sources of information essay grade 11

Sources of Information

Introduction- Literature of a Subject is its Foundation. It represents a record of the achievements of the human race. Literature is diverse, Complex, and multilingual. It is becoming more and more interdisciplinary. It is growing at a fast pace. In the sciences, it almost doubles every few years, according to some studies. In social sciences, it doubles every eight to twelve years. Literature serves the informational needs of various kinds of Users. It forms the source of Information. Traditionally Speaking, information Sources would include primarily books, periodicals, and newspapers. However, the number and forms of sources are continuously increasing. In addition, unpublished sources are becoming increasingly important to scholars. Occasions will arise, especially in a special library of the University library, when a user requires information without a precondition about the form of the document. In such a situation, the finding of information matters, not the sources of information.

1.1 What is the meaning of Information sources?

Information sources refer to the origins or channels from which individuals obtain data, facts, knowledge, or insights. These sources can be diverse and encompass various mediums and formats. Information sources are critical in shaping our understanding of the world, contributing to the foundation of knowledge and decision-making processes. Traditionally, sources of information include books, journals, newspapers, and other print media. However, with the advent of the digital age, information sources have expanded to include online platforms, databases, social media, audiovisual content, and more.

The reliability and credibility of information often depend on the nature of its source. Academic and peer-reviewed journals, for example, are generally considered more reliable in scholarly contexts, while information from social media may require careful verification due to varying degrees of accuracy. Unpublished sources, such as personal communications or internal reports, also contribute to the pool of information available.

Understanding information sources is crucial for individuals to navigate the vast sea of data and make informed judgments. Critical evaluation of sources’ credibility, bias, and relevance is essential in ensuring that the information obtained is trustworthy. As the information landscape evolves, it is important to stay mindful of the diverse sources and their implications for the accuracy and reliability of the information we encounter and use.

1.2 What are the traditional sources of information, and how have they evolved with the advent of technology?

Information has long been the lifeblood of human progress, and throughout history, traditional sources have served as pillars of knowledge dissemination. However, with the advent of technology, these sources have undergone a transformative evolution, reshaping how we access and interact with information. Here are some key traditional sources and how they have evolved with technological advancements:

• Books: Traditionally, books were tangible objects, carrying the weight of knowledge within their pages. Technological advancements have expanded the format of books to include digital versions, audiobooks, and e-readers. E-books, in particular, have gained popularity for their portability and accessibility. Readers can now carry an entire library on a single device, enabling them to access a vast array of literature from classic novels to contemporary research papers. Audiobooks have transformed the reading experience by providing an alternative for those who prefer listening over traditional reading. This evolution in book formats has not only made literature more accessible but has also diversified the ways people engage with written content.
• Journals and Magazines: Academic journals and magazines were historically confined to print, limiting their reach to specific geographic areas or academic institutions. The digital revolution has propelled these sources onto online platforms, making scholarly articles and periodicals accessible globally. Online databases and digital subscriptions have broken down barriers, allowing researchers, students, and enthusiasts to instantly access the latest research and articles from around the world. This has facilitated a more rapid exchange of ideas and has accelerated the pace of academic discourse. Additionally, digitizing these sources has enhanced searchability and made it easier to cross-reference information, thereby enriching the research process.
• Newspapers: Print newspapers were once the primary source of daily news. However, the internet has revolutionized the news landscape. Online news platforms provide real-time updates, multimedia content, and interactive features. Social media platforms amplify the reach of news stories, turning consumers into contributors through comments, shares, and discussions. The immediacy and accessibility of online news have transformed how people stay informed, enabling them to engage with current events in more dynamic and participatory ways. However, this digital shift has also introduced challenges, such as the need for media literacy to navigate online news sources’ vast and sometimes unreliable landscape.
• Encyclopedias: Traditional encyclopedias were static volumes of compiled knowledge, updated periodically. The advent of Wikipedia and other collaborative online platforms has transformed this model into a dynamic and living source of information. Wikipedia allows individuals worldwide to contribute, edit, and update content in real time. This collaborative approach has expanded the breadth and depth of information available, reflecting a collective and evolving understanding of various subjects. However, it also introduces challenges related to accuracy and reliability, emphasizing the importance of critical evaluation when using collaborative online encyclopedias.
• Libraries: Physical libraries were once central hubs for accessing information, requiring individuals to be close to educational institutions or public libraries. The digital age has revolutionized this model with the advent of online libraries and databases. These platforms provide a vast collection of resources that can be accessed remotely, reducing the constraints of physical location. The digitization of books, articles, and archival materials has democratized access to information, allowing individuals worldwide to engage in self-directed learning and research. The convenience of online libraries has also facilitated collaboration among researchers and academics, transcending geographical boundaries.
• Television and Radio: Traditional broadcast media, including television and radio, provided a centralized source of information and entertainment. The digital age has witnessed the rise of podcasts, webinars, and online video platforms. Podcasts, in particular, offer diverse content on virtually every topic imaginable, catering to niche interests and preferences. The on-demand nature of these platforms allows users to consume content at their convenience, transforming the passive consumption model of traditional broadcast media into an interactive and personalized experience. This shift has empowered individuals to curate their information diet, choosing content that aligns with their interests and learning preferences.
• Personal Communication: Face-to-face interactions and written letters were the cornerstones of personal communication. The digital age has introduced many communication channels, including email, instant messaging, and social media platforms. These technologies have revolutionized how individuals connect, enabling real-time conversations and instant information sharing. The global reach of digital communication platforms has brought people closer, transcending geographical barriers. However, it has also raised concerns about the quality of interpersonal relationships in a digitally mediated world, prompting discussions about the balance between virtual and face-to-face interactions.
• Public Records: Accessing official documents and government records traditionally required physical visits to archives or public offices. The digitization of public records has streamlined this process, making information more accessible. Online databases and government websites now offer a wealth of information, ranging from historical records to contemporary datasets. This shift toward digital accessibility has improved transparency, allowing individuals to scrutinize and verify official information. However, it also raises concerns about data privacy and security, emphasizing the need for robust measures to protect sensitive information in the digital realm.

The evolution of traditional sources of information with the advent of technology has brought about significant changes in how we access, consume, and contribute to knowledge. While these advancements have made information more accessible and interactive, they also present challenges related to information quality, reliability, and the need for digital literacy. Navigating this dynamic landscape requires individuals to adapt to new modes of information consumption while critically evaluating sources to ensure the responsible and informed use of knowledge in the digital age.

1.3 Types of information sources:

Different epistemologies have different views regarding the importance of different kinds of information sources. Empiricism regards sense data as the ultimate information source, while other epistemologies have different views (Kragh 1989)(4. The various types of information sources can be divided into two broad categories.

1.3.1: Documentary Sources.

1.3.2 Non-Documentary Sources.

1.3.1. Documentary Sources of Information:

Documentary sources of information encompass written, recorded, or otherwise documented materials that serve as valuable resources for understanding and interpreting various aspects of human knowledge. These sources include books, journals, newspapers, government reports, manuscripts, audiovisual recordings, and more. Documentaries, films, and online platforms also contribute to this category. These materials serve as repositories of historical events, cultural practices, scientific advancements, and various subjects. Researchers, historians, and scholars often rely on documentary sources to access primary or secondary information, construct narratives, and deepen their understanding of different fields. Whether exploring the pages of a historical manuscript, analyzing data from a scientific report, or watching a documentary film, documentary sources play a pivotal role in preserving, disseminating, and conveying information across various domains. As technology continues to evolve, digital platforms and online archives further contribute to the accessibility and diversity of documentary sources, shaping the way information is documented, shared, and accessed in contemporary society.

These are generally published or recorded documents of knowledge. Documentary sources may be as under:-

1.3.1.1 Primary Sources of Information :

  Primary sources of information are the first published records of original research and development or description of new applications or new interpretations of an old theme or idea. There are original documents representing unfiltered original ideas.

