presentation life cycle of frog

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The Frog Life Cycle!

See how this amazing animal grows from tadpole to frog….

Ready for the lowdown on these amazing amphibians? Learning hats on, gang, let’s discover the frog life cycle…

The frog life cycle

Frogs are animal athletes , with strong powerful legs that allow them to leap out of harm’s way. These powerful limbs are the secret to their success – and incredibly, it takes baby frogs weeks and weeks to grow them!

Like beautiful butterflies , frogs and toads undergo an astonishing transformation – which is called ‘ metamorphosis ‘ – as they grow up. From jelly-like eggs laid in water, they grow into wriggling tadpoles , and finally grow legs suitable for land!

But how does this mesmerising metamorphosis work? Let’s have a look at each stage of the frog life cycle in turn, to find out…

Stage 1: Extraordinary eggs

It all starts with adult frogs laying hundreds of tiny eggs , which clump together in groups known as frogspawn . This happens in early spring , when the weather is just starting to get warmer . Spotting frogspawn is often thought of as being a key sign of spring !

You can hunt for frogspawn in shallow, still water – a garden pond, for example! As the eggs are defenceless, they’re usually laid among vegetation and just below the surface of the water , to give them some protection .

If you’re lucky enough to spot some of these strange eggs, pay attention to their shape . Frogs lay ‘frogspawn’, which looks like a round cluster of eggs, while toads lay ‘toadspawn’, which comes in long ribbons .

DID YOU KNOW? As far as scientists are concerned, there’s no difference between frogs and toads! They have different characteristics , but share the same family tree .

In the frogspawn, the baby frogs start out as tiny black dots surrounded by a jelly-like substance. Over time, they become comma-shaped , as their tails begin to develop – amazing!

Stage 2: Teeny tadpoles!

After spending 1-3 weeks eating the yolk of their egg, the baby frog hatches into the big, wide world.

Now, the baby frogs are known as tadpoles. They have gills , a mouth , and a long tail , which they need for swimming !

DID YOU KNOW? The tadpole stage of the frog life cycle is also known as the larval stage . Tadpoles are frog larvae , in the same way that caterpillars are butterfly larvae!

For the first week or two after hatching, tadpoles won’t move around very much , as they’re still absorbing some nutrition from the yolk of their egg. However, once the yolk is all gone, the tadpoles are big and strong enough to venture out into their watery world!

Unlike adult frogs, tadpoles can’t go on land – so they feed on plant material filtered from the water, and tear off tiny chunks of nearby vegetation .

The legless, water-bound tadpoles slowly metamorphose into frogs over the next 14 weeks .

First, they grow back legs , then front legs too! Soon after, their body starts to change shape , and they’re able to start eating insects .

Next, the tadpoles’ tails shrink away , and skin grows over their gills , as they develop lungs and eardrums ! These are super important steps, as they prepare the tadpole for life on land .

Once their gills and tails are gone forever, tadpoles undergo one last 24-hour push , where the metamorphosis completes. Once this stage is finished, the baby frogs emerge from the water as tiny adults !

Amazingly, tadpoles are able to control the timing of their transformation. If they’re living in a dangerous environment, like a pond full of hungry fish, they will metamorphose more quickly, to make their escape! On the other hand, if their pond has lots of plants to munch through, and few predators – or if it’s extra cold on land – tadpoles can delay their metamorphosis, and remain in the water for up to a year. Wow!

Stage 3: Fully-grown frog!

And there you have it – the frogs are all grown up, and ready to head out into the big wide world!

As adults, frogs and toads are much less reliant on water. So long as they stick to the shade and don’t dry out , they can live on land – but they often return to ponds and lakes for a splash!

Before too long, the females will look for water to lay her own eggs. Once that’s happened, the life cycle is complete – what a frog-tastic life they lead!

Thanks to S. Hermann & F. Richter; Jill Wellington; PollyDot; David Clode, and Venita Oberholster for the images used in this article.

Have you ever found frogspawn, or spotted a frog let us know in the comments below, leave a comment.

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The Frog Life Cycle

The frog life cycle involves dramatic transformations – a process known as metamorphosis. Learn about the intricate stages of frog metamorphosis from the egg to tadpole into the adult frog. Also explore variations in the life cycle among different frog species.

Stages of Frog Metamorphosis

The frog life cycle has three basic steps: eggs → tadpole → adult. However, a lot goes on during each step.

Stage 1: Eggs

The life cycle of a frog begins with eggs, often laid in a cluster or string format, usually in still water or damp places. Females deposit hundreds or thousands of eggs to increase the chances of survival. The eggs are vulnerable to various predators and environmental conditions. Females of some species retain fertilized eggs and release them just before hatching (ovoviviparous) or after they hatch within her body (live-bearing or viviparous).

Stage 2: Embryo

The frog embryo begins forming within a protective jelly-like substance. After a few days, it resembles a tiny fish. The frog’s heart starts beating.

Stage 3: Tadpole

Soon, the embryos hatch as tadpoles. Tadpoles are the larval stage of frog development. These creatures somewhat resemble fish, with gills for breathing underwater and tails for swimming. They eat algae, leaves, and detritus in the water to fuel their growth. But, the tail also serves as a nutrient supply.

Stage 4: Metamorph Stage

After a few weeks, tadpoles undergo remarkable physical transformations in a process called metamorphosis. The tadpole grows hind legs, followed by front legs, while its tail slowly shortens and disappears. It develops lungs to replace gills and its diet shifts from being an herbivore to an omnivore or carnivore , depending on the species. The final transition from tadpole into froglet or frog is very fast (about a day) and the frog is vulnerable to predators and other threats.

