aiou solved assignment autumn

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AIOU Solved Assignments For Spring & Autumn 2024 | Download PDF

AIOU Solved Assignments Spring & Autumn 2024 are available. If you are a student of Allama Iqbal University and looking for a solved assignment, then you are at the right place. We offer you Solved Assignment for Matric, FA, I.COM, BA, B.COM, Associate Degree, BS 4 Years, BS 2.5 Years, MA, MSC, MED, BED, ADE programs that you can download easily from our website. Here you will be find solved assignment both Spring/Autumn semesters.

AIOU Solved Assignments For Spring 2024

AIOU Solved Assignments for Spring & Autumn 2024. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is a well-known institution in Pakistan. It helps students learn without having to go to classes. AIOU has many different programs and classes. When students study here, they often have to do assignments. These assignments are important for learning. AIOU gives students assignments to help them learn better. This article will show you how to get the solved assignments for 2024.

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AIOU Soft Books 2024 Download PDF | All Programs

What are AIOU Solved Assignments?

AIOU Solved Assignments are answers or solutions to questions given in your study material provided by Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU). They help students understand how to solve problems and complete their assignments correctly.

Where can I find AIOU Solved Assignments?

You can find solved assignments on our website https://aiousolvedassignment.pk .

Why are AIOU Solved Assignments important?

These assignments are important because they provide guidance and examples for students to better understand their course material. They help students learn and apply what they have learned in practice.

AIOU PDF Spring and Autumn Solved Assignments 2024 Semesters Download

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If you are a student at Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), you have come to the right place! This website is a treasure trove of information, especially for those looking for AIOU PDF Spring & Autumn Solved Assignments free downloads for the year 2024. These assignments are specifically tailored to your course level, so you will find exactly what you need to succeed.

And that is not all! We also have Guess Papers and Past Papers for AIOU . These resources are great for preparing for your exams and getting a better understanding of what to expect. So, do not forget to check those out too to get New 2024 AIOU Solved Assignments free of cost download by Aioututor.pk. Everything here is designed to help you students to succeed in your studies at AIOU.

Wondering what an AIOU Solved Assignment is? It is a set of notes for a subject that students prepare on their own. Once these notes are ready, they are converted into PDF format because that is the format Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) accepts.

AIOU Solved Assignments Download 2024 in PDF

Here’s the great news – you can download these solved assignments for both the spring and autumn sessions at aioulearn.pk. It’s really simple to do:

• Visit to the homepage of aioututor.pk .
• Click on ‘ Solved Assignments ‘.
• Find the assignment for your subject.
• You’ll find it in PDF format, ready to download, simply click and download PDF formate of any post..

But that’s not all. You might also be wondering how to download these assignments, and then how to submit them. Don’t worry, I’ll guide you through it, step by step.

How to download AIOU Solved assignments in PDF format?

To download and submit your AIOU-solved assignments, you will need access to the LMS Aaghi portal at aaghi.aiou.edu.pk.

Here’s what you do:

• First, log in with your username and password provided by AIOU.
• Select the course or subject you are enrolled in.
• Find the option to upload your solved assignment.
• Click on it, and yo will be taken to a new page.
• Choose the file from your computer – remember, it must be in PDF format.
• Upload it, and you are all set!

Just follow these steps, and you will have your assignments downloaded and submitted in no time. It is an easy and efficient way to keep track of your studies at AIOU.

Matric Programme

F.a programme, ba, bs, b.ed, bba & post graduate programmes, ma/msc program name, faqs for aiou solved assignments:, q1. what are aiou assignments.

AIOU assignments are sets of questions made by tutors. Students need to answer these questions. The assignments are checked by tutors, and the marks you get are added to your final results.

Q2. How can I download AIOU question assignments?

You can download the question assignments from the Allama Iqbal Open University’s official website. For detailed steps on how to do this, please refer to the instructions provided earlier.

Q3. How do I write AIOU assignments?

First, write your AIOU assignment on paper. Once you have written your answers, scan the pages and upload them to the AIOU Portal in PDF format.

Q4. What are AIOU solved assignments?

AIOU solved assignments are the completed answers to your question papers. These answers are available in PDF format. The marks you get in these assignments are important for your overall grade.

Q5. Can I get help with AIOU assignments?

Yes, you can get help! AIOU provides study materials and tutor support for assignments. You can also find additional resources on the AIOU website and in online student forums.

Q6. Are AIOU assignments required for all courses?

Yes, completing assignments is a requirement for all courses at AIOU. These AIOU PDF Spring and Autumn Solved Assignments help you understand your course better and prepare you for exams. Make sure you complete and submit them on time get get good marks in your semesters.

Muhammad Sameer is an expert in AIOU academic resources, providing reliable guidance on exam results, admissions, and assignments with a focus on accuracy, trustworthiness, and student success.

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AIOU Assignment 2024-2024 Spring Autumn PDF Download Matric, FA, BA, MA, MPhil

The AIOU Assignment 2024-2024 Spring Autumn is a vital resource for Allama Iqbal Open University students participating in Matric, FA, BA, MA, and MPhil programmes. These assignments, provided in PDF format, play a crucial role in the learning process and evaluating students’ knowledge and skills. They enable students to apply their acquired knowledge and showcase their proficiency in the course content. Covering a wide range of subjects and topics, these assignments allow students to demonstrate their capabilities and receive appropriate grades. By easily accessing the assignment PDFs specific to their respective programs, students can ensure they have the necessary materials to successfully complete and submit their assignments.

Overview of AIOU Assignments

Allama Iqbal Open University is Pakistan’s largest educational organisation, providing home-based education to millions of students, both male and female. Assignments are an important aspect of AIOU educational programmes since they measure students’ understanding and knowledge. The amount of assignments varies according to the degree programme, and it gives a perfect opportunity for students to achieve good grades by adhering to the standards and properly completing the assignments.

