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• UNIVERSITE DE BRETAGNE SUD (LORIENT)

ATER-Etudes anglophones

Applications are sought for a position in teaching and research with the department of Applied languages. The successful candidate will be required to teach translation, communication and business English at bachelor's/master's level. Research work in corresponding fields would be appreciated.

• Application Deadline 30 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Language sciences » Languages

ATER-Mécanique, génie mécanique, génie civil

The candidate will teach at the UFR SSI in Lorient in the Civil Engineering department. The lectures, tutorials and practical works will cover the design of structures, roads, pavement and networks, geotechnics and soil mechanics, rheology of cement based materials, environemental engineering, ...

• Application Deadline 30 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Other
• UNIVERSITE COTE D'AZUR

ATER-Droit public

Constitutional, administrative and tax law

• Application Deadline 22 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Juridical sciences

Constitutional and administrative law and/or international and european public law

Building energetics

• Application Deadline 22 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Engineering

Smart buildings and territories

• Application Deadline 22 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Engineering » Civil engineering

Constitutional and administrative law

• Application Deadline 22 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Juridical sciences » Public law

ATER-Mathématiques

Mathematics & Applied Mathematics

• Application Deadline 22 Apr 2024 - 00:00 (UTC) Researcher Profile Recognised Researcher (R2) , Leading Researcher (R4) , First Stage Researcher (R1) , Established Researcher (R3) Research Field Mathematics » Applied mathematics

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Found 133 jobs

Peter j. braam early career research fellowship in global wellbeing 2024.

• Oxford, OX1 4JD
• £37,099 p.a. plus allowances
• Merton College

An opportunity for an early career researcher to join us on a three-year, fixed-term contract starting from October 2024 to January 2025

View details Peter J. Braam Early Career Research Fellowship in Global Wellbeing 2024

• 13 days ago
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Post-doctoral researcher (m/f/d) in Marine Natural Product Chemistry

• GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
• The salary depends on qualification and could be up to the class 13 TVöD-Bund of the German tariff
• Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)

View details Post-doctoral researcher (m/f/d) in Marine Natural Product Chemistry

• 6 days left
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Postdoctoral Research Assistant in Quantum Devices

• United Kingdom, Central Oxford
• Grade 7: £36,024 - £44,263 per annum
• Oxford University

We are seeking candidates for full-time Postdoctoral Research Assistant positions within Professor Ares’ research group at the Department of Engine...

View details Postdoctoral Research Assistant in Quantum Devices

• 26 days ago
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Scientist* Personalized Computational Genomics

• Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz (DE)
• Market competitive salary
• BioNTech SE

Researcher to join our Personalized Computational Genomics team to support the development of cutting-edge personalized cancer vaccines

View details Scientist* Personalized Computational Genomics

• 36 days ago
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RESEARCH GROUP LEADER IN LIFE SCIENCES

• Czech Republic (CZ)
• Competitive
• Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)

View details RESEARCH GROUP LEADER IN LIFE SCIENCES

• 48 days ago
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Postdoc Positions at the Health + Life Science Alliance Heidelberg Mannheim

• Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg (DE)
• Postdoctoral salary
• Health + Life Science Alliance

The Health + Life Science Alliance is looking for outstanding junior scientists for bridging projects between Alliance institutions. Apply by April 5.

View details Postdoc Positions at the Health + Life Science Alliance Heidelberg Mannheim

• Expiring today
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Research assistant for AAI and federated services project ROCK-IT

• Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres

Work group:FS-EC Area of research:Scientific support staff Starting date:28.03.2024 Job description:DESYThis position is part of the Helmholtz ROCK-I

View details Research assistant for AAI and federated services project ROCK-IT

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M-2484 SENIOR R&T A - DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BASED ON CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS

• 13 month basis
• Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)

Permanent contract | Belvaux Are you passionate about research? So are we! Come and join us The Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)

