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http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1703-4
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Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Vol 1296, 2008.
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Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Vol 1135, 2006.
Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Vol 1108, 2005.
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Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Vol 779, 2000.
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Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Vol 565, 1997
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Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. Ser A, vol 342, 1992.
Student thesis : Doctoral Thesis › PhD
Date of Award | 19 Jun 2019 |
---|---|
Original language | English |
Awarding Institution | |
Sponsors | Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research - Iraq & Thi Qar University |
Supervisor | Andrew Chalmers (Supervisor), (Supervisor), Mark Beresford, (Advisor), Rebecca Bowen (Advisor) & John Mitchard (Advisor) |
File : application/pdf, 7.98 MB
Type : Thesis
Embargo End Date : 5 Jun 2020
Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a modifiable factor that may influence cancer outcomes. In 2022, an American Society of Clinical Oncology Expert Panel issued a clinical practice guideline on exercise during cancer treatment. 1 Based on a rigorous systematic review process, the panel concluded that exercise interventions during cancer treatment reduced fatigue, enhanced quality of life, and improved physical function. However, evidence was insufficient in the American Society of Clinical Oncology report to determine whether exercise would improve cancer outcomes. The American Cancer Society, 2 the World Cancer Research Fund, 3 and the American College of Sports Medicine 4 have all published guidelines or position statements supporting physical activity for patients with cancer and the potential relationship with improved outcomes. Specifically related to prostate cancer, the 2022 American Cancer Society guidelines report 2 noted that consistent evidence exists supporting associations of physical activity with lower total and prostate cancer–specific mortality. Similarly, the 2019 American College of Sports Medicine report 4 noted that physical activity was associated with a 33% lower risk of cancer-specific mortality in patients with prostate cancer.
Neuhouser ML , Schenk JM , Wright JL. Exercise for Prostate Cancer—Worthy Goals but Suboptimal Trial Designs. JAMA Oncol. Published online July 18, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.2057
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Tyler Santora
July 29, 2024
An ancient virus that infected our ancestors tens of millions of years ago may be helping to fuel cancer today, according to a fascinating new study in Science Advances . Targeting these viral remnants still lingering in our DNA could lead to more effective cancer treatment with fewer side effects, the researchers said.
The study "gives a better understanding of how gene regulation can be impacted by these ancient retroviral sequences," said Dixie Mager, PhD, scientist emeritus at the Terry Fox Laboratory at the British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. (Mager was not involved in the study.)
Long thought to be "junk" DNA with no biologic function, "endogenous retroviruses," which have mutated over time and lost their ability to create the virus, are now known to regulate genes — allowing some genes to turn on and off. Research in recent years suggests they may play a role in diseases like cancer.
But scientists weren't exactly sure what that role was, said senior study author Edward Chuong, PhD, a genome biologist at the University of Colorado Boulder.
Most studies have looked at whether endogenous retroviruses code for proteins that influence cancer. But these ancient viral strands usually don't code for proteins at all.
Chuong took a different approach. Inspired by scientists who've studied how viral remnants regulate positive processes ( immunity , brain development , or placenta development ), he and his team explored whether some might regulate genes that, once activated, help cancer thrive.
Borrowing from epigenomic analysis data (data on molecules that alter gene expression) for 21 cancers mapped by the Cancer Genome Atlas, the researchers identified 19 virus-derived DNA sequences that bind to regulatory proteins more in cancer cells than in healthy cells. All of these could potentially act as gene regulators that promote cancer.
The researchers homed in on one sequence, called LTR10, because it showed especially high activity in several cancers, including lung and colorectal cancer . This DNA segment comes from a virus that entered our ancestors' genome 30 million years ago, and it's activated in a third of colorectal cancers.
Using the gene editing technology clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), Chuong's team silenced LTR10 in colorectal cancer cells, altering the gene sequence so it couldn't bind to regulatory proteins. Doing so dampened the activity of nearby cancer-promoting genes.
"They still behaved like cancer cells," Chuong said. But "it made the cancer cells more susceptible to radiation. That would imply that the presence of that viral 'switch' actually helped those cancer cells survive radiation therapy."
Previously, two studies had found that viral regulators play a role in promoting two types of cancer: Leukemia and prostate cancer . The new study shows these two cases weren't flukes. All 21 cancers they looked at had at least one of those 19 viral elements, presumably working as cancer enhancers.
The study also identified what activates LTR10 to make it promote cancer. The culprit is a regulator protein called mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, which is overactivated in about 40% of all human cancers .
Some cancer drugs — MAP kinase inhibitors — already target MAP kinase, and they're often the first ones prescribed when a patient is diagnosed with cancer, Chuong said. As with many cancer treatments, doctors don't know why they work, just that they do.
"By understanding the mechanisms in the cell, we might be able to make them work better or further optimize their treatment," he said.
"MAP kinase inhibitors are really like a sledgehammer to the cell," Chuong said — meaning they affect many cellular processes, not just those related to cancer.
