therapeutic Agent?  What are the Other Applications of Protein?  List Them.

Yes, protein can be used as therapeutic agents. Scientists have formulated proteins in the laboratory for several pharmaceutical requirements. Such proteins are termed therapeutic proteins, including:

Streptokinase

Vasopressin

Antibody-based drugs

Fc fusion proteins,

Bone morphogenetic proteins,

Engineered protein scaffolds.

Therapeutic proteins with carbohydrate profile affect solubility, cellular interactions, tertiary structural stability, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics. Thus, they are considered significant in several serious ailments, such as cancer treatment, HIV, etc. Furthermore, proteins are a useful element in cosmetics, textile industries, textile industries, biological buffers, and research techniques. Therapeutic proteins have transformed the healthcare sector.

3. What are the benefits of NCERT solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules?

There are many benefits of NCERT solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules, which is available on Vedantu for free. The content is given chapter-wise and in an easy-to-understand language. In Chapter 9 Biomolecules, all the topics and questions/answers are given in one place as it is convenient for the students to study. Explanations are given in a detailed as well as a precise manner and written by Biology experts.

4. What are the important topics of NCERT solutions for Class 11 biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules?

For the preparation of class tests and annual exams, Vedantu helps the students to get easy and free access to NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology chapter-wise. The solutions are also available on the Vedantu Mobile app. Some of the important topics that are covered in NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology from Chapter 9 are listed below:

1. Enzymes- Types

2. How is chemical composition analysed

3. Theory of metabolism

4. Primary and Secondary Metabolites

5. Proteins arrangement

6. Nucleic acids.

5. Throw some light on Micro Molecules.

The word ‘micro’ means small. In simple terms, molecules that are mini or small in size are called micro molecules. They are also called ‘monomers,’ which are combined to form ‘polymers’ or large molecules. They have a low molecular weight in comparison to macromolecules. Through metabolic processes, micro molecules are formed.

6. List out the main physical properties of Amino Acids.

The main physical properties of amino acids are given below :

They don’t contain any colour. Hence they are colourless

They are decomposed when they are heated to higher temperatures

They have a high melting point, which is more than 200 degrees celsius, 

Their existence is usually in d, and I form

Apart from glycerine, which is perceptibly inactive, all the amino acids are perceptibly active.

7. What is the weightage of marks from Chapter 9 Biomolecules?

The weightage of marks from Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules vary across topics. Questions come in short as well as long types. However, they don't fetch you a lot of marks. Most of the questions are from the NCERT course book only. However, it can be useful. Hence, complete preparation is advised. 

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology

CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules Study Materials

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Sample Papers Past Years Papers

Biomolecules : Notes and Study Materials -pdf

• Concepts of  Biomolecules
• Biomolecules Master File
• Biomolecules Revision Notes
• Biomolecules NCERT Book
• NCERT Solution  Biomolecules
• NCERT  Exemplar Solution Biomolecules
• Biomolecules : Solved Example 1
• Biomolecules: Solved Example 2

Biomolecules Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 9

Topics and Subtopics in  for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules :

A cell is composed of variety of molecules (like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) which perform various functions. Other than these basic elements, some metals and non-metals are also present as cellular materials, thence, all these materials combines in different ways in order to form various biomolecules, which are found in cells of organisms. These molecules are not living, but perform various living functions. Thus, biomolecules are the organic substances (e.g., Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc.) that play a major role in the structure and function of the living organism. Water is also an important and most abundant chemical compound present in the body of living organism.

Topic 1 Analysis of Basic

Topic 2 Biomacromolecules

CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter-9 Important Questions

1 Marks Questions

1. Which is the important energy carrier in the cell?

Ans.  Adenosine tri phosphate (ATP)

2. Name the monomer subunits which form Nucleic acids?

Ans . Nucleotide.

3. What are macromolecules? Give example.

Ans.  Macromolecules are large complex molecules formed by polymerization of micromolecules & have high molecular weight.

4. Identify the polymer which makes exoskeleton of insects.

Ans.  Chitin a polymer of glucosamine that forms exoskeleton of insects,

5.Name the following:- i) sugar present is DNA   ii) Base not found in DNA

Ans.( i) Deoxyribose sugar (ii) Uracil

6. Why proteins are called biological polymer?

Ans.  As proteins are able to perform multiple functions eg. Protection mechanical support, transportation, movement etc, they are called as biological polymers.

7. Which molecule has the capacity to duplicate?

Ans.  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

8.Name the abundant proteins in biosphere?

Ans.  RUBISCO

9.Lipids are not biomacromolecules why?

Ans.  Lipids are not biomacromolecule because their molecular weight does not exceed 800.

10.Which lipid can cause heart ailment?

Ans.  Cholesterol.

11. What are micro- nutrients?

Ans.  Minerals required by plants in trace quantity eg. Mn, Co, Zn, B, etc. are called micronutrients.

12.Why do oils generally remain in liquid state even in winters?

Ans.  Oils are unsaturated lipids, hence have lower melting points.

13. Name an element found in proteins but not in lipids and carbohydrates.

Ans.  Nitrogen.

14. What is the difference between RNA and DNA in terms of nitrogenous base?

Ans.  RNA has uracil instead of thymine.

15. What does an enzyme do in terms of energy requirement of a reaction?

Ans.  Lowers the activation energy of reaction.

16. What is the function of ATP in cell metabolism?

Ans.  Are the energy currency of cell.

17. Name the protein which form the intercellular  ground substance.

Ans.  Collagen.

2 Marks Questions

1.Differentiate between nucleotide & nucleoside?

2.How are glycosidic bonds formed?

Ans.  The glycosidic or ketone group of a monosaccharide can react & bind with an alcoholic group of another organic compound to join the two compounds together. This bond is known as glycosidic bond.

3.What do you mean by steady state?

Ans.  An open system always remains in steady state i.e. the rate of in put of energy & matter is always equal to the output of energy & matter.

4.What is metabolism? Mention the role of enzymes is metabolism ?

Ans.  Metabolism is defined as the sum total of the living processes in the body. Enzymes direct metabolic pathways. Enzymes act as catalysts. Enzymes are highly specialized organic catalysts produced by living cell. Biochemical pathways refer to the reactions occurring in the cells in sequences. Enzymes guide the biochemical pathways along desired directions. They have active site. The substrate binds at active site of enzyme & form enzyme substrate complex.

5.Why are enzymes called as biocatalyst?

Ans.  The substances which changes the rate of chemical reaction without altering the equilibrium point of reaction is called catalyst. The catalysts of the organism are called enzymes & they are synthesized in the living cell. Hence called as Biocatalysts.

6.Give the functions of carbohydrates?

(i) Carbohydrates play role in all metabolic reactions of body & formed as intermediate compounds in pathways of the processes.

(ii) Ribose & deoxyribose sugar are found in nucleic acids.

(iii) Glucose is oxidised in respiration to yield energy.

(iv) Glucose is used in synthesis of fats as well as proteins.

7.What do you meant by activation energy?

Ans.  Activation energy is the energy required to initiate a chemical or biochemical reaction. Activation energy overcomes the energy barriers of the reactants which occurs amongst the reactants due to i) presence of electrons over their surface ii) Absence of precise & forceful collisions essential for bringing the reactive sites of the chemical together.

8.List the different types of lipids .

Ans.  Lipids are of three types:-

(i)  Simple lipids:- they are of alcohols or triglycerides containing fatty acid & glycerol.

(ii)  Compound lipids:- They are simple  lipids with a biologically active compound in them eg. glycolipids ( carbohydrate lipid) lipoprotein ( protein + lipids)

(iii)  Derived lipids:- They are hydrolysed products of simple lipids such as fatty acids & alcohol.

9.Enlist three properties of enzymes?

Ans.   (i)  An enzyme is specific for a substrate & catalyses only a particular reaction. because of the specific shape of active site & substrate.

