high
‘−’—data not available.
The monitoring data since 2015 indicate that the most intense air pollution in Ulan-Ude is observed during the heating season, especially under adverse meteorological conditions (hereinafter referred to as AWC). According to the Buryat CHEM data, in January 2020, during the AWC period, benzo( a )pyrene concentrations exceeded the average daily MAC by 57.2 times (at the monitoring station on ulitsa Babushkina). In January 2020, the average daily concentrations of benzo( a )pyrene in Ulan-Ude exceeded MAC by 30.0 times, and in March—by 7.5 times ( Figure 1 ).
Annual dynamics of benzo( a )pyrene concentrations in the air of Ulan-Ude in 2016–2020, measured at the air monitoring stations (operated by the Buryat CHEM), shares of MAC.
According to the Directorate of Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia, during the study period, the average daily concentrations of benzo( a )pyrene exceeded MAC in the 20th city blocks by 29.5 times, on ulitsa Tereshkovoi by 1.3 times, in Istok by 4.8 times, in Energetik by 8.5 times, in Gorky by 17.2 times, and on ulitsa Kluchevskaya by 33.6 times. According to long-term data, the highest level of air pollution in Ulan-Ude is registered annually in the cold period of the year due to increased emissions of pollutants from small boiler facilities and autonomous heating sources, including individual households, located around the city and in its central part. The ranking of monitoring sites in Ulan-Ude by the coefficient of total air pollution (K sum ) for 2011–2021 showed that in the cold period of the year, pollution is rated as “very high” in Zarechny, Kirzavod, ulitsa Revolutsii 1905, and ulitsa Klyuchevskaya. During the warm period of the year, air pollution at all monitoring sites is rated as “moderate”.
The territory of Ulan-Ude refers to a zone of high air pollution potential where meteorological conditions of pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere contribute to the transfer of harmful substances over considerable distances. According to the data of the Institute of Physical Materials Science SB RAS, the probability of temperature inversions in the lower 100-m layer of the atmosphere is 77%. Under such conditions, emissions from industrial facilities and autonomous heat sources are poorly dispersed, creating high concentrations of harmful substances in the surface layer of the atmosphere in the city limits.
Analysis of climatic data for Ulan-Ude, provided by the Buryat CHEM, and quantitative assessment of various factors indicate the predominance of processes that hinder atmospheric purification. In general, the meteorological potential of self-purification of the atmosphere in Ulan-Ude is low. It requires effective measures to limit emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
This study examined three groups of stationary sources of emissions of harmful substances into the air of Ulan-Ude during the heating season of 2020/2021: (1) large heating networks (CHPP-1, CHPP-2; large, centralized boilers of the Ulan-Ude energy complex, which are part of PAO “Territorial Generating Company No 14”); (2) autonomous sources (enterprises and small businesses); and (3) individual households. The total emissions from these sources during the period amounted to 83.8 thousand tons of pollutants ( Table 3 ).
Air emissions of pollutants from stationary sources in Ulan-Ude during the heating season of 2020/2021 (thousand tons).
No. | Type of Stationary Source | Mass (Thousand Tons) | wt.% |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Large heating networks (fuel and energy complex) | 18.0 | 21.5 |
2 | Autonomous sources (enterprises and small businesses) | 2.0 | 2.4 |
3 | Individual households | 63.8 | 76.1 |
4 | Total | 83.8 | 100 |
As can be seen from Table 3 , individual households make the greatest contribution to the overall air pollution. In Ulan-Ude and its suburbs, there are 207 settlements and neighborhoods with 77,607 households, 77.7% of which use wood-burning stoves, and 22.3% use boilers. The total pollutant emissions from households in Ulan-Ude and its suburbs (by administrative boundaries) during the heating season 2020/2021 are shown in Table 4 .
Total pollutant emissions from households in Ulan-Ude and its suburbs per year (during the heating season 2020/2021.
