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Volume 20 Issue 12 (December 2010)

Article, pp. 4-10 | Abstract | PDF (2.6MB)

Geoinformatics: Transforming data to knowledge for geosciences

A. Krishna Sinha 1 *, Zaki Malik 2 , Abdelmounaam Rezgui 2 , David L. Fox 3 , Calvin G. Barnes 4 , Kai Lin 5 , Grant Heiken 6 , William A. Thomas 7 , Linda C. Gundersen 8 , Robert Raskin 9 , Ian Jackson 10 , Peter Fox 11 , Deborah McGuinness 11 , Dogan Seber 12 **, Herman Zimmerman 13

An integrative view of Earth as a system, based on multi-disciplinary data, has become one of the most compelling reasons for research and education in the geosciences. It is now necessary to establish a modern infrastructure that can support the transformation of data to knowledge. Such an information infrastructure for geosciences is contained within the emerging science of geoinformatics, which seeks to promote the utilization and integration of complex, multidisciplinary data in seeking solutions to geoscience-based societal challenges.

*Adjunct, Dept. of Geological Sciences, San Diego State Univ., San Diego, California 92182, USA

**Now at Nuclear Regulatory Commission, One White Flint North, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA

Manuscript received 3 Nov. 2009; accepted 13 Apr. 2010

DOI: 10.1130/GSATG85A.1

INTRODUCTION

Over the centuries that humankind has been studying Earth, oceans, and sky, data were gathered toward explaining the physical phenomena of our surroundings. Understanding such events as eclipses, tides, volcanism, and earthquakes was challenging because of the difficulty of organizing observations within scientific frameworks that could provide an integrative understanding of these phenomena. Pioneers of the earth sciences, such as geologists Lyell (1797–1875) and Hutton (1726–1797), made multidisciplinary observations in stratigraphy, paleontology, and petrology, stored their observations in logbooks, and visualized them through interpretive products, such as maps and cross sections. We continue to conduct our science in similar ways. We make observations on the ground and through remote sensing techniques and store the information in computers, but we still find it difficult to achieve an integrative understanding of complex natural phenomena. The ability to find, access, integrate, and properly interpret data sets has been hampered by the expanding volumes and heterogeneity of the data. With the help of computer scientists, transformative advances in the geosciences are now possible through innovative approaches to interoperability, analysis, modeling, and integration of heterogeneous databases. This geoinformatics effort would require Web-based availability of data and applications, thereby removing geographic or political boundaries. Geoinformatics will give us the ability to encompass a variety of temporal and spatial scales, integrate heterogeneous data, and visualize data and analytical results.

What Is Geoinformatics?

Geoinformatics is an informatics framework for the discovery of new knowledge through integration and analysis of earth-science data and applications. Fostered by support from both national and international agencies, geoinformatics has emerged to address the growing recognition that problems with significant societal implications require integrative and innovative approaches for analysis, modeling, managing, and archiving of extensive and diverse data sets. In the United States, geoinformatics emerged as an initiative within the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences and other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The impetus was the wide consensus that existing information management infrastructures were inadequate to cope with the complexities of earth processes.

Foundation technologies constitute the base infrastructure required to facilitate geoinformatics. These technologies include resources for communication, storage, and computation. Consequently, geoscientists are now better equipped (e.g., high-performance computing) to efficiently address complex questions. However, the true potential of these technologies can only be realized by enhancing our data- and application-management capabilities (shown as the geoinformatics components in Fig. 1). For instance, standards are needed for the exchange and understanding of data (e.g., shared data models, markup languages, ontologies, etc.), visualization, and computation. Data analysis tools and services must be made Web-accessible; portals must enable easy location of registered data and services; data providers must retain ownership rights and credit through tracking of data sources and services (provenance); and, most importantly, these advances should be communicated and shared with the broader community (Simmhan et al., 2005).

Scientists facing the global challenges of climate change, natural hazards, and the discovery and management of natural resources will benefit greatly from an expanded integration of informatics into the geosciences. In this brief overview, we emphasize integration of data and services to meet such challenges. For example, management and discovery of natural resources requires many data types, such as geologic maps, geochronology, petrology, and geochemistry of fluids and solids, as well as access to ore deposit models. The ability to discover and incorporate these data into new, robust models for ore genesis would lead to an integrative view and make exploration much more efficient.

Why Do We Need Geoinformatics?

Communities of scientists around the world are working toward the goal of discovering new knowledge through a better understanding of the fundamental principles that underlie complex and heterogeneous data—a foundation for why the data values are what they are or an indication as to how the data would change over time through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Geoinformatics will support the next generation of knowledge discovery, markedly broaden our understanding of science and engineering, and allow us to solve challenging and complex problems previously unimagined.

There is common consensus that access to and integration of data are prerequisites for creating an information infrastructure. In addition, we argue that in order to fully exploit data in the pursuit of knowledge discovery and transformative science, new semantic models are needed to integrate scientific processes and methods within such an infrastructure. The semantic stages scientists follow on the pathway from data to knowledge and beyond involve seeking information as it relates to description, definition, or perspective (what, when, where) followed by derivation of knowledge, which comprises strategy, practice, method, or approach (how). These stages lead to new insight into fundamental principles (why).

The lack of a robust informatics infrastructure for sharing data and knowledge across all scientific disciplines has become a major hindrance to productivity, especially in multidisciplinary research (Atkins et al., 2003). Community-specific knowledge creation requires intra- and inter-community integrative capabilities. However, integrating and using data acquired by different investigators can be difficult. This is primarily because each data set uses heterogeneous schema and semantics. Such heterogeneities can be divided into three categories: syntactic, structural, and semantic (Sheth, 1998). Syntactic and structural transformation (e.g., database mediation) can be used to handle the first two kinds of heterogeneities but are not adequate for resolving semantic differences. The use of ontologies is considered a possible solution for the semantic heterogeneity problem (McGuinness, 2003).

We present two examples that demonstrate the current use of semantics for access and integration of an array of geologic data types and formats. Our purpose is to highlight the advantages of what may be considered elaborate semantics-based approaches to provide solutions for complex problems.

• OneGeology ( www.onegeology.org ) is an international collaboration working to develop and serve a Web-accessible, worldwide geological map data set at a scale of 1:1,000,000. Its objective is to utilize community-endorsed standards for syntactic interoperability that enhance the use of existing data. To achieve this goal, the program has developed a data exchange model called GeoSciML (Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information, 2008) that provides a controlled vocabulary within a common conceptual model. Such a model allows common description of geologic features leading to interoperability through a markup language for data interchange for the discovery and utilization of globally distributed geoscience data and information. GeoSciML is a critical first step in the use of informatics-based technologies (Simons et al., 2006).
• Ontology-Enabled Map Integrator (OMI), developed at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (Lin and Ludäscher, 2003), utilizes ontologies for registering geologic data sets to assist in integrating and querying heterogeneous data. Although this system was implemented for integration of data associated with geologic maps, it is a geoscience breakthrough in regard to the use of ontologic capabilities for discovery and integration. Each data set is registered (“mapped”) to an ontology-based association before it becomes available in a Web environment. The process of data registration semi-automatically generates mapping from data sets to existing ontologies; these mappings are then available to software applications that may be used to explore and extract information from diverse data arrays.