Stage 5: Froglet

Once the tadpole grows legs, it is called a froglet. While it still may have a bit of tail left, it leaves the water and explores the terrestrial environment.

Stage 6: Adult Frog

Eventually, the froglet transforms into a mature frog. The frog’s development doesn’t stop here, though. Juveniles continue growing and developing features such as skin coloration, vocal sacs in males, and the ability to reproduce.

Frog Breeding Behavior

Frog breeding behaviors are diverse and fascinating. They usually return to the same bodies of water year after year for breeding purposes. The males attract females with distinctive calls, which also serve to ward off rival males.

Once a male and female pair up, the male clasps the female in a position known as amplexus. As the female releases her eggs, the male fertilizes them externally in the water. In a few species, the female retains her eggs and internal fertilization occurs. The breeding season varies depending on the species and the geographical location.

Variations in Metamorphosis across Frog Species

While the stages outlined above are the norm for most frog species, there are some variations. For example, the members of the family Leptodactylidae (the “marsupial frog”) carry their eggs in a pouch on their back. The eggs hatch into froglets, bypassing the tadpole stage entirely.

In the case of the Surinam toad, eggs embed in the female’s back and develop into froglets. Poison dart frogs lay their eggs on land, and the males carry the hatched tadpoles to nearby water bodies.

Direct development occurs in some species. This is where frogs hatch directly from eggs as small adults (no tadpole stage). The terrestrial-breeding Eleutherodactylus coqui or coqui frog reproduces via direct development. This is an adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle, where water bodies may be scarce.

Ten Fascinating Frog Life Cycle Facts

• Frogs lay a vast number of eggs because the survival rate is remarkably low; only about five out of 1,000 eggs become adult frogs. But, some females lay only part of their eggs at one time, in case conditions become more favorable later.
• Tadpoles don’t immediately look like adult frogs. They lack arms or legs but have a tail and they breathe through gills instead of lungs.
• The transformation process from tadpole to frog usually takes between 6 to 12 weeks, but in some species, it can last up to 2 years.
• Some frogs, like the glass frog, lay their eggs on the underside of leaves to protect them from predators.
• The wood frog ( Rana sylvatica ) has a symbiotic relationship with green algae. It includes the algae in the jelly mass with the eggs so photosynthesis helps boost oxygen for the larvae.
• The African Bullfrog lays up to 4,000 eggs at a time.
• A frog’s lifecycle is an indicator of an ecosystem’s health. They are bio-indicators, meaning their health directly relates to the overall health of the ecosystem.
• In cold climates, some species of frogs hibernate in winter. They bury themselves in the mud and their bodies produce a natural anti-freeze that protects their vital organs from damage.
• The gastric-brooding or platypus frogs from Australia swallow their eggs and brood them in their stomachs. The babies give birth through their mouth. Both species of these frogs are extinct, but scientists are using cloning to try to bring them back.
• Frogs use one of two methods of breeding: prolonged breeding or explosive breeding. In prolonged breeding, adults meet up at a pond or other location at a certain time of year. This is the usual method. In explosive breeding, the whole process of attracting mates, breeding, laying eggs, and progression to adulthood happens very quickly. Explosive breeding occurs where conditions are only favorable for a brief window of time.
• McDonald, K.R. (1990). “Rheobatrachus Liem and Taudactylus Straughan & Lee (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Eungella National Park, Queensland: distribution and decline”. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia . 114 (4): 187–194.

Related Posts

Life Cycle of Frogs - Stages of Frog Metamorphosis

There are over 4,800 known frog species found worldwide in a variety of habitats, from rainforests to deserts. They come in a wide range of colors, sizes, and even have unique adaptations depending on their environment. Frogs undergo a remarkable metamorphosis during their life cycle. They start as eggs laid in water, which hatch into tadpoles. Tadpoles are aquatic creatures with gills and tails. Through metamorphosis, tadpoles develop lungs and legs, transforming into adult frogs that can live both on land and in water.

This AnimalWised article will take you through the amazing life cycle of frogs , explaining each fascinating stage.

What is the process of reproduction in a frog?

How are frogs born, stage 1: egg, stage 2: tadpole, stage 3 - transformation from tadpole to frog, stage 4- adulthood.

Frogs ( anurans ) are dioecious , meaning they have separate sexes: male and female. Additionally, many frog species exhibit sexual dimorphism , where males and females have distinct physical characteristics.

Breeding season for frogs typically occurs in spring . During this time, females with mature eggs migrate to bodies of water. Here, they encounter males who use vocalizations to attract mates.

Fertilization in frogs is external, a process known as amplexus . The male clasps the female in a position called amplexus, which can be either inguinal (around the lower body) or axillary (around the chest). This position stimulates the female to release eggs. Simultaneously, the male releases sperm-laden seminal fluid, fertilizing the eggs externally as they emerge.

Frog eggs are typically surrounded by a gelatinous capsule . This capsule absorbs water, causing the eggs to swell and providing some protection from the environment.

The gelatinous mass serves several purposes . First, the lack of a hard shell on frog eggs makes them susceptible to drying out. Laying them in large masses helps retain moisture. Additionally, the gelatinous material offers some physical protection against bumps and potential predators. It can also act as a barrier against harmful microorganisms.