AIOU Assignment Schedule Autumn/Spring 2024-24

Importance of Following Assignment Guidelines

It is critical to remember certain crucial aspects in order to excel in your AIOU tasks. First and foremost, make certain that the deadline for assignment completion and submission is met. The deadline for submitting your tasks is crucial, and on-time submission is strongly advised to avoid any unfavorable effects. We recommend that you visit our portal on a regular basis to stay up to date on any adjustments or extensions to the deadline or assignment criteria.

AIOU Assignment Last Date

The first assignment for the B.Ed course must be submitted in full by August 2024. The second assignment was due on September. The first full course in the BS and B.Ed programmes must be submitted by August, 2024, and the second course must be submitted by September . Complete and turn in your homework by the deadline.

AIOU Assignments Schedule 2024-24 Matric, FA, BA, MA, MPhil

Welcome to our detailed reference to the AIOU assignments programme for 2024-24. If you are an Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) student looking for the most accurate and up-to-date information on the assignment timetable for various programmes, you’ve come to the right spot. In this post, we will offer you with all of the information and guidance you need to submit your assignments on time and with good grades.

AIOU Assignments Schedule for 2024-24

Throughout the year, the Allama Iqbal Open University follows a set timetable for assignment submissions. The assignments are separated into two semesters, Spring and Autumn, and each semester has different deadlines for different programmes. The assignment calendars for the various degree programmes offered at AIOU during the Autumn 2024-24 semester are provided below.

2023-24 AIOU BA Assignment Schedule

The AIOU has announced the most recent assignment submission timetable for students participating in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme for the Autumn Semester 2024-24. Please adhere to the timeline stated below to ensure timely submission of your BA assignments:

Schedule of AIOU Assignments for Other Programme

In addition to BA, Matric, and FA, Allama Iqbal Open University provides B.Ed, BS, MA/MSc, MEd, M.Phil, and PhD programmes. The following are the assignment schedules for various programmes for the Autumn 2024-24 semester:

How to Download AIOU Solved Assignment Spring Autumn 2024-24?

We want to make your learning experience as easy as possible. Follow the procedures below to obtain and download AIOU solved assignments for the Spring and Autumn 2024-24 semesters:

1.Navigate to the “Assignments” area of official website. 2. Select your programme from the list, such as Matric, FA, BA, BS (Hons), Associate Degree Programme (ADP), BSc, B.Ed, MA, MSc, or M.Ed. 3. Choose the course code and assignment number for which you require the solved assignment. 4. Use the links provided to obtain the AIOU solved assignments in PDF format.

Why Are AIOU Assignments Important?

AIOU solved assignments are extremely important to your overall academic performance. They provide a forum for you to demonstrate your understanding of the course subject as well as your analytical and critical thinking abilities. These assignments are intended to supplement your learning experience and allow you to put what you’ve learnt into practise.

Furthermore, AIOU gives these tasks a high weightage, generally accounting for 30% of the overall grades for each course. As a result, it is critical that you pay close attention to completing and submitting your projects on time.

Due Date for AIOU Assignments

Each semester, Allama Iqbal Open University establishes a deadline for the submission of AIOU solved assignments. The deadline for assignment submission is set at the beginning of the semester, giving students plenty of time to finish their assignments. It is critical that you meet these dates in order to prevent penalties or negative impacts on your marks. Check the AIOU assignment schedule to stay up to speed on the submission deadlines for each course.

Where Should AIOU Assignments Be Submitted?

After you have finished your AIOU solved tasks, you must submit them to your designated tutor. When you enroll at AIOU, you will be allocated a tutor for each semester who will help you throughout your academic journey. Your tutor will give you their contact details as well as the place where you should send your assignments.

If you are unsure about your tutor’s contact information, you may quickly locate it by going to the AIOU Tutor Search portal on the official AIOU website. Your tutor will review and grade your assignments after you submit them. The assignment grades will then be forwarded to the university and published to your AIOU account, where you will be able to see and review them.

Solved Matric Assignments by AIOU 2024-24

Please download the assignments below according to your course code and assignment number. AIOU Solved Assignments for Matric Class are provided.

Intermediate Assignments Solved by AIOU 2024 FA

Please download the assignments based on your course code and assignment number from the list of AIOU Solved Assignments for the Intermediate (F.A/ICS) class below.

AIOU Assignment Question

In a PDF file, AIOU completed spring 2024 assignment is available. These assignments include questions from the syllabus that you were given by your teacher or tutor. You are responsible for solving problems on your own, or you can use this platform for assistance if you are having trouble. You finish it and then submit it.

Your teacher grades you after checking. We have almost all level-specific assignments that have been solved. They are available on our website.

AIOU B.A. Assignment 2024 Solved

Please download the assignments below according to your course code and assignment number. AIOU Solved Assignments for Bachelor Programmed (B.A./B.Com.

Please download the assignments below based on your course code and assignment number. AIOU Solved Assignments for MA Urdu Class.

Please download the assignments below according to your course code and assignment number. AIOU Solved Assignments for the MA Pakistan Studies Class.

AIOU Assignment Spring 2024-24

The Open University of Allama Iqbal FA Assignments Schedule 2024 for the Spring Semester has been made available so that individuals can see when the due deadline for submitting the assignment is closing.

For the Matric, FA, BA, MA, MPhil FSC, ICS, and F grades of the intermediate students at Dar Se Nizami, general arts, business, and science.The Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad gives them all the same deadline for submission.

Therefore, there’s no need to fret or hesitate while learning the expiration date. The most recent information regarding their individual and collective people i.e., AIOU Tutors Letter is being shared with you by edulearning.pk.