Geoscience-Based Societal and Research Challenges

An example of cities at risk and volcanic hazards.

Sixty-three cities worldwide are situated near potentially active volcanoes and have populations of more than 100,000, including two mega-cities with a combined population of more than 50 million. Thus, there is a great need to understand volcanic processes through pattern recognition and epidemiological forecasting. The need for informatics in hazard mitigation is evident in the data sets generated by disciplines represented at the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior’s (IAVCEI) biannual conferences (“Cities on Volcanoes”). An informatics-based solution makes the integrative process across geoscience disciplines (and others) efficient, accurate, and cost-effective, thus making possible the discovery of new critical knowledge not accessible via manual analysis of data. For instance, (1) epidemiological data models enable comparisons with similar recorded events in real time, and (2) volcano visualizations and mining of data associated with volcano product characterizations facilitate efficient hypothesis formation and evaluation.

The example of cities at risk illustrates the need for integrative, multidisciplinary access to research-based data products. A host of other societally significant initiatives has similar needs; two examples are the joint USGS and Chinese Qingdao Institute for Marine Geology project on management of delta ecosystems (Delta Research and Global Observation Network) and the UK’s Environment and Urban Regeneration Program for development of 3- and 4-dimensional (4-D), high-resolution shallow (first 200 m) subsurface models to aid assessment of urban risks associated with natural and anthropogenic ground instability, pollution, and flooding.

Basic research in geoscience also benefits from semantics-based geoinformatics. For example, construction of a 4-D, kinematically balanced, palinspastic restoration of a continental margin orogenic belt and foreland also requires geoinformatics-based solutions to gain a more robust understanding of geologic processes. The necessary first step in interdisciplinary integrative research is data discovery. The current method of Web-based data discovery (mainly through search engines) requires sifting through a large number of Web pages. Also, because human interaction is required, integration normally results in the “layering of data” through a GIS system to retrieve new information (e.g., Takarada et al., 2007). Alternatively, the user must create a data integration layer to capture the location, format, and structure of the underlying data leading to a logical view. This activity requires the adoption of a common data model (e.g., North American Data Model [Boisvert et al., 2003]). Such techniques are effective but laborious and not the most rational and efficient way to analyze complex information (Doan and Halevy, 2005).

The main impediment to data discovery and integration is the lack of semantics to enable machines to “understand” and “automatically” process the data that they now merely display (Cardoso and Sheth, 2006). Figure 2 shows the different types and levels of interoperability leading to integration through semantics-based techniques. For example, taxonomy can classify information hierarchically without defining the nature of connections, while a thesaurus contains associations with semantic constraints. Both levels of semantic models are for standard classification schemes in a single discipline (e.g., rock classification [one-dimensional]) and are unable to represent and interoperate across multiple dimensions and/or varied conceptual models (Obrst, 2003; McGuinness, 2003). The more expressive semantics, in the form of ontologies, are underpinned by logical theories and provide increased capabilities for deductions and inferences based on known associations and rules (Baader et al., 2004; Sinha et al., 2006). Enabling software tools and languages, such as XML (W3C, 2003), RDF (W3C, 2004a), and OWL (W3C, 2004b; McGuinness and Harmelen, 2004), allow interoperability at increasing levels of semantics (i.e., from weak to strong), resulting in a transition from data to knowledge. We endorse the definition of knowledge discovery as a nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data (Frawley et al., 1992).

To enable strong semantic interoperability, current research emphasizes ontology-based data registration, discovery, and integration (Obrst, 2003; Noy, 2004; Raskin, 2006; Malik et al., 2007a; Fox et al., 2008). The primary purpose of ontologies (e.g., Noy and McGuinness, 2001) is to provide an organizational structure for automated data discovery and automated inferencing capabilities (Baader et al., 2004). For example, a relationship between the occurrence of ignimbrites and hazardous volcanic eruptions can be inferred by an automated reasoning system even though this fact is not contained in the database, but only if the ontologic framework effectively captures such a relationship (Fig. 3). The conceptual relationships are based on the ontologic relationships: (1) ignimbrite is a pyroclastic rock is a volcanic rock is a rock; (2) a hazardous eruption is an explosive eruption is an eruption; and (3) an explosive eruption has material pyroclastic rocks; therefore, ignimbrites are a product of hazardous volcanic eruptions.

Recognizing the significance of semantics, we see the future as a virtual environment that allows science communities to go beyond data discovery toward modeling and understanding processes through shared data and services. We recognize the need to establish a tripartite semantic infrastructure for automated discovery, analysis, utilization, and understanding of data (through both inverse and forward modeling capabilities), leading to new knowledge. This infrastructure will consist of three categories of ontologies: objects (e.g., materials), processes (e.g., chemical reactions), and services (e.g., simulation models). Objects represent our understanding of the state of a system when the data were acquired, whereas processes capture the forcings on the objects that may lead to changes in state over time (Sinha et al., 2006). Service ontologies would enable appropriate tools for computation and visualization to be discovered as Web services. Such a semantic model would provide crucial machine-interpretable information to the knowledge discovery process.

Object ontologies exist at many levels of abstraction and are often related to a tiered structure composed of upper-level, mid-level, and domain ontologies (Semy et al., 2004). Upper-level ontologies, such as Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) (Niles and Pease, 2001) and Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) (Masolo et al., 2003), provide a conceptual framework for developing domain ontologies, leading to interoperability, automated inference, and natural language processing. For example, a geoscience ontology being developed as a mid-level ontology (Malik et al., 2007a) could eventually contain all possible geoscience terms and their associations, similar to the well-developed semantic capabilities in bioinformatics (Stevens et al., 2004).

The use of existing ontologies (e.g., SWEET ontology library [Raskin and Pan, 2005], which contains numeric, time, and units ontologies) will accelerate the development of additional subject-specific ontologies in the geosciences (e.g., Ramachandran et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2007; Tripathi and Babaie, 2008). Thus, we envision community-supported ontologies that would enable automated discovery, analysis, utilization, and understanding of data through both induction and deduction along the pathway from data to knowledge and ultimately to insight of scientific principles. We emphasize that through technologies such as ontology mappings (Fensel, 2004) it is possible to share ontologic frameworks within and across scientific communities, regardless of consensus level. For example, rock classification schemes used by the British Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada are dissimilar, but a user can still map the concepts of one to the other based on either classification scheme.