These constitute the latest available information. A researcher producing new information can make it available to the particular community through primary sources. Often, it may be the only source of information in existence. Primary sources are unorganized sources, which are rather difficult to use by them; secondary sources help us to use these. These are important sources of information. A subject becomes a discipline in its own right when independent primary sources begin to be produced in that area. The rate of growth of a discipline to a large extent, depends upon the amount of literature being produced in the form of primary sources reporting development in the concerned field.

The primary source is a term used in several disciplines to describe source material closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied.

In historiography, a primary source (also called original source) is an artifact, a document, a recording, or other information source created at the time under study. If created by a human source, then a source with direct personal knowledge of the described events.

It serves as a source of information about the topic. Similar definitions are used in Library Science and other areas of scholarship.

In journalism, a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation or a document created by such a person. Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources, which cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. However the distinction is not a sharp one. “Primary and secondary are relative terms, with sources judged primary or secondary according to specific historical contexts and what is being studied.” (Kragh 1989)

For Example-:

➢ Periodicals

➢ Conference Papers

➢ Research Monographs

➢ Research Reports

➢ Standards

➢ Industrial and trade literature

➢ Manuscripts

➢ Unpublished Sources:-

> memorandum

> Laboratory notebooks

> Diaries

> Company

> Portraits

> State Papers

➢ Web sites ➢ Video Recordings

> Speeches

> Works of Art, architecture,

> literature and music.

1.3.1.2 Secondary Sources of Information:

Secondary sources of information refer to materials that provide interpretations, analyses, or evaluations of primary sources. These sources are created after an event or a period has passed, offering a reflective or synthesized perspective on historical events, scientific discoveries, or various topics. Unlike primary sources that offer firsthand evidence, secondary sources include books, journal articles, documentaries, and other forms of media that analyze and interpret primary source materials. These materials contribute to the broader understanding of a subject by providing context, analysis, and scholarly interpretations. Secondary sources are valuable in academic research and historical inquiry as they offer perspectives, critiques, and reflections that help shape a more comprehensive understanding of events or phenomena. Researchers often rely on primary and secondary sources to build a well-rounded and nuanced interpretation of a particular subject.

Types of Secondary Sources of Information: 

“Bonn” has divided the secondary sources into three types, which are below

1. Index Type:

(b) Bibliography

(c) Indexing periodicals

(d) Abstracting Periodicals

2. Survey Type:

(b) Treatise

(c)Monograph

3. Reference Type:

(a) Encyclopedia

(b) Dictionary

(c)Hand book, Manual

(d) Critical Tables

Important ones are discussed below:-

1. Periodicals: Periodicals, often called journals or magazines, are regularly recurring publications, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. These publications serve as valuable sources of information across various disciplines, providing readers with current and in-depth coverage of specific topics. Periodicals encompass various subjects, including academic research, news, entertainment, and specialized interests. Academic journals publish peer-reviewed articles that contribute to advancing knowledge within specific fields. At the same time, magazines often offer a mix of articles, features, and visuals to cater to a broader readership. The periodic nature of these publications ensures that readers stay informed about the latest developments, research findings, and trends in their areas of interest, making periodicals an essential component of the dynamic and ever-evolving landscape of information dissemination.

2. Indexes: An index, in the context of information organization, is a systematic and alphabetical list or guide that serves as a reference to locate specific terms, topics, or concepts within a larger body of content. Indexing is common in books, academic journals, databases, and other informational resources. It allows users to quickly locate relevant information without reading the entire document. In a book, for example, an index is typically found at the end and contains entries with page numbers, directing readers to the pages where particular keywords or subjects are discussed. In digital contexts, indexes are also crucial components of search engines, helping users retrieve relevant information efficiently. Whether in print or digital formats, an index enhances the accessibility of information, providing a valuable tool for researchers, students, and readers seeking specific content within a larger body of text.

3. Bibliographies: A bibliography is a comprehensive and systematic list of sources, references, or works cited in a particular document or scholarly work. It is a valuable tool for researchers, students, and readers to identify and access the materials consulted or referenced by the author. Bibliographies can take various forms, including annotated bibliographies that provide summaries or evaluations of each source. They are commonly found at the end of academic papers, articles, books, and research projects, presenting a transparent record of the sources used to create the work. Beyond being a citation practice, bibliographies allow readers to delve deeper into the subject matter, explore related works, and verify the credibility and diversity of the sources employed in the research process. As a fundamental aspect of academic writing, bibliographies contribute to the research endeavor’s transparency, accountability, and integrity by acknowledging other authors’ intellectual debts and contributions.

4. Indexing Periodicals: Indexing periodicals involves systematically organizing and categorizing information contained within recurring publications, such as journals and magazines. This process aims to create a structured and searchable database of the content, making it easier for researchers, scholars, and readers to locate specific topics, articles, or authors. In periodicals, indexing often includes creating an alphabetical list of terms or subjects along with references to the relevant pages or issues where they appear. Developing comprehensive indexes enhances the accessibility and usability of periodicals, allowing users to navigate vast amounts of information efficiently. Indexing is particularly crucial in academic and research contexts, where scholars rely on these tools to identify relevant literature and stay abreast of developments in their respective fields. Digital advancements have further facilitated the creation of online indexes, making it possible to search and retrieve information from periodicals with incredible speed and precision.

5. Abstracting Periodicals: Abstracting periodicals involves the creation of concise and informative summaries, known as abstracts, for individual articles or papers published within recurring journals or magazines. The abstract provides a condensed overview of the main objectives, methods, results, and conclusions of the original work. This process is instrumental in distilling the essential content of scholarly articles, making it easier for researchers, academics, and readers to quickly grasp the key insights without delving into the full text. Abstracts are crucial in academic databases, serving as entry points for users seeking relevant literature on specific topics. In addition to aiding in information retrieval, abstracting contributes to disseminating knowledge by providing a snapshot of research findings. Researchers often rely on abstracts to decide whether an article aligns with their interests and warrants further exploration.

6. Reviews (Survey Type): Reviews in the context of a survey type refer to comprehensive and evaluative summaries of existing literature or research within a specific field or topic. In this survey-type review, researchers systematically analyze and synthesize information from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive overview of knowledge in a particular area. These reviews go beyond mere summarization by critically assessing the quality, methodologies, and findings of the studies included. The goal is to offer readers a deeper understanding of the current state of research, identify gaps or inconsistencies in the existing literature, and provide insights for future investigations. Survey-type reviews are common in academic disciplines where a broad understanding of the existing body of knowledge is essential for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. These reviews advance scholarly dialogue by presenting a holistic view of research developments, offering a foundation for informed decision-making, and guiding future research directions within a specific domain.

7. Reference Books (also considered tertiary): Reference books, often categorized as tertiary sources, are distinctive in providing quick and concise information across a wide range of subjects. These books are designed to be consulted for specific facts, definitions, or brief overviews rather than read cover to cover. Encyclopedias, dictionaries, almanacs, atlases, and handbooks are common examples of reference books. Encyclopedias offer comprehensive information on various topics, often arranged alphabetically, while dictionaries provide definitions and explanations of words. Almanacs present statistical and calendar information, atlases provide maps and geographical details, and handbooks offer practical guidance on specific subjects. Reference books are valuable tools for students, researchers, and general readers seeking immediate and reliable information. They are often found in libraries and are indispensable for answering quick queries, gaining an overview of a topic, or verifying facts. The structured and condensed nature of reference books makes them an essential component of the information landscape, complementing more in-depth sources in research and exploration.

(8) Text Books (other than fiction and autobiography): Textbooks are educational resources designed to support formal learning in academic settings. These books are written to provide comprehensive coverage of a particular subject or course, offering a structured and systematic presentation of information. Textbooks are commonly used in schools, colleges, and universities as primary instructional materials for students. They follow a logical progression of concepts, often starting with foundational principles and gradually advancing to more complex topics. Textbooks typically include exercises, examples, and illustrations to reinforce learning and engage students in active comprehension. Authored by subject matter experts, textbooks aim to deliver accurate, authoritative, and pedagogically sound content tailored to the curriculum. As foundational resources, textbooks serve as a roadmap for both students and educators, guiding the teaching and learning process throughout an academic term or course. While digital resources and online learning platforms have become more prevalent, textbooks remain essential in providing a tangible and structured foundation for acquiring knowledge in diverse academic disciplines.