The contact information for their subject teachers’ mobile numbers and addresses, where you can send it before the deadline, is given to us. If you don’t see any dreams about the AIOU assignment’s spring 2024 deadline being delayed, get ready for preparation, 11th and 12th grade pupils.

Writing Guidelines for Assignments ________________________________________ Please read the directions for writing your assignments before beginning. (Matric,FA,BA,BEd,AD, BS, MA/MSc/M.Phil) 1. 1. All questions are required and are worth the same amount of points, but the points are allocated within each question in accordance with its specifications. 2. Carefully read the question and then respond in line with its specifications. 3. Stay away from duplicating content from books, study guides, or related materials. 4. Assignments that are handwritten and scanned cannot be accepted. The University LMS will accept scanned copies of handwritten assignments in PDF format from students who attempt their assignments in Urdu or Arabic. The file shouldn’t be larger than 5 MB. 5. Before the due date, upload your typed assignments (in Word or PDF format). 6. We will value your own analysis and synthesis. 7. LMS does not allow the upload of late assignments.

AIOU Assignment 2024-24 Autumn

We at AIOU Solved Assignment Autumn 2024-24 work hard to give Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad students the most current and correct solved assignments available. We have you covered whether you’re enrolled in the Bachelor, Class (General Group/Mass Communication)/B.Com/BLIS, or Masters degree. So why are you still waiting? Get your completed assignments today.

AIOU Assignment Marks Autumn 2024-24

AIOU Assignment Marks 2024-24 Autumn & Spring Semesters”The Allama Iqbal Open University of Pakistan depends on the entire results based on your written assignments that were sent to the tutors after he will make the numbered yellow and send it to the university, then her tutor and paper result is combined and the final result is updated on the site, then all of us is checked the online A.I.O.U. Assignment Marks Spring 2024-24 Semester.

You might have figured out what the point of AIOU Assignment Marks 2024-24 Check Here was by now. Therefore, the students are pleased that the University of Allama Iqbal is offering the online option to check their subject-wise and all books code assignment marks viewing in order to give them peace of mind that, if they pass, they will pass the final exams for the program that was chosen for them on the Allama Iqbal Open University’s application form.

Click Here for Checking AIOU Assignment Marks Result

How can I Check the Results of my 2024-24 Aiou Assignments Online?

• Open the official site provided below.
• Pick a course or program.
•  On the following screen, enter your roll number.
• Press the submit button.
• The results of all tasks will be displayed on your monitor.

AIOU Extends Matric and FA Assignments 2024 Submission Date

AIOU Islamabad Contact Number and Address

• Phone Number: 051-111-112-468
• Address: Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8, Islamabad- 44000, Pakistan
• Official Website:

AIOU Matric Prospectus 2024 PDF Download

AIOU Enrollment Result 2024 By Roll Number Matric,FA,BA Spring And Autumn

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Download AIOU Solved Assignments 2021: Spring & Autumn • PDFs

Now you can download your AIOU Solved Assignments either of Semester Spring or Semester Autumn for FREE. All assignments are in PDF and easily accesible for the students.

So, here below are the Solved Assignments for Matric, Intermediate (FA, I.Com), Bachelors (BS, BA, B.Ed), Masters (MA, MEd, M. phil), PhD. Find AIOU Tutor online for All Program by Roll Number

Note : All Assignments are uploaded and updated from third-party service. If some assignments are not available then wait for a span of time. We do not upload these assignment directly from us.

Check Also: Download AIOU Books in PDF online of All Program

AIOU Intermediate (FA, I.Com) Solved Assignments 2021

Students who take admission in AIOU Intermediate Programs are really newbies to AIOU System and not much familiar with the AIOU Rules and Regulations.

Allama Iqbal Open University Intermediate (FA, I.Com) solved assignments are available in PDF Format and you can easily save these or download these files into your Mobile or PC easily.

Download your AIOU Intermediate Solved Assignments from the above mentioned button.

Note: Check AIOU Tutor Letter online by Roll Number [Updated]

AIOU B.Ed Solved Assignments 2021

Allama Iqbal Open University offers B.Ed program of 1.5, 2.5 & 4 years. You have to submit your Assignments in each semester and it is mandatory to get passing marks in each assignment.

All assignments are updated for AIOU B.Ed program for 2021 in Semester Spring & Semester Autumn on the page.

Click on the link above above and download your desired solved assignment in PDF, which will be easily accessible.

Note: Check AIOU BA Program Details [Admission, Fee, Result, Books]

AIOU BA Solved Assignments 2021

BA (Gen. Group) is the most enrolled program by students in Allama Iqbal Open University. And, students have to submit their assignments because the Obtained Marks in assignments will be counted in final exams.

So, download all BA codes assignments from the below button of both Semester Spring & Semester Autumn.

If you can an assignment of a specific code is missing or there is any issue regarding this then you may let us know by sending us a comment from below.

Note: Download AIOU Books in PDF 2021

AIOU BS ODL Solved Assignments 2021

There is a wide-range program offered by Allama Iqbal Open University to its students. Students of BS ODL are also required to send Assignments to their Tutor every semester.

All assignments will be checked by your tutor and the Obtained Marks will be counted counted in final exams.

Note: Check AIOU Date Sheet of All Programs 2021

AIOU Associate Degree Program (ADP) Solved Assignments 2021

Associate Degree Program is also a best choice for the students of AIOU. Assignments are also mandatory for ADP students to submit them to assigned tutor.

You are requested not to copy these solved assignments as same as they are. All these solved assignments are just for your guidance.

Note: Check AIOU Roll Number Slip 2021

AIOU Masters (MA, MSc, M.Ed) Solved Assignments 2021

All you need to download the AIOU MA, M.Ed Assignments is click on the click below button. It will redirect you to dedicated page for AIOU Solved Assignments.