The semantic interoperability problems of data discovery and integration are similar to those associated with the use of geoscientific services (e.g., visualization or modeling codes), which have experienced limited re-use because of differences in operating systems, formats, etc. The Web Services Initiative undertaken by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a step toward resolving the problem of service-sharing across computing environments (Alonso et al., 2003). A Web service user need not be concerned with the operating systems, development language environments, or component models used to create or access the service. Therefore, tools and services developed by geoscientists can be wrapped as Web services registered to a service and process ontologies and made accessible to the scientific community at large.

Figure 4 shows a software system architecture for organizing geoscientific data and tools through ontologies. Registration to ontologies of these data and tools as Web services would enable them to be automatically selected to answer geoscience queries. For example, the problem of integrating heterogeneous volcanic and atmospheric chemical-compound data used to assess the atmospheric effects of volcanic eruptions can be accomplished through semantically enabled registration and integration engines (Malik et al., 2007b; Rezgui et al., 2007; Fox et al., 2008). A simple query, such as “Find A-type plutons in Virginia and identify the correlation between these plutons and their gravity properties,” requires Web-based access to distributed data resources (geochemical, gravity, and map databases, as well as computational and visualization tools) (Rezgui et al., 2007). Clearly, continued participation by geoscientists in ontology development and engineering and registration of data and tools will enable the community to move ahead into the emerging world of the Semantic Web.

The Future: The Semantic Web and Data with No Borders

The emerging Semantic Web is an extension of the existing Web, in which all information is given a well-defined meaning (Berners-Lee et al., 2001). The ultimate goal of the Semantic Web is to transform the present-day Web into a medium through which data and applications can be automatically understood and processed without geographical or organizational boundaries. The Semantic Web allows understanding, sharing, and invocation of data and services by automated tools associated with ontologies (Alonso-Jiménez et al., 2006), and it is already in use within the corporate world (Oracle, 2010; W3C, 2009a, 2009b). Other advantages of Semantic Web technologies for the geosciences include (1) facilitated knowledge management (capturing, extracting, processing, and storing knowledge) (Alonso et al., 2003); (2) integration across heterogeneous domains through ontologies (Fox et al., 2008); (3) the ability to handle non-text items, such as images and multimedia (Schreiber et al., 2001); (4) efficient information filtering (sending selective data to the right clients); (5) machine understanding (the ability to take humans out of the “integration loop”); (6) the formation of virtual communities (Reitsma and Albrecht, 2005); (7) legacy capture for long-term archiving; (8) serendipity (finding unexpected collaborators); and (9) Web-based education (Ramamurthy, 2006).

Capabilities based on semantic integration of data, services, and processes will become the new paradigm in scientific endeavors and will provide a significant boost to the visibility of geoscience research and education in a competitive world. Significant industry and government funding will be necessary for geoinformatics to grow to the level enjoyed by its sister program in bioinformatics (e.g., Mohan-Ram, 2000; Tracor Systems Technologies, 1998). We also support the establishment of a consortium to provide an organizational platform for promoting long-term management of data and resources. Researchers in bioinformatics have already recognized the need to establish economically viable models for the long-term survival of public data on the Web (Ellis and Kalumbi, 1998); geoscientists can utilize the voice of the consortium to provide stability for existing data, because those data represent the fundamental infrastructure for future geoscience research and its applications.

Earth has a complex record of the dynamic interaction among plates, materials, and life that provides clues to the physical and chemical evolution of continents, oceans, atmosphere, and life forms. Extremely heterogeneous data from rocks that preserve ~4.5 billion years of history have been meticulously gathered through observations over the centuries, and this highlights the integration problems associated with studies of biodiversity, climate change, planetary processes, and natural hazards and resources. The vision of geoinformatics is to create a fully integrated geosciences information network with free access to earth-science data, tools, and services. Research in all categories of geoinformatics will support the emerging challenges posed by the building of knowledge societies:

First, to narrow the digital divide that accentuates disparities in development, excluding entire groups and countries from the benefits of information and knowledge; second, to guarantee the free flow of, and equitable access to, data, information, best practices and knowledge in the information society; and third to build international consensus on newly required norms and principles. (UNESCO, 2003, preface)

Acknowledgments

This paper was written on behalf of the GSA Geoinformatics Division. We acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation’s Division of Earth Sciences, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Aeronautical and Space Administration, the British Geological Survey, the Geological Society of America, and the American Geophysical Union.

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Recent Advancement in Geoinformatics and Data Science CONTAINS OPEN ACCESS

Geoscience is now facing the huge potential enabled by the cyberinfrastructure, sensor network, big data, cloud computing, and data science. In this new era, what skills should geoscientists know and what actions can they take to foster new research topics? Are there already successful stories of data science in geosciences and what are the experiences? Can data science bring fresh ideas to geosciences, and vice versa? The chapters in this Special Paper present the latest progress and discoveries in both the methodology and technology of geoinformatics, and provide answers to those questions. The presented methodologies, technologies, and best practices will make this volume a useful reference with long-term impacts for data-intensive geoscience in the next decade and beyond.

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Recent Advancement in Geoinformatics and Data Science Editor(s): Xiaogang Ma, Matty Mookerjee, Leslie Hsu, Denise Hills https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE558 ISBN (print): 9780813725581 ISBN (electronic): 9780813795584 Publisher: Geological Society of America Published: 2023

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*Corresponding author and lead principal investigator of the EC3 project; email: [email protected]

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

• Ontology of the complex rare-earth elements mineral system Author(s) Hassan A. Babaie ; Hassan A. Babaie Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Armita Davarpanah ; Armita Davarpanah Environmental and Health Sciences Program, Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar W. Crawford Elliott W. Crawford Elliott Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2558(03) Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Ontology of the complex rare-earth elements mineral system in another window Add to Citation Manager

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• ArcCI: A high-resolution aerial image management and processing platform for sea ice Author(s) Dexuan Sha ; Dexuan Sha George Mason University, Geography and Geoinformation Science, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Anusha Srirenganathan Malarvizhi ; Anusha Srirenganathan Malarvizhi George Mason University, Geography and Geoinformation Science, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Hai Lan ; Hai Lan George Mason University, Geography and Geoinformation Science, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Xin Miao ; Xin Miao Missouri State University, Department of Geography, Geology and Planning, 901 S. National Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65897, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Hongie Xie ; Hongie Xie The University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Daler Khamidov ; Daler Khamidov George Mason University, Department of Computer Science, Nguyen Engineering Building, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kevin Wang ; Kevin Wang University of California, Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 387 Soda Hall #1776, Berkeley, California 94720-1776, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Seren Smith ; Seren Smith Smith College, Department of Statistical & Data Sciences, McConnell Hall 214, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Katherine Howell ; Katherine Howell Science Systems & Applications, 10210 Greenbelt Road #600, Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Chaowei Yang Chaowei Yang George Mason University, Geography and Geoinformation Science, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2558(06) Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for ArcCI: A high-resolution aerial image management and processing platform for sea ice in another window Add to Citation Manager

* Erratum : In the first version of this chapter published online, “ Ayman Nassar” was misspelled as “ Ayam Nassar.” GSA sincerely regrets this error.