1.3.1.3 Tertiary Sources of Information:

Tertiary sources of information are compilation and summary resources that aggregate information from primary and secondary sources. These sources distill complex data and knowledge into easily digestible formats, often in encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, or almanacs. Tertiary sources serve as reference materials that provide overviews, summaries, and background information on various topics. Unlike primary and secondary sources, which directly engage with original data or interpretive analyses, tertiary sources focus on organizing and presenting information in a concise and accessible manner. They are particularly useful for individuals seeking introductory or general knowledge on a subject. They offer a convenient starting point before delving into more specialized or in-depth research using primary and secondary sources. Examples of tertiary sources include general encyclopedias, subject-specific encyclopedias, and reference books that provide brief explanations, definitions, and summaries on various topics.

1. Bibliography of Bibliographies: A “Bibliography of Bibliographies” is a meta-level bibliographic resource that compiles references to other bibliographies. It provides a comprehensive guide to existing bibliographic works, providing researchers, librarians, and scholars with a systematic overview of sources available on a particular subject or within a specific field. This type of bibliography is particularly valuable for those looking to explore in-depth research on a topic or understand the scope of available literature within a discipline.

A bibliography of bibliographies may include entries that cover a range of formats, such as books, articles, and online resources. It can be organized by subject, author, period, or other relevant criteria. The goal is to help users navigate and identify key resources, ultimately aiding their research endeavors. Researchers often turn to bibliographies of bibliographies when conducting literature reviews, embarking on scholarly projects, or seeking a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature within a particular domain.

2. Directories: Directories are compilations of information listing individuals, organizations, businesses, or institutions along with their contact details and other relevant data. They serve as valuable resources for finding addresses, phone numbers, and other contact information for specific people or entities. Directories can be general or specialized, focusing on specific professions, industries, regions, or demographics. Examples include business directories, telephone directories, and professional directories.

3. Yearbooks: Yearbooks, on the other hand, are annual publications that summarize and highlight key events, developments, and statistics for a particular year. They often include information about notable individuals, organizations, sports, cultural events, and other significant happenings. Yearbooks serve as historical records, capturing the essence of a specific period. They can cover various topics, including education, sports, politics, and entertainment. Academic institutions, governments, and various organizations often publish yearbooks to document the noteworthy occurrences of a given year.

3. Guide to Literature: A “Guide to Literature” is an invaluable compass for individuals navigating the expansive realm of scholarly and professional knowledge within a specific field. This reference work is designed to assist researchers, students, and scholars identify, access, and comprehend the key literature relevant to their study area. Offering a curated roadmap, a Guide to Literature typically includes bibliographies, recommended reading lists, critical reviews, and annotations that highlight seminal works, influential authors, and foundational studies. These guides help users understand the historical context, methodological approaches, and significant contributions within a discipline, facilitating a deeper engagement with the existing body of knowledge. Whether used for literature reviews, research projects, or academic exploration, a Guide to Literature is an essential tool that streamlines navigating and comprehending the vast literature landscape within a specific academic or professional domain.

4. List of research in progress: A “List of Research in Progress” typically refers to a compilation or catalog of ongoing research projects within a specific field or academic discipline. This list serves as a resource for scholars, researchers, and the academic community to stay informed about their peers’ current research endeavors and topics. It can be maintained by academic institutions, research organizations, or professional associations and may be available in various formats, such as online databases, publications, or research bulletins.

1.3.2 Non-documentary Sources of Information:

Non-documentary sources of information refer to data or knowledge not conveyed through written or recorded materials but derived from various experiential, observational, or tangible sources. These sources encompass various formats, providing valuable insights that may not be captured in traditional written documents. Non-documentary sources include oral histories, interviews, artifacts, physical objects, audiovisual recordings, sensory observations, and direct experiences. Non-documentary sources enrich our understanding of historical events, cultural practices, and social phenomena by offering a more immersive and contextual perspective. Unlike written or recorded documents, non-documentary sources often convey the lived experiences, emotions, and nuances that contribute to a holistic comprehension of a given subject. Researchers and historians frequently integrate non-documentary sources into their work to capture the multifaceted aspects of human endeavors, allowing for a more comprehensive and nuanced interpretation of the past and present.

Types: Non-documentary sources of information can be further categorized into formal and informal sources based on their structured or unstructured nature. Here are types of non-documentary sources in both categories:

1.3.2.1 Formal Non-documentary Sources:

Formal non-documentary sources of information refer to structured, organized, and institutionalized channels through which information is conveyed but does not necessarily rely on traditional written or recorded documents. These sources are characterized by their official and systematic nature. Examples of formal non-documentary sources include:

• Official Meetings and Proceedings: Minutes, transcripts, or summaries of formal meetings, conferences, and gatherings where discussions, decisions, and presentations occur.
• Speeches and Lectures: Formal presentations or speeches delivered by experts, scholars, or authorities in a particular field, often documented through audio or video recordings.
• Surveys and Questionnaires: Structured data collection tools used by institutions, governments, or research organizations to gather information from a sample population.
• Databases and Data Repositories: Structured data collections maintained by organizations, institutions, or research bodies, encompassing statistical information, research findings, or datasets.
• Official Statistics: Information published by government agencies or authoritative bodies, including demographic data, economic indicators, and social statistics.

These formal non-documentary sources are characterized by their organized and official nature, contributing to the structured flow of information within various sectors of society. Researchers, policymakers, and professionals often rely on these sources for accurate, reliable, and systematically organized information in their respective fields.

1.3.2.2 I nformal Non-documentary Sources:

Informal non-documentary sources of information are typically unstructured and personal channels through which knowledge is conveyed. These sources provide insights, perspectives, and experiential information in a less formalized manner. Here are examples of informal non-documentary sources:

• Oral Histories: Personal accounts, stories, and narratives conveyed through spoken words, capturing firsthand experiences and perspectives.
• Interviews: Conversations with individuals to gather information, opinions, or expert insights. Interviews can be unstructured or loosely organized, allowing for more open-ended responses.
• Artifacts and Objects: Physical items, relics, or objects from the past that hold cultural, historical, or symbolic significance, providing tangible evidence of human activities.
• Observations: Systematic or casual observations of events, behaviors, or phenomena. This method is often used in social sciences and anthropology to understand human interactions.
• Audiovisual Recordings: Recordings in audio or video format capturing events, interviews, performances, or visual and auditory aspects of a subject. These recordings may not follow a formal script or structure.
• Sensory Data: Information gathered through the senses, such as taste, touch, smell, and sound. Sensory data provides experiential insights into cultural practices, environments, and events.
• Personal Narratives: Informal accounts and stories individuals share about their experiences, opinions, and observations.
• Community Dialogues: Informal discussions and conversations within communities, providing insights into local perspectives, traditions, and issues.
• Social Media Content: Posts, comments, and discussions on social media platforms that reflect personal opinions, experiences, and reactions.
• Informal Conversations: Everyday discussions and dialogues between individuals that convey informal knowledge, opinions, and anecdotes.

These examples highlight informal non-documentary sources’ personal, experiential, and unstructured nature, often capturing a more nuanced and subjective understanding of events and phenomena. Researchers often use a combination of formal and informal sources to gain a comprehensive view of a subject.

Conclusions: S ources of information are the diverse channels through which knowledge is conveyed, preserved, and shared. These sources are crucial in shaping our understanding of the world, from traditional written documents to oral histories, interviews, artifacts, and digital platforms. Formal non-documentary sources, such as official proceedings, databases, and institutional reports, provide structured and organized information. In contrast, informal non-documentary sources, including personal narratives and community dialogues, offer a more subjective and experiential perspective. The evolution of technology has further expanded the landscape of information sources, introducing new formats like online databases and social media content. As researchers and scholars navigate this rich tapestry of information, the critical evaluation of credibility, relevance, and bias remains paramount. Ultimately, a holistic approach incorporating various sources contributes to a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the complex tapestry of human knowledge and experience.