Solved Assignments for both Semester Spring & Semester Autumn are updated. All these solved assignments are just a click away.

Note: Check AIOU Result 2021 by Roll Number [Updated]

How to submit AIOU Assignments?

Well, now in this 2002 Allama Iqbal Open University has provided two options to submit their assignments. Either you can use AIOU LMS (Agahi Portal) to submit your assignments or you can send your assignments to your Tutor.

So, first of check your Updated AIOU Tutor Letter record from here.

And, just send these assignments in an envalope at your Tutor Address.

And, the second option is to scan your hand-written assignments to soft-form and upload them on AIOU LMS (Agahi Portal).

Keep remembered that the maximum size for one assignment to upload is 5 MB and only PDF or DOCX files are permitted.

Follow us on our Facebook Page  or  Join our Facebook group for AIOU updates

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You can use any Scanner (CamScanner) in your Mobile Phone and can scan the pages of written assignments to a PDF file in that Scanner App.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How much assignments marks are added in final result.

It is mandatory for every student to submit the assignments and get passing marks in Assignments. In the final result, 70% Marks are counted from your Final Exams and 30% Marks are counted from your Assignments.

What if I do not submit Assignments?

If you do not submit your assignments or you are failed to get passing marks in assignments then in your result Re-Appear will be written. This means that you have to take the exams again and have to submit your assignments again.

Is it necessary to submit Assignments to Allama Iqbal Open University- AIOU?

Yes, It is necessary to submit AIOU Assignments to your tutor else you will be considered to fail in your final result. You will also get failed in your final results if you are unable to get passing marks in your assignments. Your AOU Tutor marks your assignments in the same way as your papers are checked in the annual examination.

How I can download these AIOU Solved Assignments?

Well, you can download these solved assignments in PDF by going to the section for which you want to download Solved Assignments. If you want to download AIOU Solved Assignment for the B.Ed program then click on the Button above for B.Ed solved assignment. And, you will be directed toward a dedicated page for B.Ed Solved Assignments where you can download them in PDF.

What if I get failed in Assignment Marks even after sending them to Tutor?

If you sent your written assignments to your tutor or uploaded them on AIOU LMS portal and still you get failed in Assignments Marks then you should contact AIOU Regional office. Provide them your receipt of sending assignments to Tutor and fill an Application Form for the correction of your result.

Ask your Question

You can easily ask your questions in the  comments  below. Our team will try their best to promptly help you and will answer your questions as soon as possible.

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MILS Semester 2nd spring 2021 all assigment

Assignment spring 2021 387″2 Or assignment 364″2 Or assignment 312″3 Nae h ager h to old h so please in ki corection kr dain

F.A assignments code no 343,305,330 spring 2021

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B.ED ASSIGNMENT 2.5 YEAR CODE NO 6465,8606

Matric assingment code#201 and code#202

Bs english smster fourth 9056,9057,9058,9059,9060,9061 Pdf bna dy

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Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Aiou bachelor (ba/b.com) solved assignments - autumn 2023.

Welcome to our website. If you are a student of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) and pursuing Bachelor Class (BA / BCOM / Mass Communication / BLIS) Associate Degree program, then you have come to the right place. We offer solved assignments for Bachelor Class (BA / BCOM / Mass Communication / BLIS) Associate Degree 2 years program that you can download easily from our website. Apart from this, we also have helping books available for purchase that can assist you in preparing for your exams. To stay updated with our latest resources, we recommend that you subscribe to our AIOU Studio 9 YouTube channel, where we regularly upload informative videos related to AIOU and its programs.

Bachelor (BA/BCOM) ADP 2 years program

Solved Assignments of Spring / Spring 2024.

3,141 comments:

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Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque, Grozny, Russia #

by Stas Sedov and Sergey Shandin, members of the AirPano Team that is a member of the global-geography Consortium .

14 July 2014

with kind permission of AirPano

Grozny was founded as one of the fortresses of the Caucasian line of defense in 1818. When the defense line was no longer needed, many of the fortresses (including Kizlyar, Maykop, and Vladikavkaz) were granted town status. In 1870 the town of Grozny became a regional center going through a rapid growth period. In the 1890s, Grozny experienced a large migration of workers coming to the city due to the oil industry development. The first oil well was drilled in 1893, and at the same time they built a new railroad, which made Grozny the largest industrial center of the Caucasus region. In 1926-1928 a new water and sewer system was installed in the city. In 1934, the city of Grozny became a center of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was later transformed into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). The Chechen administrative status in the country has changed more than once during the course of its history, but the city of Grozny has always remained its capital.

The city of Grozny suffered its last trial in current history during the First and the Second Chechen Wars (1994— 1999) when the city was taken by storm and was seriously damaged. After that, some people proposed to move the capital of the republic to the less damaged town of Gudermes. However, Akhmad Kadyrov, the president of Chechnya at that time, did not support the idea, saying that the entire history of Chechnya was closely connected to Grozny. During that time there had been a restoration and rebuilding of the city. Within a decade, the famous "Heart of Chechnya" Mosque was built, along with a large Islamic complex, a soccer stadium, the Grozny-City Towers (a five-star skyscraper hotel and business center complex).

The main focus of our photo expedition was the Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque, officially known as the "Heart of Chechnya". It is a mosque of amazing beauty. The exterior walls are adorned in travertine marble, and the interior walls are decorated with white marble brought from Marmara Island (Marmara Adasi in Turkish), which is located on the Sea of Marmara. The "Heart of Chechnya" is the largest mosque in Russia and is one of the largest in Europe. The diameter of its dome is 16 meters, and the height is 32 meters. Four minarets of the mosque are 62 meters tall, which makes them the tallest minarets in Russia.

