literature review on 5kva inverter

Solar Based Inverter Design: A Brief Review

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• First Online: 01 December 2019
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• A. Vishwitha 37 &
• Anil Kumar Bhat 37  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ((LNEE,volume 614))

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Agriculture is one of the highly contributing sectors of Indian economy. Successful agriculture mainly depends on availability of water, fertilizer and seeds. Ever-increasing energy demand and the depletion of fossil fuels have lead to research on the use of renewable energy in agriculture. An inverter converts DC voltage into AC voltage. Solar-powered inverters are capable of reducing the dependency on electricity supply and are capable of working in hybrid mode. This paper reviews some of the work carried out related to different types of inverter design. Out of the various inverter architecture like Square wave, Quasi sine wave and Sine wave, the Sine wave inverter provides the best efficiency and low harmonic noise. MPPT control is required to have a better power efficiency in PV panel, and Perturb and Observe method is best suited in terms of cost and simplicity. Compared to MOSFET, IGBT offers easier drive control and better efficiency. FPGA/Microcontroller-based design provides reprogrammability and ensures reliable design.

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Dileep DK, Bharath KR (2018) A brief study of solar home inverters. In: 2018 international conference on control, power, communication and computing technologies (ICCPCCT), Kannur, pp 334–339

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Li S, Zhang B, Xu T, Yang J (2014) A new MPPT control method of photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system. In: The 26th Chinese control and decision conference (2014 CCDC), Changsha, pp 2753–2757. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2014.6852640

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Vishwitha, A., Bhat, A.K. (2020). Solar Based Inverter Design: A Brief Review. In: Kalya, S., Kulkarni, M., Shivaprakasha, K. (eds) Advances in Communication, Signal Processing, VLSI, and Embedded Systems. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 614. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0626-0_36

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 5KVA SOLAR INVERTER

This work is on solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment.

₦  3,000.00 Original price was: ₦ 3,000.00. ₦  2,999.00 Current price is: ₦ 2,999.00.

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This work is on solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3      AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4      SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.5      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.7      LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.8      MOTIVATION

1.9      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.10   PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      INTRODUCTION

2.2         REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

2.3          OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.4      OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY

2.5      MAXIMIUM ANGLE OF INCLINATION

2.6      SOLAR PANEL

2.7          REVIEW OF DIFFERENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MOUNTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     METHODOLOGY

3.1      INTRODUCTION

3.2     BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3     DESCRIPTION OF SOLAR INVERTER UNITS

3.4     SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5      CIRCUIT OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION

3.6     DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

3.7     HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      IMPLEMENTATION

4.2      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.3      TESTING OF SOLAR PANELS

4.4     SOLAR PANEL MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1      CONCLUSION

5.2      RECOMMENDATION

5.2      REFERENCES

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection

The solar inverter is a vital component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50 or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in series or parallel to increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels at a site. Typically, communication support scheme is included so users can monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection.

At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, cloud cover, and time of day so adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the two controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT

If there is one factor that has perpetually maintained the status of Nigeria as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector. Till date, many households and industrial businesses cannot be guaranteed of 24 hours supply of electricity from the National grid. At this stage of Nigeria’s social and economic development, the country cannot deliver sufficient energy to the citizens despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the sector.

Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking significant portion of households, institutions of learning, and businesses incomes to supply power, noise pollution from regular humming generators have become integral part of living for many Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health. Because of these problems, there is a need to design and construct the solar panel inverter which is an off grid inverter to overcome power supply challenge in the society, reduce cost of energy consumed and eliminate noise/environmental pollution that is associated with running of generator.

1.3                                   AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to design and construct a solar power generating device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances .

The objectives are as follows: –

• (i) To ensure continuous availability of power supply in the cause of main outage during an execution of an important or urgent assignment. Thereby enabling the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.
• (ii) To reduce load on the National grid that turn to be reduce the overall energy consumption dependency on the main energy supply in the country
• To decrease customer utility bill on energy utilization because of its non-fuel consumption, low price and maintenance cost as compared to the convectional sources of power supplies within International and Local market.
• To reduce carbon discharges and subsequently reduce global warming particularly in a period when poor climatic change has become a threat to human survival and life in general to all living creatures hence an ever increasing concern to control it.

1.4                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery’s Direct Current (DC) into Alternative Current (AC) to feed home compliances.

Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC power system is not included inverters.

Basically, solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable and quality supply of alternative electricity free of surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency (50Hz). This project design aims at creating a 5000watts power source which can be utilized as a regular power source for private individuals in the office or at home. This project involves the design and construction of a 5000Watt hybrid Solar PV (photovoltaic) system which involves a solar panel, car battery and an inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer is generating his or her own electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills.