• A scalable solution for running ensemble simulations for photovoltaic energy Author(s) Weiming Hu ; Weiming Hu Department of Geography and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16801, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Guido Cervone ; Guido Cervone Department of Geography and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16801, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Matteo Turilli ; Matteo Turilli Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA, and Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Andre Merzky ; Andre Merzky Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Shantenu Jha Shantenu Jha Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, 94 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA, and Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2558(08) Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for A scalable solution for running ensemble simulations for photovoltaic energy in another window Add to Citation Manager
• Geographically weighted regression in mineral exploration: A new application to investigate mineralization Author(s) Wenlei Wang ; Wenlei Wang Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 11 Minzudaxue South Road, Beijing 100081, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jie Zhao ; Jie Zhao State Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 20 Chengfu Road, Beijing 100083, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Qiuming Cheng Qiuming Cheng State Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 20 Chengfu Road, Beijing 100083, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2558(09) Abstract Open the PDF Link PDF for Geographically weighted regression in mineral exploration: A new application to investigate mineralization in another window Add to Citation Manager

*Emails: [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]

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Geoinformatics and Surveying — We have developed a compelling list of interesting Geoinformatics and Surveying research project topics. These topics, when adequately executed, are guaranteed to get you a good grade in your final year project.

1. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Population Study of Achara Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.

2. As-Built Surveying for the Facility Retrofitting Of An Offshore Gas Plant Using Leica Scanstation 2 High Definition Surveying Instrument.

3. As-built Model of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Centre of Excellence Building University of Nigeria Enugu Campus Using Leica HDS Scanstation.

4. Spatio-Temporal Analysis Of Crime In Enugu Metropolise From January 2010 to June 2021 Using Geographic Information System.

5. Site Suitability Analysis For Solid Waste Disposal in Enugu Urban Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System.

6. Quantifying Rate of Vegetation Cover Changes in Enugu state using NDVI Techniques for the Year 1991, 2003 and 2021.

7. Modelling the Cadastral System of Enugu State Using Unified Modelling Language (UML).

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Novel Topics in Geoinformatics: Drones, EO, Space-Time, Deep Learning

How drones relate to satellites in data collection and mapping? What space-time interactions have to say for understanding our environment?

May 23, 2022, 11:00am Eastern Time – September 7, 2022, 10:30am Eastern Time

Part of the ADVANCED-LEVEL WORKSHOPS of the 2022 Summer Series

Instructors and teaching assistant

Panagiotis partsinevelos, technical university of crete.

Dr. Panagiotis Partsinevelosis an Associate Professor in the area of Space Informatics including Uncrewed Aerial Systems, GIS, Remote Sensing, GNSS from their computer science perspective. He received his PhD in Spatial Information Science & Engineering from the University of Maine, part of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) in USA and NASA Center of Excellence in Remote Sensing Applications. Prof. Partsinevelos directs Senselab Research group, a leading interdisciplinary research entity developing novel solutions for 3-dimensional processing, tangible GIS, gestural interfaces, visualization platforms, location-based services, ML algorithms, smart cities, etc. SenseLab has been recognized by a series of prestigious international awards and distinctions including: 2019 Airbus Global Earth Observation challenge, 1st globally, 2018 RMIT drones for refugees, Amman, 2017 Space Oscars, Tallinn, 1st globally, 2016 European GNSS Service (GSA), 1st place globally, 2016 ESNC Satellite masters, 2nd overall winners, (400 teams), Madrid, 2016 UAE Drones for Good (1st in EU and 3rd internationally between 1017 teams from 165 countries), Dubai, 2016 DJI drones Developer Challenge (short-listed), USA, 2015 Copernicus Masters NCMA, 1st winner in Remote Sensing visualization, Berlin.After many years of teaching in many versatile and demanding environments, countries, continents, cultures and levels, Dr. Partsinevelos is privileged with long term collaborations and through a genuine inclination towards philosophy, humanities, and cognition, he is always there to creatively share an provoke classroom experiences.

Emmanouil Varouchakis, Technical University of Crete

Dr. Emmanouil Varouchakisis is an Assistant Professor at the School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete-Greece, with expertise in spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis of earth science data. Dr. Varouchakis has significant teaching experience in the area of space-time geostatistics having taught advanced geostatistics courses in IHE Delft and Technical University of Crete, and in invited seminars of European Geosciences Union. His Research experience include more than 40 journal publications in the area of geostatistics employed in earth science and satellite data. Dr. Varouchakis will be responsible for the geostatistics session and the relative assignment and project preparation providing his unique expertise in space-time geostatistical data analysis.

George Petrakis, Technical University of Crete

George Petrakis is a Phd candidate in GeoInformatics engineering. He completed his under-graduate studies in Rural, Surveying and GeoInformatics Engineering school of Technical University of Athens and his post-graduate studies in Mineral Resources Engineering school of the Technical University of Crete. He has participated in many research projects, while he has an active role in several publications and conferences. His main research interests include topics from geospatial web development, computer vision / photogrammetry and machine / deep learning.

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We will select up to 20 graduate students to participate in this workshop. Selection will be based on your AAG membership status, your research needs, and time of registration. If you are selected, we will notify you ahead of the workshop and provide you all the workshop details and session links. If you are selected, the expectation is that you will participate in all sessions of the workshop.

This workshop is for any student across the whole geography spectrum. The selected participants should be eager to learn combinational current methodologies for data collection, data integration/fusion and data analysis. Students are not required to be familiar with any particular software and they can be in any stage of their research, since the topics covered may inspire new graduate students and also aid students in their data collection or defense stage to propagate their research agenda. Students should be familiar with introductory undergraduate algebra and use of any common software (programming is not required). The assignments will be based mainly on open (Python, R, QGIS, etc.) or in-house/free to use implemented tools and software.

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This workshop will meet at the following times (Eastern Time):

• Session 1: AAG Welcome Session, 11:00 am – 12:30 pm, Monday, May 23
• Session 2: 9:00 – 10:30 am, Tuesday, May 31
• Session 3: 9:00 – 11:00 am, Wednesday, June 1
• Session 4: Optional Office Hours and Lab Hour, 11:00 am – 1:00 pm, Wednesday, June 1
• Session 5: 9:00 – 11:00 am, Thursday, June 2
• Session 6: Optional Office Hours and Lab Hour, 11:00 am – 1:00 pm, Thursday, June 2
• Session 7: 9:00 – 10:30 am, Friday, June 3

Throughout the week, expect to also spend a few hours working independently on readings or short assignments for the workshop.

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The Department offers MPhil and PhD degrees by research in Surveying and Land Information, Geoinformatics, and Urban and Regional Planning. Taught postgraduate programmes include: MSc in Geoinformatics; MSc in Urban and Regional Planning; and a Diploma in Land Administration.