Although it is usually prohibited, they made an exception for the AirPano team and let us climb up to one of the minarets. After a dizzying ascent of steep stairs, we saw a marvelous view of the city. It is hard to imagine that a muezzin used to climb up to a minaret several times a day for the call to prayer (adhan or azan). Imagine walking a narrow stairwell up to the 20th floor of a building over and over again — one must be in good physical shape. Of course, a modern muezzin's job is much easier: there are loudspeakers installed on the minarets, and a microphone is connected to the lower level of the mosque. However, the view from a minaret is worth the climb.

The "Heart of Chechnya" Mosque can accommodate 10,000 people, and the same number of people can pray on the square in front of the Mosque as well as in the summer gallery. The walls and the dome are skillfully painted by master artisans from Turkey. The inner surface of the main dome is decorated by the words from Surat al-Ikhlas ("The Purity of Faith", the 112th Sura of the Qur'an): "He is Allah, who is one, the eternal God. He neither begets nor is born, nor is there to Him any equivalent".

Interestingly, there are 36 chandeliers in the "Heart of Chechnya" Mosque that are modeled after other famous mosques: al-Kubbat Sahra in Jerusalem, Rovzat-Nebevi in Medina, and the Kaaba shrine in Mecca. The mosque itself and all its elements are impressively large: a chandelier alone is 8 meters high. However, it is not the grand size that will impress you the most, but the airy lightness of the structure. The dome seems to float atop 4 supporting columns.

We visited the city of Grozny during the month of Ramadan, when Muslims are fasting. With the support of Russia and the Chechen Muftiate, we were able to take unique pictures during Namaz (or Salat), a Muslim prayer. We were deeply impressed by the Tarawih, a nightly prayer performed by Muslims during the Islamic month of Ramadan: hundreds of men, shoulder to shoulder, were praying together. A break is taken after every 4 rak'ah (a set of the prescribed movements and words), during which the men can sit down. Thus the name "Tarawih," which means "rest."

We noticed a considerable number of police patrols on the streets of Grozny. There is almost no crime, however, and you won't see drunken people there either. Our guides said laughingly, "If you see a drunkard, make sure to take a picture! We are going to show it to everyone!"

The beauty of local women is legendary; and there is a good reason for that. One doesn't need to be a poet or an artist to appreciate their grace. Despite common opinion, a long dress and a shawl only enhances a female's natural beauty and elegance. We saw girls wearing short skirts on the streets of Grozny as well, and there were no complaints from the public. So, local customs are not as strict as people outside of Chechnya commonly think.

Southern sunsets are short, and the mosque beautifully glows in the descending ascending darkness. The surrounding park and fountains are illuminated as well, which makes it an inviting place for an evening stroll. The Grozny-City towers in the background, colorfully illuminated in the eastern tradition. "Grozny is the best city on Earth," says the multi-colored running text line on one of the towers. Moreover, when nightly prayer is over, moths attracted by the light circle around the minarets, becoming pillars of light reaching out to the sky...

When telling a story about this photo expedition, we cannot leave out the famous hospitality of highlanders. We were welcome everywhere we went, and even strangers were very friendly and kind and unceasingly helpful.

My special thanks go to the people that supported us during this trip and helped us organize it: to Chairman of Russia ?ufties Council — mufti Sheikh Rawil Gaynetdin, Deputy Chairman — Rushan hazrat Abbyasov, Chairman of Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Chechen Republic — Salah hajji Mezhiev and Ildar Yambikov.

I have only warm memories of our trip to Chechnya. There is no doubt that I would like to return there to learn more about the tradition and culture of Chechen people. And now, we invite you to see the city of Grozny through our photo panoramas!

17 Panoramas of Grozny,_Mosque

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What Putin's destruction of Grozny in 1999 means for Ukraine now

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<iframe width="100%" height="124" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" src="https://player.wbur.org/onpoint/2022/03/02/putin-grozny-chechen-ukraine-russia-military-past"></iframe>

• Hilary McQuilkin
• Meghna Chakrabarti

On Tuesday, even Volodymyr Zelenskyy's translator could not hold back his feelings as the Ukrainian President described Russian destruction in Ukraine.

But as Ukraine resists, the Russian military could regroup. Britain's Prime Minister said of Vladimir Putin:

"His only instinct is going to be to double down and to try and 'Grozny-fy' Kyiv, if you know what I mean," Boris Johnson said .

And what does Johnson mean? In 1999, Vladimir Putin ordered the complete destruction of the Chechen capital of Grozny.

The Russian military laid waste to Grozny, killing tens of thousands of civilians. In Putin's own words, his troops "fulfilled their task to the end."

Today, On Point : Lessons from Grozny then, for Ukraine now.

Andrew Harding , BBC Africa correspondent. He has worked as a foreign correspondent for 30 years. Much of his work has been in conflict zones, and the first war he covered was in Chechnya. ( @AndrewWJHarding )

Michael Kofman , director of Russia studies at CNA, a nonprofit research and analysis organization. Author of the Russia Military Analysis blog. ( @KofmanMichael )

Paul Stronski , senior fellow in Carnegie’s Russia and Eurasia program. Formerly, he was senior analyst for Russian domestic politics in the U.S. State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research. ( @pstronski )

Also Featured

Thomas Dworzak , photographer who covered both Chechen wars.

Transcript: An Interview With BBC Journalist Andrew Harding

MEGHNA CHAKRABARTI: In 1999, Chechen fighters entered Russia's Dagestan region and declared it an independent state. Russia retaliated in Chechnya in what's known as the Second Chechen War. Officially, Russians called it a counterterrorism operation. It was supposed to be brief and victorious.