"If we're able to say that these viral switches are what's important, then that could potentially help us develop a more targeted therapy that uses something like CRISPR to silence these viral elements," he said. Or it could help providers choose a MAP kinase inhibitor from among the dozens available best suited to treat an individual patient and avoid side effects.
Still, whether the findings translate to real cancer patients remains to be seen. "It's very, very hard to go the final step of showing in a patient that these actually make a difference in the cancer," Mager said.
More lab research, human trials, and at least a few years will be needed before this discovery could help treat cancer. "Directly targeting these elements as a therapy would be at least 5 years out," Chuong said, "partly because that application would rely on CRISPR epigenome editing technology that is still being developed for clinical use."
Send comments and news tips to [email protected] .
When Phoebe Hsieh, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow at Fred Hutch Cancer Center, hits the job market later this year, she’ll bring more than her credentials and experience to the table.
She’ll bring five years of funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to help become a principal investigator in charge of her own lab.
Hsieh recently received the Postdoc-to-Faculty Transition Award from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. The award, which helps young scientists start an independent cystic fibrosis research program, includes $80,000 for salary support and $30,000 for research in the final two years.
Hsieh will look for job possibilities at home in Taiwan as well as in the U.S.
“I’m really grateful to have this funding,” Hsieh said. “If things work well, hopefully I will have my own lab by the summer of next year.”
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that clogs the lungs, pancreas and other organs with thick mucus, making them more susceptible to multiple microbial infections.
Hsieh received a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in 2021 when she joined Fred Hutch.
Hsieh’s research in Fred Hutch’s Malik Lab and the University of Washington’s Dandekar Lab focuses on how two microbial organisms — a fungus and a bacterium — compete for survival in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis.
She helped forge a collaboration between the two labs, shepherding the project the way a principal investigator would.
“In most respects, she has been the PI for the project, from conception to execution to publication,” said her mentor, Fred Hutch microbiologist and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator Harmit Malik, PhD .
Bacteria attack fungi in various ways, but Hsieh wanted to know more about how fungi keep bacteria in check.
She is the lead author of a study published last month in PLOS Biology that identifies magnesium, an essential mineral for many cellular processes, as a key prize in the fungal-bacterial battle.
She discovered that a fungus snarfs up magnesium, a mineral that a species of bacteria needs for maintaining strong cellular walls.
In response, certain genetic mutations help the bacterium adapt to lower magnesium levels.
But those adaptations also make the bacterium less vulnerable to an antibiotic that destroys the bacterium’s cell walls by displacing magnesium.
Antibiotic resistance typically develops when bacteria survive exposure to an antibiotic and pass on the genes that helped it escape to new generations.
Hsieh discovered that the resistance is a temporary condition resulting from the fight with fungi over magnesium. The resistance can be reversed by either adding magnesium so there’s enough to go around or by removing the fungus.
“This opens a new window for us to understand what those new mutations actually do and why they are so distinct from the canonical mutations we know cause antibiotic resistance,” Hsieh said.
The path from postdoc to principal investigator has grown narrower and more competitive in recent years.
In the early 1960s, about 60 percent of life science PhDs achieved tenure within 10 years of graduation. But by 2021, only 3.5 percent of biology PhD students working at universities reached that goal, according to a National Science Foundation survey cited in a 2023 Stat News report .
Postdoctoral researchers hired at Fred Hutch typically spend a few years obtaining additional experience after earning their PhDs before venturing out into the job market.
They are essential to the research mission and Fred Hutch competes with other institutions to hire the best. The Basic Sciences Division will host a three-day symposium in September for prospective postdocs to learn more about opportunities at Fred Hutch.
Of the 68 postdocs who left Fred Hutch in 2022 to launch their careers in science, 62 percent moved on to research jobs in academia, for-profit companies, nonprofit organizations and government.
Just 15 percent of Fred Hutch postdocs in 2022 were hired in tenure-track academic positions – the traditional route to becoming a principal investigator in charge of a lab.
The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation award makes that journey easier.
“Launching thriving independent research labs in academia has become a more and more daunting prospect,” Malik said. “Not only is the project a validation of the foundation 's hope and confidence in the merit of Phoebe's research program, but the financial boost that this award provides will enable her to be bolder in launching her independent research program and recruiting equally bold members to her future lab.”
John Higgins, a staff writer at Fred Hutch Cancer Center, was an education reporter at The Seattle Times and the Akron Beacon Journal. He was a Knight Science Journalism Fellow at MIT, where he studied the emerging science of teaching. Reach him at [email protected] .
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Are you interested in reprinting or republishing this story? Be our guest! We want to help connect people with the information they need. We just ask that you link back to the original article, preserve the author’s byline and refrain from making edits that alter the original context. Questions? Email us at [email protected]
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DETERMINANTS OF PROSTATE CANCER: The Birmingham Prostatic Neoplasms Association Study By Humera Khan ... PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS ARISING FROM THIS THESIS Publications in press 1. Khan HS, Zeegers MP, Schouten LJ, van Dijk BAC, ... this PhD did….!!! And last but certainly not least, a special thanks to my parents and sisters. ...