The Department’s research expertise is established in the ability to understand, capture and visualise spatio-temporal phenomena and processes to provide reliable management options for decision-makers to achieve sustainable development and to guide policy formulation. These objectives are achieved by using surveying, mapping, monitoring, modelling and spatial analysis tools and techniques. Cutting-edge technology being utilised in the research incorporates data within global satellite positioning systems, mobile systems and web technologies as well as remote sensors on board satellites, aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles. A wide range of specialised geospatial information science applications are employed within the research, which also involves the development of new methods for dealing with data. Research encompasses the spatial sciences in a broad sense across the land, marine and coastal space.

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Surveying and Geoinformatics

Surveying and geoinformatics research papers/topics, the spatial distribution of mosquitoes related to the environment on rusinga island, western kenya.

Abstract: The SolarMal project on Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, aims to eliminate malaria by reducing the mosquito population, using a new developed mosquito trap which will be installed at all households on the island. The effect of the installed traps is monitored by sampling mosquitoes from randomly selected selected households on the island during the whole duration of the project. This thesis project aims to support the SolarMal project by performing spatial analysis to the distributio...

Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Population Study of Achara Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT This project is an attempt to study population distribution in Achara Layout Enugu, in Enugu State through integration of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Remote sensing data used in this study included high spatial resolution Quick Bird imagery. Questionnaires were given out for use in generating the desired product in an interactive GIS environment. Field site capturing was based on basic survey principle, technique and instruction. Field work was done t...

A Regression Kriging Application for Rainfall Data Interpolation. Geostatistical Approach

There is increasing demand for gridded products of topographical, meteorological and climatological variables with high quality and spatial resolution from many different disciplines such as agriculture, construction, biodiversity planning, forestry and risk assessment and decision making in environmental management. In this report discuss application of some common methods to rainfall interpolation by considering rainfall spatial variability. Some common geostatistical interpolation methods ...

As-Built Surveying for the Facility Retrofitting of an Offshore Gas Plant using Leica Scanstation 2 High Definition Surveying Instrument

ABSTRACT  3D as-built models have been utilized over the years as an aid to several engineering activities and there are conventional survey methods; e.g. Total Station ray method, photogrammetric technique etc., with which the data required for these models are generated. These methods have proven not to be optimal in capturing datasets required for the modeling of some complex engineering structures. The reasons for this been the intrusive nature of some of these methods and their point ra...

Surveying and Geoinformatics is a multi-disciplinary profession that provides data for the spatial location of the Earth's features and other environmental information or parameters necessary for mapping, cadastral work, designing and location of engineering works, planning of all types, land administration, acquisition, analysis, storage, distribution, management and application of spatially-referenced data. Browse Surveying and Geoinformatics research papers, thesis, dissertations, study materials, books, essays, seminars etc.

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Advances in Geoinformatics Technologies

Facilities and Utilities Optimization and Management for Smart City Applications

• Ram Narayan Yadava 0 ,
• Muhamad Uznir Ujang 1

Department of Research and International Affairs, Mansarovar Global University, Bhopal, India

You can also search for this editor in PubMed   Google Scholar

Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

• Covers geoinformatics technologies and their utilization with practical applications
• Highlights the challenges facing smart infrastructure with proposed solutions
• Updates the state-of-the-art in the field of geoinformatics and related technologies

Part of the book series: Earth and Environmental Sciences Library (EESL)

• Table of contents

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Table of contents (22 chapters)

Front matter, introduction, an overview of advances in geoinformatics technologies: facilities and utilities optimization and management for smart city applications.

• Uznir Ujang, Ram Narayan Yadava

Geoinformation Technologies

Towards coexistence with elephant: implications for managing sustainable city using geospatial technology.

• Noordyana Hassan, Nurafiqkah Muhid, Mohamad Zakri Tarmidi, Suzanna Noor Azmy, Huda Farhana Mohamad Muslim, Muna Maryam Azmy

Map-Oriented Dashboards Online—From Minor Method to GIScience Trend

• Rostislav Netek

The Effectiveness of Crime Prevention Using GIS Technology and CCTV Application for Smart City

• M. S. Eran, H. Hasranizam

COVID-19 Cases Distribution: Pre and Post Achievement of Herd Immunity in Johor Bahru

• Yafshil Asyraf Yusabri, Suzanna Noor Azmy, Mohd Zakri Tarmidi, Noordyana Hassan, Mohd Anwar Shahrir Ahmad, Haidar Rizal Toha

Geoinformation Modelling

Vulnerability assessment and management for coastal erosion.

• Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Fazly Amri Mohd, Noorashikin Md Noor, Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd Jaafar, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Nor Aizam Adnan et al.

Prediction of On-Road CO2 Emission in Urban Area Using State-of-The-Art Ensemble Machine Learning Model

• Navarajan Subramaniam, Norhakim Yusof

Development of Three-Dimensional Soil Water Dynamic Flow (3D SWD FLOW) Data Model for Landslide Modelling

• Siti Nurbaidzuri Reli, Izham Mohamad Yusoff, Muhamad Uznir Ujang, Tharshini Murthy

Synergistic 3D Building Modeling: UAV and Laser Scanning Combination

• Allysa Mat Adnan, Norhadija Darwin, Hamdi Abdul Hamid, Nor Suhaibah Azri, Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff, Zulkepli Majid et al.
• Information System and Computer Science

BIM-GIS in Catalyzing 3D Environmental Simulation

• Syed Ahmad Fadhli Syed Abdul Rahman, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd Jaafar

Comparing Food’s Tourism Hotspot Before and After MCO 3.0 Lifted via Data Mining in Johor Bahru, Malaysia

• Nuraqeela Ariffin, Zakri Tarmidi, Suzanna Azmy, Noordyana Hassan

Strata Practice in Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geospatial Perspective

• Ahmad Firdaus Razali, Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff

Mobile Application and GeoSpatial Technology in Urban Farming

• Nik Norasma Che’Ya, Wan Nor Zanariah Zainol Abdullah, Siti Nur Aliaa Roslan, Nur Adibah Mohidem, Norazrin Ariffin, Nurashikin Kemat

Transforming Urban Space for Smart Utilization Through the Street Morphology Analysis

• Fazzami Othman, Zaharah Mohd Yusoff

Geolocation and Positioning

There are many GIS products for smart cities to implement smart city projects or activities. Most of the Geoinformatics Technologies and its application books are theoretical and lack of examples with real world data and step by step explanations to understand the facilities and utilities optimization and management for smart city applications and socio-economic aspects.