The specific location where eggs are laid varies depending on the frog species. Some species lay their eggs in large masses attached to aquatic vegetation, while others might deposit them within the rosettes of specific plants.

Frogs undergo a fascinating metamorphosis, not a traditional birth .

Within a few weeks of the fertilization, the eggs hatch into young larvae, called tadpoles . These exclusively aquatic creatures have gills for breathing underwater and a tail for swimming. They initially feed on the yolk sac attached to their bodies before developing a mouth and feeding on algae and plants.

Over a period of weeks or months, tadpoles undergo a remarkable transformation . They develop lungs, lose their gills and tail, and grow legs. This process is called metamorphosis.

Finally, the tadpole's body transforms completely , and a tiny frog emerges. When they reach this point, they are ready to live a semi-terrestrial life (hence the name amphibian) although they always need humid places or close to water sources.

While most frog species follow an R strategy , meaning they have many offspring with minimal parental care, some exhibit a K strategy with interesting parental behaviors. Species like the Surinam toad ( Pipa pipa ), Darwin's frog ( Rhinoderma darwinii ), and poison dart frogs ( Oophaga genus ) showcase this.

In these K-strategist species, the male takes a more active role . He protects the eggs laid on the forest floor from predators and even carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist.

Once hatched, the female of these K-strategist species might carry the tadpoles on her back until she places them in suitable locations like bromeliads (rosette-shaped plants). She might even feed them unfertilized eggs until they're strong enough for metamorphosis.

In the upcoming sections, we will explore the distinct stages of metamorphosis experienced by frogs in greater detail. We have organized these stages in the following way:

• Stage 1 : Egg
• Stage 2 : Tadpole
• Stage 3 : Transformation from tadpole to frog
• Stage 4 : Adulthood

Intrigued by frog reproduction ? Dive deeper in this article.

A frog's amazing transformation starts within the fertilized egg .

Early on, rapid cell division creates a ball of cells called a blastula . This blastula then undergoes a process called gastrulation. During gastrulation, the cells within the blastula rearrange to form different layers, establishing the basic blueprint for the tadpole's body. This includes the foundation for the digestive system, where the tadpole will eventually process its food.

Next comes neurulation , where a special area called the neural plate thickens. As development progresses, the neural plate transforms into the tadpole's nervous system, which will eventually control its movements and senses – a crucial system for both the tadpole and the adult frog.

Finally, after a period of around 6 to 9 days, depending on the species and water temperature, tiny tadpoles with gills and tails hatch from the eggs , ready to take on their aquatic life.

Ever wondered if frogs have bones ? Read on this other article to find out.

The tadpole stage is the second crucial phase in a frog's life cycle. This entirely aquatic stage is characterized by several key adaptations that allow the tadpole to thrive in the water until it's ready for its dramatic transformation into a land-dwelling frog.

Following fertilization, a tiny tadpole emerges from the egg. Unlike a future adult frog, the tadpole has a well-defined head and body, but crucially, it lacks limbs for locomotion at this point.

The tadpole's body is specifically designed for life in the water . A strong, flattened tail acts as a powerful swimming propeller, propelling the tadpole through the water. The ventral positioning of the mouth allows the tadpole to graze on algae and other food sources growing on underwater surfaces like rocks and plants. Behind the mouth, a unique feature called an adhesive disc can be found in some tadpole species. This specialized disc acts like a suction cup, allowing the tadpole to cling to plants or rocks in flowing water. This helps the tadpole maintain its position and avoid being swept away by currents.

On either side of the tadpole's head lie feathery structures called gills . These gills are essential for the tadpole's survival, as they allow it to extract dissolved oxygen from the water, similar to how fish breathe. Unlike adult frogs, tadpoles cannot breathe air yet.

While primarily herbivores feeding on algae and other plant matter, tadpoles exhibit surprising dietary flexibility . Rows of tiny teeth (labial teeth) around their mouths are perfect for scraping vegetation. However, some species are opportunistic feeders. Depending on the availability of food sources, they might consume small invertebrates or even resort to cannibalism if food is scarce.

The tadpole stage is a period of significant growth and development. Here, the tadpole focuses on gathering the nutrients it needs to prepare for the next critical stage – metamorphosis . This remarkable transformation will see the tadpole undergo a complete change, transitioning from an aquatic creature to a land-dwelling frog.

Curious about what tadpoles munch on ? Dive deeper in this article.

Stage 3 encompasses the entire metamorphosis process itself . It's the dramatic transformation where the tadpole, a fully aquatic creature, changes into a frog - an air-breathing amphibian capable of living both on land and in water (depending on the species). Here is what happens in more detail:

• Hind legs appear first, followed by the forelimbs, gradually transforming the tadpole into a more frog-like shape. These limbs become essential for hopping and maneuvering on land.
• Skin pigmentation develops, transitioning the tadpole from its translucent, aquatic appearance to a more camouflaged or brightly colored form suited for its terrestrial life.
• Through a controlled cell death process called apoptosis, the tail is reabsorbed . This not only streamlines the body for land movement but also provides essential nutrients for the developing frog's organs and tissues.
• Lungs develop within the tadpole's body, while the gills are gradually reabsorbed. This shift allows the frog to breathe air efficiently once it emerges from the water.
• The circulatory and nervous systems undergo significant changes to support the demands of an adult frog. The circulatory system becomes more complex to deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body, while the nervous system refines sensory processing and motor control for life on land.
• Eyes develop eyelids for protection from dust and debris, and the auditory system refines to pick up sounds better suited for a terrestrial environment. This allows the frog to locate prey, evade predators, and communicate with other frogs.
• The tadpole's mouth transforms into a muscular tool perfect for catching prey on land. The tongue becomes protrusible, allowing the frog to rapidly extend it and capture insects and other small invertebrates.