By October 1999, then Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the complete takeover of the Chechen capital of Grozny. From December 1999 to February 2000, the Russian military laid siege to Grozny. Putin vowed that the military would not stop bombing Grozny until Russian troops quote 'fulfilled their task to the end.' They finished in February 2000, when the BBC's Andrew Harding stepped foot into Grozny, a place the U.N. declared the most destroyed city on Earth.

ANDREW HARDING [Tape]: Russian troops drive into Grozny, the city they destroyed in order to capture. In the suburbs, we saw mile after mile of total devastation, not a single house or cottage intact. Giant craters everywhere. Most streets are still too dangerous to walk down. Thousands of mines and booby traps have been discovered by Russian troops. Not always intentionally. ... This is unreal, it's like walking through a World War II film set, this was the center of Grozny. These were 12, 15 story apartment blocks. Now there is nothing left here.

CHAKRABARTI: The BBC's Andrew Harding, in Grozny, 22 years ago. And he joins us now. Andrew, welcome. What else did you see when you walked into Grozny — or what was left of Grozny that day in February 2000?

HARDING: Hi, Meghna. Gosh, it's chilling to hear that. And obviously in the context of Ukraine to be taken back to those horrific days in Grozny. I remember the people scuttling around, the civilians who'd dared to stay on, who had no option but to stay on trapped in the rubble. I visited families who were in their cellars, who'd been living in their cellars for months under the bombardment. I mean, didn't just destroy city blocks or parts of the city. This was an oil town, a prosperous oil town of half a million people. And it was flattened totally, block by block, ruthlessly, efficiently, deliberately. With every single weapon short of nuclear that the former Soviet army had.

CHAKRABARTI: Flattened. I mean, if I have your career here correct in front of me, Andrew, you've been a correspondent for the BBC for some 30 years, but Chechnya was the first war you had covered.

HARDING: It was the first war, and to be honest, nothing since in the 20-something conflicts I've covered since, nothing's ever come close to that. And I think that's the same for a lot of my colleagues. You know, we still talk about those days just with shock that it could ever have happened, that we were living through, essentially, a Stalingrad of horrific proportions. Of course, there were two wars: Putin's war from '99 to 2000, when journalists were effectively barred from getting in. Very difficult to access. Also, people were out to kill us as journalists. There was a price on my head. Gangsters were trying to to kidnap us. We were, myself, was kidnaped once, briefly. People were trying to execute us, as well. Journalists had their heads cut off. It was terrifying. But the first war, in many ways, was even more scary.

CHAKRABARTI: The first war in the early '90s. The first Chechen War.

HARDING: Exactly, this is what started it all, a much more chaotic start to a much more chaotic conflict. The second war that Putin started was much more ruthless and much more intentional, as you might say. But Yeltsin, Boris Yeltsin, the former president who started the war in 1994, really slid into a war that could easily have been avoided, but the same brutality that we witnessed up close. And I shall never forget walking through the rubble of Grozny early in 1995, during a brief lull, and it still brings shivers to me just thinking about going and finding people in their basements, whole families living there too scared to leave.

... I remember saying, we've got to go. The fighting, the shootings [are] going to start again soon and these families just too terrified to leave. And I remember on our way out being cluster bombed by the Russian Air Force, these huge explosions overhead. Then these tiny small bomblets coming down onto the ground, shooting out arrows in all directions, mowing down everybody. These are the sort of weapons they were using. And we dive for cover behind anything concrete, and those who weren't quick enough were torn to shreds. It was absolutely horrific.

CHAKRABARTI: So the first Chechen War, the Chechens had essentially declared independence. Russia retaliated. It was, as you said, it was a horrific war in the early and mid '90s that ended in a stalemate, essentially. Vladimir Putin witnessed that, he wasn't yet prime minister. But is it fair to say that the stalemate ending in the devastation of the first Chechen war set up Putin's desire to finish the job, for the lack of a better phrase, in 1999, when he became prime minister of Russia?

HARDING: Exactly. The Chechen rebels who number just a few thousand, 4,000, 5,000, very battle hardened, very determined, fearless fighters operating on foot, largely, in small groups. They brought to its knees a super power army that had vast conscript legions at its disposal. A huge armory. Helicopter gunships. MiG fighter planes. But this small, determined group brought that military to a stop. Basically said, You can capture towns, you can destroy the country, but you can't defeat us.

And the Russians eventually admitted that, signed a kind of peace deal, allowed the Chechens to have elections. In which the Chechen military commander, a man called Aslan Maskhadov, actually won the election. And for a time it seemed as if some sort of sanity, some kind of deal could prevail. But unfortunately, Chechnya slipped back into chaos. And then in 1999, you had a series of extraordinary attacks blamed on the Chechens, some of them clearly the responsibility of the Chechens, attacking neighboring countries.

But you also had apartment bombings far from Chechnya. And I remember walking through the rubble of apartments that have been blown up suddenly in Moscow in, I think, September 1999. And what's so chilling about those apartment bombings was that they became the pretext for the second war, for Vladimir Putin's war on Chechnya, as you say, to get the job done there, to crush the Chechens. But there is strong circumstantial evidence that it was Vladimir Putin and his own security services that were actually responsible for those bombs blowing up their own people to create the pretext for another war.

CHAKRABARTI: What was called a counterterrorism operation right at the time in 1999. It seems critical to understand that, you know, in the first Chechen War, in the mid 90s, this was Russia as immediately as post-Soviet Russia. So the military had been the Great Red Army before that. And then, as you note, in the first Chechen War, it's essentially humiliated by this ragtag bunch of rebels that managed to stop the Russian Army, or at least force them into a stalemate.