Original Reference Article:

• Varshney, A. (2011). Overlapping in secondary sources of Information in Social Science 1995 2000 : An Evaluative study. p. 288p. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/40587

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Differences between primary and secondary sources of information, secondary sources of information, primary sources of information, 28 comments.

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Essay: The Sources of Information

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2.1.1: Primary Date Primary data is information collected by the researcher directly through instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups or observations. Primary research provides the researcher with the most accurate and up-to-date data. (ehow, Jennifer Neel) Sources of Primary Data: Sources of primary data will include Autobiographies, diaries, surveys, opinion polls etc. 2.1.2: Secondary Data Secondary data on the other hand, is basically primary data collected and processed by someone else. Researchers re use and reproduce information as secondary data. It is easier, less time consuming and less expensive to collect but seldom as useful and accurate as primary data (ehow , Jennifer Neel) Sources of Secondary Data: Sources of secondary data will include Books such as biographies, encyclopaedia, dictionaries, articles etc Note: No primary data will be used for this project. 2.2: A description of the methods used to collect information: 2.2.1: Method used to collect information: •Company website: Most reliable and accurate data about a company will be available on company’s website. Data on company website presents true picture of the business and its performance. Websites are mostly easily accessible but they need to be differentiated between original and fake one. •Public Library: Public libraries are also used to collect data and information on different topics. They are also really easily accessible and have plenty of data on a wide range of topics. •Internet: The most popular method to collect data is through internet. Easily available and can be used at your convenience, contains bulk of data on every topic. •Online Business Database: They are also very useful one can not only find any information about a company but also can compare it with industry average or other companies. 2.2.2: Information Sources: •Internet Search: Lots of data is available on internet. If you type a single word on search engine like Google or Yahoo, the result will be so many websites showing results for the same topic. •Newspaper: News papers are very useful to get up-to-date data and articles on recent topics. •Books: Books written by different authors have thoroughly and properly explained topics. As they have to be reviewed before published they are very detailed and accurate. •Company Financial Statement: Financial statement from company’s website are the most accurate and reliable data about the company. But sometimes they are manipulated. 2.3: Limitation of Information Gathering: 2.3.1: Word Limitation: For this project about 7500 words are allowed that is not a good number when there is a lot of information that need to be included in this research. 7500 words limit is restrictive. 2.3.2: Data Reliability: Differentiation between original and fake website, original and manipulated data is very difficult now a days. You need to verify the date that you are using from at least two sources. 2.4: Identification of ethical issues during information gathering: 2.4.1: Plagiarism: The Practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.(oxford dictionaries) How resolved: I have tried hard to use my own word and findings only by using synonyms where possible and defining things in my own words. I have also used Harvard referencing style to solve this problem. 2.4.2: Data Confidentiality: There is threat to this ethical issue if someone uses the confidential information for his own benefit. How resolved: As for this research only secondary data will be used, so there is no threat to data confidentiality issue. All the data needed for this research is publically available. 2.5: An Explanation of Accounting and business techniques 2.5.1.1: Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): ROCE is a profitability ratio that measures how efficiently a company can produce profits from its capital employed .It compares net profit to capital employed. ROCE = Profit before interest and tax Capital employed Capital employed =shareholder equity and non-current assets 2.5.1.2: Return on Equity ratio (ROE): It is a profitability ratio that measures the ability of firm to generate profits from the shareholder’s investments. ROE = Net income Shareholder’s equity 2.5.1.3: Return on Asset ratio (ROA): Return on assets is a profitability ratio that measures net income produced by total assets during a period. It is also called the return on total assets. Return on assets ratio = Net Income Average total assets 2.5.1.4: Gross profit ratio: It measures the amount of net income earned from sales by comparing the net sales and net income of company. It is also called profit margin ratio and return on sales ratio. Profit margin ratio = Net Income Net sales 2.5.1.5: Gross margin ratio: It compares the gross margin of a business to the net sales. It shows how profitable a company sell its inventory or products. Gross margin ratio = Gross margin Net sales 2.5.1.6: Work capital ratio: It is also called current ratio. It is a liquidity ratio that shows a firm’s ability to pay off its current liabilities with current assets. Working capital ratio = Current assets Current liabilities 2.5.1.7: Inventory turnover ratio: It is an efficiency ratio that shows how effectively inventory is managed by comparing cost of goods sold with average inventory for a period. Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold Average inventory 2.5.1.8: Quick ratio: It is a liquidity ratio that shows the company’s ability to pay off its current liabilities with only quick assets. Quick assets are current assets convertible into cash within 90 days. It is also called acid test ratio. Quick ratio = ( Cash+ cash equivalents+ short term investments+ current receivables ) Current liabilities 2.5.1.9: Debt to equity ratio: It is a financial liquidity ratio that compares a company’s total debt to equity. Debt to equity ratio = Total liabilities Total equity 2.5.1.10: Receivable turnover ratio: Receivable turnover ratio shows how many times company can turn its account receivable into cash. In other words tells how efficient a company is in collecting outstanding sales receivable. Receivable turnover ratio = Net sales Account receivable 2.5.2.1: Porter’s five forces (Jurevicius, 2013): It was created by Mr Porter in 1979. This model uses five forces to determine the profitability of company and determine its competitive strategy. This model analyse the forces affecting the intensity of competition in an industry. Five forces are 1.Threats of new entry 2.Bargaining power of suppliers 3.Industry rivalry 4.Bargaining power of buyers 5.Threats of substitute 1: Threats of new entrants: This force explains how easy or not it is to enter a particular industry. Factors determining the threats of new entrants are •Low amount of capital required •No Government regulations •Products are nearly identical •Patents requirements 2: Bargaining power of suppliers: Strong bargaining power enable suppliers to sell at higher prices or sell low quality product material. Supplier have strong bargaining power when •Few suppliers are available •Specific requirements of companies •Few substitutes are available •Cost of switching raw materials is high 3: Bargaining power of buyers: Strong bargaining power allows buyers to buy at lower price or enjoy high quality material. Buyers exercise strong bargaining power when •Buying in large quantities (Bulk purchases) •Few buyers exists •Many substitutes available •Lower prices and variety offered by competitors 4: Threat of substitute: When buyers can easily find substitute products with attractive prices or better quality and can switch between products with no or little cost 5: Rivalry among existing competitors: It determines how competitive a company is. In competitive industry, firms have to compete for their share and results in low profits. Rivalry is intense when •There are many competitors •Products have substitutes •Competitors are of equal size 2.5.2.2: SWOT (Tim Berry) Swot is an acronym that stands for Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal to company like Goodwill, Patents, location etc. Company have some measures of control over them. Opportunities and Threats are external factors like suppliers, prices etc. They are uncontrollable by company. Strengths are internal positive factors that need to be appreciated. They are controllable by company. It includes research and development capabilities, educated and skilled staff, Patents, technology etc. Weaknesses are internal negative factors. These are areas that need to be enhanced to compete with the competitors. It may include any business lacks like lack of skilled labour, poor location etc. Opportunities are external positive factors that represent reasons your business is likely to prosper. It will identify your market and environment that company can benefit from. Threats are external negative factors that are uncontrollable. It will identify threats like company’s potential competitor, change in prices of raw material, Government regulations affecting the business etc. 2.5.3: Limitations of accounting techniques and business models Limitations of accounting techniques (Jewel, 2013) i.If financial statements are manipulated then accounting