The duration of metamorphosis can vary depending on the frog species and environmental factors . It can take anywhere from a few weeks to several years for a tadpole to become a fully formed adult frog.

Following metamorphosis, the young frog (often called a froglet) will continue to grow and develop .

This period is marked by increasing size, further refinement of adult features, and eventually, reaching sexual maturity . The timeframe for reaching sexual maturity varies depending on the species, but it can take anywhere from a few months to several years. Once mature, the frog can participate in breeding and begin the cycle anew by laying eggs.

As an adult frog, the animal will spend its days hunting for food, avoiding predators, finding mates, and potentially caring for offspring (depending on the species). This stage can last for several years, with some frog species living for over a decade in the wild.

Dive deeper into the fascinating world of frogs. This article explores their amazing anatomy .

If you want to read similar articles to Life Cycle of Frogs - Stages of Frog Metamorphosis , we recommend you visit our Facts about the animal kingdom category.

• Hickman, C.P., Ober, W.C., & Garrison, C.W. (2006). Comprehensive Principles of Zoology , 13th Edition. McGraw-Hill-Interamericana, Madrid. 1022 pp.
• Kardong, K. V. (2007). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution . McGraw Hill, Interamericana. 782 pp.
• Wake, D.B., & Koo, M.S. (2018). Amphibians . Current Biology, 28(21), 1237-1241.

The Life Cycle of a Frog

It includes three stages: Egg, larva, and adult

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• M.S., Applied Ecology, Indiana University Bloomington
• B.S., Biology and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The life cycle of a frog consists of three stages: egg, larva, and adult. As the frog grows, it moves through these stages in a process known as metamorphosis. Frogs are not the only animals to undergo metamorphosis; most other amphibians also undergo remarkable changes throughout their life cycles, as do many species of invertebrates . During metamorphosis, two hormones, prolactin and thyroxine, control the transformation from egg to larva to adult.

Riza Arif Pratama / EyeEm / Getty Images

The breeding season for frogs usually occurs during the spring in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical climates. When male frogs are ready to breed, they often use loud croaking calls to attract partners. Males produce these calls by filling a vocal sac with air and moving the air back and forth to create a chirp-like sound.

When mating, the male frog holds onto the female's back, clasping his front legs around her waist or neck. This embrace is referred to as amplexus; its purpose is to ensure that the male is in the optimal position to fertilize the female's eggs as she lays them.

Stage 1: Egg

Peter Garner / EyeEm / Getty Images

Many species lay their eggs in calm water among vegetation, where the eggs can develop in relative safety. The female frog lays numerous eggs in masses that tend to clump together in groupings known as spawn. As she deposits the eggs, the male releases sperm onto the eggs and fertilizes them.

In many species of frogs, the adults leave the eggs to develop without further care. But in a few species, parents remain with the eggs to look after them as they develop. As the fertilized eggs mature, the yolk in each egg splits into more and more cells and begins to take the form of a tadpole, the larva of a frog. Within one to three weeks, the egg is ready to hatch, and a tiny tadpole breaks free.

Stage 2: Tadpole (Larva)

Johner Images / Getty Images

Tadpoles, frogs' larvae, have rudimentary gills, a mouth, and a long tail. For the first week or two after the tadpole hatches, it moves very little. During this time, the tadpole absorbs the remaining yolk left over from the egg, which provides much-needed nourishment. After absorbing the yolk, the tadpole is strong enough to swim on its own.

Most tadpoles feed on algae and other vegetation, so they are considered herbivores. They filter material from the water as they swim or tear away bits of plant material. As the tadpole continues to grow, it begins to develop hind limbs. Its body elongates and its diet grows more robust, shifting to larger plant matter and even insects. Later in development, front limbs grow and tails shrink. Skin forms over the gills.

Stage 3: Adult

Danny James / Getty Images

At approximately 12 weeks of age, the tadpole's gills and tail have been fully absorbed into the body, meaning that the frog has reached the adult stage of its life cycle. It is now ready to venture out onto dry land and, in time, repeat the life cycle.

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Science Projects > Life Science Projects > Life Cycle of a Frog  

Life Cycle of a Frog

What is a life cycle.

A life cycle  refers to the stages or changes that an animal goes through while it’s alive. A life cycle repeats itself (or goes in a circle) for each new generation of life.

There are lots of different kinds of animals living on earth and many different types of animal life cycles! Mammals (including humans) have babies that look similar to adults. Baby mammals grow bigger and bigger until they are full-grown.

Other animals (including beetles, frogs, and butterflies) go through a process called metamorphosis . Metamorphosis is a big word that means changing from one form into another. These animals look very different as babies than their parents do (which is one way that frogs snakes differ ).

Learn the four stages of metamorphosis in a frog’s life with the Life Cycle of a Frog Worksheet.

The Life Cycle of a Frog

Frogs are amphibians, which means that they can live in water or on land. They go through several stages of life before they become adult frogs and during those stages, they live only in water.

Stage 1: Egg

A frog begins life as a fertilized egg . A female frog lays a lot of eggs at one time in a pond. The eggs float on water in a jelly mass or cluster. The eggs will soon hatch into tadpoles!