(ii)  Every enzyme requires an optimum temperature for its functioning.

(iii)  The enzymes are sensitive to PH & each enzyme shows its maximum activity at a specific PH called optimum PH.

10.Enumerate differences between DNA & RNA?

11.Why are monosaccharide’s sugars are are known as reducing sugars?

Ans.  Monosaccharides sugars are called reducing sugars because they have a free aldehyde or ketone group & can reduce Cu 2+  to Cu + . Disaccharides like sucrose does not reduce Cu 2+  to Cu+ so, it not a reducing sugar.

12.How does temperature affects enzyme catalysed reaction?

Ans.  The temperature affects the velocity of enzyme action. When the temperature is high, there is a sudden decrease in enzyme action due to denaturation. Mostly enzymatic reactions occur below 45 0 c

13.What is enzymatic competitive inhibition? Give one example?

Ans.  Some chemicals prevent the enzyme to function, are known as inhibitors. Enzymatic competitive inhibition is done by the substrate which very closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure.

Eg. malonate inhibits the action of succinate dehydrogenase because it shows close resemblance with succinate substrate.

14. Why are aminoacids also known as substituted methane?

15. Amino acid exist as zwitter ions. Givc its structure. Why is it formed?

16. Why do starch give blue black colour with iodine?

17.  Why are starch and glycogen more suitable than glucose as a storage product?

Ans.  Occupy lesser space as less bulky and can hydrolysed to glucose when required.

18. What would happed when salivary amylase which acts on starch in mouth and in stomach?

Ans.  In mouth, salivary amylase changes starch into maltose. Action of amylase stops in stomach as it cannot act in an acidic medium.

19. Differentiate between homopolysaccharides and heterosaccharides.

20.Why do physicians recommend vegetable oils rich in poly unsaturated fat for persons suffering from cardiovascular diseases?

Ans.  Polyunsaturated oils contain fatty acids having one or more double bonds which does not clog arteries due to high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids

21. Why does the shelf life of fruits and vegetables increase in a refrigerator?

Ans.  Low temperature prevents growth of food spoiling micro organisms and also inhibits the action of enzymes are in the food, because enzymesam inactivated at low temperature.

3 Marks Questions

1.Enumerate the functions of lipids?

Ans .  i) Most of the plants & animals fats constitute storage compound. Fat is stored mainly in adipose cells in the animals.

ii) In oil seed plants, oil provides nourishment to developing embryo during seed germination. Oil extracted from these seeds is used in cooking.

iii) Fats provide energy to the body.

iv) Fats serve as insulators & protect body from cold. It gets deposited underneath skin.

v)  Phospholipid form an structural component of all bio- membranes in cell.

vi) Cholesterol acts as precursor for synthesis of various hormones, vitamins & bile salts.

vii) The lipid form the white matter, grey matter of brain & myelin sheath of neurons.

2.Describe the lock & key hypothesis of enzyme action?

Ans . According to Fischer’s lock & key hypothesis of enzyme action:- if the right key fits in the right lock, the lock can be opened otherwise not. To explain the above in context with enzyme action it is bedewed that molecules have specific geometric shapes. Proteins are able to act as enzyme because their shape provides space configuration into which other molecules can fit. The molecules which are acted upon by the enzymes are called substrates of the enzymes.

Under the above assumption only those substrate molecule with proper geometric shape can fit into the active site of the enzymes. However, under special circumstances some other molecules which are similar to the substrate can also combine with active site of enzyme. In such cases molecules may compete with substrate & the reaction may either slow down or stop. This is called competitive inhibition.

3.Describe the structure & function of ATP?

Ans.  ATP is primary & universal carrier of chemical energy in the cell living cell capture store & transport energy in a chemical form, largely ATP & it is the ATP which is the carrier & intermediate source of chemical energy to those reactions in the cell which do not occur simultaneously. These reactions can take place only if chemical energy is released.

The ATP molecule consists of a nitrogenous base adenine a pentose sugar of ribose type & three inorganic phosphate molecules two phosphate bonds are high energy bonds & one is relatively poor in energy.

Energy released in living cell is thus stored in the chemical bonds of the ATP molecule which then serve as major energy yielding & energy requiring substance in the cell. ATP is broken down into ADP whenever energy is needed.

ATP –> ADP + ip + energy.

4.Differentiate between cofactors, coenzymes & prosthetic group.

5.How does enzymes brings about high rate of chemical conversions?

Ans.  A chemical that is converted into a product is known as the substrate. Therefore the enzymes with tertiary structures including an active site convert a substrate into a product. The substrate ‘S’ must bind enzymes at its active site within a given cleft. So an obligatory formation of an ES substrate complex occurs. At a state when the substrate is bound to an enzyme active site, a new structure of substrate is formed.

In the graph, if ‘P’ is at lower level than ‘S’ reaction is exothermic i-e energy is supplied to make product ‘P’. The ‘S’ has to go through much higher energy state known as “transition state. The enzymes brings down energy barrier making transition of ‘S’ to ‘P’ more easy. The difference in average energy content between that of ‘S’ & this transition state is termed as activation energy.

6.What are nucleic acids? Describe the structure of DNA.

Ans.  Nucleic acids are found in acid soluble fraction of living tissue. They are linear polymers of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides A nucleotide has 3 distinct components.

DNA is a double stranded structure & each strand is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotide. The backbone of the nucleic acid is uniformly consisting of alternating pentose sugar & phosphate group

i) The steps composed of nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine & thymine & hydrogen bonds hold two strands together.

ii) Two strands are complementary to each other.

iii) They run in an antiparallel manner.

iv) It is genetic material in all organisms.

v) It has the property to replicate

vi) At one end of strand, 5-c of pentose sugar is free on other end; third carbon of pentose is free.

7. (a) What is anzyme?

(b) Give an example of co-enzyme.

(c) Distinguish between apoenzyme and co-enzyme.

Ans.   (a)  Are biocatalysts.

(b)  NADP, NAD

(c)  The enzymes which work only in the presence of co-factors am known as apoenzymes.

An organic non-protein cofactor which is easily separable from the apoenzyme is called co- enzyme.

5 Marks Questions

1. Explain briefly four levels of protein structure?

Ans.  FOUR LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE:-

a)  PRIMARY STRUCTURE:- The protein exists as a long chain of amino acids arranged in a particular sequence such a polypeptide is non- functional

b)  SECONDARY STRUCTURE:-first amino acid is N-terminal amino acid & last is known as c-terminal amino acid. There is interaction between every fourth amino acid by formation of hydrogen bond the polypeptide is folded in a helical shape eg. keratin. When two or more polypeptide chains are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds the structure is known as pleated sheet.

c)  TERTIARY STRUCTURE:- The polypeptide becomes stabilized by folding & coating by the formation of i­onic bonds or hydrophobic bonds or disulfide bridges. It is called tertiary structure. It gives a three dimensional view of proteins. Biological activity of protein depends on its tertiary structure.

d)  QUATERNARY STRUCTURE:- Such proteins are farmed of more than one polypeptide or subunits each one having primary secondary & tertiary structure. This is called quaternary structure. Each polypeptide chain functions as subunit of the proteins.

NCRT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1. What are macromolecules? Give examples. Solution:  Macromolecules are large high molecular weight substances with complex molecular structure and occur in colloidal state (being insoluble) in intracellular fluid. These are formed by polymerization of large number of micromolecules. Polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids are few examples.

3. What is meant by tertiary structure of proteins? Solution:  The helical polypeptide molecule may fold on itself and assume a complex but specific form-spherical, rod-like or any form in between these. These geometrical shapes,are known as tertiary (3°) structure of protein molecules. The coils and folds of the polypeptide molecules are so arranged as to hide the non-polar amino acid chains inside and to expose the polar side chains. The tertiary structure of a protein brings distant amino acid side chains nearer to form active sites of enzymatic proteins. The tertiary structure is maintained by weak bonds such as hydrogen, ionic, disulphide and hydrophilic – hydrophobic bonds, formed between one part of a polypeptide and another. This structure is easily disrupted by pH, temperature and chemicals stopping the function of proteins.