techniques like ratios are not going to show the true position of business. ii.Ratio analysis is mostly suitable for small organisations. When business gets complicated ratio analysis gets more difficult. iii.Companies with different accounting assumptions are difficult to be compared with the same accounting techniques. iv.There are different ways and definitions for calculation of same ratios which can cause confusion. v.At what percentage ratio changes from good to bad is different for every business. Limitations of business models Limitations of SWOT analysis (MSG experts) i.External limitations of SWOT analysis include increase in prices of raw material, new Government laws introduction, economic environments, imports and exports restrictions etc. ii.Internal limitations of SWOT analysis include poor management of research and development facilities, poor quality control, lack of skilled labour etc. Limitations of Porter’s five forces (Recklies, 2001) i.Model is suitable for analysis of simple market structure. Analysis gets difficult in complex industries. ii.Model is based on idea of competition. It ignores strategic alliances and industry network. iii.It assumes relatively static market. It ignores factors affecting market structures like technological breakthroughs and dynamic markets entrants. Ratio Analysis Appendix 1 Figure: 1 Return on capital employed Source: financial statements of Apple and Samsung Return On Capital Employed: FY (2012-2013) Apple’s return on capital employed fell from 40.17 % in 2012 to 29.1% in 2013. This decrease in ROCE is due to decrease in operating profit (PBIT) and increase in capital employed. It means apple is not employing its capital effectively. But increasing equity from 118210 in 2012 to 123549 in 2013 and debt from 57854 in 2012 to 83451 in 2013(from financial statements of Apple) is not going to show immediate profit as it will take some time to show their value. On the other hand Samsung electronics, although ranked on 5 places above rival apple and topped the list of latest edition of annual fortune 500 list (ranking of world’s largest corporations by revenue)(Vincent,2013) is not generating as good share holder’s value as apple does. Standing on half the ROCE of apple in 2012 that is 21.65% showed an improvement in 2013 and went to 22.66% this is due to increase in operating profit from 27121033 to 34943492 in 2013 (from financial statements of Samsung) FY (2013-2014) In 2014 apple ROCE showed some improvement and increased to 32%. This may be due to the investment in capital employed made in last period and consequently showed an increased operating profit of 52503 in 2014. Samsung electronics is facing decreased ROCE of 14% due to sharp decline in operating profit from 34943492 to 23772272 even smaller then PBIT of 2012. ROCE of Apple is decreasing but Apple has still got better returns than Samsung. It means that Apple can reinvest great proportions of its profit back into operations and has a competitive advantage over Samsung electronics. Supporting statement: Samsung reported revenues of 178.6bn and profits of 20.6bn. Apple is behind Samsung in revenues and reported 156.5bn but profits are double the number of Samsung and reported 41.7bn profits (Vincent, 2013) being the main reason for Apple higher ROCE. Apple’s higher profits are attributed to higher prices charged by company. Apple has believed to paid cash payments to business acquisitions (Cue, prime sense and Topsy) of almost 595 million and payment for acquisition of Property Plant and Equipment of 1.96 billion in Q1 of 2014 CEO Tim Cook said Apple is not concerned about money it is spending for acquisitions and assets but for return on investment that it gained from them(Dilger,2014) His statement can be evidenced by increased PBIT and ROCE in 2014. Figure: 2 Return on Asset Source: financial statements of Apple and Samsung Return on Asset: FY (2012-2013) ROA of Apple decreased from 28.5% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2013. Reasons for decrease in ROA ratio is decrease in net income and increase in assets. Fall in ROA means that Apple has used its assets inefficiently in FY 2013 as compared to 2012.But why the assets increased and income decreased? Reason being the acquisitions made by Apple to stable the declining demands of phones and tablets in year 2013.As Iphones and ipads made more than 2/3rd of company’s sales. Apple was trying to keep its market shares and acquired 10 companies in 2013 (Elsner, 2013). Apple’s CEO Tim Cook also announced in a meeting with investors that Apple acquired 15 companies in 2013. 8 of them being made known to public and rest kept secret (Schindler, 2013). Samsung ROA increased from 17.2% in 2012 to 18.66% in 2013 due to increased income in 2013. As Samsung successfully launched Galaxy S4 in the US . Samsung posted record earnings and also took away some of Apple’s phone share, said lee seung woo, an analyst at IBK securities co. (Lee, 2013) FY (2013-2014) Apple’s income increased in 2014 as compared to 2013 but ROA still falling and went to 18% due to further increase in total assets in year 2014. Apple, best known for its innovations to outclass competitors, acquired 20 more companies over the course of 2014 as announced by Tim Cook. Who also made a comment about the company’s strategy by saying they acquire companies to avoid letting money burn a hole in our pockets (Clover,2014). It means Apple is surely investing to get the benefits in the long run to beat its competitors. Samsung has faced sharp decline in ROA ratio in 2014 declined to just 11% due to sudden decrease in income and increase in assets in 2014. Reasons for Samsung’s decreased income is explained in earnings report in july that says increased amount spent on marketing to inflate the sales of excess stock in China and Europe and Samsung is also facing hard competition from Apple and Xiaomi(Musll,2014). Samsung says its fourth quarter earnings is more than forecasted but net income fell on smart phones sales and sales for TV and home appliances also fell, making net income fall for 4 consecutive quarters(Halleck ,2015) Although Apple’s ROA is declining year on year but Samsung performance is worse than Apple. As Apple is investing more and more money and it will see the benefits in the long run. On the other hand Samsung is struggling for income and has been in efficient to utilise its resources in proper manner. Supporting statement: The technology obtained by Apple from acquisition will result in new products, updated technology and profits in future(Clover, 2014) Samsung is facing declining sales of Galaxy phones, TV and home appliances, resulting in fall in net income (Halleck, 2015) Figure: 3 Return on equity Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung Return on Equity FY (2012-2013) In financial year 2012 Apple’s ROE was at 35.3% that decreased in 2013 and went to 30%. This is due to decreased share price during 2013 when Apple suffered loss in market capitalization as share price fell from $530 per share to almost $390 per share (Sparks, 2013). Apple has to take a long term debt of $16960(Item 6: selected financial data of Apple Financial statements) decreasing the ROE for 2013 but the main reason for decrease is the decrease in net income for the year. Samsung ROE ratio is almost constant by just small increase of 0.36% with an increase of net income (22595741-28877821) supported by increase in equity of almost 27040466(from financial statements of Samsung) FY (2013-2014) In 2013-2014 Apple’s ROE went back to 35% like it was in 2012. Net income increased to $2473(from F.S). It shows Apple is returning to profitability again like in 2012 and management is improving its performance in employing investments to generate profits. On the other hand Samsung has a sharp decline in ROE as it went to 14%. This is due to increase in equity and decrease in income questioning management’s performance in 2014. Apple seems better in placing investments to generate profits. It faced a downfall in 2013 but has regained its position in 2014 as can be seen from the ROE numbers. Samsung is not that efficient in making profits from invested capital. Supporting statements: Samsung uses more debt in capital structure as compared to Apple (Gurufocus, 2013) and consequently paying more for interest payment reducing net income. One of the reasons for the declining ratio for Apple in 2013 is decreased share price and loss of valuation of Apple of about $125 billion. Reason for this decline is decreasing margins and market share of Apple for Android (Sparks, 2013) Figure: 4 Gross Margin Ratio Source: Financial statement of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) Apple’s Gross margin ratio has a decline in 2013 and went to 37.62% as compared to 43.9% in 2012. Reason for this decline is increase in Cost of Sales and decrease in G.P in FY 2013. AS selling price of iphone fell by $28 because the most popular phones are still iphone 4 & 4s. Average selling price for ipad decreased to 449 almost a drop of 200 as compared to 2 years earlier (CNN Money, 2013) On the other hand Samsung increased to 40% in 2013 as compared to 37% in 2012. Due to increased sales and increased gross margin in year 2013. According to Gartner (leading information technology research and advisory company) Samsung was no.1 in 2013 vendor list and represented 31% of market share. Apple ranked 3rd with 15.6% market share (Olega, 2014) FY (2013-2014) Apple’s gross margin ratio increased to 38.59% in 2014 as sales and gross margin also increased in 2014 even better than in 2012. Reason was increased demand for iphone 6 enabling Apple to increase its margins too. Apple was China’s no 1 seller of smart phones by units shipped in Q4 of 2014 (BBC, 