How important is it to understand that perhaps unwillingness to be humiliated again that Putin had in 1999 when he ordered? I mean, the complete destruction, as you describe, of Grozny in 1999 that led to the deaths of so many. How important is it to understand that? I mean you yourself on Twitter, Andrew, recently said that what you're seeing in Ukraine has strong echoes of what you saw in Chechnya.

HARDING: Huge echoes, I mean, I remember actually being asked by the Chechens to take out Russian P.O.W.s that the Chechens had captured, but they couldn't deal with, there were just so many young conscripts absolutely scared out of their wits, surrendering everywhere. And we've seen suggestions, at least to that in Ukraine, already. These young conscripts sent into battle with barely any equipment, no real idea where they were going, what they were doing, cannon fodder. And that was part of this sense of Russia's humiliation. Of course, it was in the context of economic collapse since 1991, of gangsterism taking over the economy.

Of a country that had lost its way and saw the import of American culture, American goods that felt it was being humiliated. And different parts of the Russian state took different lessons from that. Some people said, The answer is democracy. We need to accelerate democratic reforms. We need to embrace Europe. We need to move in that direction. But the colder, harder people like Vladimir Putin focused on the humiliation, felt that it was deliberate. And looked at NATO's gradual expansion, and saw this as the West seeking to humiliate Russia. Rather than Russia and the Soviet Union being the architects of their own collapse. And that really, I think, has fueled people like Putin so strongly.

HARDING: The totality of civilian deaths between the two Chechen wars. I'm seeing numbers anywhere from 30,000 to perhaps more than 100,000. ... Can we fairly say that that gives us any indication of how far Vladimir Putin may be willing to go in Ukraine?

HARDING: I don't know. But I fear so. Chechnya was a very different war. The Chechens have been demonized for years. There's a sort of racism against the darker skinned people of the Caucasus that was exploited and whipped up. And this was part of Russia's own territory. Ukraine, much more complicated. But Putin has created his own narrative around that, that we've heard so much about, about reclaiming original Russian territory.

Kiev, you know, deeply precious to Russia's sense of itself and its history. Hard to imagine the Russian military razing all that architecture, all that history, all those churches to the ground. And yet if this war continues in the way it's continuing, what happens inevitably is that the generals who have been ordered to seize a capital, if their troops aren't willing to fight or aren't able to fight on the ground successfully, what do you do? You turn to the weapons that will work, that will deliver you the city. Even if what you hand to Putin is a victory that is pure rubble. So, you know, there is in Chechnya, a horrific precedent for that.

This program aired on March 2, 2022.

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Hilary McQuilkin Producer, On Point Hilary McQuilkin is a producer for On Point.

Meghna Chakrabarti Host, On Point Meghna Chakrabarti is the host of On Point.

More from On Point

Chechnya, Russia and 20 years of conflict

How the tiny region shaped post-Soviet Russia on the 20th anniversary of the start of first Chechnya war.

Moscow, Russia – Twenty years ago on Thursday, Moscow started what it thought would be a “blitzkrieg” against secular separatists in Chechnya, a tiny, oil-rich province in Russia’s North Caucasus region that had declared its independence.

But the first Chechen war became Russia’s Vietnam; the second war was declared a victory only in 2009. The two conflicts have reshaped Russia, Chechnya, their rulers – and those who oppose them.

In 1994, s hortly after Moscow invaded Chechnya in an effort to restore its territorial integrity, Akhmad Kadyrov, a bearded, barrel-chested Muslim scholar turned guerrilla commander, declared jihad on all Russians and said each Chechen should kill at least 150 of them.

That was the proportion of the populations on each side of the conflict: some 150 million Russians and less than a million Chechens in a small, landlocked province, which the separatists wanted to carve out of Russia.

Western media and politicians dubbed the Chechens “freedom fighters” – an army of Davids fighting the Russian Goliath.

Moscow was lambasted internationally for disproportionate use of force and rolling back on the democratic freedoms that former leader Boris Yeltsin was so eager to introduce after the 1991 Soviet Union collapse.

Tens of thousands died amid atrocities committed by both sides – and many more were displaced before 1996, when the Russians retreated, leaving Chechnya essentially independent.

Retreating was a humiliation for Russia’s military machine that less than a decade earlier had presented a seemingly formidable threat to the entire Western world.

Chechen against Chechen

Independence did not quite work out for the Chechens.  The separatist government based in the ruined capital, Grozny, lost control over the rest of Chechnya.

Feuding field commanders and  foreign jihadists, such as the Saudi known as Emir al-Khattab,  ruled small districts with their own little armies. Kidnappings for ransom – along with primitive extraction of oil – were their main sources of income.

Many of the foreigners adhered to a puritanical Muslim ideology  known as Wahhabism  that ran counter to Chechnya’s Sufi traditions.

Akhmad Kadyrov, who was appointed as top Mufti of Chechnya, came into opposition with the puritans and their Chechen supporters, because he saw their extremist views as a threat to the separatist movement. In 1998, Kadyrov openly renounced the Wahhabis – and barely survived the first of many assassination attempts.

Kadyrov soon switched alliances, siding with the people upon whom he had once declared war – the Russians.

A virtually unknown ex-KBG officer, Vladimir Putin  became Russia’s new prime minister i n August 1999 and w ithin weeks led a military operation against the Chechen fighters.   

RELATED:  Timeline: Attacks in Russia  

When a series of explosions in apartment buildings in Moscow and two Russian towns killed more than 300 Russians, Moscow blamed Chechen rebels and embarked on an epic “anti-terrorist operation,” which became the second Chechen war.

Putin’s approval ratings skyrocketed, paving the way for his first presidency.  A ided by Kadyrov and other Chechen clans who had pledged allegiance to the Kremlin, t he Russian military  quickly returned most of Chechnya to Moscow’s control. In 2003, Kadyrov was elected Chechen president.