5. Proteins have primary structure. If you are given a method to know which amino acid is at either of two termini (ends) of a protein, can you connect this information to purity or homogeneity of a protein? Solution:  There are several methods provided by several scientists to find out the sequence of amino acids. Frederick Sanger proposed Sanger’s reagent to know the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain. Sanger used 1-fluoro 2, 4 dinitrobenzene (FD NB) to determine insulin structure. FDNB specifically binds with N-terminal amino acid to form a dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative of peptide. This DNP- derivative peptide can be identified by chromatography. The identified sequence of amino acids shows the homogeneity of a protein molecule.

6. Find out and make a list of proteins used as therapeutic agents. Find other applications of proteins. Solution:  Proteins used as therapeutic agents are: thrombin, fibrinogen, enkephalins, antigens, antibodies, streptokinase, protein tyrosine kinase, diastase, renin, insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin etc. Proteins are also used in cosmetics, dairy industries, textile industries, research techniques, biological buffers etc.

8. Can you describe what happens when milk is converted into curd or yoghurt, from your understanding of proteins. Solution:  Milk is converted into curd or yoghurt due to denaturation of proteins. In denaturation, disruption of bonds that maintains secondary and tertiary structure leads to the conversion of globular proteins into fibrous proteins. This involves a change in physical, chemical and biological properties of protein molecules.

9. Can you attempt building models of biomolecules using commercially available atomic models (Ball and stick models). Solution:  Yes, models of biomolecules can be prepared using commercially available atomic models. Ball and stick models and space filling models are 3D or spatial molecular models which serve to display the structure of chemical products and substances or biomolecules. With ball and stick models, the centers of the atoms are connected by straight lines which represent the covalent bonds. Double and triple bonds are often represented by springs which form curved connections between the balls. The bond angles and bond lengths reflect the actual relationships, while the space occupied by the atoms is either not represented at all or only denoted essentially by the relative sizes of the spheres.

10. Attempt titrating an amino acid against a weak base and discover the number of dissociating (ionizable) functional groups in the amino acid. Solution:  The existence of different ionic forms of amino acids can be easily understood by the titration curves. The number of dissociating functional group is one in case of neutral and basic amino acids and two in case of acidic amino acids.

12. What are gums made of ? Is fevicol different ? Solution:  Gums are hetero-polysaccharides (poly-mers) of large number of different monosac-charide units. Yes, fevicol is a different kind of polymer. It is a synthetic sticky substance called resin which is manufactured by esteri-fication of organic compounds.

14. Find out how much cellulose is made by all the plants in the biosphere. Solution:  About 100 billion tonnes of cellulose is prepared per year by the plants of the world.

15. Describe the important properties of enzymes. Solution:  The important properties of enzymes are as follows: (i) The enzymes are generally proteins which are high molecular weight complex globular proteins. They can associate with non-protein substance for their activity. (ii) The enzymes do not start a chemical reaction but only accelerate it. They combine temporarily with the substrate molecules and are not consumed or changed permanently in the reaction which they catalyse. (iii) The enzyme controlled reactions are reversible. (iv) The enzymes are specific in action. An enzyme catalyses only a particular kind of reaction or acts on a particular substrate only. (v) The enzymes are thermolabile i.e., heat sensitive and can function best at an optimum temperature. Similarly, enzymes show maximum activity at optimum pH. (vi) The enzymes are inactivated by poisons and radiation.

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Case Study Questions for Class 11 Biology

Chapter 1: The Living World Chapter 2: Biological Classification Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals Chapter 8: The Unit of Life Chapter 9: Biomolecules Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division Chapter 11: Transport in Plants Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition Chapter 13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Chapter 14: Respiration in Plants Chapter 15: Plant Growth and Development Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption Chapter 17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases Chapter 18: Body Fluids and Circulation Chapter 19: Excretory Products and Their Elimination Chapter 20: Locomotion and Movement Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination Chapter 22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

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CBSE Class 11 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 9

Home » CBSE » CBSE Class 11 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 9

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CBSE Class 11 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 9 – Biomolecules

The chapter on Biomolecules in Class 11 Biology is a significant one. The chapter deals with several important topics such as introducing biomolecules, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, metabolism and its living state, enzymes, regulation of enzymes, and many more. The importance of the chapter lies in the fact that it is a crucial part of the syllabus for NEET (biology). The NEET aspirants should especially put extra focus on the chapter.  

Extramarks offers Revision Notes for Chapter 9 Biomolecules which summarises all the key topics covered in this chapter in a simple and easy-to-understand language. Students can access these notes to prepare for this chapter more effectively and save a lot of their time and energy.

Revision Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 – Biomolecules

Chapter 9 is focused on learning about the different chemicals and elements that make up living organisms. Although there is a wide diversity of living organisms on our planet, there are many similarities to be found in terms of chemical compositions of these living organisms. A closer look at the chemical composition of living organisms reveals that the most abundant elements in their bodies include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a few others.

Biomolecules

The biomolecule is produced by living organisms which helps them perform essential functions, and it also acts as the central pillar of life. Biomolecules encompass carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and phosphorus. Four common biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, and lipids.

Analysis of chemical composition

Trichloroacetic acids are used to treat living tissues. It is done by crushing them and making a slurry that is helpful in the assessment of the organic chemical compound and its composition. In the inorganic chemical composition analysis, the tissue is supposed to be burnt to obtain ashes.

Proteins are substances found in living organisms that are very significant. They have large molecules that belong to any class of nitrogenous organic compounds. Their large molecules are composed of several long chains of amino acids.

Proteins constitute amino acids which act as their lifeline or building blocks. Around 22 amino acids are composed of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Therefore, one amino acid comprises the amino group, hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and different side chains that bond with the alpha-carbon.

Structure of the amino acid: When the amino acids get dissolved in the water, they exist in solutions in the form of zwitterion or dipolar ions. They work as either proton donors or as proton acceptors.

Zwitterion: All the amino acids are optically active, and they keep rotating along the plane, which is based on the polarised light. They constitute chiral carbon, the exception being glycine. Chiral carbons are composed of four different ingredients in a tetrahedral carbon atom.

A peptide is the formation of two or more amino acids bonding together. They are linked with the peptide bond, which then forms a dipeptide. When three amino acids join together, a tripeptide is created. An oligopeptide chain results from 12 to 20 amino acids joining hands together. Polypeptides are formed when numerous amino acids are joined together. The Amino-terminal, also known as the N terminal, is the first amino acid in a polypeptide. The carboxyl-terminal or C terminal is the last amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

Protein structure

There are several stages of the organisation of proteins. They are as given below:

• Primary structure: The amino acid sequence is joined by a peptide bond in the primary structure.
• Secondary structure: The secondary structure is a higher level consisting of the alpha-helix and the beta-sheets. Due to the hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl and the N-H groups, these two exist in a stable form in a polypeptide backbone.
• Alpha helix: A polypeptide chain will form a firm, rod-like structure when twisted. The structure can change into a helical conformation.
• Beta pleated: A sheet is formed when two or more polypeptide chain segments are arranged together side by side. Every chain segment is called a beta-strand.
• Tertiary structure: It is a three-dimensional protein structure and is formed due to the interaction between the primary structures and the side chains. Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and covalent bonds help them become stable.
• Quaternary structures: Quaternary structures are joined together by the hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions, and they are composed of two or more polypeptide chains.
• Fibrous and globular proteins: Fibrous proteins are not soluble in water and are long in structure. They are rod-shaped molecules that are very protective. The globular proteins are soluble in water and are made of spherically shaped molecules.

Nucleic acids

Friedrich Muescher first discovered nucleic acid from the nuclei of pus cells. They are of two kinds: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The monomeric unit of the nucleotides in nucleic acid consists of three ingredients: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and phosphoric acid.