2015) Samsung’s gross margin ratio fell down to 38% due to decreased sales and decreased gross margins in 2014. Samsung has decreased prices for Galaxy S5 to encourage sales at cost to its margins. But they are decreasing their costs too as said by Lee Min-Lee, an analyst at IM Investment (Kim, 2014) Apple’s gross margin ratio has been deteriorating due to pressure it is facing by competitors to decrease its prices and declining sales. Samsung seems better at overcoming this problem by reducing costs. But it still hardly gets equal to Apple’s gross margin ratio. Supporting statement: Samsung is trying to increase its market share by decreasing prices but overcoming this problem by reducing costs as well. On the other hand Apple is not really reducing its prices but still managing good profit margins by new products and innovations like introduction of iphone 6 (Reuters, 2014) Figure: 5 Profit margin ratio Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) In FY 2012 profit margin ratio of Apple was 26.67% but fell in 2013 and went to 21.67%. Because profits of Apple fell in 2013 according to BBC Apple has a fall in profits for the first time in decade. As seen in gross profit margin ratio analysis of Apple inc, Apple is facing profit and margins problems due to slowing demands for its products. Tim cook also admitted their growth rate is slowing down as compared to the growth and margins in 2012. People are turning towards their rival product like Samsung especially due to offers they made to consumers (BBC, 2013). Apple’s costs also increased in 2013 from 88 billion to 107 billion this year. Including selling expenses and R&D costs etc (Koetsier, 2013) Profit margin ratio of Samsung is increased in 2013 and went to 16.08 in 2013 as compared to 14.23 in 2012. Samsung has a record year with revenue increase of 14% from last year and operating profit were also increased by 27% in 2013. Samsung mobiles were responsible for more than half revenues of company and they also enjoyed strong sales of Galaxy tab 3 and Galaxy not 10.1 (Smith, 2014) FY (2013-2014) Apple’s profit margin ratio stayed constant in 2014 with 21.61%. But it showed an increased sales and increased profits in 2014. Apple sold 169.2 million iphones that is a record. According to Tim Cook iphone 6 and iphone 6 plus launch was biggest iphone launch ever (Golson, 2014) These reasons have contributed to increase in sales and income and keeping profit margin constant for FY 2014. On the other hand, Samsung’s profit margin ratio falls in 2014 resulting in 12.13% as income and profits fell in 2014. Profits fell by 27% and mobiles sales also decreased especially due to increased competition in Chinese market (BBC, 2015) Apple’s profits and GP ratio is falling but it still better than Samsung electronics due to its innovations and technological advancements strategies. Apple has also given Samsung a great competition in China market with launch of iphone 6. Supporting statement: Apple became no.1 smart phone company in China in the last quarter of 2014 (BBC, 2015) Apple dominated Samsung Galaxy phones through its iphone 6 launch. Samsung is not only facing competition from Apple but also from cheaper Chinese rivals including Xiaomi, making its income and sales declined in China market (BBC, 2015) Figure: 6 Working capital ratio Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) In 2012 Apple inc’s working capital ratio was 1.49 which was quiet stable as it indicates company has not only enough resources to pay the current liabilities as they fall due but it will be left with some current assets to run day to day business or re investment. And in FY 2013 it even further increased to 1.68. Apple has strong liquidity position according to the Telegraph Apple has reserves of £95 billion that were even greater than cash reserves of some states (Murray-Morris, 2014) Samsung had quiet high ratio of 1.85 in 2012 that further increased to 2.16 in 2013. It means that company has more than enough current assets to cover its current liabilities. It is good for its liquidity position but at the same time not really helpful for the business because it implies that Samsung is not employing its excess current assets. FY (2013-2014) Fall in current ratio of Apple inc is alarming as it stood at 1.08 that is very close to 1 which is considered to be neither risky nor safe. The main reason being increase in current liabilities not only payables but other liabilities have also gone up too including a commercial paper of $6308000000 (from financial statements of Apple) Samsung on the other hand has increased its Current asset ratio. It seems like it is hoarding money. They need to invest its excess current assets to efficiently run the business. It is good to have enough current assets to cover its current liabilities but current ratio of above 2 is not considered very helpful. Although current assets of Apple inc was good in FY 2013 and 2013 but fell to 1.08 that need to be kept there if not improved. Samsung is not investing excess current assets despite of bad financial conditions faced in 2104. Supporting statement: Samsung is facing pressure from investors and politician to invest money. Korean Government is also promoting a plan to impose 10% tax on excessive reserves to encourage companies including Samsung electronics to stop hoarding and invest excess money (Einhorn, 2014) Figure: 7 Quick ratio/ Acid test ratio Source: financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) Apple’s quick ratio increased from 1.24 in 2012 to 1.40 in 2013. It means Apple’s liquid assets are greater than its current liabilities and company is able to settle its current liabilities on very short notice. Samsung quick ratio increased from 1.37 in 2012 to 1.55 in 2013. Samsung has better liquidity position in 2013 as compared to Apple. FY (2013-2014) Apple’s liquidity position is not good in the year 2014 as its quick ratio falls below 1 and went to 0.82.It mean company is not able to pay off its debt with its liquid assets. It is not a good sign for business as it is considered risky by not maintain an appropriate buffer of liquid assets. On the other hand Samsung has proved its self a financially secure company. As its quick ratio in 2014 is at 1.66 which is far more better than Apple. And Samsung has the ability to pay off its all current liabilities at a very short notice with only its liquid assets. Samsung has got better liquidity position than Apple in all the three consecutive years. Supporting statement: Samsung has better liquidity position but it should re-invest money as financial conditions of Samsung electronics were not good in FY 2014. It should stop hoarding money and utilise it properly otherwise it will be forced to do so by the Korean Government (Einhorn, 2104) Figure: 8 Inventory turnover ratio Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) Apple’s inventory turnover ratio was at 112.11 in 2012 but went to 83.44 in year 2013. Reasons for decreased ratio were increase in inventory levels and increase in costs due to increase in cost of marketing and cost of holding. Apple’s iphone 5 has lost sales because iphone 4 and 4s were still more popular than iphone 5. And ipad mini’s popularity is dragging down demand for the normal ipads. Apple has also facing competition for tablets from rivals too. All these reasons have caused demand for Apple products to decrease. That is why increase in inventory levels is seen in year 2013 dropping the inventory turnover ratio (CNN Money, 2013) Samsung inventory turnover ratio is also decreased from 7.68 in year 2012 to 7.48 in 2013. But as compared to Apple inc ratio Samsung is more efficient in managing its inventory. It can also be evidenced by the rise in profits and income in year 2013. FY (2013-2014) Inventory turnover ratio further decreased for Apple and went to 57.94 due to increase in inventory. Apple’s sales for iphone 6 has increased sales for its phone but sales for ipads was still decreasing making inventory level to rise further in year 2014 (Thompson, 2014) Apple should decrease its stock by getting rid of its old inventory of iphones and ipads even at lower prices. Samsung ratio further decreased to 7.04 in 2014. As Samsung has decreased demands especially due to increase sales of iphone 6 by Apple. Apple’s iphone 6 has also taken away market share from Samsung in China mobiles too (Rigby, 2015) Apple’s inventory management is not as efficient as Samsung as Samsung decreased prices to increase sales to get rid of its old inventory. Samsung is getting advantage of Apple’s higher prices by making different offers to customers. Supporting statement: Apple is losing its shares to competitors including Samsung as they are offering variety to customers to choose from different prices and designs (Associated press, 2014) Figure: 9 Receivable turnover ratio Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) Apple receivable turnover ratio was quiet good in 2012 and stood at 14.32 but decreased to 13.04 in 2013 as Apple’s receivable were increased in 2013 as compared to 2012. It means Apple’s management has reduced its efficiency at collecting outstanding sales. On the other hand Samsung receivable turnover ratio was half the ratio of Apple in 2012. It was 7.65 in 2012 but showed a slight increase in 2013 and went to 8.22 increasing its efficiency in collecting receivables. FY (2013-2014) A sharp decrease in ratio of Apple Inc is seen as it went to 10.47. It is not a good sign for business as it shows less liquid debtors. It can also reduce liquidity position of business. Samsung ratio decreased to 7.3 in 2014. Constant decrease in efficiency in collecting receivables can cause cash flow problems. Apple’s receivable turnover ratio is decreasing year on year but it is still better than Samsung electronics but both companies are facing problems and are losing efficiency in collecting receivables. Supporting statement: Reduced efficiency in collecting receivables is affecting current and quick ratios of Apple especially in 2014 as evidenced in analysis of current and quick ratio of Apple. Figure: 10 Debt to equity ratio Source: Financial statements of Apple and Samsung FY (2012-2013) 0.49 of debt to equity shows that company uses half as many liabilities as equity to finance the assets. In 2012 both companies were at 0.49 which is a good ratio but in year 2013 Apple raised its ratio resulting in 0.675. It means Apple is taking on more debt. And the debt is used to finance the payout to share holders. Taking on debt is also believed to improve stock performance of Apple (Lattman and Peter, 2013) Samsung debt to equity ratio decreased in 2013, moving down to 0.43 it shows Samsung has financially stable business than Apple it has lower level of risks. And equity holders are funding the operations more than debt holders. FY (2013-2014) Apple’s debt to equity ratio increased even further and went to 1.078 times. It means more of company’s operations are financed by debt as compared to equity. The main reason for taking on more debt is to finance stock buybacks and paying dividends. It seems a new strategy from CEO Tim Cook as it is a noticeable increase in debt as compared to the period when Steve Jobs was CEO of the company (Krantz, 2015) Samsung is more dependent on equity to run its business as decreasing its debt/equity ratio even more to 0.37. Decrease in Debt/Equity ratio means less risky and more stable business but at the same time it shows it is not taking advantage from leverage to enhance its business. As evidenced earlier 2014 was not a good year for Samsung so maybe they should include more debt in business and find out ways to increase its profits. Samsung seems better in managing business through equity and apple is becoming more dependent on debt financing as compared to equity and debt financing is more risky. Apple seems to have changed its strategy and started to take advantage from leverage. Supporting statement: Apple is selling debts for the first time in two decades and it is taking the advantage of cheap debts. As according to Bill Larkin of Cabot money management it is very cheap to borrow money those days (Krantz, 2013) and it seems that Apple is going to take advantage from this opportunity by taking more and more debt. Business Analysis SWOT Analysis on Apple Inc Strengths of Apple Inc 1: Brand name: Its brand name is considered to be the key for its success. As instead of higher prices charged people are still buying its products due to its brand and quality. Supporting statement: According to a report by WPP PLC Apple became the world’s most valuable brand (Culpan, 2011) 2: Innovations: Apple always made highly innovative products. It is dragging the market share of competitors through its capability to innovate and launch new products. Apple innovate products and competitors follow their products. Supporting statement: According to the annual report, on the world’s most innovative company, of the Boston consulting group Apple has been ranked no.1 in year 2014 (Barba, 2014) 3: Customers loyalty: Apple has got strong customer loyalty. People who use Apple’s products stick to it and buy new Apple’s product in case they need upgraded products and they are not willing to switch to other products by their rivals and other companies Supporting statement: Iphone users are admitting they are blindly loyal to Apple, according to a report by The Telegraph (The Telegraph, 2015) 4: Cash Reserves: Apple has lots of cash reserves to invest and expand its business. Cash reserves are very important in smooth running of business and Apple has got advantage over its competitors by having large amount of cash reserves which can be used anytime to increase its efficiency. Supporting statement: According to figure calculated by the US Trust Apple has got the largest cash reserves with £95 billion that are even greater than cash held by some states (Murray-Morris, 2014) Weaknesses of Apple Inc 1: higher prices: Higher prices of iphones are resulting in decreased demands and lower incomes. Consumers (except the customer who are loyal to Apple) are switching towards other brands as they are offering cheap products. Support statement: Apple Inc is under pressure to decrease prices of phones to increase its sales (Reuters, 2014) 2: Criticism due to discrimination: Apple is facing pressure and criticism from members and shareholders to increase number of women in board. As it will be able to take advice from both sex and its decision will not be considered as biased. Apple is giving wrong message to the world that it discriminate even if it do not intend to do so. Support statement: Shareholder want Apple to add more women in Board of Directors as currently Apple has got just 1 woman in 8 member board (Satariano, 2014) 3: Decreasing profits margins: Apple is facing profit margins problem due to decreasing sales and increasing competitions. Apple’s products have shown slight decrease in prices but they are unable to decrease their costs Samsung looked better in doing it. Support statement: CEO Tim cook admitted that Apple growth is slowing down and its sales too and it will cause continuous fall in margins in near future (CNN money, 2013) 4: Breaching rights of workers: Undercover investigation in an Apple’s factory in china showed Apple being caught breaching rights of workforce. This is not the first time for Apple to face criticism about the breach of rights of its workforce. Support statement: As seen in the video made by a worker, workers looked exhausted as they were forced to work even 18 consecutive days without a single day off (BBC, 2014) Opportunities for Apple Inc 1: Smart watch launch by Apple: It is a great opportunity for Apple to revive its decreasing sales, profits and growth. It can gain back its market share from rivals including Samsung. And Apple is taking advantage from this opportunity as it is working on including more apps in this product. Support statement: CCS insight forecasts sales of 20 million units in FY 2015. While other analysts forecasted different sales level ranging between 8 million to even 60 million units in 2015 (Kelion) 2: Business Acquisitions: Acquisitions of small companies can greatly benefit Apple to enhance in technology and launch new products. It will definitely help Apple to enhance its capability to innovate. It is also a great opportunity for Apple to gain expertise of smaller companies. Support statement: According to CEO Tim Cook Apple acquired 20 companies in 2014 to get their expertise and beat the rivals (Clover, 2014) Threats to Apple Inc 1: Wrong perception for customer preferences: Apple is being pressurized from people to include large screen phones in its range. Former CEO Steve Jobs believed in small screen phones but it looks like it is time for a change as people are getting attracted towards big screen phones from Samsung and other rival companies. Support statements: Apple admitted that it has made a huge mistake about people’s choice for big screen phones and not making any big screen phone competitive to other rivals (Edwards, 2014) 2: Pressures from competitors: Apple is facing great pressure from Samsung and other rivals to reduce prices as they are taking market share from Apple by offering cheap phones. Supporting statements: Samsung is increasing market share by decreasing prices (Kim, 2014) Porter’s five forces analysis 1: Threats of new entrants: Apple inclusive has low threats for any new entry because •Apple has got strong loyalty from its customers •High levels of initial costs and expenditure is required to enter competition against Apple •Apple has patents as barriers to entry Supporting statement: Apple won a case for two patents against its rivals Samsung. These are Steve Job Patent (Touch screen technology) and patent related to the audio socket on devices (BBC, 2013) 2: Bargaining power of buyers: Apple is facing high bargaining power of buyers as •Consumers are forcing Apple to reduce prices •Samsung and other rivals are making products that are substitute for Apple’s products •Consumers are more aware of prices Supporting statement: Apple and other companies in industry are under pressure to reduce prices to make their products affordable (Reuters, 2014) 3: Bargaining power of suppliers: Bargaining power of supplier for Apple seems high too as Apple select suppliers according to their product requirements. Switching suppliers for Apple does not look that easy. Support statement: Hon Hi precision industry Co. Ltd (also known as foxconn) handles most of the assembly for Apple’s product. Pegatron is second supplier for assembly purposes. Quanta computers are assembler for Mac (Jones, 2013) Switching its selective suppliers will not be easy. 4: Threats for substitutes: Apple has got high level threat from threat of substitutes as Many substitute products are available with attractive prices Substitutes have variety of products that consumers can choose between according to their taste (like big screen or small screen phones) Samsung is taking its market share by making big screen phones. Supporting statement: Apple admits it has made huge mistake by misunderstanding the choice of customers for big screen (Edwards, 2014) 5: Rivalry and competition: Apple has great competition from rivals especially by Samsung. Samsung is reducing prices to increase its market share making Apple’s sales to go down and decrease its margins. Supporting statement: CEO Tim Cook admitted margins are decreasing due to reduced sales (CNN Money, 2013)