1.5                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to build a power generating device that is noiseless or carbon free which can be use to overcome the erratic nature of power supply in our country.

1.6                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The solar inverter is the second most significant (and second most expensive) component of a solar PV system. It’s important because it converts the raw Direct Current (DC) solar power that is produced by the solar panels into Alternating Current (AC) power that comes out of the wall sockets outlet. Inverters also have technology that maximizes the power output of that DC energy.

The use of solar power has many advantages. Firstly, the energy from the sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the sun will keep shining until the world’s end. Also, silicon from which most photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the second most abundant material in the earth’s crust).

Secondly, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

1.7                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

• Difficulty in information collection : I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
• Difficulty in parts gathering : I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.
• Financial Constraint : Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
• Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

The world as a whole is on a trajectory towards the exhaustion of fossil fuels. When that unavoidable exhaustion has been accomplished, possibly around the end of this century, whatever electrical energy is consumed by the civilization must be derived from renewable resources, which means that the sophisticated electricity-on-demand to which we have been accustomed, will be lost. Numerous researches have been accomplished in the field of renewable energy. Especially, research regarding renewable energy potential in a geographical location is much needed to promote renewable energy penetration.

For instance, studies such as focusing on Nigeria’s renewable mix, renewable harnessing potential, political aspects are highly needed to drive the decisions towards renewable. Apart from it, due to seasonal variations and intermittency characteristics of renewable energy, accurate predictions of various renewable energy resources are pivotal. Distributed generation systems have been gaining importance and renewable energies are getting a bigger ratio within energy production.

This promoted the usage of renewable energy with supporting various energy configuration and energy storage systems. When considering all the renewable, Solar PV has been considered to be a vital renewable source

1.8                                             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.9                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

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A literature review of fault detection and diagnostic methods in three-phase voltage-source inverters.

1. Introduction

• Voltage-source inverters (VSI): This is already applied in the field of EVs and intelligent renewable energy systems because of its ease of implementation, robustness, and high speed.
• Current-source inverters (CSI): CSIs are used only when a constant current output is required; nonetheless, the CSI is reasonable for certain motor drivers.
• Impedance-source inverters (ZSI): This employs an alternate impedance network to step up the DC voltage before conversion, allowing optimal power extraction from low-voltage sources or sources such as photovoltaic panels.
• Multilevel inverters: These inverters use several voltages to obtain a sinusoidal waveform to the best of their ability. They minimize harmonic distortion, increase overall efficiency, and improve the power quality.
• Hybrid multilevel inverters: Hybrid multilevel inverters outperform VSIs and CSIs but have features from both. These have uses in medium-voltage drives and renewable energy systems.

2. VSI Faults Overview

2.1. power switch, 2.1.1. open fault (f1) [ 83 ], 2.1.2. short fault (f2) [ 84 ], 2.1.3. gate misfiring (f3) [ 83 ], 2.2. anti-parallel diode, 2.2.1. open fault (f4), 2.2.2. short fault (f5), 2.3. link capacitor, 2.3.1. open fault (f6), 2.3.2. short fault (f7) [ 86 ], 2.4. input port, 2.4.1. single line-ground s.c. (f8), 2.4.2. line-line s.c. (f9), 2.5. output port, 2.5.1. single line-ground s.c. (f10), 2.5.2. double line-ground s.c. (f11), 2.5.3. line-line s.c. (f12), 2.6. sensor (f13), 2.6.1. bias fault [ 87 ], 2.6.2. gain fault [ 87 ], 2.6.3. drift fault [ 87 ], 2.6.4. sensor noise [ 87 ], 2.6.5. short circuit and open circuit [ 88 ], 2.6.6. freezing [ 88 ], 3. evaluation indicators of fdd approaches.

• Robustness and Adaptability: The capability of performing a task without failure, covering a wide range of situations, and performing effectively, even with load variation, transients, and noisy environments. This is in addition to the adaptation when minor changes may occur in the system, including component degradation and external changes.
• Computational Complexity: This is the complexity of the operation and the effort required by the algorithm for the detection and diagnosing processes. This mainly depends on the complication level of the mathematical functions and the decision-making operation.
• Detection Speed: In general, the duration of fault detection is significantly influenced by the complexity of the algorithm. The faster the detection speed is, the better the FDD approach will be. The detection speed is an important indicator for selecting effective methods from those that need more time to detect fault occurrence.
• False-Positive Rate (FPR): The FPR is a ratio of pure negative classes that have been classified and known to be negative or positive.
• False-Negative Rate (FNR): the FNR is equivalent to the ratio of the actual positive fault detection (true positive) that has been classified by the system as negative (false negative).

4. VSI FDD Methods

4.1. open switch, 4.1.1. spectrogram [ 27 , 28 , 90 ], 4.1.2. current trajectory using park’s transform [ 29 , 30 ], 4.1.3. normalized load current [ 31 ], 4.1.4. clark’s transform [ 32 ], 4.1.5. fuzzy logic [ 33 ], 4.1.6. sliding-window counting based on phase voltages [ 34 ], 4.1.7. artificial neural networks [ 35 ], 4.1.8. wavelet-nf [ 36 ], 4.1.9. model reference adaptive system (mras) [ 37 ], 4.2. short-switch fault.

• False gate triggering signal;
• Sudden overcurrent value;
• Overvoltage;
• Damage in the anti-parallel internal or external diode;
• Disturbance due to high dv/dt value.

4.2.1. Voltage Space Patterns [ 44 ]

4.2.2. s-transform [ 45 , 46 ], 4.2.3. di/dt feedback control [ 47 ], 4.2.4. gate signal [ 48 , 49 ], 4.2.5. transient current [ 50 , 51 ], 4.2.6. bond wire [ 52 , 53 ], 4.3. gate misfiring fault.

• Missing pulse;
• Intermittent pulse;
• Fire-through.

4.4. Anti-Parallel Diode Fault

4.5. electrolytic capacitor fault.

• Voltage smoothing at the DC-link bus;
• Filtering high-frequency components that can minimize the harmonics in the chain;
• Maintaining steady voltage and current levels for the reliable and stable operation of the VSI.

4.5.1. Evidence Reasoning Rule (ER) [ 59 ]

4.5.2. recursive least square (rls) [ 61 ], 4.5.3. thermal modeling [ 63 ], 4.5.4. transient current [ 64 ], 4.5.5. anfis [ 65 ], 4.5.6. capacitance estimation using ann [ 66 , 67 ], 4.6. sensor fault, 4.6.1. parity space [ 72 , 73 ], 4.6.2. observer [ 74 , 75 ], 4.6.3. adaptive observer [ 76 , 77 , 78 ], 4.6.4. time-adaptive with elm [ 79 ], 4.6.5. extended kalman filter [ 80 , 81 ], 4.6.6. wavelet [ 82 ], 5. results interpretation, 6. conclusions.

• What is the basis on which various FDD methods can be compared?
• Which of the FDD approaches are deemed to be most efficient for each type of fault?
• What is the current literature in the field of FDD?

Author Contributions

Conflicts of interest.

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Ajra, Y.; Hoblos, G.; Al Sheikh, H.; Moubayed, N. A Literature Review of Fault Detection and Diagnostic Methods in Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters. Machines 2024 , 12 , 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12090631

Ajra Y, Hoblos G, Al Sheikh H, Moubayed N. A Literature Review of Fault Detection and Diagnostic Methods in Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters. Machines . 2024; 12(9):631. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12090631

Ajra, Youssef, Ghaleb Hoblos, Hiba Al Sheikh, and Nazih Moubayed. 2024. "A Literature Review of Fault Detection and Diagnostic Methods in Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters" Machines 12, no. 9: 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12090631

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• Electrical / Electronics Engineering Topics

Design And Construction Of A 5KVA Solar Power Inverter

This work is on solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

Table of Contents

• Approval Page
• Acknowledgement
• Table of Content

Chapter One

1.0 introduction.

• 1.1 Background of the Project

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 aim and objective of the project, 1.4 scope of the project, 1.5 purpose of the project, 1.6 significance of the project, 1.7 limitation of the project, 1.8 motivation.

• 1.9 Research Methodology
• 1.10 Project Organisation

Chapter Two

2.0 literature review.

• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Review of Related Studies
• 2.3 Overview of the Study
• 2.4 Overview of Solar Energy
• 2.5 Maximum Angle of Inclination
• 2.6 Solar Panel
• 2.7 Review of Different Photovoltaic Mounting System

Chapter Three

3.0 methodology.

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Block Diagram
• 3.3 Description of Solar Inverter Units
• 3.4 System Circuit Diagram
• 3.5 Circuit Operation and Description
• 3.6 Description of Components Used
• 3.7 How to Choose a Right Inverter and Battery

Chapter Four

Result analysis.

• 4.1 Implementation
• 4.2 Testing of System Operation
• 4.3 Testing of Solar Panels
• 4.4 Solar Panel Maintenance

Chapter Five

5.0 conclusion and recommendation, 5.1 conclusion, 5.2 recommendation, 1.1 background of the study.

Solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection

The solar inverter is a vital component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50 or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in series or parallel to increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels at a site.

Typically, communication support scheme is included so users can monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection.

At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, cloud cover, and time of day so adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the two controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power.

If there is one factor that has perpetually maintained the status of Nigeria as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector. Till date, many households and industrial businesses cannot be guaranteed of 24 hours supply of electricity from the National grid. At this stage of Nigeria’s social and economic development, the country cannot deliver sufficient energy to the citizens despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the sector.

Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking significant portion of households, institutions of learning, and businesses incomes to supply power, noise pollution from regular humming generators have become integral part of living for many Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health. Because of these problems, there is a need to design and construct the solar panel inverter which is an off grid inverter to overcome power supply challenge in the society, reduce cost of energy consumed and eliminate noise/environmental pollution that is associated with running of generator.

The main aim of this project is to design and construct a solar power generating device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances.

The objectives are as follows: –

• To ensure continuous availability of power supply in the cause of main outage during an execution of an important or urgent assignment. Thereby enabling the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.
• To reduce load on the National grid that turn to be reduce the overall energy consumption dependency on the main energy supply in the country
• To decrease customer utility bill on energy utilization because of its non-fuel consumption, low price and maintenance cost as compared to the convectional sources of power supplies within International and Local market.
• To reduce carbon discharges and subsequently reduce global warming particularly in a period when poor climatic change has become a threat to human survival and life in general to all living creatures hence an ever increasing concern to control it.

The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery’s Direct Current (DC) into Alternative Current (AC) to feed home compliances.

Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC power system is not included inverters.

Basically, solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable and quality supply of alternative electricity free of surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency (50Hz). This project design aims at creating a 5000watts power source which can be utilized as a regular power source for private individuals in the office or at home. This project involves the design and construction of a 5000Watt hybrid Solar PV (photovoltaic) system which involves a solar panel, car battery and an inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer is generating his or her own electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills.

The purpose of this work is to build a power generating device that is noiseless or carbon free which can be use to overcome the erratic nature of power supply in our country.

The solar inverter is the second most significant (and second most expensive) component of a solar PV system. It’s important because it converts the raw Direct Current (DC) solar power that is produced by the solar panels into Alternating Current (AC) power that comes out of the wall sockets outlet. Inverters also have technology that maximizes the power output of that DC energy.

The use of solar power has many advantages. Firstly, the energy from the sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the sun will keep shining until the world’s end. Also, silicon from which most photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the second most abundant material in the earth’s crust).

Secondly, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

i. Difficulty in Information Collection:

I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.

ii. Difficulty in Parts Gathering:

I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.

iii. Financial Constraint:

Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

iv. Time Constraint:

The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

The world as a whole is on a trajectory towards the exhaustion of fossil fuels. When that unavoidable exhaustion has been accomplished, possibly around the end of this century, whatever electrical energy is consumed by the civilization must be derived from renewable resources, which means that the sophisticated electricity-on-demand to which we have been accustomed, will be lost. Numerous researches have been accomplished in the field of renewable energy. Especially, research regarding renewable energy potential in a geographical location is much needed to promote renewable energy penetration.

For instance, studies such as focusing on Nigeria’s renewable mix, renewable harnessing potential, political aspects are highly needed to drive the decisions towards renewable. Apart from it, due to seasonal variations and intermittency characteristics of renewable energy, accurate predictions of various renewable energy resources are pivotal. Distributed generation systems have been gaining importance and renewable energies are getting a bigger ratio within energy production.

This promoted the usage of renewable energy with supporting various energy configuration and energy storage systems. When considering all the renewable, Solar PV has been considered to be a vital renewable source

1.8 Research Methodology

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.9 Project Organisation

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) installers, also known as PV installers, assemble, install, and maintain solar panel systems on rooftops or other structures.

Solar PV panels convert sunlight to electricity, and PV installers put these systems in place. PV installers use a variety of hand and power tools to install PV panels. They often use drills, wrenches, saws, and screwdrivers to connect panels to frames, wires, and support structures.

Many new PV installers begin by performing basic tasks, such as installing support structures and placing PV panels or PV shingles on top of them. Once the panels are in place, more-experienced installers usually perform more-complex duties, such as connecting electrical components.

Depending on the job and state laws, PV installers may connect the solar panels to the electric grid, although electricians sometimes perform this duty. Once the panels are installed, workers check the electrical systems for proper wiring, polarity, and grounding, and they also perform maintenance as needed.

Working on this topic as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.

For maximum energy gain, solar panels should be inclined at optimal tilt angle and seasonal adjustment of the panel may lead to considerable gain in power obtained from solar energy.

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 5KVA INVERTER

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Design and Installation of a 3.5KVA Solar Photovoltaic Power System

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