Since the nitrogenous bases have a heterocyclic structure, they are aromatic. Two types of nucleic acids are found, basically, the purines and the pyrimidines. Purines are further categorised into two kinds: adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are of three types: thymine, cytosine, and uracil. 

Structure of Double-Stranded DNA

DNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and is deoxyribose. RNA is ribose. The nucleotide is formed when the nucleoside adds up with phosphate.

There are two different types of DNA. They are as follows:

Some characteristics of the B DNA are given below:

• Two strands of the long polynucleotide are found coiled up around the axis. 
• The two strands are arranged so that they both lie in an antiparallel way to each other.
• Nucleoside adenine base pairs itself with thymine, and guanine base pairs up with cytosine.
• Two hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine, and in between guanine and cytosine, three hydrogen bonds are formed.

Some characteristics of the Z DNA are given below:

• Z DNA is thinner than B DNA from a structural viewpoint.
• The purine and pyrimidine bases are arranged in an alternative manner.
• The Z DNA has a high concentration of salt, which makes its structure stable.

Denaturation of DNA

Denaturation of DNA is when the two strands of the DNA get separated when they are exposed to varying pH, temperature, etc. The original condition of the structure of DNA can be retained by removing the denaturants such as temperature and pH. This process is then known as renaturation or annealing.

RNA has a single-stranded structure. It is called ribonucleic acid and is found in various forms inside the cell. The forms of RNA are as follows:

• Messenger RNA: The prime function of messenger RNA is to convey the genetic information from the parent DNA to the DNA of the next generation. It does so in the form of Codons. Three nucleotides form a codon, and it helps in coding amino acids or proteins.
• Transfer RNA: The prime function of transfer RNA is to synthesise proteins. They are located within the cytoplasm of a living cell and assist in the interaction between nucleic acid and protein.
• Ribosomal RNA: Ribosomal RNA contains ribosomes. In the case of both the eukaryotes and the prokaryotes, ribosomes are essential for the synthesis of proteins.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones fall under this category. 

Glucose, a monosaccharide, is the simplest carbohydrate known. The disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides joined together. The oligosaccharides are composed of around 2 to 10 units of monosaccharides. A polysaccharide is formed when hundreds and thousands of monosaccharides are joined together.

Aldoses are the monosaccharides that constitute the aldehyde group, and ketoses are the monosaccharides that consist of the ketone group. Trioses are the most simple monosaccharides.

Some common saccharides

We all know that the energy in plants is stored in the form of starch. It is a branched structure and is composed of numerous units of glucose. Starch is made of two distinct polymers, amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is the unbranched polymer, and amylopectin is the branched polymer in the glucose units.

The energy is stored in the form of glycogen found in the liver and muscle in case of animals. It is also composed of two distinct polymers, amylose and amylopectin, that has a highly branched polymer structure. In the glucose units, the unbranched polymer is cellulose. In-plant cells, it is a structural polysaccharide. Polysaccharide in the plant cells provides strength and rigidness to the cell, and it is also the organic molecule present in abundance.

Chitin is a linear polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. It is composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

Reducing and Non-Reducing Sugar

Reducing sugars such as all the monosaccharides helps reduce ferric or cupric ions. Non-reducing sugars like sucrose do not assist in the reduction of ferric or cupric ions.

Lipids are compounds that are not soluble in water or are poorly soluble. However, lipids are soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform, ether, or benzene.

Biological Functions of Lipids

The biological functions of lipids are given below:

• The essential function of lipids is to store the energy to be utilised later when required.
• In the structure of the membranes, lipids are the major constituent.
• One of the most vital functions of lipids is to protect plants, bacteria, insects, and vertebrates.

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids are the simplest form of lipids, and they are composed of long chains of hydrocarbons with one carboxyl group. The alkyl chain present in it may or may not be saturated. In the case of unsaturated fatty acids, both the polar and nonpolar ends can exist. The essential fatty acids are not synthesised in the body but should be obtained from our diet. The fatty acids that are not important are synthesised in the body. Triacylglycerol is also known as triglycerides in both nonpolar and hydrophobic nature. They are made of esters of fatty acids and glycerol. 

Enzymes are composed of proteins and contain various structures of the proteins, such as the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. It should be noted that all the enzymes are proteins, but all the proteins are not enzymes. There are specific enzymes for each substrate. Enzymes act as catalysts, and they consist of an active site. An enzyme may require a cofactor and a co-enzyme to function correctly.

The cofactor is called the non-protein constituents that make an enzyme catalytically active when they bind with it. The co-enzyme is the organic compound that binds to an enzyme transiently during the ongoing reaction. Enzymes are of six major types: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, ligases, and isomerases.

Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity

Factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can affect enzyme activity. It is essential to maintain the required temperature. Otherwise, inactivation of the enzyme activity may take place. Protonation or deprotonation can also alter the enzyme activity. 

The inhibitors are responsible for the inactivation. The most common type of inhibitors is the competitive inhibitors which continuously compete to secure the active site of the enzymes against the substrates. For example, the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase can be done with the assistance of Malonate.

Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Revision Notes

Biomolecules can become a challenging chapter as there are a lot of terms and concepts to memorise. The CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 notes by Extramarks will help students cover all these concepts and memorise them faster. Students can access these notes at any time from the Extramarks’ website.

Class 11 Biology Biomolecules Notes

Revision Notes by Extramarks are prepared by subject matter experts that take care of providing quality content that covers all the important concepts that students need from an exam point of view. These notes will come in very handy for students for their revisions and last-minute preparations.

Ch 9 Bio Class 11 Notes

The best feature of these Revision Notes is that they are easily accessible, and all you need is an internet connection to download them and use them anywhere and anytime. So, make your studies easier and download these notes today to ace your exams.

Chapter 9 Class 11 Biology Notes

The Revision Notes cover all the essential topics covered in the chapter including biomolecules, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, metabolism and its living state, enzymes, regulation of enzymes, and more.

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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

1. which biomolecules store the genetic code and how.

The genetic code of the living organisms is stored in the DNA and RNA biomolecules. They are long and linear-shaped polymers that contain many nucleotides. They are nucleic acids, and the sequence of the bases and a nucleic acid chain store the genetic information.

2. Explain what enzymes mean.

Enzymes are catalysts that help process various metabolic activities and chemical reactions fast, but they do not participate in the reactions themselves. Enzymes are made up of amino acids, and they assist in the acceleration of reactions but do not affect the direction of the reactions.

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Chapter 9 Biomolecules Class 11 Biology Important Questions

Every year several questions are asked from this chapter in competitive and board examinations. In Biomolecules Important Questions PDF Class 11 , you will study about Lipids, Proteins, Polysaccharides, Enzymes, Regulation of enzymes, Metabolism, Nucleic acids, etc.

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Biomolecules Class 11 Biology Important Questions

Please refer to Biomolecules Class 11 Biology Important Questions with answers below. These solved questions for Chapter 9 Biomolecules in NCERT Book for Class 11 Biology have been prepared based on the latest syllabus and examination guidelines issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. Students should learn these solved problems properly as these will help them to get better marks in your class tests and examinations. You will also be able to understand how to write answers properly. Revise these questions and answers regularly. We have provided Notes for Class 11 Biology for all chapters in your textbooks.

Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules

Objective Questions

Question. Biomolecules are (a) organic compounds (b) inorganic compounds (c) volatile compounds (d) both (a) and (b)

Question . All the following amino acids are aromatic, except (a) tyrosine (b) phenylalanine (c) tryptophan (d) valine

Question. The simplest amino acid is _________. (a) glycine (b) proline (c) leucine (d) tryptophan

Question . Unsaturated fatty acids have (a) palmitic acid (b) oleic acid (c) high melting point (d) one or more double bonds

Question . Phospholipids are important cell membrane constituents, because they (a) contain glycerol. (b) can form bilayers in water. (c) combine covalently with protein. (d) contain polar and non-polar portions.