Russian targets

Cornered in Chechnya, the separatists took the war to Russia.

Attacks throughout the country became a grim reality of the new war and involved explosions in cities and towns, on planes and public transport.

At least two dozen attacks were carried out by female suicide bombers. Dubbed “black widows”, they became a sinister image imprinted on Russia’s collective psyche.

One such attack killed Akhmad Kadyrov in May 2004. His son, 27-year-old Ramzan Kadyrov, was too young to run for president at the time, but as head of his father’s security service, he quickly became Chechnya’s de facto ruler. I n 2007, soon after he turned 30, the younger Kadyrov  was elected president.

Four months after his father’s assassination, Chechen separatists seized a public school in the town of Beslan taking more than 1,000 hostages, mostly children. Almost 200 kids died when Russian forces stormed the school. The incident changed the world’s attitude towards the Chechen cause – “freedom fighters” became “Islamic insurgents” in the Western media.

Meanwhile, the media in Russia came under attack.

“The saying was that it was journalists who won the first Chechen war,” says Tatyana Lokshina, deputy director of the Moscow branch of Human Rights Watch, an international rights watchdog.

Moscow used unfavourable media coverage of the war as an excuse to curtail press freedoms. The Kremlin took over all national television networks and most major newspapers.

“For years, Vladimir Putin saw the pacification of Chechnya as his main achievement,” says Stanislav Belkovsky, a Moscow-based political analyst . “In that respect, Putin has a colossal psychological dependency on Chechnya and Ramzan Kadyrov who ensured the pacification.”

The Beslan crisis also served as a pretext to tighten political screws in Russia. Putin eliminated regional gubernatorial elections, complicated participation of opposition parties in elections, and limited democratic freedoms.

The public hailed Putin for bringing stability and pacifying Chechnya.  The victory revived Moscow’s imperial ambitions – at least in the area of the former Soviet Union.

Shaping today’s Russia

Moscow won the brief 2008 Russo-Georgian war over the breakaway Georgian province of South Ossetia . In March 2014, Russia took over Crimea from Ukraine and helped unleash a civil war between pro-Russian separatists and the central Ukrainian government just a month later.

Both Chechen wars became systemic factors in shaping today's Russia. Instead of peaceful development inside the country we moved to the priority of external expansion by  - Stanislav Belkovsky, political analyst

“Both Chechen wars became systemic factors in shaping today’s Russia,” says Belkovsky . “Instead of peaceful development inside the country, we moved to the priority of external expansion.”

Putin declared “the counter-terrorism operation” in Chechnya over in 2009 – just when things in North Caucasus took a turn for the worse.

Dagestan and several other provinces in the region became the new hotbeds of radical Islamism. A new generation of Moscow’s foes did not want secular separation – instead they are fighting to establish a “Caucasus Emirate” that includes adjacent Russian regions with sizable Muslim populations.

At least 529 people were killed and 457 wounded in North Caucasus in 2013, according to Kavkazsky Uzel, a Russian web portal that monitors the situation in the region. The confrontation has turned into “Europe’s most active armed conflict ” , according to the International Crisis Group, a conflict-monitoring organisation.

The insurgency became self-sustaining because of a vicious circle perpetuated by corruption and brutality.

Federal forces and police trigger the violence with extra-judicial killings, arrests, kidnappings and other abuses, according to rights groups and critics. They claim young men have no other options but to join the rebels because corrupt officials blacklist their families to extort bribes.

The fighters, in turn, blackmail corrupt officials who embezzle lavish funds from Moscow. The practise involves “sending a flash card” containing a video message in which bearded men demand a “jihad tax”.

Storming Grozny again

Ramzan Kadyrov was, perhaps, the least attentive man in the crowd of about 1,100 officials in an opulent Kremlin hall on December 4 during Putin’s annual address. The stocky 38-year-old Chechen leader fidgeted in his seat and constantly checked his phone.

Just hours before the Kremlin ceremony, a dozen Islamist fighters attacked Grozny, Chechnya’s newly-rebuilt capital. Shootouts in a publishing house, an empty school, and an office building killed 11 insurgents and 14 law enforcement officers.

A day after the attack, Kadyrov said the attackers’ families should be thrown out of Chechnya, their houses destroyed. At least six houses that belonged to relatives of the Grozny attackers have been burned down by masked men, Lokshina of Human Rights Watch said.

Kadyrov’s threats were not new to Chechens. During the second Chechen war, he led paramilitary squads known as kadyrovtsy  that soon gained notoriety for abducting, torturing and killing separatists and civilians suspected of aiding them, according to human rights groups and survivors.

A string of his political enemies and critics, including a former bodyguard, an investigative reporter, and a human rights activist have been gunned down in Chechnya, Moscow, Austria, and Dubai.

Kadyrov denied involvement in the contract-style killings.

Over the years, Kadyrov developed a penchant for luxury – he has a private zoo, race horses, and numerous sports cars. Pop stars, Hollywood actors and sportsmen show up at concerts held on his birthday.

His portraits are seen on billboards, government buildings and schoolchildren’s lapel pins; while streets, schools, mosques and military units are named after his father and mother.

Whatever he does is breaking news on Chechen television – he is shown threatening rebels and corrupt officials, boxing with his ministers, welcoming foreign dignitaries,and bestowing money, apartments and cars upon average Chechens.

Some say Kadyrov’s lifestyle and political ways make him look like an eccentric sovereign, not a public official on the Kremlin payroll. 

“Today, Chechnya is a de facto independent state,” says Belkovsky. “Although formally [Kadyrov] shows loyalty to Putin and formally Chechnya is part of Russia.”