This book focuses and discusses topics related to how technological advances in Geoinformatics can help in the management operations of smart city applications to help our environment to be smart. Specifically, the volume focuses on how these advancements can help optimize and manage facilities and utilities. This book focuses on geoinformation modelling, geo-smart city applications, geoinformation technology, information system and computer science, and geolocation and positioning as its five primary areas of discussion. Each of these primary subjects delves into the application that uses geoinformatics technology in greater depth. This covers the use of Geoinformatics technology in the prevention of crime, coastal erosion, carbon emission modelling, landslide modelling, urban farming, and various other applications linked to the field. This book's objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the accomplishments that geoinformatics has made in a number of different application areas for smart cities. It covers Geoinformation Technologies, Geoinformation Modelling, Information System and Computer Science, Geolocation & Positioning, and Geo-Smart City Applications.

The book will be useful to graduate students, university faculty, and researchers in Geoinformatics sciences/engineering and architecture and town planning. It will also be useful to entrepreneurs, professionals, and planners in policy and decision making at the local, state and national levels.

• Geo-location and Positioning
• Geo-information Modeling
• Geo-information Technologies
• Geo-Smart City Applications

Ram Narayan Yadava

Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Muhamad Uznir Ujang

Prof. Ram Narayan Yadava holds the position of Advisor (Research & International Affairs) at Mansarovar Global University, Bhopal, (M.P.) India. He has worked as an advisor of the AISECT Group of Universities and a founding Vice Chancellor of the AISECT University, Hazaribag (Jharkhand), India. Prof. Yadava is also a foundingmember of a premier scientific research organization named Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) under the umbrella of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. His research interests include Solid Mechanics, Environmental Quality and Water Resources, Hydrologic Modeling, Environmental Mldelling, and R&D Planning and Management. Dr.Yadava has executed a variety of research/consultancy projects in the areas of Water Resources Planning and Management, Environment, Remote Sensing, Mathematical Modeling, Technology Forecasting, etc. He has adequate experience in establishing institutes/organizations. In addition, he has adequate experience in planning, formulating, executing, and managing of R&D programs including organizing seminars/symposia/conferences at national and international levels. He has guided a number of M. Tech. and Ph.D. students in the area of Mathematical Sciences and Earth Sciences. Dr.Yadava has visited and delivered invited lectures at different institutes/universities in India as well as abroad in various countries such as the USA, Canada, UK, France, Thailand, Germany, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Costa Rica, The Netherlands, France, China, Tunisia and Australia. He is a Recipient of Raman Research Fellowship and other awards. Dr.Yadava has been recognized for four decades of leadership in research and service to the hydrologic, environmental, and water resources profession. Dr.Yadava's contribution to the state of the art has been significant in many different specialty areas, including water resources management, environmental sciences, irrigation science, soil and water conservation engineering, and mathematical modeling. He has published more than 100 journal articles; four textbooks; sixteen edited reference books. He is a reviewer of scientific journals and a member of the scientific committee of international conferences. He also holds the position of Vice President of the International Association of Water, Environment, Energy, and Society.

Prof. MuhamadUznirUjang is an Associate Professor and Head of the 3D GIS Research Group at the Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), and is a prominent figure in the field of spatial science. UTM, a leadinggovernment-funded institution in Malaysia, attests to its excellence by securing the top spot in the country's engineering and technology rankings. Prof. Uznir's distinguished career is highlighted by his diverse affiliations and outstanding contributions. In addition to his academic role, he holds a prestigious position on the Malaysia Board of Technologists (MBOT), underlining his recognition as a technologist. Furthermore, he is a dedicated member of the Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (RISM), showcasing his commitment to the surveying profession. His influence extends beyond Malaysia, as he actively engages with international organizations. He is a valued member of the Institute of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM) and contributes his expertise to the global geospatial community. His active participation also extends to the International Society of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Science (ISPRS), where he collaborates with international peers and experts. Prof. Uznir's expertise spans a wide range of research domains in spatial applications. He has made significant strides in 3D city modeling, 3D Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Smart Cities, Building Information Modeling (BIM), and topology, and spatial data structures. His work not only enriches academic knowledge but also finds practical applications in various industries. His innovative thinking and research have earned him significant recognition. He holds  12 intellectual properties (IP), including patents and copyrights, a testament to his ability to generate novel solutions that push the boundaries of spatial science. Beyond his academic and professional roles, Prof. Uznir is at the forefront of advanced research projects in 3D city modeling and applications, contributing to our understanding of urban environments and their practical implications. With a wealth of experience in research universities, he excels in various aspects of GIS research and development,including research planning, publication, professional consultation, and project management. His substantial contributions to the academic community are evident in his authorship of over 100 scholarly articles, many of which have been published in highly regarded international journals and presented at prestigious conferences. His work has garnered over 340 citations and an H-Index of 12, underscoring his active and influential role in the scientific community. In summary, Prof. MuhamadUznirUjang is a leading authority in the realm of spatial science, known for his dedication, expertise, and profound impact. His commitment to academic and professional excellence, coupled with innovative research, positions him as a prominent figure in the world of 3D GIS and related spatial applications.

Book Title : Advances in Geoinformatics Technologies

Book Subtitle : Facilities and Utilities Optimization and Management for Smart City Applications

Editors : Ram Narayan Yadava, Muhamad Uznir Ujang

Series Title : Earth and Environmental Sciences Library

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50848-6

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Earth and Environmental Science , Earth and Environmental Science (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-031-50847-9 Published: 31 March 2024

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-031-50850-9 Due: 01 May 2024

eBook ISBN : 978-3-031-50848-6 Published: 30 March 2024

Series ISSN : 2730-6674

Series E-ISSN : 2730-6682

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : VII, 434

Number of Illustrations : 20 b/w illustrations, 170 illustrations in colour

Topics : Computer Applications , Geography, general , Environmental Management , Monitoring/Environmental Analysis , Analytical Chemistry , Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences

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Final theses in Bachelor Surveying and Geoinformatics and Master Surveying

The diversity of the profession and the study programme "Surveying and Geoinformatics" is also reflected in the topics of the final theses. A list of the Bachelor's and Master's thesis topics from previous semesters should give an insight into the topics worked on.