Question . A fat has (a) 3 glycerol and one fatty acid molecule. (b) one glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules. (c) 3 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules. (d) one glycerol and one fatty acid molecule.

Question . A nucleotide is formed of (a) purine, pyrimidine and phosphate (b) purine, sugar and phosphate (c) nitrogen base, sugar and phosphate (d) pyrimidine, sugar and phosphate

Statement Type Questions

Question. Which of the following statement is not true about amino acid? (a) The amino group and carboxylic group of an amino acid are attached to both amino and carboxylic groups to alpha carbon. (b) Amino acids have an N-terminus, C-terminus, and R groups. (c) Amino acid can be classified by the number of peptide bond. (d) Essential amino acids are not synthesized in the body, therefore have to be provided in the diet.

Question . Select the incorrect statement. (a) Amino acids are substituents methanes. (b) Glycerol is a trihydroxy propane. (c) Lysine is a neutral amino acid. (d) Lecithin is a phospholipid.

Question . Pick out the correct statement. (a) Chitin is a homopolymer. (b) Collagen is the most abundant protein in the whole of the biosphere. (c) Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (d) In a polysaccharide, the individual monosaccharides are linked by a phosphodiester bond.

Question . Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding secondary metabolites ? (a) Plant tissues produce only secondary metabolities. (b) Secondary metabolities have restricted distribution in the plant kingdoms. (c) Abrin and ricin are secondary metabolities used as a drugs. (d) Some secondary metabolites have ecological importance.

Matching Type Questions

Question. Match the biomoecules given in column I with their examples given in column II and choose the correct answer.

(a) A – III; B – I; C – IV, D – II (b) A – II; B – III; C – IV, D – I (c) A – III; B – IV; C – I, D – II (d) A – IV; B – I; C – II, D – III

Question . Match the column-I (component) with column-II (% of the total cellular mass) and identify the correct option.

(a) A – V; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – I (b) A – II; B – V; C – I; D – III; E – IV (c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – V; E – II (d) A – V; B – IV; C – III; D – II; E – I

Question . Match column I with column II and choose the correct option.

(a) A – I; B – IV; C – III; D – II (b) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III (c) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II (d) A – I; B – IV; C – II; D – III

Question . Which one of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids, is wrongly matched with the category mentioned against it ? (a) Adenine, thymine – Purines (b) Thymine, uracil – Pyrimidines (c) Uracil, cytosine – Pyrimidines (d) Guanine, adenine – Purines

Critical Thinking Type Questions

Question . In the composition of cellular mass, arrange the components- proteins(P), carbohydrates(C), lipids(L) and nucleic acids(N) in decreasing order of mass percentage. (a) C > N > P > L (b) P > N > C > L (c) P > C > L > N (d) P > N > L > C

Question . Relation between amino acid and protein is similar to the one found between (a) glucose and fructose (b) thymine and uracil (c) nucleosides and nucleic acid (d) nucleotides and nucleic acid

Question . Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that (a) the phosphate groups of two DNA strands, at their ends share the same position. (b) the phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole). (c) one strand turns clockwise. (d) one strand turns anti-clockwise.

Question . “All enzymes are proteins.” This statement is now modified because an apparent exception to this biological truth is (a) arylsulfatase (b) dehydrogenase (c) ribozyme (d) nitroreductase

Question . Which one of the following biomolecules is correctly characterized? (a) Lecithin – A phosphorylated glyceride found in cell membrane. (b) Palmitic acid – An unsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms. (c) Adenylic acid – Adenosine with a glucose phosphate molecule. (d) Alanine amino acid – Contains an amino group and an acidic group anywhere in the molecule.

Question . Which of the following set is correctly match to the category mentioned against them ? (a) Lysine, glycine, thiamine – amino acids. (b) Arachidonic acid, acetic acid, palmitic acid – Fatty acids (c) Thymidine, uridine, cytidilic acid – Nucleosides (d) Cellulose, inulin, glycogen – Polysaccharides

Question. Select the type of enzyme involved in the following reaction. S-G + S’→S+ S’-G (a) Dehydrogenase (b) Transferase (c) Hydrolase (d) Lyase

Diagram Type Questions

Question. Identify the following molecule.

(a) Phospholipid (b) Lecithin (c) Cholesterol (d) Oleic acid

Question . The given structural formulas represent amino acids (labelled by as X, Y and Z)

Identify the correct name of X, Y and Z. (a) Alanine, serine and glycine respectively. (b) Tyrosine, cysteine and glutamic acid respectively. (c) Glycine, alanine and serine acid respectively. (d) Cysteine, glutamic acid and tyrosine respectively.

Question . What is denoted by X and Y in the given graph ?

Question . The given diagrammatic representation shows one of the categories of small molecular weight organic compounds in the living tissues. Identify the category shown and one blank component marked as “X” in it.

Question . Which of the following shows zwitter ionic form?

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• CBSE Notes For Class 11
• Biomolecules Class 11 Notes

Biomolecules Class 11 Notes - Chapter 9

The topic of biomolecules in class 11 biology mainly explains the different types of biomolecules and their importance in living organisms. This topic is not only important for the class 11 exam but also for competitive exams.

To help the students to understand this topic properly, here, the biomolecule notes for class 11 are provided. Students can check these notes and learn this chapter in a more effective way. Along with the notes, some important questions related to biomolecules are also provided.

These notes given here are easily understandable and engaging. The students are suggested to go through these notes thoroughly to understand biomolecules and its fundamentals completely. Students can also check BYJU’S video lessons to learn various topics in a more effective way.

What are Biomolecules?

All the carbon-based compounds that are found in or produced by organisms and are essential to a biological process are called biomolecules. Examples of biomolecules include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Even molecules such as metabolites (primary and secondary) are considered as biomolecules.

Most enzymes discovered to date are proteins. There are even nucleic acids that exhibit characteristics of enzymes are called ribozymes. Enzymes are similar to proteins, wherein, it possesses a primary structure as well as secondary and tertiary structures.

In the simplest of sense, enzymes work on a “lock and key” basis (based on the model first postulated by the Emil Fischer.) The model takes the analogy that the lock is the enzyme and the substrate functions as the key.  A substrate is a molecule acted on by an enzyme, hence, only the correctly sized substrate will fit in the keyhole (an analogy for the active site) of the lock (or the enzyme in this case).

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are very large molecules, usually consisting of thousands of atoms or more. Proteins and lipids are macromolecules that are found in living organisms. Synthetic macromolecules include plastics and carbon nanotubes.

According mammalian systems, there are three major types of macromolecules:

• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids.

Read more: Macromolecules

Biomolecules Class 11 Notes – Questions

• Define macromolecules with an example.
• Diagrammatically represent a glycosidic bond.
• What are secondary metabolites?
• What are proteins?
• Expand RuBisCO.
• What are Polysaccharides? State two examples.
• What is a nucleotide?
• Define Metabolism.
• What is ATP? State its function.
• Explain anabolic pathways
• State the factors influencing enzyme activity.
• What is a competitive inhibitor?
• Briefly describe the classification of enzymes.
• List the important characteristics of enzymes.

To learn more about Biomolecules Class 11, explore important questions, and discover new topics, register at BYJU’S.

Further Reading

• Biomolecules

Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Biomolecules are chemical compounds found in living organisms. For ex., nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, hydrogrn, etc.

What are some of the main uses of biomolecules?

Biomolecules have multiples roles to play in a human body: 1. Carbohyrates: Helps in sugar breakdown and glucose creation 2. Lipids: energy supply to cells 3. Proteins: Act as building blocks of life

What is the abbreviation of DNA?

DNA stands for ‘Deoxyribonucleicacid’.

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Class 11 Biology: Case Study of Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit of Life PDF Download

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In Class 11 Final Exams there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Download of CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter8 Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve NCERT Class 11 Biology Cell : The Unit of Life to know their preparation level.