Abstract. The current diagnostic and stratification pathway for prostate cancer has led to over-diagnosis and over- treatment. This thesis aims to improve the prostate cancer diagnosis pathway by developing a minimally invasive blood test to inform diagnosis alongside mpMRI and to understand the true Gleason 4 burden which will help better stratify disease and guide clinicians in treatment ...
1.1.1 Prostate cancer incidence, mortality and survival. Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in the UK, with 46,690 new cases diagnosed in 2014. (1) The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in the UK for the past 40 years (Figure 1.1). Although currently the second most common cancer overall, it is predicted that by 2035 ...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men. Its incidence and mortality rate exceed that of breast cancer among women. More than 1.3 million new cases of PCa are diagnosed globally every year, at a rate of 1 in 6 or 14% of men. Health education and services for men are perhaps 20 years behind those for women, with only
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IN PROSTATE CANCER Susanne Bergius DOCTORAL DISSERTATION To be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium 2, Haartman Institute, on the 29th of January, 2021 at 12 o'clock. Espoo 2020
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Prostate cancer has emerged as the most frequently diagnosed cancer, except for non-melanoma skin cancer, among men in many Western countries in the last decade. ... Thesis (PhD) Qualification Level: Doctoral: Keywords: Cancer, Prostate, Socio-economic circumstances, Scotland, United Kingdom: Subjects: R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC0254 ...
men's chronic illness experiences following treatment for prostate cancer and how men seek to manage these experiences. Qualitative interviews with 29 men who have been treated for prostate cancer were undertaken. These men, aged 53-83 years, were recruited from two prostate cancer support groups (PCSGs) in South-East England.
Master's thesis Subject: MDP in Biomedical Sciences, Drug Discovery and Development Author: Laura Rinta-Kanto Title: C. elegans odour detection in the diagnosis of prostate cancer Supervisor: Päivi Koskinen, PhD, Adj. prof. Number of pages: 45 pages Date: 4.5.2023 There are about 200 distinct forms of cancer, each of which is diagnosed and treated differently.
Evidence shows that there are significant ethnic variations in prostate cancer prevalence and outcomes. Specifically, Black African and Black Caribbean men may encounter different post-treatment experiences than Caucasian men due to their disproportionately higher risk of being diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men. Evaluating knowledge, practice and attitudes towards the condition is important to identify key areas where interventions can be instituted. This was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study aimed at assessing knowledge, practice and attitude towards prostate cancer screening among male patients aged 40 years and above ...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men world- ... thesis, effort can be allocated to the creation of a unified platform composed of the CAD systems presented in this thesis, and extensions thereof; active learning should ... guidance and words of motivation throughout my PhD, for providing the resources
Prostate cancer has been a disease of older men but age at diagnosis is falling in Sweden. ... The overall purpose of this thesis was to identify and describe fatigue and its influence on men's lives when undergoing examinations for suspected prostate cancer and diagnosed with prostate cancer. Further, the purpose was to understand if ...
of this thesis was to identify strategies for improved survival prediction in men with prostate cancer. The way in which prostate cancer affects a population based‐cohort and how routinely measured ... Prostate cancer is a common disease in Sweden today. The incidence of prostate cancer has risen in Sweden from approximately 4000 men in 1985 ...
Dissertation for PhD ISBN: 978-91-7855-988-6 (print) ISBN: 978-91-7855-989-3 (pdf) ISSN: 0346-6612 New Series Number 2225 ... Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men, with 10 000 new cases per year in Sweden [1]. To diagnose PCa, magnetic resonance imaging
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This subject was addressed in the doctoral thesis of the Postgraduate Program in Urology at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), which was awarded by the CAPES Thesis Award - 2021 Edition, in the Honorable Mention, Medicine III category and by the Thesis Award USP Highlight - 10th Edition, classified in Major Area ...
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Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a modifiable factor that may influence cancer outcomes. In 2022, an American Society of Clinical Oncology Expert Panel issued a clinical practice guideline on exercise during cancer treatment. 1 Based on a rigorous systematic review process, the panel concluded that exercise interventions during cancer treatment reduced fatigue, enhanced quality ...
Previously, two studies had found that viral regulators play a role in promoting two types of cancer: Leukemia and prostate cancer. The new study shows these two cases weren't flukes. The new ...
Shannon Lynch, PhD, MPH, Assistant Director of the Office of Community Outreach and Engagement at Fox Chase, and Co-Director of the Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, led a study identifying factors that could decrease incidence of aggressive prostate cancer in areas where rates are highest.
When Phoebe Hsieh, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow at Fred Hutch Cancer Center, hits the job market later this year, she'll bring more than her credentials and experience to the table. She'll bring five years of funding from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation to help become a principal investigator in charge of her own lab.