Stage 2: Tadpole

When the tadpole hatches, it looks more like a fish than a frog. It doesn’t have any legs! It has gills that allow it to breathe underwater. The tadpole swims, eats plants and algae from the water, and grows for several weeks.

During this time, the tadpole starts to develop lungs so it will be able to breathe out of the water when it becomes a frog. The tadpole also starts to grow two hind legs. Now it can leap around instead of only swimming. Although the tadpole is starting to look a little more like a frog, it still has a very long tail!

Stage 3: Young Frog

The tadpole grows two front legs and its long tail becomes shorter and shorter. The tadpole uses the nutrients stored in its tail as food, so until its tail is completely gone, it doesn’t need anything else to eat! Then just a little stub of its tail is left, and the tadpole is a young frog. It hops right out of the water and onto dry land for the first time! The frog is still very small.

Stage 4: Adult Frog

The frog’s tail will eventually disappear completely and it will start to eat insects instead of plants from the water. The young frog will grow for about 2-4 years to become an adult. The adult frogs then lay their eggs and more tadpoles hatch and begin the cycle again!

Frog Life Cycle Worksheet

Use this free printable worksheet to learn the stages of a frog’s life cycle! Cut out the pictures of the eggs, tadpole, young frog (also called a froglet), and adult frog, and glue them to the life cycle where they belong.

Further study:

•  Frog Dissection Project Guide

More Life Cycles:

•  Life Cycle of a Honey Bee
•  Life Cycle of a Chicken

Take your lesson to the next level and grow your own frog(s). Use our frog kit or the classic grow a frog kit kit.

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Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000.

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Developmental Biology. 6th edition.

The frog life cycle.

Figure 2.1 uses the development of a frog to show a representative life cycle. Let us look at this life cycle in a bit more detail. First, in most frogs, gametogenesis and fertilization are seasonal events for this animal, because its life depends upon the plants and insects in the pond where it lives and on the temperature of the air and water. A combination of photoperiod (hours of daylight) and temperature tells the pituitary gland of the female frog that it is spring. If the frog is mature, the pituitary gland secretes hormones that stimulate the ovary to make estrogen. Estrogen is a hormone that can instruct the liver to make and secrete the yolk proteins, which are then transported through the blood into the enlarging eggs in the ovary. * The yolk is transported into the bottom portion of the egg ( Figure 2.2A ).

Early development of the frog Xenopus laevis. (A) As the egg matures, it accumulates yolk (here stained yellow and green) in the vegetal cytoplasm. (B) Frogs mate by amplexus, the male grasping the female around the belly and fertilizing the eggs as they (more...)

Another ovarian hormone, progesterone, signals the egg to resume its meiotic division. This is necessary because the egg had been “frozen” in the metaphase of its first meiosis. When it has completed this first meiotic division, the egg is released from the ovary and can be fertilized. In many species, the eggs are enclosed in a jelly coat that acts to enhance their size (so they won't be as easily eaten), to protect them against bacteria, and to attract and activate sperm.

Sperm also occur on a seasonal basis. The male leopard frogs make their sperm in the summer, and by the time they begin hibernation in autumn, they have all the sperm that are to be available for the following spring's breeding season. In most species of frogs, fertilization is external. The male frog grabs the female's back and fertilizes the eggs as the female frog releases them ( Figure 2.2B ). Rana pipiens usually lays around 2500 eggs, while the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, can lay as many as 20,000. Some species lay their eggs in pond vegetation, and the jelly adheres to the plants and anchors the eggs ( Figure 2.2C ). Other species float their eggs into the center of the pond without any support.

Fertilization accomplishes several things. First, it allows the egg to complete its second meiotic division, which provides the egg with a haploid pronucleus . The egg pronucleus and the sperm pronucleus will meet in the egg cytoplasm to form the diploid zygotic nucleus. Second, fertilization causes the cytoplasm of the egg to move such that different parts of the cytoplasm find themselves in new locations ( Figure 2.2D ). Third, fertilization activates those molecules necessary to begin cell cleavage and development ( Rugh 1950 ). The sperm and egg die quickly unless fertilization occurs.

During cleavage, the volume of the frog egg stays the same, but it is divided into tens of thousands of cells ( Figure 2.2E - H ). The animal hemisphere of the egg divides faster than the vegetal hemisphere does, and the cells of the vegetal hemisphere become progressively larger the more vegetal the cytoplasm. A fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel , forms in the animal hemisphere ( Figure 2.2H ). This cavity will be important for allowing cell movements to occur during gastrulation.

Gastrulation in the frog begins at a point on the embryo surface roughly 180 degrees opposite the point of sperm entry with the formation of a dimple, called the blastopore. Cells migrate through the blastopore and toward the animal pole ( Figure 2.3A , B ). These cells become the dorsal mesoderm. The blastopore expands into a circle ( Figure 2.3C ), and cells migrating through this circle become the lateral and ventral mesoderm. The cells remaining on the outside become the ectoderm, and this outer layer expands vegetally to enclose the entire embryo. The large yolky cells that remain at the vegetal hemisphere (until they are encircled by the ectoderm) become the endoderm. Thus, at the end of gastrulation, the ectoderm (the precursor of the epidermis and nerves) is on the outside of the embryo, the endoderm (the precursor of the gut lining) is on the inside of the embryo, and the mesoderm (the precursor of connective tissue, blood, skeleton, gonads, and kidneys) is between them.