Join our Telegram Channel, there you will get various e-books for CBSE 2024 Boards exams for Class 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th.

In CBSE Class 11 Biology Paper, There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Cell: The Unit of Life Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 11 Biology  Chapter 8 Cell : The Unit of Life

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Case Study 1:

The prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like Organisms). They are generally smaller and multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells. They may vary greatly in shape and size. The four basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral).

The organisation of the prokaryotic cell is fundamentally similar even though prokaryotes exhibit a wide variety of shapes and functions. All prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane except in mycoplasma. The fluid matrix filling the cell is the cytoplasm. There is no well-defined nucleus. The genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane. In addition to the genomic DNA (the single chromosome/circular DNA), many bacteria have small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA. These smaller DNA are called plasmids. The plasmid DNA confers certain unique phenotypic characters to such bacteria. One such character is resistance to antibiotics. Nuclear membrane is found in eukaryotes. No organelles, like the ones in eukaryotes, are found in prokaryotic cells except for ribosomes. Prokaryotes have something unique in the form of inclusions. A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called mesosome is the characteristic of prokaryotes. They are essentially infoldings of cell membrane.

1.) ______________ is the fluid matrix, which fills the prokaryotic cell.

• a.) Cell sap
• b) Cytoplasm
• d.) Both a & b

Ans: b) Cytoplasm

2.) Identify incorrect statement

Statement 1 – In prokaryotic cell nucleus is absent.

Statement 2 – In prokaryotic cells genetic material appears naked.

Statement 3 – In prokaryotic cells genetic material not enveloped by a nuclear membrane.

Statement 4 – prokaryotic cells do not have a cell wall.

• c.) Both 2 & 3
• d.) All of the above

Ans: b) Only 4

3.) Give reason – why genetic material in prokaryotic cell is not enveloped in nuclear membrane?

Ans: In prokaryotic cell well-defined nucleus is absent. Hence all genetic material appears naked and not enveloped by a nuclear membrane.

4.) Define mesosome.

Ans: Mesosome – A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called mesosome is the characteristic of prokaryotes. They are essentially infoldings of cell membrane

5.) Give the any two characteristic of prokaryotic cells.

Ans: Characteristic of prokaryotic cells;

• There is no well-defined nucleus.
• The genetic material is basically naked, not enveloped by a nuclear membrane.
• Cellulose is the fluid matrix, which fills the prokaryotic cell.
• The prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells.
• All prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane except in mycoplasma.

6.) Enlist the shapes of bacteria are generally occurs.

Ans : The four basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral).

Hope the information shed above regarding Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit of Life with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries about CBSE Class 11 Biology Cell: The Unit of Life Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers, feel free to comment below so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible. By Team Study Rate

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MCQ Questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 11 Biology with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Biomolecules Class 11 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Biomolecules Class 11 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1. Which one of the following is wrongly matched? (a) Enzyme – Lipopolysaccharide (b) Phospholipid – Plasma membrane (c) ATP – Nucleotide derivative (d) Antibody – Glycoprotein

Answer: (a) Enzyme – Lipopolysaccharide

Question 2. A functional protein is (a) Collagen (b) Ossein (c) Vitamin (d) Enzyme

Answer: (d) Enzyme

Question 3. Nitrogenous bases present in DNA (a) Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (b) Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (c) Adenine, thymine, uracil (d) Guanine, uracil

Answer: (b) Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 4. Metabolic intermediates found in living system which are essential for growth and life is called___________ (a) Saponins (b) Tannins (c) Secondary metabolite (d) Primary metabolites

Answer: (d) Primary metabolites

Question 5. DNA differs from RNA in having (a) Thymine but no uracil (b) Uracil but no thymine (c) Thymine but no cytosine (d) Cytosine but no guanine

Answer: (a) Thymine but no uracil

Question 6. Enormous diversity of protein molecules is due to (a) R groups of amino acids (b) Sequence of amino acids (c) Peptide bonds (d) Amino groups of amino acids

Answer: (b) Sequence of amino acids

Question 7. Select the option which is not correct with respect to enzyme action: (a) Substrate binds with enzyme at its active site. (b) Addition of lot of succinate does not reverse the inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate. (c) A non-competitive inhibitor binds the enzyme at a site distinct from that which binds the substrate. (d) Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase.

Answer: (b) Addition of lot of succinate does not reverse the inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate.

Question 8. Anti-parallel strands of a DNA molecule mean that (a) One strand turns anticlockwise (b) Phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands (poles) are in opposite position (c) Phosphate groups of two DNA strands at their ends share the same position (d) One strand turns clockwise

Answer: (b) Phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands (poles) are in opposite position

Question 9. The introduction of t-DNA into plants involves: (a) Altering the pH of the soil, then heat shocking the plants (b) Exposing the plants to cold for a brief period (c) Allowing the plant roots to stand in water (d) Infection of the plant by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Answer: (d) Infection of the plant by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Question 10. Double hydrogen bond occurs in DNA between (a) Adenine and guanine (b) Thymine and cytosine (c) Adenine and thymine (d) Uracil and thymine

Answer: (c) Adenine and thymine

Question 11. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is (a) Sucrose (b) Fructose (c) Maltose (d) Glucose

Answer: (d) Glucose

Question 12. Proteins perform many physiological functions. For example, some function as enzymes. Which one of the following represents an additional function which some proteins discharge? (a) Antibiotics (b) Pigments making colours of flowers (c) Hormones (d) Pigments conferring colour to skin

Answer: (c) Hormones

Question 13. Nitrogen is a component of (a) Carbohydrates (b) Lipids (c) Proteins (d) Polyphosphates

Answer: (c) Proteins

Question 14. Maximum iron occurs in (a) WBC (b) Bone cells (c) Protein (d) RBC

Answer: (d) RBC

Question 15. The most abundant mineral of the animal body is (a) Potassium (b) Sodium (c) Calcium (d) Iron

Answer: (c) Calcium

Question 16. The bacterial cell wall is formed of (a) Cellulose (b) Hemicellulose (c) Peptidoglycan (d) Glycogen

Answer: (c) Peptidoglycan

Question 17. Ester linkages occur in (a) Proteins (b) Lipids (c) Nucleic acids (d) Carbohydrates

Answer: (b) Lipids

Question 18. ATP was discovered by (a) Bowman (b) Lipmann (c) Blackman (d) Karl Lohmann

Answer: (d) Karl Lohmann

Question 19. Adenine is (a) Nucleoside (b) Purine (c) Pyrimidine (d) Nucleotide

Answer: (b) Purine

Question 20. Which one is a fibrous protein? (a) Collagen (b) Haemoglobin (c) Globulin (d) Hordein

Answer: (a) Collagen

Question 21. Among the following natural materials, the largest amount of cellulose is found in (a) Wood (b) Fruit pulp (c) Wheat straw (d) Cotton fibre

Answer: (d) Cotton fibre

Question 22. Which of the following secondary metabolites is wrongly matched? (a) Pigments – Carotenoids, anthocyanins (b) Polymeric substances – Rubber, gums (c) Toxin – Abrin, ricin (d) Alkaloids – Lemon grass oil

Answer: (d) Alkaloids – Lemon grass oil

Question 23. Which of the following are the most diverse molecules of a cell? (a) Mineral salts (b) Lipids (c) Proteins (d) Carbohydrates

Question 24. Cellulose is made up of (a) Fructose (b) Glucose (c) Sucrose (d) Ribose

Answer: (b) Glucose

Question 25. Which of the following is required as inducer(s) for the expression of Lac operon? (a) Glucose (b) Galactose (c) Lactose (d) Lactose and galactose

Answer: (c) Lactose

Question 26. Glycogen is a homopolymer made of (a) Glucose units (b) Galactose units (c) Amino acids (d) Ribose units