Theses in the Bachelor Surveying and Geoinformatics

• Mobile Devices in Network Surveying - Accuracy and Profitability Analysis of Different Applications
• Analysis of point clouds from different mobile mapping solutions and object recognition with artificial intelligence methods
• Fusion of point cloud, BIM model and 360° images to a virtual tour at the HFT Stuttgart Report " Virtual visit to the university soon possible? "
• Investigation into the use of the iPhone 12 LiDAR scanner in surveying and comparison with point clouds from other recording methods
• Software comparison for point cloud generation with AliceVision, VisualSFM & Agisoft Metashape
• Investigation of the suitability of apps for indoor point cloud generation using an iPhone 11 compared to terrestrial laser scan data. Report " Tablets- Surveying devices of the future? "
• Economic feasibility analysis of a drone at the district office Freudenstadt
• Evaluation of historical aerial photographs in a landslide area.
• Accuracy and economic analysis of the Leica GS18 with tilt compensator with regard to cadastral approval for Baden- Württemberg.
• Investigation of the use of an own GNSS base station in comparison to the use of correction data services for machine controls for excavators.
• Investigation of the ViDoc application for practical suitability in pipeline and network construction
• Workflow optimization for construction surveys in GEOgraf
• Measurement of the heat transfer of building facades by means of a transient measurement method
• Investigation of the parcel allegation in connection with the introduction of the Information System Real Estate Cadastre Files (ILKA)
• Re-design of the MuM GIS technical shell wastewater fee splitting
• Investigation of the suitability of tilt-compensated GNSS measurements with the Trimble R12i for real estate surveys in Baden-Württemberg
• Public inner-city green spaces - An analysis on the correlation between land prices and quality of life
• Dealing with heavy rain events in spatial planning
• Extension of the QGIS user environment using a Python start-up script to improve the user experience when used in enterprise environments
• Server and client components for the provision of geoinformation - research and evaluation of open source solutions
• Migration of an Oracle geodatabase to an open source geodatabase system at the city of Reutlingen, Germany
• Investigation of AI technologies and methods for use in the field of infrastructure planning
• Development of an automated workflow for the creation of a spatial resistivity analysis using various ETL tools.
• Investigation of highly accurate static GNSS point determinations.
• Investigation of the accuracy of the control of a Robotino

Report " High-tech construction helmet, low-flying aircraft and artificial intelligence " on the thesis topics in the winter semester 2020/2021

• Comparison of two optical measurement systems in industrial metrology
• Possible applications of a hand-held scanner in cave surveying compared to a terrestrial laser scanner and photogrammetric recording
• 3D visualization of the Weißenhof Museum in the Le Corbusier House using different geodetic measurement and evaluation methods
• Investigations of the suitability and accuracy of the digital aerial camera LEICA DMC III for very low flight altitudes in comparison to a UAV
• Investigations into the use of a Trimble XR10 with Microsoft HoloLens2 for surveying.
• Analysis of the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of UAS imagery compared to terrestrially measured terrain imagery
• Experimental analysis of highly automated driving scenarios using dual-antenna GNSS system.
• Conversion of as-built data for line documentation of Flughafen Stuttgart GmbH into an IFC file (GIS to BIM)
• Software tools for statistical analysis - comparison and potentials
• Measures for redensification - an urban comparison
• The Trimble Indoor Mobile Mapping Solution (TIMMS) - An Analysis of Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness in Comparison to the Static Laser Scanning Method
• Analysis of measures for the redensification of the city of Crailsheim
• Investigation of the m8T GNSS sensor from u-blox and RTKLIB for watercourse monitoring Report " A clever drift buoy " on the stay abroad during the bachelor thesis.
• Investigations into the possibilities of preserving evidence by means of georeferenced photographs and film recordings using the example of the Stuttgart Airport construction site - comparison of conventional camera systems with the Leica BLK3D
• Investigation of the surveying software VermCad with regard to suitability and efficiency of the application extended for cadastral surveying in Baden-Württemberg
• Modeling and visualization of a museum building in the open-air museum Kürnbach - linking of point clouds from an aerial survey and terrestrial laser scanning
• Investigation, categorization and optimization of the workflow of aerial surveys with a RTK-UAV for the inventory of larger inner cities
• Accuracy analysis of indoor and outdoor images captured with the Livox Mid-40 laser scanner
• Investigation of the accuracy of the ViGRAM application on the basis of a tachymetric as-built survey
• Area-based transfer of areas with low layer status into the current state coordinate system (using the example of "Stöckhof", Warmbronn district)
• Workflow creation for the production of a BIM-capable geometry model by means of As-Built for Revit and VirtuSurv as well as economic efficiency and accuracy analysis of the modeling process
• Automated creation of trail parcels through computational definition of trail boundary points
• UAV surveying in cadastral reorganization - accuracy comparison and savings possibilities
• Comparison of UAV systems with and without RTK support in concrete applications
• Geodesy in the area of conflict of BIM - let's think anew
• Solving typical engineering surveying tasks using structure from motion photogrammetry
• Investigation of an alternative measurement system for tilting monitoring of foundations
• Accuracy investigation of a low-cost IMU for kinematic monitoring application
• Evaluation of channel measurement methods - system comparison channel dipstick, Leica GS18 T, 3D laser scanning
• Comparison of different geodetic methods for creating as-built models for BIM in road construction
• 5 D modeling in civil engineering according to BIM concept
• Usability analysis of Revit and FreeCAD based on the development of a 3D as-built model
• Investigation of a laser scanning system under a drone in comparison with a conventional TLS measurement and aerial photogrammetry
• Investigation of the suitability of DTM heights from laser scanning flights for the verification of manhole cover heights by comparison with GNSS and levelling heights.
• Planning and pilot implementation of the reference system change to ETRS89 with UTM coordinates in a GIS at a water utility company
• Semantic Web and Geospatial Information
• Network measurement and laser scanning with the Trimble SX10 scanning total station in the context of deformation analysis of dry stone walls
• Investigation of the application and accuracy of the laser scanners Leica BLK360 and Leica RTC360
• Comparison of image flight systems and their optimization in evaluation accuracy
• 3D recording of a farmstead in an inner-city land reorganization procedure. Scanner / software comparison and representation of the possible new development
• Videogrammetry video recordings with smartphone cameras for surveying purposes
• Determination of the movement behavior of the Schönbucht tower by comparing tachymetry and GNSS
• Determination of the position of e-bikes with the help of GPS in connection with motion sensors
• Use of smartphone and single-lens reflex camera in industrial measurement technology
• Optical microcoordinate metrology and roughness measurement with Alicona Infinite Focus G5
• Interaction TRITOP-ATOS with focus on transformation and effects within polygonization
• Benchmark test of the software GOM Aramis / Correlate 2018 using the example of measurements on an engine test bench
• Comparison of coordinate measuring machine with optical measurement method photogrammetry with regard to 3D measurement of crash vehicles
• Determination of the position of the vehicle calibration points considering the vehicle surfaces that show the least deformation after a crash
• Optical 3D point measurement with inverse photogrammetry on crash vehicles
• Real-time GIS and IOT for Smart Cities
• Creation of BIM models based on laser scan data
• Comparison of different programs for the evaluation of data from drone flights in the creation of terrain models
• Cost-effectiveness study for quantity takeoff in earthworks-comparison of drone aerial surveys with scan recording by means of Trimble SX10
• Investigation of the performance of Multiple GNSS
• Evaluation of GNSS setups for construction site base networks and stakeout work
• Modeling and interfacing of RÜB laser scans for presentation in a GIS
• As-built survey by UAV flight
• Building modeling studies with Laserdata LIS
• Comparison of current and historical site plan of Spiegelberg
• Geometric and geophysical measurements at the Wetzstein tunnel
• Examples of visualization of very different objects with contemporary methods