Continued development of Xenopus laevis. (A) Gastrulation begins with an invagination, or slit, in the future dorsal side of the embryo. (B) This slit, the dorsal blastopore lip, as seen from the ventral surface (bottom) of the embryo. (C) The slit becomes (more...)

Organogenesis begins when the notochord—a rod of mesodermal cells in the most dorsal portion of the embryo—tells the ectodermal cells above it that they are not going to become skin. Rather, these dorsal ectoderm cells are to form a tube and become the nervous system. At this stage, the embryo is called a neurula . The neural precursor cells elongate, stretch, and fold into the embryo ( Figure 2.3A - D ), forming the neural tube . The future back epidermal cells cover them. The cells that had connected the neural tube to the epidermis become the neural crest cells . The neural crest cells are almost like a fourth germ layer. They give rise to the pigment cells of the body (the melanocytes), the peripheral neurons, and the cartilage of the face. Once the neural tube has formed, it induces changes in its neighbors, and organogenesis continues. The mesodermal tissue adjacent to the notochord becomes segmented into somites , the precursors of the frog's back muscles, spinal cord, and dermis (the inner portion of the skin). These somites appear as blocks of mesodermal tissue ( Figure 2.3F , G ). The embryo develops a mouth and an anus, and it elongates into the typical tadpole structure. The neurons make their connections to the muscles and to other neurons, the gills form, and the larva is ready to hatch from its egg jelly. The hatched tadpole will soon feed for itself once the yolk supply given it by its mother is exhausted ( Figure 2.3H ).

Amphibian development. The development of frogs is best portrayed in time-lapse movies and 3-D models. This CD-ROM segment follows amphibian development from fertilization through metamorphosis. [Click on Amphibian]

Metamorphosis of the tadpole larva into an adult frog is one of the most striking transformations in all of biology ( Figure 2.4 ). In amphibians, metamorphosis is initiated by hormones from the tadpole's thyroid gland, and these changes prepare an aquatic organism for a terrestrial existence. (The mechanisms by which thyroid hormones accomplish these changes will be discussed in Chapter 18.) In anurans (frogs and toads), the metamorphic changes are most striking, and almost every organ is subject to modification. The changes in form are very obvious. For locomotion, the hindlimbs and forelimbs differentiate as the paddle tail recedes. The cartilaginous skull of the tadpole is replaced by the predominantly bony skull of the young frog. The horny teeth the tadpole uses to tear up pond plants disappear as the mouth and jaw take a new shape, and the fly-catching tongue muscle of the frog develops. Meanwhile the large intestine characteristic of herbivores shortens to suit the more carnivorous diet of the adult frog. The gills regress, and the lungs enlarge.

Metamorphosis of the frog Rana. (A) Huge changes are obvious when one contrasts the tadpole and the adult bullfrog. Note especially the differences in jaw structure and limbs. (B) Premetamorphic tadpole. (C) Prometamorphic tadpole, showing hindlimb growth. (more...)

As metamorphosis ends, the development of the first germ cells begins. In Rana pipiens, egg development lasts 3 years. At that time, the frog is sexually mature and can produce offspring of her own. The speed of metamorphosis is carefully keyed to environmental pressures. In temperate regions, for instance, metamorphosis must occur before the pond becomes frozen. A Rana pipiens frog can burrow into the mud and survive the winter; its tadpole cannot.

2.1 Immortal animals. Imagine a multicellular animal that acquires immortality by reverting back to its larval form instead of growing old. That seems to be what the marine hydranth Turritopsis does. http://www.devbio.com/chap02/link0201.shtml

2.2 The human life cycle. The human animal provides a fascinating life cycle to study. Here are some websites that speculate about (A) when is an embryo or fetus “human”? (B) how might the strange way the human brain develops necessitate childhood? and (C) do humans undergo metamorphosis? http://www.devbio.com/chap02/link0202.shtml

Since the bottom half of the egg usually contains the yolk, it divides more slowly (because the large yolk deposits interfere with cleavage). This portion is the vegetal hemisphere of the egg. Conversely, the upper half of the egg usually has less yolk and divides faster. This upper portion is called the animal hemisphere of the egg. †

As we will see in later chapters, there are numerous ways by which the synthesis of a new protein can be induced. Estrogen stimulates the production of vitellogenin protein in two ways. First, it uses transcriptional regulation to make new vitellogenin mRNA. Before estrogen stimulation, no vitellogenin message can be seen in the liver cells. After stimulation, there are over 50,000 vitellogenin mRNA molecules in these cells. Estrogen also uses translational regulation to stabilize these particular messages, increasing their half-life from 16 hours to 3 weeks. In this way, more protein can be translated from each message.

The terms animal and vegetal reflect the movements of cells seen in some embryos (such as those of frogs). The cells derived from the upper portion of the egg are actively mobile (hence, animated), while the yolk-filled cells were seen as being immobile (hence, like plants).

• Cite this Page Gilbert SF. Developmental Biology. 6th edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. The Frog Life Cycle.

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Life cycle of a frog

I can name and describe the stages of a frog's life cycle.

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Follow a frog’s journey from an embryo to a fully grown frog. This lesson provides illustrations to show how frogs grow, first developing gills and a tail as a tadpole, then developing lungs and legs as a froglet. Flow charts with descriptions are included to show students what this looks like, and the lesson ends with a blank circular flow chart for students to demonstrate what they've learned.

NGSS: 3-LS1-1

Learning Objective

Students will be able to name, in order, the four stages of a frog's life cycle.

Introduction

A flow map is shown of a person’s life. One step is missing/empty and students have to draw or write in the missing stage. Explain that just as humans have stages in their lives, every living thing does too! Define what a life cycle is and explain that during a life cycle, living things may change or grow.

Instruction

Begin showing students the life cycle of a frog with the embryo first. Then move on to the tadpole and froglet. Finally, describe the transformation into an adult frog. Have students drag the pictures and labels into the correct box to show the sequence of a frog’s life cycle. Next, students draw a line to match the life stage to its description. Then students read a passage about “Freddy the Frog.” Read the story of his life and drag the correct words to fill in the blanks. Finally, students will have to rearrange the images to put them in the correct order and match the description to each life stage.

Students respond to ten multiple-choice and true/false questions. They will also drag the images of each life stage to the correct place.

Students use the pencil tool to fill in the diagram. Have students draw, name, and describe each stage of the life cycle of a frog.

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All about frogs presentation and life cycle activity KS1

Last updated

23 November 2023

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Resources included (2)

Life cycle of a frog foldable sequencing activity cut and paste KS1 KS2

All about frogs PowerPoint presentation KS1 science

This resource is a 23 slide PowerPoint and differentiated frog life cycle sequence activity. Suitable for spring science lessons or to use alongside rearing your own frogs from tadpoles.

Resource 1 - All about frogs PowerPoint Ribbit! This 23 slide PowerPoint presentation gives younger pupils a basic introduction to frogs, their features and life cycle. This engaging resource contains bright images, clear diagrams as well as animation to help children increase their understanding of these amazing amphibians.

The images are fixed in place but the text boxes allow for you to edit the content as you wish to suit the needs of your learners.

A full video preview of this resource can be viewed - please check this out prior to purchase to see exactly what’s included.

**Resource 2 - Life cycle of a frog foldable ** Pupils will love learning about the life cycle of a frog with this fun science craft! This is an engaging activity to support science learning on pond life, amphibians, life cycles, or frogs.

This resource contains 5 different templates so that you can differentiate the activity if needed:

Four part life cycle to colour, cut and fold.

Four part life cycle to colour, cut, order the stages, glue and fold.

Six stage life cycle to colour, cut and fold.

Six stage life cycle to colour, write in the life cycle stages, cut and fold.

Six stage life cycle to colour, cut, order the life cycle stages, glue and fold.

Instructions and pictures showing how to fold are included.

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arts entertainment Performing Arts

Dallas Symphony begins its semi-staged Wagner ‘Ring’ with the cycle’s first two operas

Music director fabio luisi will conduct ‘das rheingold’ and ‘die walküre’ at the meyerson..

By Scott Cantrell

6:00 AM on Apr 25, 2024 CDT

It’s one of the great epics of Western civilization, a four-part drama of family dysfunction and betrayal, of gods and mortals, giants and dwarfs, sacrifice and ultimate cleansing and renewal by fire and water. First performed as a cycle in 1876, Richard Wagner’s The Ring of the Nibelung represented bold new theatrical conceptions, and it has inspired subsequent stagings of mind-boggling imagination (and sometimes perversity).

The operatic tetralogy was also musically innovative, exploring new harmonic ambiguities and new orchestral colors. Continuous flows of music replaced the separate recitatives and arias of earlier operas. Recurrent musical themes called leitmotifs represented individual characters, settings, concepts, even a magic sword — and sometimes hidden thoughts.

Wagner called his Ring a Gesamtkunstwerk , a complete artwork melding language, scenery, dramatic interactions and newly expressive music. The Dallas Symphony Orchestra , though, is presenting the first two Ring operas — Das Rheingold and Die Walküre — in semi-staged performances at the Meyerson Symphony Center . The remaining two operas, Siegfried and Götterdämmerung , will be presented in October, along with the entire four-opera cycle in sequence.

With no sets and minimal props, singers will enact the drama on an additional forward stage extension — and sometimes on the choral terrace. Coordinating with singers via video monitors, music director Fabio Luisi will conduct the orchestra upstage. Simultaneous English translations will be projected over the stage.

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Luisi’s extensive and acclaimed experience in major opera houses on both sides of the Atlantic included seven years as principal conductor at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He conducted the Met’s Ring , DVDs of the last two operas garnering a Grammy Award. At his 2018 DSO appointment, Luisi announced plans for regular concert performances of operas. ( Former music director Jaap van Zweden conducted a concert performance of Die Walküre in 2018 .)

The DSO’s semi-staging is by Italian director Alberto Triola, who also directed DSO performances of Strauss’ Salome (2020) and Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin (2022).

Casts include Mark Delavan (Wotan), Stefan Margita (Loge), Deniz Uzun (Fricka), Tómas Tómasson (Alberich), Liang Li (Fasolt), Andrew Harris (Fafner), Sara Jakubiak (Sieglinde), Christopher Ventris (Siegmund), Stephen Milling (Hunding) and Lise Lindstrom (Brünnhilde).

Staging with light

The Ring revolves around a collection of gold with magical powers. Over the course of many episodes, characters both human and divine cheat, steal and murder to access that power. Ultimately, the gods themselves are doomed by the double-dealing of their head, Wotan, leading to collapse of the old world order and a new beginning.

With Wagner’s interweaving of philosophy, German and Norse myths — and socio-political critiques — both new and revived Ring stagings draw passionate devotees from around the world. How will each production portray fantastic scenes in the Rhine River, in a subterranean sweatshop, on a fire-ringed mountain and in a heavenly palace? Even for major international opera houses, assembling casts of necessarily heroic voices is a challenge, although a concert performance or semi-staging commits singers for less time.