Answer: (a) Glucose units

Question 27. Which one of the following is a non – reducing carbohydrate? (a) Maltose (b) Sucrose (c) Lactose (d) Ribose 5 – phosphate

Answer: (b) Sucrose

Question 28. Which of the following carbohydrates is not a disaccharide? (a) Lactose (b) Maltose (c) Sucrose (d) Galactose

Answer: (d) Galactose

Question 29. An enzyme/protein is formed by chemically bonding together (a) CO 2 (b) Lipases (c) Carbohydrates (d) Amino acids

Answer: (d) Amino acids

Question 30. Which one of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids is wrongly matched with the category mentioned against it? (a) Adenine, Thymine – Purines (b) Uracil, Cytosine – Pyrimidines (c) Guanine, Adenine – Purines (d) Thymine, Uracil – Pyrimidines

Answer: (a) Adenine, Thymine – Purines

Question 31. The naturally occurring form of amino acid in proteins (a) L-amino acids only (b) D-amino acids only (c) Both L and D amino acids (d) None of these

Answer: (a) L-amino acids only

Question 32. Which of the following biomolecules are not strictly macromolecules? (a) Lipids (b) Nucleic acids (c) Proteins (d) Polysaccharides

Answer: (a) Lipids

Question 33. A protein which lacks a metal is (a) Glycoprotein (b) Haemoglobin (c) Ferredoxin (d) Cytochrome

Answer: (a) Glycoprotein

Question 34. Which of the following is not a conjugated protein? (a) Peptone (b) Glycoprotein (c) Chromoprotein (d) Lipoprotein

Answer: (a) Peptone

Hope the information shed above regarding NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Biomolecules with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries of CBSE Class 11 Biology Biomolecules MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers, feel free to reach us so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible.

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CBSE Class 11 Biology: A Chapter-Wise Guide

A comprehensive online resource for mastering cbse class 11 biology. learn key concepts, understand complex topics, and excel in your exams with chapter-wise tutorials, engaging explanations, and practice questions..

Important Diagrams

Discover a smoother learning journey through our effortless roadmap

Chapter 1: The Living World

The Living World - Introduction, Classification, Characteristics, FAQs

Diversity In The Living World

Binomial Nomenclature - Definition, Rules, Classification and Examples

Taxonomic Hierarchy In Biological Classification

Difference Between Phylum and Class

Genus and Family

Taxonomical Aids

Herbarium : Technique, Importance and Functions

Botanical Gardens

Chapter 2: Biological Classification

18 articles

Biological Classification

Kingdom Monera - Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Examples

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Protista

Chrysophytes

Dinoflagellates

Slime Moulds

Protozoans - Structure, Classification, Characteristics, Examples

Kingdom Fungi - Structure, Classification, Characteristics, FAQs

Phycomycetes

Ascomycetes - Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction, Importance

Basidiomycetes

Deuteromycetes

Kingdom Plantae - Class 11 Biology

Kingdom Animalia - Definition, Classification, Characteristics

Viruses, Viroids, Prions And Lichens

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

13 articles

What is Plant Kingdom?

Algae - Definition, Characteristics, Types and Examples

Chlorophyceae

Phaeophyceae - Overview, Characteristics, Importance, Examples

Rhodophyceae

Bryophytes | Class 11 Biology

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms - Definition, Characteristics, Uses and Examples

Angiosperms

Difference between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations

Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

17 articles

Animal Kingdom

Classification of Animal Kingdom

Levels of Organization in Animals

Symmetry in Animals - Definition, Types and Importance

Diploblastic And Triploblastic Organization

Classification of Animals

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Coelenterata | Class 11 Biology

Phylum Ctenophora

Platyhelminthes

Phylum Aschelminthes

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Chordata

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

15 articles

Morphology of Flowering Plants - Flower, Fruit, Seed, Roots

Root System in Plants - Types and Functions of Root

Stem - Characteristics and Functions

Leaf -Structure, Characteristics Notes CBSE Class-11

Morphology of Flower - Definition, Structure, Parts, Examples

Parts of a Flower and their Functions

Androecium - Definition, Components, Structure, Functions

Gynoecium - Definition, Concept, Parts, Functions

What is a Fruit?

Structure Of A Dicotyledonous Seed

Structure Of Monocotyledonous Seed

Semi Technical Description of a Flowering Plant - Class 11 Biology

Fabaceae - Overview, Characteristics, Classification, Importance

Solanaceae - Characteristics, Importance, Examples

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

10 articles

Meristematic Tissues | Class 11 Biology

Permanent Tissues

Why are Xylem and Phloem called Complex Tissues?

Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant

Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root

Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples

Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf

Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples

Secondary Growth

Cork Cambium

Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

11 articles

Structural Organization in Animals

Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance

Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples

Muscular Tissue - Structure, Functions, Types and Characteristics

Neural Tissue

Organ System

Morphology of Earthworm - Definition, Classification, Diagram and Examples

Earthworm Anatomy

Morphology of Cockroach

Anatomy of Cockroach

Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions

Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane

Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions

Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions

Ribosomes | Class 11 Biology

Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions

Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs

What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples

How To Analyze Chemical Composition?

What are Metabolites? - Primary and Secondary

Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance

Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples

Polysaccharides

Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types

Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9

Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples

How Do Enzymes Bring About Such High Rates Of Chemical Conversions?

Nature of Enzyme Action

Mechanism of Enzymes Action

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Cofactors - Definition, Structure, Types, Examples

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis, Different Phases of Cell Cycle

Mitosis - Overview, Phases, & Significance Class Notes

Mitosis Cell Division: Definition, Stages and Diagram

Meiosis - Definition, Stages, Function and Purpose

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?

Photosynthetic Pigments

What Is Light Dependent Reaction?

Electron Transport System (ETS) And Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

Where are the Atp and Nadph Used?

C4 Cycle of Photosynthesis

Photorespiration - Definition, Diagram, Process, Significance

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

Respiration In Plants Class 11 Notes

Do Plants Breathe?

What is Glycolysis ?

Fermentation: Meaning, Process, Types and Importance

Aerobic Respiration

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle - Overview, Stages, Roles, Significance

Respiratory Balance Sheet - CBSE Class 11 Notes

Respiratory Quotient

Chapter 13: Plant-Growth and Development

Plant Growth - Definition, Types, Factors Affecting, Examples

Phases of Growth In Plants - Growth Rates

Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation in Plant Growth

Plant Growth and Development

Physiological Effects Of Plant Growth Regulators

Photoperiodism: Meaning, Process and Examples

Vernalization

Seed Dormancy

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Human Respiratory System

Inspiration and Expiration

Lung Volumes And Capacities

Exchange Of Gases Notes CBSE Class 11

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Regulation Of Respiration

Respiratory System Disorders - Definition, Causes, Types, Symptoms

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

Body Fluids and Circulation

Plasma And Formed Elements

Blood Groups - ABO Blood Group and Rh Group System

Blood Coagulation

Lymphatic System

Circulatory Pathways - Anatomy and Functions

Human Circulatory System

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Double Circulation

Regulation of Cardiac Activity

Disorders of the Circulatory System

Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Excretory Products and their Elimination

Human Excretory System

Mechanism of Urine Formation

Functions of Renal Tubules

Mechanism Of Concentration Of The Filtrate

Regulation of Kidney Function Notes Class 11

Role Of Other Organs In Excretion

Disorders Of The Excretory System

Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

Locomotion And Movement

Contractile Proteins, Types and their Functions

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction - CBSE Class 11

Skeletal System: Anatomy and Function, Diagram

Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

Overview of Nervous System

Generation And Conduction Of Nerve Impulse - NCERT Notes

Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Central Nervous System

Reflex Action

Sensory Perception

Anatomy and Physiology of Human Ear

Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus - Function, Hormones and Disorder

Pituitary Gland

Pineal Gland

Thyroid Gland - Anatomy, Function and Clinical Aspects

Parathyroid Gland - Functions and Disorders

What is Thymus Gland?

Adrenal Gland

Testes - Anatomy and Functions

Ovary - Female Reproductive System

Hormones of Heart, Kidney And Gastrointestinal

Mechanism of Hormone Action - Notes CBSE Class 11

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology

19 articles

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 Living World

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 - Biological Classification

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 - Biomolecules

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

NCERT Solutions Chapter 11 of Class 11 Biology - Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Respiration in Plants

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 - Plant Growth and Development

NCERT Solutions of Class 11 Chapter 14 Breathing and Exchange of Gases

NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 15 Body Fluids and Circulation

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Excretory Products and Their Elimination

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 17 Locomotion and Movement

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Important Biology Diagrams - Class 8-12 & NEET

About the Tutorial

This interactive course is designed to help you ace CBSE Class 11 Biology. Each chapter breakdown provides clear explanations, illustrative diagrams, and practice exercises to solidify your understanding

Reasons to Learn CBSE Class 11 Biology:

Think Biology is just memorizing boring names? Think again! It's like having secret superpowers to understand the world around you.

Key Highlights of this Study Material:

• Our Course Designed to help you understand complex topics and excel in your CBSE Class 11 Biology exam.
• It's filled with quality lessons from teachers who know how to help you learn and do well in your exams.
• We focus on important exam topics and give you tips to score higher.
• We made learning easy with Chapter wise breakdowns to ensure you focus on the exact topics you need to learn.
• This course has engaging explanations, illustrations, and practice questions make learning effective and enjoyable

The Class 11th biology tutorials on GeeksforGeeks are a lifesaver! The clear explanations make learning complex concepts like genetics and ecology a simpler

I found the Class 11th biology tutorials on GeeksforGeeks extremely helpful. The concise notes has improved my understanding of topics like human physiology and plant morphology.

Aryan Gupta

The interactive nature of the lessons, with in-depth explanations of concepts like biodiversity and environmental issues, have made my preparation for board exams much smoother.

Rohan Singh

I recommend GeeksforGeeks' Class 11th biology tutorials! The comprehensive coverage of topics like evolution and biotechnology, have boosted my confidence in the subject.

Which is the best guide for Class 11 CBSE?

NCERT Textbooks are key. Practice with NCERT Exemplar problems. Consider reference books later for extra practice. Use online resources for explainer videos or tests. Focus on understanding, not memorizing.

Which is the toughest subject in class 11 science?

The perception of difficulty can vary by student, but Physics is often considered the toughest subject in Class 11 Science (for both PCM and PCB streams) because it requires a strong foundation in Math and involves abstract concepts.

Where can I get best notes for Class 11?

There are two main options for Class 11 notes: NCERT Textbooks: These are the official source and a great starting point. Make your own notes while studying them. Online Resources: Many websites and apps offer free or paid Class 11 revision notes. Look for sites with good reputations and content based on the CBSE curriculum.

How to make notes for class 11 science?

-Be organized: Use a notebook with clear headings and leave space for adding details later. -Focus on key information: Write down definitions, diagrams, equations, and experiment results. -Use abbreviations and bullet points: Save time and make notes easier to scan. -Leave space for questions: Note down anything unclear for later clarification from teachers. -Drawings and diagrams: Include visuals to represent complex concepts. Review and revise: Briefly go over your notes after class to solidify your understanding.

How to get 90% in class 11?

Here's how to aim for a 90+ in Class 11: Plan and prioritize: Make a study schedule and identify important topics. Master NCERT: Understand concepts thoroughly from NCERT textbooks. Practice consistently: Solve questions from NCERT Exemplar and other sources. Plug knowledge gaps: Seek help from teachers or classmates for areas you struggle with. Revise effectively: Regularly review notes and key concepts to retain information. Manage time well: Balance studying with breaks to avoid burnout.

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Click to view more related papers, display_name = "class 11" && $paper->display_name = "class 12") { // echo $paper->display_name." questions papers and worksheets"; } //else { // echo $paper->display_name." sample papers and previous year papers"; //} //>, cbse class 11 biology chapter wise important questions - free pdf download.

CBSE Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are available in Printable format for Free Download.Here you may find NCERT Important Questions and Extra Questions for Class 11 Biology chapter wise with answers also. These questions will act as chapter wise test papers for Class 11 Biology. These Important Questions for Class 11 Biology are as per latest NCERT and CBSE Pattern syllabus and assure great success in achieving high score in Board Examinations

Total Papers :

Biology Topics to be covered for Class 11 Science

• The Living World
• Biological Classification
• Plant Kingdom
• Animal Kingdom
• Morphology of Flowering Plants
• Anatomy of Flowering Plants
• Structural Organisation in Animals
• Cell-The Unit of Life
• Biomolecules
• Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Transport in Plants
• Mineral Nutrition
• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
• Respiration in Plants
• Plant - Growth and Development
• Digestion and Absorption
• Breathing and Exchange of Gases
• Body Fluids and Circulation
• Excretory Products and Their Elimination
• Locomotion and Movement
• Neural Control and Coordination
• Chemical Coordination and Integration

Structure of CBSE Biology Sample Paper for Class 12 Science is

For Preparation of exams students can also check out other resource material

CBSE Class 11 Biology Sample Papers

CBSE Class 11 Biology Worksheets

CBSE Class 11 Biology Question Papers

CBSE Class 11 Biology Test Papers

CBSE Class 11 Biology Revision Notes

Question Bank of Other Subjects of Class 11

Importance of Question Bank for Exam Preparation?

There are many ways to ascertain whether a student has understood the important points and topics of a particular chapter and is he or she well prepared for exams and tests of that particular chapter. Apart from reference books and notes, Question Banks are very effective study materials for exam preparation. When a student tries to attempt and solve all the important questions of any particular subject , it becomes very easy to gauge how much well the topics have been understood and what kind of questions are asked in exams related to that chapter.. Some of the other advantaging factors of Question Banks are as follows

• Since Important questions included in question bank are collections of questions that were asked in previous exams and tests thus when a student tries to attempt them they get a complete idea about what type of questions are usually asked and whether they have learned the topics well enough. This gives them an edge to prepare well for the exam.Students get the clear idea whether the questions framed from any particular chapter are mostly either short or long answer type questions or multiple choice based and also marks weightage of any particular chapter in final exams.
• CBSE Question Banks are great tools to help in analysis for Exams. As it has a collection of important questions that were asked previously in exams thereby it covers every question from most of the important topics. Thus solving questions from the question bank helps students in analysing their preparation levels for the exam. However the practice should be done in a way that first the set of questions on any particular chapter are solved and then solutions should be consulted to get an analysis of their strong and weak points. This ensures that they are more clear about what to answer and what can be avoided on the day of the exam.
• Solving a lot of different types of important questions gives students a clear idea of what are the main important topics of any particular chapter that needs to focussed on from examination perspective and should be emphasised on for revision before attempting the final paper. So attempting most frequently asked questions and important questions helps students to prepare well for almost everything in that subject.
• Although students cover up all the chapters included in the course syllabus by the end of the session, sometimes revision becomes a time consuming and difficult process. Thus, practicing important questions from Question Bank allows students to check the preparation status of each and every small topic in a chapter. Doing that ensures quick and easy insight into all the important questions and topics in each and every individual. Solving the important questions also acts as the revision process.

Question Bank of Other Classes

To Prepare better for CBSE paperclass; ?> " title="Download Free CBSE Papers">Ribblu.com brings to you all the previous years papers & worksheets of subject; ?//> for CBSE paperclass; ?>. This CBSE paper and worksheet can be instrumental in students achieving maximum marks in their exams. These Papers and worksheets help students gain confidence and make them ready to face their school examinations. These Papers and worksheets school wise, covers important concepts from an examination perspective. Students and parents can download all the available papers & worksheets directly in the form of PDF. One can use these papers and worksheets to get extensive practice and familiarise themselves with the format of the question paper.

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