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Grade 11 Topic 3 – Source-Based Questions

The source below shows how the Nuremberg laws affected Jews living in Germany

3.1.1 What, according to the source, was the prerequisite for the existence of the German people?    (1 x 1) (1)

• The purity of German blood

3.1.2 Use your own knowledge to define the concept ‘Anti-Semitism’.   (1 x 2) (2)

• Hatred towards Jews
• Any other relevant answer

3.1.3 Describe TWO ways in which the German blood could be kept pure. (2 x 1) (2)

• Marriages between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
• Extramarital intercourse between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood is forbidden

3.1.4 Use your own knowledge to explain how the Nuremburg laws affected Jews living in Germany.   (2 x 2) (4)

• Many shops and restaurants did not serve the Jewish population
• Jews were banned from public parks, swimming pools and public transport
• Germans were also encouraged not to use Jewish doctors and lawyers
• Jewish civil servants were dismissed
• Jews were banned from universities
• Jews had to wear a Star of David that identified them as Jews

3.1.5 What do you think was the impact of the Nuremburg laws on Jews? (2 x 2) (4)

• Many Jews could not earn a living in Germany
• Many Jews emigrated
• Many Jews lost their citizenship
• Any other relevant response

The source below is an extract from David Buffam’s (American Consul in Leipzig) account of the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in November, 1938.

3.2.1 What, according to the source, triggered the attack of Jewish shops on 10 November 1938? (1 x 2) (2)

• Result of the cowardly Jewish murder of Third Secretary von Rath in the German Embassy in Paris.

3.2.2 List THREE targets of the Nazi attacks on the Jews. (3 x 1) (3)

• Jewish Shops
• Jewish stores and dwellings

3.2.3 Use the source and your own knowledge to explain why Hitler hated the Jews. (2 x 2) (4)

• He blamed the Jews for Germany’s defeat in WWI
• He blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic crisis after WWI
• He perceived the Jews as an inferior race
• He believed that the Jews were conspiring to control the world

3.2.4 Why do you think this event is known as the Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)? (1 x 2) (2)

• It refers to the thousands of pieces of broken glass that were lying in the street.

3.2.5 What was the impact of Kristallnacht on the Jews living in Germany? (2 x 2) (4)

• Many more Jews left the country
• Thousands were arrested
• Many Jews were sent to concentration camps

This source is an extract from Rudolf Höss’ (commandant of Auschwitz) experience of killing Jews at the Auschwitz death camp.

3.3.1 Define the concept ‘extermination’ within the context of the persecution of Jews.  (1x 2) (2)

• Mass murder of the Jews

3.3.2 Quote evidence from the source that indicates that not only Jewish men were killed in the gas chambers. (2 x 1) (2)

• Women hid their babies
• They persuaded her to take the child with her
• How can you bring yourself to kill such beautiful, darling children?

3.3.3 Use the source and your own knowledge to explain Hitler’s Final Solution. (2 x 2) (4)

• There were too many Jews in the German occupied territories – impossible to emigrate
• Death camps were built in Poland
• Jews were put to death with poisonous gas
• Six million Jews died in these death camps

3.3.4 Comment on the woman’s statement to the soldier: “Have you no heart at all?  (2 x 2) (4)

• Soldiers had no sympathy
• Soldiers did not show remorse
• Soldiers were inconsiderate
• Soldiers did not care about the feelings of others

3.3.5 Explain the reliability of this source to a historian researching the Final Solution. (1 x 2) (2)

• Reliable because it is a first-hand account of the event
• primary source Rudolf Höss, was the commandant of Auschwitz – well-renowned death camp
• The information can be verified/corroborated by other historical sources
• Any other relevant answer.

This source depicts the Jewish victims at the Auschwitz death camp.

Accessed on 16th June 2021.]

3.4.1 Compare Sources 3C and 3D. How does the information in Source 3C support the evidence in Source 3D with regards to the Final Solution? (1 x 2) (2)

• Source 3C mentions that both women and children were killed in the gas chambers whilst Source 3D shows the Jewish women and children that arrived at the death camp

3.5 Using the information from the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about SIX lines (about 60 words) explaining the measures Hitler implemented to persecute the Jews.

• Hitler believed that Germans were a master race and Jews were inferior
• Hitler blamed Jews for all Germany’s problems
• He passed the Nuremburg Laws – banned marriages between Jews and non-Jews (Source 3A)
• He banned sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jews (Source 3A)
• Kristallnacht – a Jew murdered a German diplomat (Source 3B)
• Thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues smashed (Source 3B)
• Thousands of Jews were arrested and some were sent to concentration camps (Source 3B)
• From 1940 Jews were moved to ghettos
• Many Jews died as a result of starvation and diseases in the ghettos
• Final Solution – death camps and gas chambers built to destroy Jews (Source 3C)
• &Jewish men, women and children were killed with poisonous gasses (Source 3D)
• Death camp in Auschwitz where German soldiers showed no mercy (Source 3C)

                                                                                                                                             [50]

This content was originally produced for the SAHO classroom by Ayabulela Ntwakumba and Thandile Xesi

• National Senior Certificate. “Grade 11 November 2019 Paper 1 Addendum”, National Senior Certificate, Eastern Cape Education, November 2018.

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Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

For researchers, it is crucial to examine the reliability and relevance of resources that are used in research work. Today, internet is the most consulted source of information. Even though it is used by many researchers, it can be the most unreliable source of information since there are no restrictions given to those who post information.

There are various ways that a researcher can turn to while trying to evaluate the sources. First, a researcher should always strive to use sources that have an author. The information contained in the sources may be true, but it is hard to validate information, whose author testimonials are not known. When the author is identified, the researcher may try to establish his or her educational background and employment details.

Secondly, a researcher should find out whether the information contained in the source matches with his or her research topic. This is done through examining the title, headings, table of contents, and other descriptions that have been given for the source. If the information, it contains, contradicts with the existing knowledge you should establish whether it can be verified. The nature of the publication is also identified whether it is a scholarly or a popular and also whether the research methodology is illustrated. At this point, the researcher should look into the sources, whether they have been cited inside the text or not. All reliable sources should contain in text citations. There are also details that show author biasness in the paper, this includes whether the author do away with some relevant information or write with feelings.

Thirdly, a researcher should examine the source of information. Information can be from a scholarly, accepted, academic or government agency. He or she should check affiliated institutions parent organizations and financing organizations. The URL also gives a clue of the person who created the source. For example, a URL ending with.edu shows a source from an educational institution. If it ends with.org, then it is most likely to be an organization and if it ends with.gov, it is most likely to be a government organization.

The fourth aspect that can be used in determining the reliability and relevance of a source is finding out the main reason why the source was created. Reflect on whether the main function of the source was to enlighten, convince, entertain or promote. The intended audience should also be established. At this point, a researcher should ask oneself whether the audience of the piece was scholars, public, professionals or learners. To be able to identify the source with ease it is essential to study the purpose statements for the journals. The date when the source was created also plays a significant part in determining the trustworthiness of the source.

Relevance and reliability plays a crucial role in determining the strength of one’s research work. It is most likely that research work that contains relevant and valid ideas is accepted in the community, as opposed to one that lacks this information. It is essential that a researcher deals with various weakness that can hinder the ability of the research work attaining its intended purpose. The research work that passes all relevance and reliability procedures is strong, while one that fails to accomplish one or all the measures is weak.

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IvyPanda. (2022, January 23). Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information. https://ivypanda.com/essays/internet-as-the-most-consulted-source-of-information/

"Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information." IvyPanda , 23 Jan. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/internet-as-the-most-consulted-source-of-information/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information'. 23 January.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information." January 23, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/internet-as-the-most-consulted-source-of-information/.

1. IvyPanda . "Internet as the Most Consulted Source of Information." January 23, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/internet-as-the-most-consulted-source-of-information/.

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The Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism - Economic affirmative action in the 1920's and 1930's

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Essays on Source Of Information

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