View details M-2484 SENIOR R&T A - DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES BASED ON CHARGED PARTICLE BEAMS

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Master Thesis - Flexibility Potentials in Buildings Based on Automated Model Generation

Work group:IEK-10 - Modellierung von Energiesystemen Area of research:Diploma & Master Thesis Job description:Your Job:The building sector offers a l

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ICDP Program Officer (f_m_x)

Area of research:Diploma & Master Thesis Job description:The Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences is the national ce

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Bachelor / Master Thesis - Foaming events in biogas plants

Area of research:Diploma & Master Thesis Starting date:01.06.2024 Job description:Flexible energy production from biogas plants can be achieved by us

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Postdoctoral Researcher - School of Medicine (University of Galway 079-24)

• Galway (City), Connacht (IE)
• University of Galway (NUI Galway)

Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates for a full-time fixed term position as Postdoctoral Researcher within the School of Med...

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PhD student (m/f/d) in the field of lung research

• Gießen, Hessen (DE)
• "-"
• Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen

Founded in 1607, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU) is a research university rich in tradition. Inspired by curiosity about the unknown, we ena...

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• 3 days left
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Full-stack Python software developer

• Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
• LCSB – Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine

About us...The Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) is an interdisciplinary research centre of the University of Luxembourg. We conduct fu

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Master Thesis - Comparative Analysis of Emissions and Energy Demand Goals in Local vs. National C...

Work group:IEK-3 - Techno-ökonomische Systemanalyse Area of research:Diploma & Master Thesis Job description:Your Job:The thesis work can be broken d

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Research Associate

• London (Greater) (GB)
• £43,205 – £50,585 per annum, inclusive of London Weighting Allowance
• King's College London (KCL)

Research Associate Job id: 086612 Salary: £43,205 – £50,585 per annum, inclusive of London Weighting Allowance Business unit: Faculty of Life Scien...

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Research Associate/Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Galway 100-24

Research Associate/Postdoctoral Researcher VibrioWatchNet Training Development and Delivery School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Ref. No...

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Ph.D. Student in Cellular Plasticity (f/m/d)

• Berlin (DE)
• Up to TVöD VKA-K EG13
• Berlin Institute of Health in der Charité (BIH)

  The mission of the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité (BIH) is medical translation: transferring biomedical research findings into novel appro...

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Research Fellow, School of Engineering, (University of Galway 101-24)

Applications are invited from suitably qualified candidates for a full-time fixed term position as a Research Fellow with the Mechanobiology and Me...

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Referent*in (w/m/d) für Gen- und Zelltherapie

• TVöD VKA-K EG13

  Die Mission des Berlin Institute of Health in der Charité (BIH) ist die medizinische Translation: Erkenntnisse aus der biomedizinischen Forschung...

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Employment in Moscow

At a Glance:

• To find work in Russia’s capital, ask your current employer about a company transfer or check out a Russian job site.
• The work permit process is long and complicated, so start early and be patient!
• Your employer will take care of your social security contributions, although we would recommend acquiring private health insurance in addition to this.
• Russia has double-taxation treaties with a number of countries, so check if this applies to you.

Moscow is Russia’s undisputed economic and financial center. Greater Moscow’s workforce produces over a quarter of Russia’s entire GDP. With an unemployment rate of just 1.3% in 2017, the capital has the lowest unemployment rate in all of Russia.

Many of Russia’s largest companies have their headquarters and the majority of their staff working in Moscow. Nearly all multinational corporations which have entered the Russian market are based in the city as well. This makes Moscow an attractive option for expats from all over the world.

As the city is Russia’s capital and major political center, another large share of the expatriates in Moscow are diplomatic staff, foreign correspondents, and employees of cultural institutions. There is also a high demand for foreign native speakers working as language teachers.

Moscow’s Main Industries

Moscow’s economy has changed drastically since Soviet times, when the city was reliant on its manufacturing and engineering activities. Nowadays, the service sector employs many Muscovites, thanks to the city’s growing tourism and retail industries. Moscow is also Russia’s financial center: it is home to the Moscow Exchange (the national stock exchange) and almost all of the country’s major banks, including Sberbank, which is the largest in Eastern Europe.

Despite the decline in Moscow’s manufacturing sector, the city is still a major industrial center of Russia and home to the national headquarters of many major companies, with mechanical engineering, food processing, and research and development (R&D) being the most prominent sectors.

Looking for a Job: Search Wisely

Depending on your background and qualifications, realizing your dream of working in Moscow may or may not be easy to fulfill. There is a high demand for foreign experts, but it is generally limited to specific sectors. Skills in the fields of construction, business development, IT, and finance are much sought after.

Your most promising option for working in Moscow is to check directly with companies from your home country or multinationals in your field which are doing business in Russia, as these are the most likely to hire expats.

Alternatively, there are many online recruitment consultancies which can help you find a job in the capital to match your qualifications. If you would like to go job-hunting on your own, you might find the following websites useful:

• The Moscow Times Career Center
• SuperJob.ru (website in Russian)
• HeadHunter.ru
• JobsinMoscow

Remember that due to work permit quotas, locally advertised jobs may not always be an option for expats.

Moscow: Work Permits and Social Security

Priorities: work permits.

Getting the necessary work permit for Russia is a complex and time-consuming procedure. The country has a quota regulation for foreign workers. Companies wishing to employ foreign staff have to submit an application specifying the number and nationality of employees they wish to hire a year in advance.

If a potential employer’s request to hire foreign employees is granted, job vacancies have to be registered with the authorities. If no local candidate has been found within a month, the company receives a corporate permit. Now, the application for an individual work permit can be filed. This requires translated evidence of qualifications and a health certificate. In a best-case scenario, this process takes three months.

An exception to this lengthy process, however, is in the highly qualified specialist category, which is not subject to quotas or corporate permit requirements. Highly qualified specialists are foreign professionals in a particular sector, and eligibility for this category depends on their wage. If working in the educational or scientific fields, you need to earn more than 1 million RUB (approx. 17,600 USD as of 2017) per year, and this rises to 2 million RUB (35,300 USD) if working in any other sector. However, if you are planning on working in one of Russia’s Special Economic Zones (SEZs) , you only need to be earning 700,000 RUB (12,300 USD) per year. Visas for highly qualified specialists are issued for up to three years at a time, with an option to extend it for a further three years. The visa simply requires an application to the state application body, and the authorities must consider it within 14 days.

It’s a Different Story for CIS Nationals

Unlike other nationals, workers from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries do not need to go through such a lengthy and complex process. They need to apply for a work patent within 30 days of their arrival in Russia, and have 30 days in which to confirm their knowledge of the Russian language, history, and legislation in an exam. Only once the exam has been passed can they receive the work patent.

  After receiving the patent, they have 60 days to find local employment. They can then work for up to twelve months, and the patent is renewable once.

Everything You Need to Know about Taxation

All expats working in Moscow are liable to pay Russian income tax. Non-residents are taxed only on their income from Russian sources. In this case, the tax rate for all types of income is 30%.

If you live in Russia for at least 183 days during a 12-month period, you are considered a resident under Russian taxation law. Tax residents are taxed on all their income, including income from non-Russian sources. Since the tax reform of 2001, there is a flat income tax rate of 13% for most types of incomes.

One exception is the abovementioned highly qualified specialist immigration category. Expats who have entered the country on this visa are eligible for the standard personal income tax rate of 13%, even before officially becoming a Russian tax resident. Additionally, Russia has signed double taxation treaties with a number of countries .

The Social Security System in Moscow

Everyone employed in Russia must be insured through the social security system — however, it is up to your employer to pay the contributions, so you do not have to worry about this responsibility. Social security in Russia is fairly comprehensive, covering unemployment, unexpected sickness, and an old-age pension, among other things. However,  we would recommend getting additional private health insurance on top of this, as the country’s state medical facilities leave a lot to be desired.

Professional Qualifications for Moscow

Teaching english as a foreign language.

Teaching English as a foreign language is a very popular option for young people who would like to gain some international experience in Moscow as well as native speakers who cannot find a position in their original profession. In recent years, a large number of private language institutions have sprung up all across the city. The demand for foreign language teachers is continually high, and chances are good for native speakers of languages such as English, French, Spanish, or German to find a teaching position.

On the downside, teacher salaries are usually not the most competitive. Before you accept a teaching post, carefully check the conditions you are offered. Finally, research the reputation of your potential employer — stories of scams are quite frequent.

Language Skills: Don’t Expect Too Much

English skills are a lot less common in Moscow than they are in many other European capitals. The average taxi driver or shop assistant probably knows a couple of English words at the very most. To make daily life easier, it is strongly recommended to learn at least some basic Russian for your life in Moscow.

In the business world, on the other hand, English is more widely spoken. Some positions, especially those in Russian companies, require knowledge of both Russian and English. For those working for one of the many multinationals, however, fluency in just English is often sufficient.

How to Behave in the Moscow Business World

In the Moscow business world, assertiveness and patience are assets in meetings and negotiations. Although meetings should be arranged well in advance, it is not unusual for them to be rearranged with short notice. Punctuality is not as important as elsewhere, and side conversations in meetings are acceptable. If circumstances are favorable, business deals may be concluded extremely spontaneously. Expect things to go a lot slower, though, when dealing with government agencies.

Dress formally and conservatively while in Moscow. Pay attention to your shoes and make sure they are always polished. The shoes are what many Russians will look at first when sizing up a new acquaintance.

A thing which often confuses newcomers is the use of Russian names. Every person in Russia has three names: a first name, a patronymic (a middle name derived from the father’s first name), and a family name. In formal situations, people should be addressed by their title and last name. For closer acquaintances and business relations, however, calling someone by their first name and patronymic is both affectionate and polite.

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• 28 NOVEMBER 2023 · RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 113

Reports of AI ending human labour may be greatly exaggerated

by Stefania Albanesi , António Dias da Silva , Juan Francisco Jimeno , Ana Lamo and Alena Wabitsch [ 1 ]

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have revived the debate about the impact of new technologies on jobs (e.g. Frey and Osborne, 2017; Susskind, 2020; and Acemoglu, 2021). Waves of innovation have usually been accompanied by anxiety about the future of jobs. This apprehension persists, even though history suggests that previous fears about labour becoming redundant were exaggerated (e.g. Autor, 2015; Bessen, 2019). In fact, in this article we show that during the deep learning boom of the 2010s, occupations potentially more exposed to AI-enabled technologies actually increased their employment share in Europe. However, the jury is still out on whether the same can be expected from new developments in AI-enabled technologies. When the verdict comes in, it could be win or lose – not only for jobs, but also for equality and prosperity in Europe.

The evidence so far on AI and employment

AI breakthroughs have come in many fields. These include advances in robotics, supervised and unsupervised learning, natural language processing, machine translation and image recognition, to name but a few. AI has applications among masses of other activities that enable automation of human labour in non-routine tasks, both in manufacturing and also in services – from providing medical advice to writing code. AI is thus a general-purpose technology that can automate work in virtually every occupation. It stands in contrast to other technologies such as computerisation and industrial robotics, which only allow a limited set of tasks to be automated by implementing manually specified rules.

The empirical evidence on the effect of AI-enabled technologies on jobs and wages is still evolving. For example, both Felten et al. (2019) and Acemoglu et al. (2022) conclude that occupations more exposed to AI experience no significant impact on employment. However, Acemoglu et al. (2022) also find that AI-exposed establishments reduced non-AI and overall hiring. That would imply that while new tasks are being created, AI is also replacing human labour in a subset of tasks. Moreover, Felten et al. (2019) find that occupations impacted by AI actually experience a small rise in wages. On a different note, Webb (2020) argues that, compared with either software or robots, AI-enabled technologies are likely to have a greater impact on high-skilled workers in particular. Meanwhile, the literature to date focuses mostly on the United States.

New evidence for Europe

In a recent paper (Albanesi et al. 2023), we examine the link between AI-enabled technologies and employment shares in 16 European countries over the period 2011-19 [ 2 ] . These years saw the rise of deep learning applications such as language processing, image recognition, algorithm-based recommendations or fraud detection. Though more limited in scope than the current generative AI models such as ChatGPT, deep learning applications are nonetheless revolutionary – and still trigger concerns about the impact on jobs. We use data at three-digit occupation level (according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations) from Eurostat’s Labour Force Survey, as well as two proxies for potential AI-enabled automation borrowed from the literature. The first proxy is the AI Occupational Impact created by Felten et al. (2018) and Felten et al. (2019), which links advances in specific applications of AI to abilities required for each occupation as described in O*NET [ 3 ] . The second one is a measure of the exposure of tasks and occupations to AI, constructed by Webb (2020) by quantifying the text overlap between AI patent descriptions and job descriptions from O*NET. In addition, we compare the exposure to AI-enabled technologies with exposure to software by using a software exposure measured as constructed by Webb (2020).

These data reveal that around 25% of all jobs in these European countries were in occupations highly exposed to AI-enabled automation – specifically, in the upper third of the exposure measure. The degree of exposure is as much an opportunity as it is a risk. The outcome for jobs depends on whether the AI-enabled technologies will substitute or complement labour. Compared with occupations more exposed to advances in software, those more exposed to AI employ a larger proportion of high-skilled workers (Chart 1). This supports the case that AI-enabled technologies could be in competition with high-skilled jobs. While the exposure to technology varies for different levels of skills, it is relatively uniform across age groups (not shown in the chart).

Exposure to technology by education level

average percentile

Source: Albanesi et al. (2023).

Notes: The chart reflects how exposed different “education groups” of workers are on average to the three technology measures. Education groups are defined as the subsample of occupation-sector cells whose average educational attainment is in the lower, middle, and upper third (tercile) respectively of the national education distribution.

What do the results say about the impact of AI on employment?

We find a positive association between AI-enabled automation and changes in employment shares in our sample of 16 European countries, regardless of which proxy we used. According to the AI exposure indicator proposed by Webb (2020), moving 25 centiles up along the distribution of exposure to AI is associated with a 2.6% increase in sector-occupation employment share, while using the measure provided by Felten et al. (2018, 2019) the estimated increase in the sector-occupation employment share is 4.3%. The estimated coefficients are displayed by the horizontal line in the left-hand and middle columns of Charts 2 and 3.

Technology-enabled automation might also affect the relative shares of employment at different skill levels and thus impact earnings inequality. The literature on job polarisation shows that medium-skilled workers in routine-intensive jobs tended to be replaced by computerisation (e.g. Autor et al, 2003; Goos et al, 2009). In contrast, it is often argued that AI-enabled automation is more likely to complement or replace jobs in occupations that employ high-skilled labour.

Panels (a) and (b) in Chart 2 show the estimated coefficients of the association between changes in employment and AI-enabled automation by level of education (broken down into terciles, i.e. the lower, middle and upper thirds of the population). Statistically significant coefficients are plotted in dark blue. For occupations where average educational attainment is in the low and medium-skill groups, AI exposure does not seem to shake things up significantly. However, for the high-skill group we find a positive and significant association: moving 25 centiles up along the distribution of exposure to AI appears to boost the sector-occupation employment share by 3.1% using Webb’s AI exposure indicator, and by 6.7% using the measure of Felten et al.

