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UGC notifies new regulations on PhD degrees, here's what has changed

The ugc has announced new norms for phd degrees that include significant modifications to the qualifications for admission, the application process, and the evaluation procedures.

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First Published: Nov 10 2022 | 10:37 PM IST

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Minimum standards and procedures for award of Ph.D. degree regulations, 2022

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UGC asks VCs, principals to roll out revised PhD regulations

NEW DELHI: The University Grants Commission (UGC) on Tuesday asked vice-chancellors and college principals to initiate necessary steps to implement the revised minimum standard and procedure for the award of PhD.

In the letter to higher educational institutions (HEIs), the UGC said that the new regulations are framed “to encourage research scholars to become well-trained researchers and inquisitive explorers.”

“All HEIs are requested to initiate necessary steps to implement the new regulations for the award of PhD,” the letter said.

The UGC replaced its rules notified in 2016 and brought the UGC (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022. The revised guidelines have changed the eligibility, admission and evaluation process. It has also done away with the mandatory requirement of publishing research papers in refereed journals.

The UGC notified the new regulations on November 7. As per the new regulations, students who have completed a four-year undergraduate course will also be eligible for direct admission to a doctorate programme.

The new rule said a candidate should have a minimum of 75 per cent marks in “aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed”, and in case the candidate does not have 75 per cent marks in a four-year undergraduate program, they have to pursue a one-year master’s programme and score at least 55 per cent.

PhD regulations of 2016 said that PhD scholars “must publish at least one (1) research paper in a refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences/seminars before the submission of the dissertation/thesis for adjudication.”

UGC Chairperson Professor M Jagadesh Kumar said that publishing research papers in peer-reviewed journals might not be mandatory anymore, but it does not mean PhD scholars should stop doing that altogether.

“Focussing on high-quality research will lead to publications in good journals, even if it is not mandatory. It will add value when they apply for employment or post-doctoral opportunities,” he said.

The regulations are applicable with immediate effect from the date of notification. Any PhD registered after 1 July 2009 shall be governed by the rules of 2009 or 2016, the notification said.

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UGC amends rules for PhD admissions

I n a landmark decision made by the University Grants Commission (UGC), aspirants for PhD admission will not be required to take university entrance exams.

The UGC has declared that beginning with the academic year 2024-25, PhD students will be given admission based on their National Eligibility Test (NET) scores.

The UGC Council approved new guidelines for PhD admissions under the National Education Policy (NEP)-2020. According to these guidelines, NET qualifiers will be eligible for three categories. Students with the highest NET scores will be placed in Category 1.

They will also be eligible for the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), an assistant professorship, and PhD admission and fellowship.

They would have to give an interview for PhD admission, which will be based on UGC regulations 2022.

Following that, students with the highest percentage will be placed in the second group. These students will be considered for assistant professorship and PhD admissions.

Students who pass the exam but with a lower percentage will be placed in category 3. The candidate’s rank will be included in the final result certificate.

“For PhD admission, the net percentage of candidates in categories 2 and 3 will be considered for 70% weightage, while the interview will be weighted at 30%. The NET score in both categories will be valid for one year only, and if they do not participate in the PhD programme within that time frame, they will be ineligible for it. According to the circular released by UGC on Thursday, the candidate would have to retake the NET examination.

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Explained | New regulations for awarding PhDs 

Jagriti chandra.

The story so far: The University Grants Commission (UGC) has made sweeping changes in its latest regulations governing the award of PhDs. Important changes such as abolishing of MPhils, relaxing course work for obtaining PhDs and allowing candidates to register for a PhD after finishing four years of a graduation programme, have been seen as steps that could lead to diminishing academic rigour as well as impediments to inclusivity in higher education.

What are the key changes?

The UGC on November 7, 2022 notified the University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022. One of the notable changes it made was to the evaluation and assessment criteria for the award of the degree, where it has waived the need to mandatorily publish a research paper in a peer-reviewed journal. This is accompanied by completely abolishing MPhil, which has been a gateway for PhD programmes, in line with the recommendation in the National Education Policy 2020. The eligibility criteria for admissions too have been revised, and a candidate can register after completing a one-year (or two semester) master’s degree programme after a four-year (or 8-semester) bachelor’s degree programme or a two-year (or four-semester) master’s degree programme after a three-year bachelor’s degree programme with at least 55% marks or its equivalent grade.

There are also important changes to course work. Earlier, the description of course work candidates needed to finish was more detailed, with at least four credits assigned to courses on research methodology. Candidates were also required to finish this either in the first semester, or by the second semester. Only candidates who were awarded MPhil or had completed their MPhil were exempted. But the new regulations leave it more open ended and says that all PhD scholars “shall be required to train in teaching/ education/ pedagogy/ writing related to their chosen PhD subject.” They can also now be assigned 4-6 hours per week of teaching/research assistantship for conducting tutorial, or laboratory work and evaluations.

The UGC now also allows part-time PhDs, a practice that was disallowed under the 2009 and 2016 regulations.

How will research scholars be evaluated under the new regulations?

PhD scholars will be required to undertake research work after completing their course work, make a presentation and produce a draft dissertation or thesis. If the evaluation of the submission is satisfactory, the candidate will have to defend the thesis in a public viva voce. They will not have to publish a research paper in refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences or seminars before submitting the thesis. The Chairman of UGC M. Jagadesh Kumar says that while publishing a paper in a peer-reviewed journal is not mandatory anymore in order to curb unethical practices such as pay-to-publish or plagiarism, students should be motivated and trained to publish in peer-reviewed journals and present at conferences. He says that a one-size-fits-all approach is not desirable as doctorals in computer science prefer presenting their papers at conferences rather than publishing them in journals. Former UGC Chairman and Ambedkarite, Sukhdaeo Thorat, welcomed the move to discontinue publishing papers in journals as it would often lead poor candidates to pay to get published like their peers, as well as put them at a disadvantage as they wouldn’t have contacts to get published. However, Jamia Milia Islamia Professor Furqan Qamar says that while these concerns are valid, there is a need to provide enhanced and cost-effective opportunities to the researcher to publish as there is a limited availability of quality journals but far more researchers. He cites from the Scopus database of scientific publications for 2020 to point out that India accounted for only 4.52% of total research papers in the world though it accounts for 12% of the global faculty pool.

Are there other concerns?

Experts like Professor Thorat say that discontinuing MPhils, along with the introduction of four-year BA course and 2-year MA course with multiple exits will hurt socially disadvantaged groups who may not be able to pay for longer-duration courses and may have to exit earlier, which will put them at a disadvantage in the job market. He adds that while a four-year Bachelors course will allow some students to pursue Masters abroad without studying for one more year, others will be discriminated against. Though UGC says the move is intended to attract younger students for research.

There are also concerns over diminishing scholarships and fellowships to support PhD scholars as well as severe shortage of teachers, impacting the number of research supervisors available.

“Until the 2009 regulations were notified, the award of PhDs, their evaluation, course-work was not regulated. Part-time PhDs were also widely prevalent. In 2016, these were strengthened and publishing a paper in peer-reviewed journals was made mandatory. However, the changes being brought in the latest regulations take us back to the pre-2009 era,” says Professor Qamar.

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Home » UGC » UGC Issues New Guidelines for Awarding PhD Degrees, Read More

UGC Issues New Guidelines for Awarding PhD Degrees, Read More

New Delhi, 16 November 2022, UGC New Guidelines – The University Grants Commission (UGC) has issued new eligibility criteria and made amendments to the existing regulations for PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degrees. As per the recent guidelines, candidates must secure 75% marks in a four-year undergraduate program and if they fail to do so, they have to apply for the master’s programme and score a minimum of 55% marks.

Note – 

• The PhD scholars are now required to teach or provide research apprenticeship to the students for a minimum of 6 hours per week.
• The working people can apply for part-time PhD programmes and provide a “No Objection Certificate” from the respective organisation.

UGC New Guidelines – Course Information

Candidates can check the course details from the information given below:

UGC New Guidelines – Eligibility Criteria

• Candidates must have 1/2 year master’s degree after 3/4 years of bachelor’s degree with a minimum of 55% marks in total.
• Those seeking admission after 4 years of the bachelor’s degree programme, must secure a total of 75% marks in aggregate.
• Candidates who have completed the M.Phil. programme with a minimum of 55% marks are also eligible to apply for the PhD programme.

Note – The relaxation of 5% marks will be given to the candidates who belong to the categories of Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Class (OBC), and Economically Weaker Section (EWS).

UGC New Guidelines – Duration of the Programme

• The programme shall be for a minimum of three years and a maximum of six years from the date of commencement.
• The additional two years can be given through the re-registration process. However, the total period should not exceed eight (8) years.
• Female candidates and Persons with disabilities (PwD) are allowed a relaxation of two years.
• Female scholars can take maternity or childcare leave for up to 240 days.

UGC New Guidelines – Admission Process and Research Supervisors

• Students are required to pass the entrance examination with a minimum of 50% marks. The entrance test will be course-specific.
• Candidates will be called for an interview after the announcement of results. The weightage of the entrance test will be 70% marks and the rest 30% marks will be based on the performance in the interview round.

Research Supervisors

• The faculty members who are working as Professors/Associate Professors in their institutions cannot supervise scholars of other institutions. They can work as co-supervisors for such institutions.
• In multidisciplinary research work, institutes can appoint co-supervisors from other institutions or departments.
• The faculty members who have less than three years of experience are not eligible to take research scholars under their supervision.

UGC New Guidelines – Evaluation Process

• Candidates must complete the coursework within the allotted time frame and acquire a minimum of 12 credit points to produce a draft of the final thesis.
• Candidates must create a presentation and present it in front of the Research Advisory Committee (RAC).
• The institutions will check the plagiarism to detect the uniqueness of the content.
• After the successful completion of plagiarism detection, candidates can submit the research work with a declaration of plagiarism-free content.
• Candidates will go through the viva and interview process that will be conducted by the respective institutions.

Note – To read the official notification, please click here .

UGC New Guidelines – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q.1 is phd mandatory for the job of assistant professor.

No, as per the University Grants Commission (UGC), it is not necessary to obtain a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) for the post of Assistant Professor.

Q2. How many papers are required to be published by a PhD scholar?

A PhD scholar must publish four to five development papers.

Q3. What is the duration of doing a PhD course?

The average duration of a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) course shall be a minimum of three years and a maximum of six years from the date of commencement.

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PhD: UGC revises eligibility, admission & evaluation norms

A draft notification has been issued, revising the regulations for awarding Doctor of Philosophy, i.e., PhD, by institutions under the University Grants Commission (UGC). These would come into effect from the date of publication in the Union Gazette. This would modify the May 5, 2016, Regulation and its subsequent two amendments.

The proposals on the criteria for admission, eligibility, programme duration and evaluation are the following:

A) Proposed admission norms Admission should be given via the National Eligibility Test (NET) of the UGC or similar recognised test.

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Each year, the universities and colleges can determine the number of seats while taking into account the number of available research supervisors, basic facilities and the student-teacher ratio.

Relevant information such as the number of seats, subject-wise list, admission criteria and procedures should be published on the website in advance. If there is an entrance test, details of that should also be included. Details should also be published in two newspapers, including one in regional language.

The central/state reservation policy should be adhered to.

Sixty per cent seats to be filled from NET/JRF, while 40 per cent seats from the university/common entrance and the interview conducted by the institution. In case of vacant slots in one category, these can be filled from the other category.

Only those candidates with 50 per cent marks in the entrance exam should be considered. For SC/ST, OBC and differently-abled, 45 per cent.

Candidates in the NET/JRF categories should be ranked on the basis of their interview, and the others on their performance in the written test (70) and interview (30).

If retired professors get appointed as an emeritus professor at the same university, they can continue as supervisors till the age of 70.

B) Proposed eligibility norms One-year/two-semester Master’s degree with 55 per cent marks in aggregate or equivalent grade, after a four-year under-graduate degree. Two-year/ four-semester Master’s degree with 55 per cent marks or equivalent grade Four-year/ eight-semester 'bachelor’s degree with research' with a grade point average of at least 7.5/10.

Applicants should have completed MPhil course work, with 55 per cent marks in aggregate or equivalent grade. Candidates pursuing MPhil but have not completed viva voce and final defence can be given admission to PhD on a provisional basis.

Candidates in the SC/ST, OBC and differently abled categories and the economically-weaker section need only 50 per cent marks. The minimum marks/grade should be considered without including the grace mark.

C) Norms on programme duration The programme duration should be 2 to 6 years, excluding course work. If the duration is extended as per the special rule of a particular institution, it should not be more than 2 years.

For women and the differently abled, the duration can be extended up to 2 years. Women can also avail maternity/ childcare leave for 240 days. Women who have to relocate due to marriage or any other reason can be allowed to transfer the research study to a new centre, subject to conditions.

There is also a provision to take leave for a few weeks to take part in a student-exchange programme in the country or abroad that would help in preparing the thesis.

D) Evaluation method An anti-plagiarism software report also needs to be submitted along with the draft dissertation or thesis on the satisfactory completion of the course work. It is recommended to present the research work in the journal or present it in the conference, with the permission of the institution. But not mandatory.

No university or college should conduct the PhD programme in the distance education mode or online mode. Those in service should also follow the above-mentioned provisions while pursuing PhD.

Even though there is no MPhil programme from 2022-23 academic year onwards, the already earned MPhil degree would remain valid. On the satisfactory completion of the programme, the PhD provisional certificate should be given to the research student.

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New Ph.D. Admissions Guidelines Announced by UGC

You’re here for a reason If you’re considering doing your Ph.D. at any of the institutes/universities in India and need guidelines for the admission process.

The purpose of this article is to help you in getting admission to a Ph.D. program in any recognized institute/university according to the UGC’s new rules and regulations.

In India, earning a Ph.D. is particularly advantageous to applicants for the time Memoriam, if they wish to work in the teaching field, a Ph.D. degree can also boost their pay and raises their prospects of promotion.

A Ph.D. degree is highly helpful to applicants, and according to a new UGC update on the admission requirements for the program, starting in 2022, the requirements will change from time to time.

Considering the new UGC update regarding the Ph.D. admission criteria, the criteria for getting enrolled in the Ph.D. program will be updated from 2022 onward.

The UGC guidelines and new rules require 60% of all Ph.D. seats to be filled by national level tests, i.e., NET/JRF qualified students only, and the remaining 40% of seats to be filled by the university common entrance test, also called Ph.D. Entrance Tests qualified students.

Read: Fellowships, stipend, and scholarship

Top 6 tests for Ph.D. Admissions

These are all national-level exams that the NTA administers based on the qualifications of the applicant and the number of seats open for Ph.D. admission.

Read: What Is The National Testing Agency (NTA) And How Does It Function

Every candidate who passes these exams receives a fair amount of fellowship payment in the form of stipends and the amount of fellowship is set by the agency and varies from agency to agency, depending on whether it is for research or to finish a Ph.D. degree.

The applicants must have a Master’s Degree or equivalent from a university/institution recognized by the UGC in Humanities (including languages), Social Science, Computer Science and Applications, Electronic Science, etc., or have obtained a 55% mark (without rounding off).

After qualifying for the entrance examination, the candidates who qualify for these national-level tests are selected for Ph.D. admission purely based on viva or interview considerations.

UGC NET for Ph.D. Admissions

One of the most prestigious and renowned national-level exams is the UGC-NET. This examination is taken by lakhs of students every year to become Assistant Professors or Junior Research Fellows. Thus, in order to qualify for the UGC NET, you must follow a proper preparation strategy.

Once or twice a year, the UGC conducts a national exam called UGC-NET to select candidates for research and teaching across the nation and qualified candidates must get admission to Ph.D. programs and get jobs in higher education.

A list of eligibility criteria is provided below.

The candidates must have master’s degree holders and those pursuing their Master’s degree are eligible to apply for the UGC-NET Exam if they have a minimum aggregate of 55% (for the General Category) or 50% (for the SC/ST Category).

Click For More Details

GATE for Ph.D. Admissions

On behalf of the National Coordination Board GATE, the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India, and the seven Indian Institutes of Technology at Mumbai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai, and Roorkee jointly conduct the GATE Examination.

The GATE Committee administers a national exam once a year, with the results being used for admission to master’s and Ph.D. programs for the next three years.

GATE is open to anyone who has successfully completed 10+2+2 or 10+3+1 and is currently enrolled in a 3-year or higher undergraduate program or has already completed a government-approved degree program in engineering, technology, architecture, science, commerce, or the arts.

Candidates must be of Indian nationality and have completed their 12th grade with distinction from a recognized university with a first-class or equivalent grade.

Click for more details

SET/SLECT for Ph.D. Admissions

It is also known as the SET (State Eligibility Test). All states in India and some universities conduct the State Level Eligibility Test in English languages. Some states conduct their own tests, such as the State Level Eligibility Test (SLET) for lectureship only.

The NTA administers the SET/SLET test annually in state-level courses for educational and scholarly purposes most once a year, but it must be deicide by the concerned state administration about the examination schedule and terms.

Candidates must hold a master’s degree from a university or institution recognized by the government and are citizens of India to be eligible for the SLET, candidates must hold a master’s degree with at least 55% marks from a recognized university in the general category and a minimum of 50% marks is required for candidates who are OBC, SC, ST, or PWD.

Note: For more information, visit the official website of the Particulate State Universities, which is administering the SET/SLET exams, or any other testing agency of that state.

CSIR NET for Ph.D. Admissions

An exam was conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) to determine eligibility for Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) and Lectureships (LS)/Associate Professors in Indian universities and colleges that cover the spectrum in the field of science and technology.

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) NET (also known as CSIR UGC NET) qualified candidates who pass this CSIR NET exam can become lecturers or get admission in the faculty of Science & Technology.

CSIR NET is administered twice a year in June and December month of every year by the National Testing Agency (NTA) to approve candidates for lecturer positions or junior research fellowships.

To apply for CSIR NET, a candidate must have a degree in BTech/ BE/Pharma /MBBS/ BS/ Integrated BS-MS/MSc with a minimum of 55 percent marks (50 percent for SC/ST, third gender, and persons with disabilities) guidelines.

BET for Ph.D. Admissions

The National Testing Agency (NTA) announces the DBT Biotechnology Eligibility Test (BET) for Junior Research Fellowships in Biotechnology. For pursuing research in frontier areas of biotechnology, the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology invites applications from Indian nationals for the award of DBT-JRF fellowships.

Students must have an MSc or MTech or M.Sc. degree in Biotechnology from a recognized university. A master’s degree in life sciences, such as zoology, botany, biochemistry, microbiology, etc., is also required. General students must score at least 60% to qualify for a master’s degree. SC/ST/PWD candidates must have a minimum grade point average of 55% in their graduate studies.

Common Ph.D. Entrance Test for Ph.D. Admissions

Depending on the availability of seats for Ph.D. degrees in various departments at universities or affiliate colleges, the number of universities, including central universities, deemed universities, and private universities, offer a nationwide entrance exam for Ph.D. admission once or twice a year.

According to the university, numerous disciplines or subjects are covered in the Ph.D. entrance exam, and the number of seats in each subject for the entrance test varies from subject to subject or from university to university.

The selection process for candidates who pass the entrance test shall be conducted in a 70 to 30 ratio (written test to interview). In this process, 70% of the marks are used from the entrance score and 30% of the marks are given by the interview committee at the time of the counseling for Ph.D. admission.

Candidates must have a master’s degree in a relevant subject from a recognized university or institution and this master’s degree with at least 55% marks for general candidates and a minimum of 50% marks for OBC, SC, ST, and PWD candidates.

This article is all about the new Ph.D. Admissions Guidelines and we hope that the information and guidance we have provided will be of use to you in your admission and start of your research. KressUp is an online learning platform that occasionally publishes new articles; stay tuned for more.

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UGC revises basic requirements for PhD. Scholars, professors opine on what it means for academia

The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the Minimum Standards and Procedure for the Award of PhD Regulations, 2022, on November 14, 2022, which revised the requirements for PhD degrees as per the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. According to the new guidelines, MPhil and publication in a peer-reviewed journal are no longer mandatory. Among other changes is direct entry to a Doctoral programme after a four-year undergraduate degree or just a one-year Master's degree. The announced guidelines are effective immediately, as stated in the released notification: "All HEIs are requested to initiate necessary steps to implement the new regulations for the award of PhD." About the changes, an Economics professor of Visva-Bharati University (VBU) and the President of Visva-Bharati University Faculty Association, Sudipta Bhattacharyya tells  EdexLive , "The new ordinance has been framed in the line of National Education Policy whose goal is elimination and corporatisation of education."

Scholars and professors have varied views on these new changes, but mostly, they argue that the revision would make no difference. “The practice of publishing papers is now a standard and the number of publications matters. The journals and the prestige of the journals add additional weight to a profile. Without publication, you cannot enrol in any reputable universities. Thus, by removing the mandatory publication they did not accomplish anything,” says Bibu Binu Thomas, a PhD scholar from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal. In agreement with Bibu Thomas, another scholar, Sushree Ankita Jena, questions the point of the regulation by stating, "Now the brute reality is that no matter where you go for an academic job, a huge weightage is on publication, so, what is the point?"

Removal of MPhil — waste of time, lack of experience or method of elimination?

MPhil has been completely removed as a prerequisite for enrolment in PhD programmes. While a few scholars welcome the decision calling MPhil "a waste of time", others consider it a necessary experience for a PhD. "A student is thrust into research without any prior experience though they can get that through PhD; MPhil served as a sort of bridge," states Rudra Prasad Behera, an MPhil scholar from Ravenshaw University, Odisha. Again, approving the change, VBU Prof Kausik Bhattacharya argues, "MPhil was never necessary; just an intermediary degree between postgraduation and PhD. A waste of time, in my opinion." 

However, Economics professor Sudipta Bhattacharyya considers the move a method of elimination. "Drop of MPhil is again to eliminate a huge number of people from the job market as PhD is a time-taking exercise," he says. 

PhD without publication of papers In the new regulations, the mandatory publication of papers in peer-reviewed journals has been removed. Previously, PhD candidates were required to publish "at least one (1) research paper in a refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences/seminars before the submission of the dissertation/thesis for adjudication” as per the 2016 regulations. This means that the decision to publish a paper is at the scholar's discretion.

Prof Rudra Prasad Behera opines, "PhD without publication, I believe, is like  biryani  without  elaichi ; it will work, but the aroma will be missing." However, Professor Kausik Bhattacharya notes that the requirement for mandatory publication resulted in the release of articles of low quality, "To publish any useless paper makes no sense. It cannot merely be a way to create a profile. Forced publication accomplished nothing more than pushing mass publication of subpar research papers." 

Shruthi Madhu, a PhD student at the National Institute of Technology (NIT), concurs with both Professors Bhattacharya and Behera and states, "On one hand UGC did this to do away with this pressure and in the process producing low-quality papers just for the sake of publishing. That might have been the agenda why this guideline was removed, but as a result, the push to do solid research work is no longer there and one would feel much less enthusiastic about publishing them." Shruthi continues by stating that if a candidate wants to continue their education abroad, the lack of published papers may hinder their future. "Universities abroad require you to show some work outside your PhD and candidates from other countries typically will have their PhD thesis along with numerous research papers. Although it is great that there is no strict mandate to publish a paper, it could also have unintended consequences," she remarks. 

It might also be interesting to take note of the fact that the UGC's list of journals was not always up to the mark and Prof Sudipta Bhattacharyya reminds us that many reputed journals were dropped from the list. "UGC excluded reputable journals like Economic and Political Weekly for Social Sciences and, as a damage control that dropped the provision of publication as a condition of promotion and appointment," alleges Prof Bhattacharyya. 

Is direct admission to PhD a boon or curse? Are students mature or experienced enough after a four-year course to enrol into PhD? Will this enable aspiring academicians to hasten a convenient employment search? Does a speedy process help students learn fast? These are the concerns that crop up in the face of the most drastic change in the new regulations of the UGC. "Direct enrolment into PhD after graduation, I think, is a naive move as the quality required for becoming a scholar will be rare in the mass of undergrads," says Rudra Prasad Behera. Meanwhile, Prof Kausik Bhattacharya asserts that the regulation has no bearing. "If you cannot make any changes at the fundamentals or create a vigour for research, there is no relevance to these changes," he remarks, adding, "The education system is not helping students in any way. These are insignificant changes." 

Professor of Delhi University, Rajib Roy, echoes Prof Bhattacharya when he notes the insignificance of these modifications and says, "MPhil was a breathing period and it helped me, but now one can directly enrol into PhD. You can argue that this will hasten the employment search, but then why are so many doctorates unemployed? These nomenclature changes never made any substantial changes." He concludes with crucial questions, "It is essential thus to ask why are so many overqualified students unemployed and why are there so little quality research done despite the number of papers produced?"

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PhD admission: New UGC guidelines to be implemented from 2022-23

New guidelines of university grants commission (ugc) for phd scholars would be implemented in allahabad university (au) from academic session 2022-23.

New guidelines of University Grants Commission (UGC) for PhD scholars would be implemented in Allahabad University (AU) from academic session 2022-23.

Since, AU would be holding admissions for the PhD courses against the vacant seats at the main campus and its constituent colleges for the academic session 2021-22, the UGC guidelines for PhD aspirants who haven’t cleared National Eligibility Test (NET) or aren’t eligible for Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) won’t be implemented at AU.

Once the guidelines are implemented, AU like other universities, would have to reserve 60 percent of the vacant seats of PhD courses for candidates who have passed NET or have bagged JRF, AU officials said.

The remaining 40 percent seats will be filled by conducting Combined Research Entrance Test (CRET). The UGC has sent a proposal to all the central universities and AU has started making the necessary preparation, said AU officials.

“According to the guidelines issued by the UGC for admission to PhD courses at AU, NET and JRF qualified candidates will be given due reservation in PhD admission from academic session 2022-23,” said public relation officer (PRO), prof Jaya Kapoor.

Presently the admission process for the academic session 2021-22 through CRET-2021 at AU has commenced. So, admission in this session will be done the same way as was done in previous years.

The last date of application is May 16. Admission will be given against 614 vacant seats of 41 subjects. Of these, 227 seats are at AU and 387 seats are in constituent colleges. The maximum number of 62 seats is in department of Chemistry. At the same time, there are no seats in Urdu, Persian, Agriculture Botany and Rural Technology. Through CRET, admission will be given in PhD in AU, CMP degree College, Allahabad degree College, Iswar Saran Degree College, Jagat Taran Girls Degree College, SS Khanna Degree College, Arya Kanya Degree College, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Government Degree College and Ewing Christian College (ECC).

NET-JRF qualified students will also have to appear in the level one of the CRET for admission to PhD courses for the academic session 2021 at AU. In level-II i.e. interview, a weightage of three additional marks will be given to NET and five marks to JRF candidates, officials said.

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Ugc guidelines 2022 - rules for assistant professor, jrf.

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Many students pursue their careers as lecturers or Researchers as these are the most reputed jobs in India. If you want to get these posts then, you must know that an Assistant Professor or JRF job comes with lots of responsibilities and prestigious roles.

University Grant Commission , a statutory body of MHRD, maintains the standard of Lectureship/research.

As per UGC Rules and Regulations , the authorities look after the functionality of college operations, recruitment of UGC NET qualified professors/researchers, and release funds for the same. If you are aiming to appear for UGC NET Exam, it is necessary to have a brief knowledge of UGC Guidelines 2022 for the lecturers or other teaching staff.

Below are the UGC Regulations 2022 for Assistant Professor and Research Fellows for the maintenance of standards in higher education and revision of pay scales.

In this article, you will find: -

UGC Regulation 2022 for Assistant Professor, JRF

Eligibility for Assistant Professor, JRF, and Ph.D. Degree Holders

  UGC Guidelines for Selection Process

  UGC NET Norms for Revised Pay Scale: Salary and Promotional Rules

  UGC Regulations for Leaves and Workload of Teaching Aspirants

Know what type of questions are asked in the exam by solving UGC NET Last 5 Exams Question Papers.  Download Here !

UGC Regulations 2022 for Assistant Professor, JRF, and Ph.D. Degree Holders

This section includes the details of UGC Rules and Regulations regarding qualification, appointment, promotion, etc. for assistant professors and other teaching staff.

UGC Regulations for Eligibility of Assistant Professor, JRF, and Ph.D. Degree Holders

According to the UGC Regulation 2022, the minimum eligibility criteria for the assistant professor, JRF or equivalent posts in the UGC Approved Universities  are as follows:

SET/SLET qualified  NET certificates  and a Master's degree.

Minimum 55% marks in post-graduation for the recruitment of teachers or Ph.D. programs in universities or colleges.

A person whose M.Phil thesis has been evaluated and viva voce is pending, may admit to the PhD program of the same institution.

Note -  If you have a PhD degree (before 2009), then you will be exempted from the requirement of NET/ SLET/ SET for recruitment and appointment of Assistant Professor or equivalent positions in Universities.

To know the eligibility criteria, qualifications, and other recruitment information for Assistant Professor and JRF as per UGC Regulation 2022, you may visit our blog: UGC NET Eligibility

If you meet the required eligibility, then you must check the details of the selection procedure for the assistant professor and other teaching staff, given below.

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UGC Guidelines for Selection of Assistant Professor and Other Teaching Staff

As per the guidelines for the appointment of Assistant Professor 2022, the selection committee in the universities shall have the following members:

1. Vice-Chancellor shall be the Chairperson of the Selection Committee.

2. If required, an academician can be nominated by the Visitor/Chancellor.

3. Three experts of the concerned subject nominated by the Vice-Chancellor whose names are approved by the relevant statutory body of the university.

4. Dean of the concerned faculty (Not compulsory).

5. Head/ Chairperson of the Department/ School.

6. An academician, representing SC/ST/OBC/Minority/Women/PwD categories, only if any of the above members of the selection committee do not belong to that category.

7. At least four members, including two outsiders, subject experts shall constitute the quorum.

Solve free Mock Test Papers for your UGC NET preparation and improve your accuracy in the exam.  Download Now .

How the Selection Process of Assistant Professor takes place?

1. To be selected, the latest UGC Guidelines for an assistant professor say that you must submit the bio-data in a prescribed format of the respective university along with a copy of significant publications.

2. As per the UGC New Guidelines 2022 for Ph.D., the institutes release the prescribed notification of admission process for Ph.D.

The admission process consists of various steps like admission test, interview, document verification, etc.

3. According to new UGC Regulations, no university, institution, and college can conduct PhD Programs through distance education mode. However, part-time PhD will be allowed if UGC PhD Regulations 2022 are followed by institutes.

Note: As per the draft policy of new UGC Regulations, a PhD degree will be a major requirement to become an assistant professor at the university level from 2022.

However, NET would not be required for those who have completed their Ph.D. from the universities ranking among the top 500 in the world as per Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), the Times Higher Education (THE), or the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU).

After the selection, what will be the salary of the assistant professor or other teaching staff, and what are the UGC Regulation 2022 for the promotion of the same? Check the UGC Guidelines 2022 to know the pay scale, promotion opportunities of assistant professors/JRF in the following section.

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Pay Scale - UGC Regulation 2022 for Assistant Professor’s Salary and Promotion

The lectureship is one of the noble professions for decades. You can get attractive pay scales & job allowances after being recruited as an Assistant Professor.

Below, you can check the UGC Guidelines for Assistant Professor 2022 pay scale:

1.) The formula of the 7th CPC is followed in the academic pay structure for lecturers and equivalent posts.

2.) Increment: The annual increment is given in the pay matrix at 3% rounded off to the nearest 100.

3.) Promotion: When an individual gets a promotion, he/she would be given a notional increment in his/her existing academic level of pay.

4.) Allowances: The allowances given to Central Government employees will depend on the Ministry of Finance as per the decision of the Government of India.

Important Note: As per the media reports, Finance Minister, Dr. Thomas Isaac, has signed the order to double the salary of guest lecturers in government and aided colleges.

UGC NET or JRF qualified lecturers will get a minimum of Rs. 1750 per day and a maximum of Rs 43,750 for 25 working days in a month. Those without UGC qualifications will get Rs. 1600/day and a maximum of Rs 40,000 per month.

For detailed information about UGC Regulations 2022 for revised pay scale and other benefits, check our blog: UGC Pay Revision for Assistant professor and JRF .

UGC New Guidelines for Promotion of Assistant Professor

There are 6 levels from Assistant Professor to the Professor based on which the Academic Grade Pay and Entry Pay are decided. Below, you can check UGC Regulation 2022 for the promotion of assistant professor.

1. The Assistant Professors (Level 10) would be eligible for promotion under UGC CAS promotion rules through two successive levels (11 and 12) if they fulfill the eligibility and performance criteria.

2. CAS Promotion Criteria: Under Career Advancement Scheme (CAS), a teacher shall be promoted if: -

He/She gets a satisfactory or good grade in the annual performance assessment reports of at least four of the last five years of the assessment period.

The promotion is recommended by the screening cum evaluation committee.

3. The promotion rules for teachers under UGC CAS Guidelines 2022 are based on the following criteria: -

Teaching-Learning and Evolution.

 Personal Development Related to Teaching and Research Activities.

 Administrative Support and Participation in Students’ Co- and Extra-Curricular Activities.

Start your UGC NET Exam preparation with a free study kit designed by Eduncle Experts.  Download Now !

UGC Guidelines for Promotion of Researchers

UGC or the respective organization may provide a start-up grant to teachers and other non-vocational academic staff for research after their appointment.

The research promotional grant provided is as follows:

INR 3.0 lakhs in Social Sciences, Humanities, and Languages.

 INR 6.0 lakhs in Science and Technology.

Read the UGC Guidelines 2022 for the various Research Projects here:  UGC Research Projects Guidelines

How many working hours are required for an assistant professor? There are several UGC 2022 Regulations that required teaching hours that need to be followed.

Check the workload, coursework, and leaves granted to the assistant professor and other teaching staff below.

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UGC Regulations for Leaves and Workload of Teaching Aspirants

As per the UGC Regulations for Assistant Professor/JRF, various leaves are granted to the candidates. Some of which are listed below: -

 Study Leave

 Sabbatical Leave

 Casual leave

 Special Casual Leave

 Earned Leave

 Half-pay Leave

 Commuted Leave

 Extraordinary Leave

 Leave Not Due

 Maternity Leave

 Child Care Leave

 Paternity Leave

 Adoption leave

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UGC Regulation for Workload of an Assistant Professor

1. the working hours of the teachers in full employment should not be less than 40 hours a week for 30 working weeks (180 teaching days) in an academic year.

2. It necessary for the teachers to be available for at least 7 hours daily in the University/ College as follows:

At least 2 hours for mentoring of students (minimum 15 students per coordinator) for Community Development/ Extra-Curricular Activities/ Library Consultation in case of undergraduate courses.

At least 2 hours for research in case of postgraduate courses, for which necessary space and infrastructure should be provided by the University/College.

3. The minimum direct teaching-learning process hours should be as follows:

 Assistant Professor - 16 hours

 Associate Professor and Professor - 14 hours

4.  A relaxation of 2 hours in the workload may be given to Professors, Associate Professors who are actively involved in extension activities, administration.

UGC Guidelines for Ph.D. Course Work 2022

Ph.D. students are required to undertake coursework for a minimum period of one semester.

It may include proofreading of published research in the relevant field according to the latest UGC Guidelines for PhD coursework.

Start your UGC NET Exam studies with the updated syllabus and plan your preparation smartly.  Download Free PDF Now .

These were the essential UGC Regulations 2022 for Assistant Professor, Ph.D., JRF, and other teaching staff. It is necessary to know them if you are going to appear for the UGC NET Exam.

We hope this article has helped you understand all the UGC Guidelines for examination 2022. If you have any queries then, you can share it with us through the comment box below.

Also, if you want to give an extra edge to your preparation for UGC NET preparation, then download the  Eduncle App , where you can get answers to all your doubts from a pan-India community of students and teachers.

• UGC Guidelines
• UGC Regulations for Assistant Professor & JRF
• UGC Regulations 2022 for Lectureship
• UGC Guidelines 2022 for Assistant professor
• UGC Regulations 2022

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Pounami basu

Sir, I have a PhD from an UK university ranked within top 250 in world rankings. So I do not need NET/SET to apply for positions of Assistant Professor.Is that right?

Hello Pounami, Greetings from Eduncle! As per the UGC Guidelines, many colleges provide the assistant professor post without any NET and SET Exam Certification. So, you don't need NET/SET to apply an Assistant Professor. Thank You!!

Hi Sir, I have completed my M. com with Management with first class from Institute of Distance and Open Learning (IDOL), University of Mumbai. am I eligible for UGC Net

Hello Sonal, Greetings from Eduncle! Yes, you are eligible for the UGC NET exam. As per NTA, a candidate with a master's degree from any recognized institute in arts and humanities can apply for the NET exam. Thank You!

Rishwanth vanaparthi

hello sir am compliting my mtech here in india and i will be applying for part time phd program next year will i be able to do ms in usa along with part time phd in india could u please answer sir?

Hello sir, I have set qualified ,am I eligible for assistant professor

Hello Indra, Greetings from Eduncle! Yes, you can apply for UGC NET Assistant Professor. Thank You!!

Khuraijam subhasini chanu Chanu

Hello sir I am 48 years old student of MSW 4th semister just prepearing for the last exam in the month of September 2021 Can I sumit for the Net exam

Hello Khuraijam, Welcome to Eduncle! Kindly share your queries here . We would be happy to help you. Thank You!!

Sowundarya Uthayakumar

Hello sir i completed my ug in the stream of bcom with computer application i have confused to pursue my Master's. Will i have to pursue mcom or mcom with computer application to take my caree in adied college. Kindly help me out under ugc norm 2021

U. s. kulkarni

Hello Sir Can non NET and non PhD candidates selected as Assistant Professor before 2009 be held eligible for Associate Professor post?

Saurabh yadav

sir is 2 years experience is mandatory for recruitment of assistant professor in management for those candidates who have acquire NET degree in management.

Hello Saurabh, Greetings from Eduncle! As per UGC, the minimum eligibility for NET qualified for Assistant Professor in management is( 8 years of experience in teaching/research in an academic/research position. Thank You!!

hello sir , is phd compulsory for engineering colleges

Hello Raj, Greetings from Eduncle! You can apply for admission in engineering colleges without a Ph.D. degree. Thank You!!

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New Delhi: Academicians are wary of the University Grants Commission (UGC)’s latest regulation which says that students who have completed a four-year undergraduate course can now directly pursue a doctoral degree. Academics say these students will have no research experience and will be lost in the first few years of their study.

Another argument raised by academicians was that the implementation of the four-year undergraduate programme, as devised under the National Education Policy (NEP), has not been brought into effect in all universities. Since this undergraduation is a prerequisite for a direct entry into the PhD program, current students will have to continue to pursue a Master’s degree to be eligible for the same.

Rohit, Assistant Professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), said that in the Indian higher education system, every programme has served a purpose. The bachelors course introduces the student to a subject, master’s offers a specialisation, an M.Phil degree gives them an interim training to conduct research and then ultimately the PhD helps them establish themselves as a subject matter expert. The latest regulations disrupt this structure.

He said “It does seem like the UGC is trying to emulate the American system of an integrated PhD but it stands to do more damage than good. Without specialised knowledge in a discipline, no student can write a doctoral research paper, be it a humanities or a sciences student.”

Adding that the move will discourage students from joining doctoral programs, he argued “At JNU we have seen the academic rigour of students improve with time and degrees. Students who have not had excellent education in their undergraduate degree will naturally shy away from going for a doctorate when they are not able to perform on par with their contemporaries in their graduate degree courses or masters courses itself.”

Also Read: ‘Need well-rounded professionals’ — why IITs, IIMs & IIITs are giving humanities a new thrust

Removal of M.Phil, master’s programmes 

Associate Professor Debraj Mookerjee of the Ramjas College in Delhi University said the scrapping of the clause mandating students to publish research papers in journals is a positive move. However, the decision to remove the M.Phil and master’s programme will force students to spend the first couple of years of the doctoral study in learning research methodology.

He said “The bachelors and master’s programme in our country is designed in a way where students do not get to conduct any research. While the M.Phil programme gave them the space to conduct a full-fledged research, its removal will pose an issue for aspiring doctorate students. They will be forced to spend the first couple of years of their doctoral study trying to figure out the process.”

Srikanth Kondapalli, the Dean of School of International Studies and a Professor of China studies at the JNU, said that while the move seems to be a measure by the UGC to implement the NEP, there are not enough undergraduate colleges with a four-year programme.

“The scrapping of the M.Phil degree made sense since it now makes the pursuit of a doctorate degree at par with universal standards. However, at JNU, where students from all regions and strata of the society come in, the M.Phil served as a preparatory course for those students who did not have the calibre to pursue a doctoral degree.”

He added, “Since the implementation of the NEP’s four-year-long undergraduate programmes has not been brought into effect in all universities across the country, this provision stands to help tech students more.”

On removal of the need for publishing research articles in peer-reviewed publications, Prof Mookerjee said, “For the past couple of years, we have witnessed an increase in the number of bogus journals in which students would pay money to get published. This provision will put a stop to publication of poor quality research papers.”

Learning right methodology is vital

Prof Pankaj Kumar of the Allahabad University said that the UGC has made the higher education institutions a field of rigorous experimentation. Research for all doctoral students has to be an endeavour that they can achieve only if they have an academic bent of mind and have the motivation to conduct research on their own.

He said, “Students have lost the bent for research post the coming of the internet. Most of their work is a simple copy and paste. In addition to this, with the removal of courses that teach them how to conduct research, students will not be able to conduct research.”

He added that pre-doctoral courses, at par with international standards, is the need of the hour so that interested students can learn the right methodology and design to work towards their doctorate degree.

The new PhD regulations — “University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022” — says a candidate should have a minimum of 75 per cent marks in “aggregate or its equivalent grade on a point scale wherever the grading system is followed”.

If not, the student has to pursue a one-year master’s programme and score at least 55 per cent.

The rules further say “A 1-year master’s degree programme after a 4-year bachelor’s degree programme, or a 2-year master’s degree programme after a 3-year bachelor’s degree programme, or qualifications declared equivalent to the master’s degree by the corresponding statutory regulatory body, with at least 55 per cent marks in aggregate or its equivalent grade in a point scale wherever grading system is followed” will be required.

The UGC has removed the clause “publishing paper in a peer-reviewed journal” as mandatory for a PhD. The 2016 regulations had said that PhD scholars “must publish at least one research paper in a refereed journal and make two paper presentations in conferences/seminars before the submission of the dissertation/thesis for adjudication”.

The latest regulations by UGC have also brought in several provisions to improve the quality of research by students and aid provided by their mentors/guides. Women candidates and persons with disability will be given extra time to finish their research.

Scholars who were previously required to appear before the Research Advisory Committee to present their findings and progress once every six months will now have to do so every semester.

The new rules bars faculty members with less than three years of service left before superannuation from taking new students. While the move encourages the entry of an increased number of students into PhD programs, the previously proposed common entrance test for PhDs has been left out.

The new regulations also allow each supervisor to guide up to two international research scholars in addition to their domestic students.

(Edited by Geethalakshmi Ramanathan)

Also Read: Only 34% Indian schools have internet access, less than 50% have functional computers, shows data

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In a pandemic milestone, the NIH ends guidance on COVID treatment

Pfizer's Paxlovid combines two antiviral drugs to fight the virus that causes COVID-19. Joe Raedle/Getty Images hide caption

Pfizer's Paxlovid combines two antiviral drugs to fight the virus that causes COVID-19.

These days, if you're sick with COVID-19 and you're at risk of getting worse, you could take pills like Paxlovid or get an antiviral infusion.

By now, these drugs have a track record of doing pretty well at keeping people with mild to moderate COVID-19 out of the hospital.

The availability of COVID-19 treatments has evolved over the past four years, pushed forward by the rapid accumulation of data and by scientists and doctors who pored over every new piece of information to create evidence-based guidance on how to best care for COVID-19 patients.

One very influential set of guidelines — viewed more than 50 million times and used by doctors around the world — is the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

"I think everyone [reading this] will remember [spring of] 2020, when we did not know how to treat COVID and around the country, people were trying different things," recalls Dr. Rajesh Gandhi , an infectious diseases specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital and a member of the NIH's COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Around that time, people were popping tablets of hydroxychloroquine and buying livestock stores out of ivermectin, when there was no proof that either of these drugs worked against infection by the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 ( later studies showed that they are ineffective ).

Coronavirus Live Updates

Nih panel recommends against drug combination promoted by trump for covid-19.

It was early in the COVID-19 pandemic when the NIH convened a panel of more than 40 experts and put out its first guidelines, which became a reference for doctors around the world.

For the next few years, it was an "all hands on deck" endeavor, says Dr. Cliff Lane , director of the clinical research division at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and a co-chair of the panel.

Panel members met several times a week to review the latest scientific literature and debate data in preprints. They updated their official guidance frequently, sometimes two or three times a month.

End of an era

Lately, the development of new COVID-19 treatments has slowed to a drip, prompting the guideline group to rethink its efforts. "I don't know that there was a perfect moment [to end it], but ... the frequency of calls that we needed to have began to decrease, and then on occasion we would be canceling one of our regularly scheduled calls," says Lane. "It's probably six months ago we started talking about — What will be the end? How do we end it in a way that we don't create a void?"

The last version of the NIH's COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines was issued in February. The archives of the guidance — available online until August — document how scientific understanding and technological progress evolved during the pandemic.

Lane says specialty doctors groups — such as the American College of Physicians and the Infectious Diseases Society of America — will be the keepers of COVID-19 treatment guidance from now on. They're the usual stewards of best-practice guidelines anyway, he says.

At this transition point, panel members say the evolution of COVID-19 treatments offers lessons for dealing with new emerging infectious diseases.

Turning points in treatment

In the spring of 2020, hospitals in parts of the U.S. were filling up with the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 patients. "We were just learning how the disease progressed. Our first guideline [ issued that April ] was, basically, we don't know what does and doesn't work," says Gandhi, of Massachusetts General Hospital. "But we did learn fairly quickly — mostly in hospitalized patients — what did work."

By June 2020, data supported a treatment plan for very ill patients: Use steroids like dexamethasone to stop the body's immune system from attacking itself, and combine them with antivirals, to stop the virus from replicating.

Then, about a year into the pandemic, came another turning point: solid evidence that early treatment with lab-made antibodies could help keep COVID-19 patients out of the hospital. "This was a somewhat unexpected and dramatic [positive] effect," Lane says, noting that previous attempts to develop antibody therapies against influenza were unsuccessful.

The way these drugs, called monoclonal antibodies, worked out "provided so much insight into the virus itself," says Dr. Phyllis Tien , of the University of California, San Francisco, and a member of the COVID-19 treatment panel. While initially successful, the antibodies targeted the coronavirus's fast-changing spike protein. New strains of the coronavirus would knock out each new antibody version in about a year .

This cat-and-mouse strategy didn't last.

Shots - Health News

How monoclonal antibodies lost the fight with new covid variants.

By the end of 2021, the Food and Drug Administration authorized two pill courses that COVID-19 patients could try taking at home to get better: Merck's molnupiravir and Pfizer's Paxlovid, a combination of two antiviral drugs: ritonavir and nirmatrelvir.

"Both have, as I like to say, warts," says Carl Dieffenbach , director of the AIDS division at NIAID and part of the agency's program to develop antivirals for pandemics. "Molnupiravir's warts are that it works marginally," meaning the data shows that it isn't very effective. And while Paxlovid works pretty well, it can't be taken with a lot of common drugs. "[Many] doctors are uncomfortable or unwilling to manage ... [patients] who should take it, but are on a statin or some other drug through the process," Dieffenbach says.

Another antiviral drug, remdesivir , is also considered fairly effective for treating mild to moderate COVID-19, though it's harder for patients to access, as it's administered intravenously. The drug company Gilead tried to make it into a pill, but it didn't work .

Underuse of effective treatment

The hurdles that come with each of these outpatient treatments have contributed to low usage rates among the patients they're intended to help, says Jenny Shen , a research scientist at the CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health.

Shen's research found that at the height of the pandemic, just 2% of COVID-19 patients reported getting molnupiravir and 15% reported getting Paxlovid, among those considered to be eligible for the drugs.

The study uses data from 2021-2022 — a time when the federal government bought these drugs from manufacturers and provided them free to states, health centers and pharmacies. Shen notes that rates of use have likely further declined since late 2023, after the drugs got transitioned to the commercial market , since they're "not as free as before" and, in many cases, require copayments.

Goats and Soda

Coronavirus faq: is paxlovid the best treatment is it underused in the u.s..

Another part of the problem is that doctors can be reluctant to prescribe these outpatient treatments, since they can be difficult to manage if a patient has other health problems, Shen says.

Yet another challenge is that many patients with risk factors just don't believe they'll get very sick. "A dilemma we have observed is that patients want to see how severe their disease may become," but in waiting, they become ill beyond the point where the treatment would help, Shen says.

Even now, when some 13,000 people are getting hospitalized with COVID-19 each week, more patient education on how the drugs work and when they're most effective could help those who are sick make better-informed decisions, she says.

There's one more COVID-19 drug in late-stage clinical trials that could be promising, says Dieffenbach. It's a pill course by the Japanese company Shionogi that's getting tested for its efficacy against both acute and long COVID. "I'm waiting to see how this all turns out," he says, "But then that's it. That's what's in the pipeline" for the near future.

• COVID treatments

Mortality in the United States, 2022

NCHS Data Brief No. 492, March 2024

PDF Version (435 KB)

Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Sherry L. Murphy, B.S., Jiaquan Xu, M.D., and Elizabeth Arias, Ph.D.

• Key findings

How long can we expect to live?

What are the age-adjusted death rates for race-ethnicity-sex groups, did age-specific death rates in 2022 change from 2021 for those age 1 year and older, what are the death rates for the 10 leading causes of death, what are the mortality rates for the 10 leading causes of infant death and for infant deaths overall, definitions, data source and methods, about the authors, suggested citation.

Data from the National Vital Statistics System

• Life expectancy for the U.S. population in 2022 was 77.5 years, an increase of 1.1 years from 2021.
• The age-adjusted death rate decreased by 9.2% from 879.7 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2021 to 798.8 in 2022.
• Age-specific death rates increased from 2021 to 2022 for age groups 1–4 and 5–14 years and decreased for all age groups 15 years and older.
• The 10 leading causes of death in 2022 remained the same as in 2021, although some causes changed ranks. Heart disease and cancer remained the top 2 leading causes in 2022.
• The infant mortality rate was 560.4 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2022, an increase of 3.1% from the rate in 2021 (543.6).

This report presents final 2022 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, age-adjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, the 10 leading causes of death, infant mortality rates, and the 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2022 and 2021 final data ( 1 ).

Keywords : life expectancy, leading cause, National Vital Statistics System

In 2022, life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years for the total U.S. population—an increase of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021 ( Figure 1 ). For males, life expectancy increased 1.3 years from 73.5 in 2021 to 74.8 in 2022. For females, life expectancy increased 0.9 year from 79.3 in 2021 to 80.2 in 2022.

In 2022, the difference in life expectancy between females and males was 5.4 years, a decrease of 0.4 year from 2021.

In 2022, life expectancy at age 65 for the total population was 18.9 years, an increase of 0.5 year from 2021. For males, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.5 year from 17.0 in 2021 to 17.5 in 2022. For females, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.5 year from 19.7 in 2021 to 20.2 in 2022. The difference in life expectancy at age 65 between females and males was 2.7 years in 2022, unchanged from 2021.

Figure 1. Life expectancy at birth and age 65, by sex: United States, 2021 and 2022

The age-adjusted death rate for the total population decreased 9.2% from 879.7 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population in 2021 to 798.8 in 2022 ( Figure 2 ).

From 2021 to 2022, age-adjusted death rates, corrected for race and ethnicity misclassification, decreased 15.4% for Hispanic males (915.6 to 774.2) and 14.5% for Hispanic females (599.8 to 512.9). Among the non-Hispanic population, death rates decreased 15.9% for American Indian and Alaska Native males (1,717.5 to 1,444.1), 14.0% for American Indian and Alaska Native females (1,236.6 to 1,063.6), 9.7% for Asian males (578.1 to 522.2), 9.3% for Asian females (391.1 to 354.9), 8.5% for Black males (1,380.2 to 1,263.3), 11.8% for Black females (921.9 to 813.2), 7.9% for White males (1,055.3 to 971.9), and 7.8% for White females (750.6 to 691.9).

Figure 2. Age-adjusted death rate, by race and Hispanic origin and sex: United States, 2021 and 2022

From 2021 to 2022, death rates increased 12.0% for age group 1–4 (from 25.0 deaths per 100,000 population in 2021 to 28.0 in 2022) and increased 7.0% for age group 5–14 (14.3 to 15.3) ( Figure 3 ).

Age-specific rates decreased 10.6% for age group 15–24 (88.9 to 79.5), 9.6% for 25–34 (180.8 to 163.4), 11.3% for 35–44 (287.9 to 255.4), 14.6% for 45–54 (531.0 to 453.3), 11.2% for 55–64 (1,117.1 to 992.1), 8.0% for 65–74 (2,151.3 to 1,978.7), 8.0% for 75–84 (5,119.4 to 4,708.2), and 8.6% for 85 and older (15,743.3 to 14,389.6).

Figure 3. Death rate for age 1 year and older: United States, 2021 and 2022

In 2022, the 10 leading causes of death remained the same as in 2021. The top leading cause in 2022 was heart disease, followed by cancer ( Figure 4 ).

Four causes changed rank from 2021. Unintentional injuries, the 4th leading cause of death in 2021, became the 3rd leading cause in 2022, while COVID-19 dropped from the 3rd leading cause to the 4th. Kidney disease went from the 10th leading cause in 2021 to the 9th leading cause in 2022, while Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis dropped from the 9th leading cause to the 10th. The remaining leading causes in 2022 (stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, Alzheimer disease, and diabetes) remained at the same ranks as in 2021.

From 2021 to 2022, age-adjusted death rates decreased for 9 of the 10 leading causes of death and increased for 1. The rate decreased 3.8% for heart disease (from 173.8 in 2021 to 167.2 in 2022), 2.9% for cancer (146.6 to 142.3), 1.1% for unintentional injuries (64.7 to 64.0), 57.3% for COVID-19 (104.1 to 44.5), 3.9% for stroke (41.1 to 39.5), 1.2% for chronic lower respiratory diseases (34.7 to 34.3), 6.8% for Alzheimer disease (31.0 to 28.9), 5.1% for diabetes (25.4 to 24.1), and 4.8% for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (14.5 to 13.8).

The rate increased 1.5% for kidney disease (13.6 to 13.8).

Figure 4. Age-adjusted death rate for the 10 leading causes of death in 2022: United States, 2021 and 2022

The infant mortality rate (IMR) increased 3.1% from 543.6 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 to 560.4 in 2022.

Causes of infant death are ranked according to number of infant deaths ( 1 ). The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2022 (congenital malformations, low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, maternal complications, cord and placental complications, bacterial sepsis of newborn, respiratory distress of newborn, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia, and diseases of the circulatory system) accounted for 65.2% of all infant deaths in the United States ( Figure 5 ).

In 2022, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia moved from the 10th leading cause of infant death to the 9th leading cause, while diseases of the circulatory system dropped from the 9th to the 10th leading cause. The IMR for maternal complications increased 8.9% from 30.4 in 2021 to 33.1 in 2022, and the IMR for bacterial sepsis of newborn increased 13.8% (15.2 to 17.3). Mortality rates for the other leading causes of infant death did not change significantly.

Figure 5. Infant mortality rate for the 10 leading causes of infant death in 2022: United States, 2021 and 2022

In 2022, a total of 3,279,857 resident deaths were registered in the United States—184,374 fewer deaths than in 2021. The number of deaths for which COVID-19 was the underlying cause of death decreased 55.3% from 416,893 in 2021 to 186,552 in 2022. COVID-19 dropped from the 3rd leading cause to the 4th. The age-adjusted death rate for the total population decreased 9.2% in 2022 from 2021 after an increase of 5.3% from 2020 to 2021 ( 1 ). Life expectancy for the total population increased 1.1 years from 2021 to 2022 ( 2 ). Age-specific death rates from 2021 to 2022 increased for age groups 1–4 and 5–14 and decreased for each age group 15–24 years and older. Age-adjusted death rates decreased in 2022 from 2021 for all race and Hispanic-origin groups for both males and females.

The 10 leading causes of death in 2022 remained the same as in 2021. Heart disease was the leading cause of death, followed by cancer. Age-adjusted death rates decreased for 9 leading causes and increased for 1. Life expectancy at birth increased 1.1 years from 76.4 in 2021 to 77.5 in 2022, largely because of decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and homicide.

In 2022, 20,553 deaths occurred in children younger than age 1 year, which was 633 more infant deaths than in 2021. The IMR increased 3.1% from 543.6 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021 to 560.4 in 2022. Among the 10 leading causes of infant death, the increase in IMR for two causes (maternal complications and bacterial sepsis of newborn) were significant.

Data and findings in this report are based on final mortality data and may differ from provisional data and findings previously published.

Cause of death : Based on medical information—including injury diagnoses and external causes of injury—entered on death certificates filed in the United States. This information is classified and coded according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ( 3 ).

Death rates : For 2022, based on population estimates for July 1, 2022, that are based on the blended base produced by the U.S. Census Bureau in place of the April 1, 2020, decennial population count. The blended base consists of Vintage 2020 Population Estimates for April 1, 2020 (based on April 1, 2010, decennial census), blended with the 2020 Demographic Analysis Estimates and the 2020 Census Edited File (see: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/methodology/2020-2022/methods-statement-v2022.pdf ). These population estimates (as well as population figures for the 2020 census) are available from the CDC WONDER website ( 4 ). Age-adjusted death rates are useful when comparing different populations because they remove the potential bias that can occur when the populations being compared have different age structures. The National Center for Health Statistics uses the direct method of standardization; see Technical Notes of “Deaths: Final Data for 2021” ( 1) for more information.

Infant mortality rate (IMR) : Computed by dividing the number of infant deaths in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same period. IMR is the most widely used index for measuring the risk of dying during the first year of life.

Leading causes of death : Ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes ( 5 ).

Life expectancy : The expected average number of years of life remaining at a given age. It is denoted by e x , which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now age x . Life expectancy estimates for 2022 are based on a methodology first implemented with 2008 final mortality data ( 6 ).

The data shown in this report reflect information collected by the National Center for Health Statistics for 2021 and 2022 from death certificates filed in all 50 states and the District of Columbia and compiled into national data known as the National Vital Statistics System. Differences between death rates were evaluated using a two-tailed z test.

The race and Hispanic-origin groups shown in this report follow the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards and differ from the bridged-race categories shown in reports for data years before 2018 ( 1 ).

Death rates for the Hispanic, and the non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, and Asian populations are affected by inconsistencies in reporting Hispanic origin and race on the death certificate compared with censuses and surveys ( 7 , 8 ). As a result, death rates are underestimated by 3% for both the Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic populations and by 34% for the American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic population. Age-adjusted death rates by race and ethnicity in this report are adjusted for race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates ( 7 , 8 ). Adjusted data may differ from data shown in other reports that have not been adjusted for misclassification. The classification ratios used for adjustment of race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates can be found elsewhere ( 9 ). The classification ratios for the Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander non-Hispanic population were not produced because the data needed to evaluate race and ethnicity misclassification on death certificates for this population are not currently available; consequently, rates for this group are not included in this report.

Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Elizabeth Arias are with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics. The authors would like to acknowledge Arialdi Miniño and Brigham Bastian, Division of Vital Statistics, for providing content review of data and tables.

• Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Arias E. Deaths: Final data for 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. [Forthcoming].
• Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2021. NCHS Data Brief, no 456. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:122516 .
• World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision (ICD–10). 5th ed. 2016.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. Single-race population estimates, 2010–2022 .
• Curtin SC, Tejada-Vera B, Bastian BA, Berruti AA. Deaths: Leading causes for 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. [Forthcoming].
• Arias E. United States life tables, 2008. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 61 no 3 . Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2012.
• Arias E, Heron M, Hakes JK. The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(172 ). 2016.
• Arias E, Xu JQ, Curtin S, Bastian B, Tejada-Vera B. Mortality profile of the non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native population, 2019. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 70 no 12. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:110370 .
• Arias E, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD. United States life tables, 2021. National Vital Statistics Reports; vol 72 no 12. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:132418 .

Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2022. NCHS Data Brief, no 492. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:135850

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Brian C. Moyer, Ph.D., Director Amy M. Branum, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science

Division of Vital Statistics

Paul D. Sutton, Ph.D., Acting Director Andrés A. Berruti, Ph.D., M.A., Associate Director for Science

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