With limited space, technical resources and rehearsal time, Triola had to devise a less obvious visual presentation.

“I found inspiration in light,” he says. “The music of Wagner is full of light. I have associated one color to each character, and each environment, and in some cases objects have their own colors. Das Rheingold is the most colorful of the four operas, finishing with a rainbow.”

Triola also will use some spaces apart from the stage extension. The Meyerson’s big C.B. Fisk organ will represent Valhalla, the new heavenly palace the gods prepare to enter at the end of Das Rheingold .

In our day of Regietheater — director’s theater — when Ring productions are as likely to perplex as illuminate, Luisi wanted more emphasis on the music.

“I hope the audience will be involved with this music,” he says, “that they can let go with the music, just be carried along by the music, without visual distraction. I try to make the visual experience less important in order to increase the importance of the auditory experience. For us musicians, it is ideal to do it in this concert form.

“The music is not always illustrating what’s happening onstage, but sometimes what the characters are not saying. When they are lying, you hear it in the music, and they lie all the time. It is a socio-political piece.”

Instrumental novelties

It’s a cliché that Wagner’s music is loud, and it certainly has some powerful climaxes. But most of the Ring is of moderate or even quiet sound levels. It does, however, call for some unusual instruments and combinations.

The score specifies, among other things, 12 harps (usually reduced to six), eight horns (four doubling on Wagner tubas), bass trumpet, contrabass trombone and, for the subterranean smithy, 18 anvils. What are called Wagner tubas, or tuben, were conceived by Wagner himself to bridge the sonic gap between horns and trombones. They look like small tubas with angled bells at the tops.

“They create an entirely unique, surreal and otherworldly sound concept and emotional effect whenever the theme for Valhalla is played,” says DSO principal horn Daniel Hawkins. “The tuben and horns use the same mouthpiece, and it is not uncommon for horn players to learn how to switch back and forth between these two instruments nowadays.”

Two of the Wagner tubas here will be played by DSO musicians, two by guests. This will be the first outing for a brand new set of handmade Wagner tubas from the Viennese maker Andreas Jungwirth. “These new instruments are beautiful works of art,” Hawkins says, “and they sound so majestic.”

Yet another challenge is scheduling unionized symphony orchestra musicians, accustomed to two-hour concerts, for operas that, in the case of the last Ring opera, Götterdämmerung , can last five hours (with intermissions).

“We had several discussions with the orchestra committee, making sure we were staying within the contract as much as possible,” says Katie McGuinness, the DSO’s chief artistic officer. “And when we had to stretch the rules of the contract, we had lengthy discussions with the musicians.

“I think they’re really excited about this opportunity, so they want to embrace this.”

We’ll have to wait till October for the completion of the DSO Ring , and for that great Redemption theme that soars at the end of Götterdämmerung. But along the way, Wagner’s great epic plumbs depths and scales summits of human experience, in music of unparalleled glory.

“As a conductor, my life changed when I first did the Ring ,” Luisi says. “My life as a musician and as a human being. You get a new understanding of pace and time.

“At the end of my first Götterdämmerung , I was enlightened. I was not tired at all. I was euphoric and enlightened. It was an unbelievable experience.”

The Dallas Symphony Orchestra and singers perform Das Rheingold at 7:30 p.m. May 1 and 4, and Die Walküre at 6 p.m. May 2 and 3 p.m. May 5. All performances at Meyerson Symphony Center, 2301 Flora St., Dallas. Each performance $60 to $303. 214-849-4376, dallassymphony.org .

Scott Cantrell , Special Contributor . Former staff classical music critic Scott Cantrell continues contributing as a freelance writer on classical music and art. His classical music reporting is supported by the Rubin Institute for Music Criticism, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, and the Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation. The News makes all editorial decisions.

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Life Cycle of a Frog

Oct 09, 2014

440 likes | 842 Views

Life Cycle of a Frog. The frog lays its eggs in the water or in wet places. A floating clump of eggs is called a frog spawn. A frog can lay thousands of eggs at one time!. WOW!. After 21 days, a tadpole is born! A tadpole is a baby frog. A tadpole has a long tail and lives in the water.

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Presentation Transcript

The frog lays its eggs in the water or in wet places.

A floating clump of eggs is called a frog spawn.

A frog can lay thousands of eggs at one time! WOW!

After 21 days, a tadpole is born! A tadpole is a baby frog.

A tadpole has a long tail and lives in the water.

Tadpoles eat very small plants that stick to larger plants in the water. These small plants are called algae.

After about 5 weeks, the tadpole grows hind legs and forelegs.

The tadpole also starts developing lungs!

Once in a while the tadpole swims up to the surface to breathe some air.

Over the next few weeks, the tadpole starts looking more like a frog. The tadpole’s tail gets smaller and it’s legs get larger. It’s lungs get bigger too.

Finally, the tadpole turns into a frog!

A frog has legs, lungs, and no tail. It eats insects and worms and lives mostly on land.

Eventually the frog finds a mate. The female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them.

Thenthe cycle begins all over again!

The frog lays it’s eggs. A tadpole is born.

The tadpole grows legs and develops lungs…

And then the tadpole turns into a frog!

CREDITS: Created by Stefanie Oddo All images courtesy of Microsoft Clipart Information provided from: http://www.tooter4kids.com/Frogs/life_cycle_of_frogs.htm

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