Exposure to technology and changes in employment shares by skill level

a) AI, Webb b) AI, Felten et al. c) Software, Webb

percentage changes

Notes: Regression coefficients measuring the effect of exposure to technology on changes in employment share. Each observation is a ISCO 3-digit occupation times sector cell. Observations are weighted by cells’ average labour supply. Sector and country dummies are included. The sample consists in data for 16 European countries, from 2011 to 2019. The coefficient for the whole sample is shown by the horizontal line. The bars display the coefficient estimated for the subsample of cells for average educational attainment in the lower, middle and upper tercile respectively of the within-country education distribution. Coefficients that are statistically significant at least at the 10% level are plotted in dark blue.

Panels (a) and (b) in Chart 3 report the estimates by age group (again broken down by terciles, i.e. youngest, middle and oldest third of the population). AI-enabled automation appears to be more favourable for those occupations that employ relatively younger workers. Regardless of the AI indicator used, the estimated benefit for the younger group seems to be double that for the other age groups.

AI-enabled automation is thus associated with employment increases in Europe – mostly for high-skill occupations and younger workers. This is at odds with the evidence from previous technology waves, when computerisation decreased the relative share of employment of medium-skilled workers, resulting in polarisation. However, we do not find evidence of this polarisation pattern for our sample, e ven when examining the impact of software-enabled automation, proxied by the software exposure by Webb (2020). Panel (c) in Charts 2 and 3 displays the results. The relationship between software exposure and employment changes is null for the pooled sample, and there is no evidence of software replacing routine medium-skill jobs.

Exposure to technology and changes in employment shares by age

a) AI, Webb b) AI, Felten et al. C) Software, Webb

Notes: Regression coefficients measuring the effect of exposure to technology on changes in employment share. Each observation is an ISCO 3-digit occupation times sector cell. Observations are weighted by cells’ average labour supply. Sector and country dummies are included. The sample consists in data for 16 European countries, from 2011 to 2019. The coefficient for the whole sample is shown by the horizontal line. The bars display the coefficient estimated for the subsample of cells of workers with an average age in the lower, middle and upper tercile respectively of workers’ age distribution. Coefficients that are statistically significant at least at the 10% level are plotted in dark blue.

Despite the results for employment shares, neither AI or software exposure showed statistically significant effects on wages, except when using the Felten et al. measure, which indicates that occupations more exposed to AI have slightly worse wage growth.

Our results show a mixed picture across the 16 European countries. The positive impact of AI-enabled automation on employment holds true for most countries, with only a few exceptions. However, the scale of the impact varies substantially across countries. This might reflect differences in underlying economic factors, such as the pace of technology diffusion and education, or the level of regulation – and therefore competition – in product and labour markets.

Too soon to reach a verdict

During the deep learning boom of the 2010s, occupations potentially more exposed to AI-enabled technologies actually increased their employment share in Europe. Occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers gained the most. For wages, the evidence is less clear and suggests neutral to slightly negative impacts. These results do not amount to an acquittal: AI-enabled technologies continue to be developed and adopted. Most of their impact on employment and wages – and therefore on growth and equality – has yet to be seen.

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This article was written by Stefania Albanesi (University of Pittsburg, NBER and CEPS), António Dias da Silva (Directorate General Economics, European Central Bank), Juan Francisco Jimeno (Banco de España, Universidad de Alcalá, CEMFI, CEPR and IZA), Ana Lamo (Directorate General Research, European Central Bank) and Alena Wabitsch (University of Oxford). It is based on the paper entitled “New technologies and jobs in Europe” by the same authors. The authors would like to thank Gareth Budden, Michael Ehrmann, Alex Popov and Zoë Sprokel for their comments. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Central Bank and the Eurosystem.

Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Finland and the United Kingdom.

The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is an online database that contains hundreds of job definitions in the United States. Every occupation requires a different mix of knowledge, skills and abilities, and is performed using a variety of activities and tasks.

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