Area | Pollutant | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzo( )pyrene | Nitrogen Oxides (NO ) | Sulfur Dioxide (SO ) | Particulate Matter | Carbon Monoxide (CO) | Total | |
kg | Thousand Tons | |||||
Ulan-Ude | 10.29 | 0.22 | 7.33 | 25.87 | 5.85 | 39.27 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Tarbagataisky District | 1.04 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 2.61 | 0.59 | 3.96 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Ivolginsky District | 3.53 | 0.07 | 2.52 | 8.88 | 2.01 | 13.48 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Zaigraevsky District | 1.84 | 0.04 | 1.31 | 4.63 | 1.05 | 7.03 |
Total | 16.7 | 0.36 | 11.9 | 41.99 | 9.5 | 63.75 |
The experts of Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia assessed the risk to public health on the basis of data on the average annual concentrations of air pollutants measured at monitoring stations. In 2020, chronic inhalation exposure to pollutants could cause disease in the population of Ulan-Ude: respiratory system (hazard index HI = 10.8, with the permissible value of 1), blood diseases (HI = 1.7), vision diseases (HI = 1.67), fetal growth disorders (HI = 12.0), immune system (HI = 11.9), increased mortality (HI = 5.5), and tumors (HI = 10.3) ( Figure 2 ).
Hazard indices (HI) of non-carcinogenic risk to public health in Ulan-Ude with unidirectional effects of atmospheric air pollutants on human organs and systems in 2011–2020.
The hazard indices of non-carcinogenic risks to the health of the population of Ulan-Ude exceeded the permissible levels due to the content of pollutants in the air such as benzo( a )pyrene (HQ = 10.3), formaldehyde (HQ = 1.7), suspended solids (HQ = 1.7), PM 10 (HQ = 1.5), PM 2.5 (HQ = 1.8), and nitrogen dioxide (HQ = 1.1).
The level of individual carcinogenic risk for the population of Ulan-Ude was 1.62 × 10 −4 , which is considered “acceptable for professional groups and unacceptable for the population”. Priority pollutants in the atmospheric air that formed the carcinogenic risk were black carbon (52.1%, CR = 0.84 × 10 −4 ) and formaldehyde (40.7%, CR = 0.66 × 10 −4 ) ( Figure 3 ).
The level of individual carcinogenic risk to public health from exposure to pollutants in the atmospheric air of Ulan-Ude, 2011–2020 (CR × 10 −4 ). Permissible level CR = 1 × 10 −4 .
Statistics for the period 2011–2020 show that for some risk-related diseases, the morbidity of the population in Ulan-Ude exceeds the average figures for the Republic of Buryatia. The total morbidity rate in Ulan-Ude was 1.2 times higher than the average in Buryatia and amounted to 77,077.63 cases per 100 thousand people (63,985.43 cases per 100 thousand people in Buryatia). Respiratory system morbidity in Ulan-Ude was 34,154.29 cases per 100 thousand people, which is 1.19 times higher than the average for Buryatia (28,648.46 per 100 thousand people). Corresponding exceedances were registered for the diseases of endocrine system by 1.25 times, circulatory system by 1.11 times, eye diseases by 1.06 times, neoplasms by 1.47 times, and congenital anomalies, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities by 1.63 times ( Table 5 ).
Comparative characteristics of morbidity in Ulan-Ude and Buryatia for 2011–2020.
Disease Classes | Ulan-Ude | Buryatia | Excess Rate (Ulan-Ude vs. Buryatia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases, per 100,000 People | % of Total Morbidity | Cases, per 100,000 People | % of Total Morbidity | ||
Respiratory organs | 34,154.29 | 44.31 | 28,648.46 | 44.77 | 1.19 |
Congenital anomalies, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities | 151.53 | 0.20 | 92.74 | 0.14 | 1.63 |
Diseases of the eye | 3149.95 | 4.09 | 2977.82 | 4.65 | 1.06 |
Circulatory system | 2837.52 | 3.68 | 2551.25 | 3.99 | 1.11 |
Blood and hematopoietic organs | 383.85 | 0.50 | 462.3 | 0.72 | 0.83 |
Neoplasms | 1073.08 | 1.39 | 731.89 | 1.14 | 1.47 |
Endocrine system | 1673.95 | 2.17 | 1338.39 | 2.09 | 1.25 |
Others | 33,653.46 | 43.66 | 27,182.58 | 42.5 | 1.24 |
Total | 77,077.63 | 100.00 | 63,985.43 | 100.00 | 1.20 |
According to Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia, in 2020 the morbidity structure was as follows: respiratory diseases—46.9%; injuries, poisonings, and accidents—11.6%; digestive diseases—4.3%; skin diseases—3.6%; and diseases of the urogenital system and circulatory system—3.5% each ( Figure 4 ) [ 45 ].
Structure of morbidity in Ulan-Ude in 2020, %.
Respiratory diseases account for the largest share of the total morbidity rate in Ulan-Ude and Buryatia, both for 2020 and over a multi-year period. The morbidity of the population of Ulan-Ude during the period from 2011 to 2020 has increased for respiratory diseases by 11.5%, and by 8.35% for diseases of the circulatory system ( Table 6 ).
Dynamics of population morbidity in Ulan-Ude for 2011–2020 (cases per 100,000 population).
Disease Classes | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Respiratory diseases | 32,359.0 | 33,397.4 | 34,231.0 | 34,771.6 | 32,409.9 | 33,925.6 | 33,569.7 | 34,956.3 | 35,842.1 | 36,080.3 |
Congenital anomalies, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities | 206.7 | 193.1 | 211.0 | 217.3 | 89.5 | 120.2 | 124.7 | 120.9 | 116.6 | 115.3 |
Diseases of the eye | 4127.7 | 3529.2 | 3116 | 3937.1 | 3445.2 | 2735.6 | 2880.8 | 2638.3 | 2725.4 | 2364.2 |
Circulatory system | 2491.7 | 2351.8 | 2549.8 | 2560.7 | 2669.9 | 3140.1 | 3174.1 | 3221.6 | 3515.8 | 2699.7 |
Blood and hematopoietic organs | 338.3 | 387.5 | 405.5 | 389.8 | 391.0 | 408.6 | 436.8 | 424.1 | 396.9 | 260.0 |
Neoplasms | 1085.8 | 1197.1 | 1114.0 | 1219.1 | 1058.6 | 1073.7 | 1037.8 | 969.3 | 1078.5 | 896.9 |
Endocrine system | 1756.7 | 1687.9 | 1661.5 | 1854.1 | 1620.7 | 1727.5 | 1838.5 | 1456.4 | 1803.9 | 1332.3 |
Others | 38,095.5 | 38,209.50 | 34,916.3 | 38,096.3 | 29,526.0 | 30,417.6 | 31,912.1 | 31,065.2 | 31,038.7 | 33,257.4 |
Total morbidity | 80,461.4 | 80,953.5 | 78,205.1 | 83,046.0 | 71,210.8 | 73,548.9 | 74,974.5 | 74,852.1 | 76,517.9 | 77,006.1 |
To establish the correlation between air pollution and the growth of morbidity in Ulan-Ude, a correlation analysis was carried out with a small number of observations (n=10 years). To assess the strength of the correlation, we used the generally accepted criteria: correlation coefficient r xy < 0.3 indicates a weak correlation, 0.3 ≤ r xy < 0.7—average correlation, and 0.7 ≤ r xy —very high correlation. The correlation reliability criterion was calculated as follows: t r = r xy /m r , where m r is the mean error. A correlation is considered reliable if t r ≥ 3.
The correlation coefficient between the atmospheric air pollution index (API 5 ) and the incidence of respiratory diseases in Ulan-Ude is r xy = 0.7784 (m r = 0.2219, t r = 3.5068, n = 10), indicating that the two data sets are strongly correlated. The correlation coefficient between API 5 and the incidence of circulatory system diseases is r xy = 0.7437 (m r = 0.2363, t r = 3.1471, n = 10), which also indicates a strong correlation between the two data series.
It has been established that the degree of atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude is estimated as very high. Over the past decade, the atmospheric pollution index has increased by 3.71 times due to high concentrations of benzo( a )pyrene, PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and nitrogen dioxide [ 45 , 46 , 47 ].
The high level of atmospheric pollution is caused by emissions from CHPPs that operate year-round, as well as emissions from autonomous heat sources of individual households during the heating period. The growing number of households with autonomous heating, the increasing amount of coal burned, and the lack of opportunities to use alternative sources of thermal energy, combined with the low potential for dispersion of harmful impurities in the atmosphere leads to increased air pollution in Ulan-Ude, both in its central part and in the suburbs.
The assessment showed that atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude poses an increased risk to public health. Concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air have been found to present elevated levels of non-carcinogenic risk to public health, exceeding permissible values from 1.1 to 12 times. Chronic inhalation exposure to pollutants may cause health disorders of the population of Ulan-Ude from the respiratory organs, immune system, disorders of fetal development, neoplasms, diseases of the vision, blood diseases, and increased mortality. The level of individual carcinogenic risk exceeds the permissible level for the population of Ulan-Ude by 1.62 times and is estimated as “acceptable for professional groups and unacceptable for the population as a whole”.
Analysis of the morbidity in the Ulan-Ude population revealed an increase in the incidence of risk-related diseases such as the respiratory organs and circulatory system. Their strong correlation with atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude was established.
Thus, this study analyzed the data on emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources, statistics on the morbidity of the population over the past decade, and the results of measurements of air quality (both at the monitoring stations and monitoring sites in micro-districts of Ulan-Ude). The results of the study confirmed that the morbidity of the population in Ulan-Ude has been increasing, and this is largely due to very high pollution of the atmospheric air.
In order to reduce carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to public health in Ulan-Ude, the Directorate of Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia has established cooperation with executive bodies and local authorities. In 2020, amendments were made to the regulatory and legal acts of the Republic of Buryatia to prohibit the use of autonomous sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere when there is a technical possibility of connecting to centralized heating networks. As a result of significant efforts made by the executive and legislative branches of the Republic of Buryatia, the city of Ulan-Ude has been included in the list of settlements in which the experimental quoting of pollutant emissions to the atmospheric air is carried out based on the integrated calculations of atmospheric air pollution (according to the Russian Federation Government Decree of 7 July 2022 No. 1852-r). The Directorate of Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia initiated the updating of the summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude, on the basis of which management decisions will be made in the framework of the federal project “Clean Air”.
This research was carried out within the framework of the budget projects of Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Conceptualization, B.O.G. and I.K.D.; methodology, I.K.D., S.S.K., E.E.B. and E.V.M.; software, B.B.S., A.G.B., D.T.-D.Z., M.A.M., T.S.R., A.B.T., Z.E.B. and A.V.A.; validation, B.O.G., I.K.D., N.R.Z., V.E.T., A.A.A. and B.V.S.; formal analysis, S.S.K., V.S.B., N.R.Z., V.E.T., B.B.S., A.G.B., D.T.-D.Z., M.A.M., V.G.A., T.S.R., A.B.T., A.A.A., B.V.S., Z.E.B., A.V.A., E.E.B., E.V.M., A.B.L. and B.S.N.; investigation, B.O.G., S.S.K., V.S.B., E.E.B. and E.V.M.; resources, B.O.G. and V.S.B.; data curation, B.O.G., V.S.B., D.T.-D.Z. and V.G.A.; writing—original draft preparation, I.K.D. and V.S.B.; writing—review and editing, B.O.G.; visualization, V.S.B., N.R.Z., A.G.B., D.T.-D.Z., A.A.A. and B.V.S.; supervision, B.O.G.; project administration, B.O.G.; funding acquisition, B.O.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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