Theses in the Master Surveying

• Analysis for as-built documentation in infrastructure construction - studies for the implementation of the Leica RTC360 into the existing work process.
• Accuracy study of Vigram (videogrammetry) in the construction industry and feasibility study for implementation in a large corporation
• Process development for 3D acquisition and BIM-compliant modeling using the example of an underground parking garage renovation project
• Potential analysis of a multispectral camera for terrestrial and UAV facade recording
• Investigation of optical sensors for roughness measurement on coordinate measuring machines
• Conception and implementation of a similarity search of roof surfaces in the 3D building model using the example of electricity yield of photovoltaic systems on roofs
• Detection and Consideration of Flexible Reference Frames in an Automated Measuring System with Strip Light Projector in Turbine Manufacturing
• Land consolidation and municipal heavy rain risk management, a chance for synergies?
• Analysis and classification of surface profiles from measurements with spherical tactile objects on coordinate measuring machines
• Investigation of the potential of tactile sphere systems on coordinate measuring machines for the generation of waviness profiles of technical surfaces
• Investigations to improve the georeferencing of MobileMapping systems by photogrammetric orientation of digital images
• Potential analysis for the use of an unmanned aerial system in the Office for Surveying and Land Consolidation at the Böblingen District Office
• Combined use of photogrammetry and fringe projection for high-precision, area-based recording of large industrial measurement objects - from the inspection plan to the results report
• Building Information Modeling - Staking out, modeling and recording of an industrial hall
• Development of a robust evaluation system for optical series measurements in the car body shop
• Investigation of photogrammetric evaluation software using data from UAV image flights with integration of RTK-GPS
• Comparison of multi-source DSM in forest areas for different habitat types
• Energy-, cost- and time-efficient insulation of industrial plants by combining geometric and thermographic information

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About 1 in 4 americans have unfavorable views of both biden and trump.

Joe Biden and Donald Trump each have enough delegates in the 2024 presidential primaries to secure their parties’ nominations for president . However, a sizable share of Americans are not particularly fond of either one.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand the American public’s opinion on presidential candidates Joe Biden and Donald Trump. Most of the data for this analysis comes from a survey of 12,693 respondents from Feb. 13 to 25, 2024.

Most of the respondents (10,642) are members of the American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel recruited through national random sampling of residential addresses. This gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection.

The other 2,051 respondents are members of three other panels: the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, the NORC AmeriSpeak panel and the SSRS opinion panel. All three are national survey panels recruited through random sampling (not “opt-in” polls). We used these additional panels to ensure that the survey would have enough respondents to report on the views of additional subgroups of adults.

For the part of the analysis focusing on the views of Republican primary supporters, we used the responses from a subset of the 4,792 U.S. adults who completed both the February survey and another ATP survey fielded from Nov. 27 to Dec. 3, 2023.

The surveys are weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this analysis and its methodology .

Roughly a quarter of Americans (26%) hold unfavorable views of both Trump and Biden. This “double negative” sentiment is more common among younger adults than older adults. Those who reject partisan labels – identifying as independent or “something else” and instead leaning toward a party – are also more likely to hold this combination of views.

Most Americans view only one of the two men favorably: 37% have a favorable view of Trump and an unfavorable view of Biden, while 34% have a favorable view of Biden and an unfavorable view of Trump. Just 2% of Americans say they have a favorable view of both , according to a Pew Research Center survey of 12,693 adults conducted Feb. 13-25.

‘Double negatives’ are more common among some demographic groups

Younger adults are particularly likely to be “double negatives.” About four-in-ten adults ages 18 to 29 (41%) have an unfavorable opinion of both Biden and Trump. In comparison, three-in-ten adults ages 30 to 49 and fewer than two-in-ten of those 50 and older dislike both men.

Partisanship

Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 72% have a favorable view of Trump only, while 4% have a favorable view of Biden only. About two-in-ten (22%) have unfavorable views of both .

But there are differences between those who identify as Republican and those who lean toward the Republican Party.

While Republican leaners are no more likely than Republican identifiers to view Biden favorably, they have less favorable views of Trump.

As a result, about a third of Republican leaners (35%) are double negatives, with an unfavorable view of both Biden and Trump. In comparison , just 15% of Republican identifiers are double negatives.

There is a similar dynamic among Democrats. About two-thirds of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say they have a favorable view of Biden and an unfavorable view of Trump. But among Democratic leaners, 38% have negative views of both Trump and Biden . That drops to 19% among those who identify as Democrats.

How many Haley, DeSantis supporters are ‘double negatives’?

Republican and Republican-leaning registered voters who supported a GOP candidate other than Trump for the 2024 presidential nomination are less favorable to the former president than those who backed him.

Nikki Haley’s primary supporters are especially likely to say they dislike both Trump and Biden. Among Republican and Republican-leaning registered voters who said in a December survey that they supported Haley for the Republican nomination, roughly half (53%) currently have unfavorable opinions of both Biden and Trump.

About four-in-ten (38%) of Haley’s supporters say they have a favorable view of Trump and not of Biden, while 9% say they have an unfavorable view of Trump but a favorable view of Biden.

Among Ron DeSantis’ December supporters, about three-in-ten are double negatives. Seven-in-ten have a favorable view of Trump and an unfavorable view of Biden.

An overwhelming majority of Trump’s primary supporters (96%) say they have a favorable view of Trump and an unfavorable view of Biden.

Biden and Trump favorability ratings

Overall, 62% of Americans have an unfavorable view of Biden – nearly identical to the 60% of Americans who view Trump negatively. (Read more about how Americans view Biden and Trump .)  

While Biden’s favorability ratings are little changed over the last year, they are more negative than they were in 2022. This shift has largely been within his own party: In July 2022, 75% of Democrats and Democratic leaners rated him positively. Today, 67% do.  

Republicans’ negative views of Biden have held steady over that time. Today, 94% say they have an unfavorable view of him.

Trump’s ratings are largely the same as they were in 2022. However, they are somewhat less negative than in 2023, as Republicans’ views have grown more positive.

Today, 73% of Republicans and Republican leaners hold a favorable view of the former president, up from 66% in July 2023.

Democrats continue to overwhelmingly view Trump negatively: 91% say they have an unfavorable view of him.

Views of Trump and Biden among racial and ethnic groups  

There have been only modest changes in views of Biden and Trump over the past two years among Black, Asian and White adults.

Among Hispanic adults, however, there are bigger changes. Hispanics are less likely to hold favorable views of Biden now than they were two years ago, and they are slightly more positive about Trump.

In July 2022, 54% of Hispanic adults held a favorable view of Biden. Today, that share has dropped to 37%.

At the same time, Trump’s favorability among Hispanic adults has ticked up, from 28% in July 2022 to 34% now.

Favorability by age

As has generally been the case for the past several years, younger Americans are less likely than older Americans to have favorable views of Biden or Trump.

Today, about three-in-ten adults under 30 say they have a favorable view of Biden (29%), while a nearly identical share (31%) have a favorable view of Trump.

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis and its methodology .

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .