definition of proposal argument essay

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12 Type 4: Proposal Argument

Proposal arguments.

Proposal arguments attempt to push for action of some kind. They answer the question “What should be done about it?”

In order to build up to a proposal, an argument needs to incorporate elements of definition argument, evaluation argument, and causal argument. First, we will need to define a problem or a situation that calls for action. Then we need to make an evaluation argument to convince readers that the problem is bad enough to be worth addressing. This will create a sense of urgency within the argument and inspire the audience to seek and adopt proposed action. In most cases, it will need to make causal arguments about the roots of the problem and the good effects of the proposed solution.

Below are some elements of proposal arguments. Together, these elements can help us create a sense of urgency about the need for action and confidence in your proposal as a solution.

Common elements of proposal arguments

Background on the problem, opportunity, or situation.

Often just after the introduction, the background section discusses what has brought about the need for the proposal—what problem, what opportunity exists for improving things, what the basic situation is. For example, management of a chain of daycare centers may need to ensure that all employees know CPR because of new state mandates requiring it, or an owner of pine timberland in eastern Oregon may want to make sure the land can produce saleable timber without destroying the environment.

While the named audience of the proposal may know the problem very well, writing the background section is useful in demonstrating our particular view of the problem. If we cannot assume readers know the problem, we will need to spend more time convincing them that the problem or opportunity exists and that it should be addressed. For a larger audience not familiar with the problem, this section can give detailed context.

Description of the proposed solution

Here we define the nature of what we are proposing so readers can see what is involved in the proposed action. For example, if we write an essay proposing to donate food scraps from restaurants to pig farms, we will need to define what will be considered food scraps. In another example, if we argue that organic produce is inherently healthier for consumers than non-organic produce, and we propose governmental subsidies to reduce the cost of organic produce, we will need to define “organic” and describe how much the government subsidies will be and which products or consumers will be eligible. See 7.2: Definition Arguments for strategies that can help us elaborate on our proposed solution so readers can envision it clearly.

If we have not already covered the proposal’s methods in the description, we may want to add this. How will we go about completing the proposed work? For example, in the above example about food scraps, we would want to describe and how the leftover food will be stored and delivered to the pig farms. Describing the methods shows the audience we have a sound, thoughtful approach to the project. It serves to demonstrate that we have the knowledge of the field to complete the project.

Feasibility of the project

A proposal argument needs to convince readers that the project can actually be accomplished. How can enough time, money, and will be found to make it happen? Have similar proposals been carried out successully in the past? For example, we might observe that according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rutgers University runs a program that sends a ton of food scraps a day from its dining halls to a local farm. 1 If we describe how other efforts overcame obstacles, we will persuade readers that if they can succeed, this proposal can as well.

Benefits of the proposal

Most proposals discuss the advantages or benefits that will come from the solution proposed. Describing the benefits helps you win the audience to your side, so readers become more invested in adopting your proposed solution. In the food scraps example, we might emphasize that the Rutgers program, rather than costing more, led to $100,000 a year in savings because the dining halls no longer needed to pay to have the food scraps hauled away. We could calculate the predicted savings for our new proposed program as well.

In order to predict the positive effects of the proposal and show how implementing it will lead to good results, we will want to use causal arguments. The strategies in 7.5: Causal Arguments will be helpful here. This is a good time to refer back to the problem we identified early in the essay and show how the proposal will resolve that original problem.

Sample annotated proposal argument

The sample essay “Why We Should Open Our Borders” by student Laurent Wenjun Jiang can serve as an example. Annotations point out how Jiang uses several proposal argument strategies.

Sample proposal essay “Why We Should Open Our Borders” in PDF with margin notes
Sample proposal essay “Why We Should Open Our Borders” accessible version with notes in parentheses

Find a proposal argument that you strongly support. Browse news and opinion websites, or try The Conversation . Once you have chosen a proposal, read it closely and look for the elements discussed in this section. Do you find enough discussion of the background, methods, feasibility, and benefits of the proposal? Discuss at least one way in which you think the proposal could be revised to be even more convincing.

Works Cited

1 “Fact Sheet About the Food Scraps Diversion Program at Rutgers University.” Environmental Protection Agency, U.S . October 2009, https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-mana…ers-university . Accessed 12/10/2021.

Attributions

Parts of this section on proposal arguments are original content by Anna Mills and Darya Myers. Parts were adapted from Technical Writing, which was derived in turn by Annemarie Hamlin, Chris Rubio, and Michele DeSilva, Central Oregon Community College, from Online Technical Writing by David McMurrey – CC BY 4.0 .

Screen-Reader Accessible Annotated Proposal Argument

Format note: This version is accessible to screen reader users. For a more traditional visual format, see the PDF version of “Why We Should Open Our Borders” above.

Laurent Wenjun Jiang

Prof. Natalie Peterkin

July 25, 2020

Why We Should Open Our Borders

Refugees, inequalities, economic instabilities…the fact that we are bombarded by news on those topics every day is proof that we live in a world with lots of problems, and many of us suffer as a consequence. Nations have tried a variety of solutions, but the reality has not improved. Yet there exists a single easy measure that could solve almost all of the problems mentioned above: an open-border policy. The current border and immigration practices, including border controls and detention centers, are unjustified and counterproductive. (Note: The first body paragraph gives background on the problem, opportunity, or situation.) This paper discusses the refugee problem, the history of open-border policy, the refutations for the current border policies on philosophical and moral grounds, and the arguments why this open-border policy will work economically.

Refugees are a problem of worldwide concern. Recently the biggest wave of refugees came from Syria, which witnessed an eight-year-long civil war. In an interview, a Syrian refugee expresses deep sorrows regarding the loss of her home: “My brothers, sisters, uncles, neighbors, streets, the bread ovens, schools, children going to schools …we miss all of that, everything in Syria is precious to us” she says, with tears hovering in her eyes (Firpo). She also exposes the terrible living conditions there: “[W]e didn’t run away, Syria has become uninhabitable. Not even animals could live there. No power, no running water, no safety, and no security. You don’t know who to fight…even when you lock yourself away, you’re not safe…I was most scared of seeing my children die right in front of me” (Firpo). (Note: Moving refugee testimonies serve as evidence supporting the claim that their situation is one of great urgency.) As heart-breaking as it sounds, we should also know that this is only the tip of the iceberg: Gerhard Hoffstaedter, an anthropologist at the University of Queensland, states that there are around 70 million displaced people in developing countries, which is the highest recorded number since the 1950s, causing the United Nations to call this world issue “a crisis.” The leading nations in the world do not offer enough support to displaced people living in abject conditions. Refugees at the U.S.-Mexico border and in Southeast Asia and Australia are constantly kept in detention centers. Many nations do not comply with the provisions signed in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the succeeding 1967 Protocol; they treat the refugees only as those in passive need of simply humanitarian aids (Hoffstaedter). In this crisis, it is our common responsibility as members of an international community to help those who are in need.

Historically, the large-scale control of the mobility of people is a relatively new phenomenon worldwide. (Note: This body paragraph starts with a definition argument to show that the current trend is new. This argument later becomes support for the idea that open borders are possible.) In the modern era, border signifies “ever more restrictive immigration policies” at the same time grants “greater freedom of mobility to capital and commodities”, as defined in the editorial “Why No Borders.” This creates a contradictory ideology that could cause potential harm to those who need to migrate (Anderson, et al.). John Maynard Keynes dates the beginning of this process only back to World War I in the early 20th century. However, this trend did not become widespread until after World War II. According to a historical outline created by Christof Van Mol and Helga de Valk, due to the booming in the industrial production in northwestern Europe in the 1950s, the local workers were increasingly educated and gradually became whitecollar employers, leaving vacancies in blue-collar occupations (Mol and Valk).

Thus, those countries started recruiting immigrants from other parts of Europe and even North Africa: for example, Germany and France started seasonal working programs to attract immigrants (Mol and Valk). Because of the lack of job opportunities in the other parts of Europe and North Africa and the need for workers in the industrializing countries in Northern and Western Europe, “international migration was generally viewed positively because of its economic benefits, from the perspective of both the sending and the receiving countries” (Mol and Valk). This early migration pattern within Europe provides the basic model for the European Union that builds on the fundamental ideology of the free movements of goods and human resources. In recent days, the European Union has become one of the biggest multinational organizations, which can also serve as a successful example of this open-border ideology, at least on a regional scale.

Borders do not satisfy the needs of contemporary societies. From both philosophical and moral perspectives, restrictive border policies are not justified. First of all, borders divide and subjugate people. The editorial “Why No Borders” describes the border as being“thoroughly ideological” (Anderson, et al.). The authors argue that because border policies try to categorize people into “desirable and non-desirable” according to their skills, race, or social status, etc., they thus create an interplay between “subjects and subjectivities,” placing people into “new types of power relationship” (Anderson, et al.). This is what is identified as the ultimate cause of the divisions and inequalities between people.

Some fear that competition from immigrants would cause a reduction in the wages of local workers (Caplan). (Note: In this body paragraph, the author attempts to disprove the counterargument about a downside of open borders for local workers.) This is not an uncalled-for worry, but it is also a misunderstanding of the nature of the open-border policy. Nick Srnicek reasons that this kind of competition has already existed under the current trend of globalization, where workers in developed countries are already competing against those in developing countries that have cheaper labor. He argues, “Workers in rich countries are already losing, as companies eliminate good jobs and move their factories and offices elsewhere” (Srnicek). The border serves companies by making workers in the developing world stay where wages are low. Thus, “companies can freely exploit” cheap labor. In this sense, workers on both sides will be better off under an open-border policy (Srnicek). A recent study from the University of Wisconsin-Madison investigating the economic implications of immigration between rich and poor countries concluded that the benefits of an open-border policy far outweigh the cons and that “the real wage effects are small” (Kennan).

Although an open border could lead to minor reductions in the wages of local workers in developed countries, there is a simple solution. Since the labor market follows the economic law of supply, work supply and wages are inversely related, meaning that the lower the supply of labor, the more wages rise. (Note: This paragraph could be seen as a limit and a rebuttal because the open border would need to be combined with changes to labor laws in order to avoid a possible bad effect.) Nick Srnicek proposes, “a shortening of the workweek…would reduce the amount of work supplied, spread the work out more equally among everyone and give more power to workers … more free time to everyone” (Srnicek). Thus, although the open-border policy is not perfect, its downside is easy to address. (Note: The author does not investigate how much time, money, and will an open border policy would need; the argument remains mostly theoretical because it doesn’t address feasibility.)

As an expatriate myself, I can truly relate to this type of thinking. Due to a variety of the political, economic, and social limitations that I came across in my home country, I was not able to achieve self-actualization. In pursuit of a better education and a more free living environment, I went abroad and finally arrived in this country a few years ago. It was not until then that I gained a vision of my future. Now I am working in hopes that one day the vision could become reality. Sometimes I cannot help wondering what could happen if I was not so lucky to be where I am today. But at the same time, I am also conscious of the fact that there are also millions of people out there who cannot even conceive of what it is like to actualize their lives. (Note: The conclusion humanizes the possible benefits of the proposed solution.) I am sure that one of the mothers who escaped her war-torn home country with her family has the sole hope to witness her children growing up in a happy and free place, just like any mother in the world. I am sure that there is one little girl whose family fled her country in desperation who once studied so hard in school, dreaming of becoming the greatest scientist in the world. I am also sure that there is a young boy who survived persecutions and wishes to become a politician one day to make the world a better place for the downtrodden. Because of borders, these children can only dream of the things that many of us take for granted every day. We, as human beings, might be losing a great mother, great scientist, great politician, or just a great person who simply wishes for a better world. But everything could be otherwise. Change requires nothing but a minimal effort. With open borders, we can help people achieve their dreams.

Hoffstaedter, Gerhard. “There Are 70 Million Refugees in the World. Here Are 5 Solutions to the Problem.” The Conversation , 24 Mar. 2020, theconversation.com/there-are-70-million-refugees-in-the-world-here-are-5- solutions-to-the-problem-118920.

Anderson, Sharma. “Editorial: Why No Borders?” Refuge , vol. 26, no. 2, 2009, pp.5+. Centre for Refugee Studies, York University. Accessed July 26, 2020.

D, D. “Keynes, J. M., The economic consequences of the peace.” Ekonomisk tidskrift, vol. 22, no. 1, Basil Blackwell Ltd., etc, Jan. 1920, p. 15–. Accessed July 26, 2020.

Srnicek, Nick. “The US$100 Trillion Case for Open Borders.” The Conversation , 18 Feb. 2020, theconversation.com/the-us-100-trillion-case-for-open-borders-72595.

Caplan, Bryan. “Why Should We Restrict Immigration?” Cato Journal , vol. 32, no. 1, 2012, pp. 5-24. ProQuest , https://libris.mtsac.edu/login?url=https://search- proquest-com.libris.mtsac.edu/docview/921128626?accountid=12611.Accessed July 26, 2020.

Kennan, John. “Open Borders in the European Union and Beyond: Migration Flows and Labor Market Implications.” NBER Working Paper Series, 2017, www.nber.org/papers/w23048.pdf.

Firpo, Matthew K., director. Refuge . 2016. The Refuge Project, www.refugeproject.co/watch.

Van Mol, Cristof, and Helga de Valk. “Migration and Immigrants in Europe: A Historical and Demographic Perspective.” Integration Processes and Policies in Europe , edited by Blanca Garcés-Mascareñas and Rinus Penninx, 2016, IMISCOE Research Series, pp. 33-55.

Attribution

This sample essay was written by Laurent Wenjun Jiang and edited and annotated by Natalie Peterkin. Licensed CC BY-NC 4.0 .

Chapter Attribution

This chapter is from “Forming a Research-Based Argument” in in How Arguments Work: A Guide to Writing and Analyzing Texts in College by Anna Mills under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.

Upping Your Argument and Research Game Copyright © 2022 by Liona Burnham is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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What Is a Proposal Argument Essay?

Arin bodden.

A proposal argument is one of the most common and effective forms of argumentation. Done well, it can influence the opinion of even the most opposed audience member. While there are a variety of methods in constructing this type of argument, the audience, purpose, and basic components remain the same and must always be included. A proposal argument defines a problem and suggests a remedy, solution or course of action for a specified audience; additionally, this style of argument examines various sides of the issue so that the audience is well-informed.

Explore this article

Audience & Purpose
When writing a proposal argument
Description of Problem
Is a description
Proposed Solution
In a proposal argument
Justification for Solution
You can have an excellent solution

1 Audience & Purpose

2 when writing a proposal argument.

When writing a proposal argument, define your audience and your purpose. The tone and structure of your argument can vary widely depending on these factors; for example, a proposal argument to invoke limits on welfare would look very different if you are writing it to a senator as opposed to welfare recipients. Knowing your purpose makes the paper’s effectiveness easier to ascertain. If your purpose is to persuade your school’s president that core classes should not be required, use that purpose to evaluate whether or not the argument is successful.

3 Description of Problem

4 is a description.

One of the core elements of a proposal argument is a description of the existing problem. This description can include extensive historical or social context, a review of the surrounding issues and a clear and complete discussion of the significance of the problem. Keep your audience in mind so that this description shows how the problem applies directly to them and their lives, values and cares. Use concrete details, vivid examples and compelling facts to show how the problem has immediacy in the lives of your readers. This description is the key to setting up your argument for success.

5 Proposed Solution

6 in a proposal argument.

In a proposal argument, you go beyond explaining the problem; you also present a solution that is well-considered and will resonate with your audience. The solution most likely will take research so you can back it up with facts. Use this section of your essay to set out your proposal in detail, showing any kinds of costs associated, how the solution will work in a step-by-step fashion, the difficulties and successes anticipated in undertaking the solution and how this proposal will solve the problem you laid out. This is the section to explore the solution in a manner that causes your audience to buy into your ideas.

7 Justification for Solution

8 you can have an excellent solution.

You can have an excellent solution, but in order to convince your audience to accept it, you must justify how the solution you set out will impact your selected audience and work for them. This area is not a place for emotional appeals; rather, it is a place for solid facts and concrete conclusions that prove the efficacy of your argument to your audience.

1 Kean University: Proposal Essays
2 Miracosta College: Proposal Arguments

About the Author

Based in the Pacific Northwest, Arin Bodden started writing professionally in 2003. Her writing has been featured in "Northwest Boulevard" and "Mermaids." She received the Huston Medal in English in 2005. Bodden has a Master of Arts in English from Eastern Washington University. She currently teaches English composition and technical writing at the university level.

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Part 4: Rhetorical Modes

18 Proposal Arguments

Proposal argument.

A proposal argument is a structure of argument that focuses on presenting some kind of proposal as a solution to a problem, outlining the details of the proposal, and providing good reasons to support the proposal. In this type of argument, you must propose a solution to a problem. First, you must establish a clear problem and then propose a specific solution to that problem. For example, you might argue for a proposal that would increase retention rates at your college.

This type of essay works well if you see a problem you want to fix or see the change you want to make. For example, it’s not enough to argue that cigarette smoking is bad for one’s health. Most people would agree. But, you could make a good argument that we need a plan to cut down on teens who are becoming addicted to cigarettes.

A proposal, in the technical sense, is a document that tries to persuade the reader to implement a proposed plan or approve a proposed project. Most businesses rely on effective proposal writing to ensure the successful continuation of their business and to get new contracts. The writer tries to convince the reader that the proposed plan or project is worth doing (worth the time, energy, and expense necessary to implement or see it through), that the author represents the best candidate for implementing the idea, and that it will result in tangible benefits.

Your proposal must persuade the reader that your idea is the one most worth pursuing. Proposals are persuasive documents intended to initiate a project and get the reader to authorize a course of action proposed in the document. These might include proposals to

Perform a task (such as a feasibility study, a research project, etc. )
Provide a product
Provide a service

All proposals must be convincing, logical, and credible, and to do this, they must consider audience, purpose, and tone.

The problem/solution pattern is commonly used in identifying something that’s wrong and in contemplating what might be done to remedy the situation. For example, the problem of water pollution could be described, followed by ideas of new ways to solve the problem. There are probably more ways to organize a problem/solution approach, but here are three possibilities:

Describe the problem, followed by the solution
Propose the solution first and then describe the problems that motivated it
Explain a problem, followed by several solutions, and select one solution as the best

Emphasize the words problem and solution to signal these sections of your paper for your reader.

Here’s an example article from T he New York Times , “ Monks Embrace Web to Reach Recruits ,” that highlights an unexpected approach by a group of Benedictine monks in Rhode Island; they’ve turned to social media to grow their dwindling membership.

Proposal Structure

Watch the video below to learn more about the structure of a proposal argument.

When writing a proposal argument, it’s important that you don’t try to take on too much given the length of your assignment and the time you have to write your essay. Think about proposals that work well given the constraints of the assignment.

If you have a choice in what you write about, find something you feel passionately about . If you’re going to be writing a specific proposal to solve a problem, it helps if you care about the problem.

Think about your audience members as you plan and write. What kind of information do they need? What will be convincing to them? Think about your audience as you work to use ethos , pathos , and logos .

A Sample Essay with annotation can be found here .

Time to Write

Purpose: This assignment will demonstrate the understanding of how to do a full research paper in the problem/solution mode. Students will research a problem and identify a legitimate solution to the problem.

Task: This assignment presents a solution to the problem based on your approved topic.

Write a Proposal Essay. This essay should clearly identify a workable solution to the problem you have been researching. Your research should include the solution’s details (the costs, feasibility, acceptability, and benefits of the solution). This is an Argument essay, so you aren’t making a presentation of facts, you are presenting a position and supporting it. Explain what the problem is very briefly. Then explain in great detail about the solution. Include the costs, not just in money but time and people and opportunity costs. Explain the steps on how it can be done. Defend the feasibility, can this solution actually be implemented? What are the limitations, what problems are faced? Explain the benefits of using this solution. Present views that are different, other possible solutions, and defend why your solution is the best possible approach. Include how. Conclude with a statement of what the readers should understand after reading your essay. Your research should include quotations, summary, paraphrase, and synthesis. Draw on a variety of sources.

Key Features of a Proposal:

The outline is present and matches the essay
The essay is in full APA format, with abstract and reference page
The problem is clearly identified
The problem is of some importance
The audience of the paper is clear
The thesis presents the solution to the problem in argument form
The proposal contains specific details about the costs, feasibility, acceptability, and benefits of the solution
The solution can resolve the problem
There is a process presented for the solution to be fully enacted
Evidence is used throughout the paper with books, references, periodicals, scholarly articles, media sources, as in the Annotated Bibliography (sources can be duplicated)
Clear transitions
8-10 Pages (essay)
No late papers will be accepted.
Submit your paper as ONE document only – NOT 4 separate documents (cover page, outline, essay, References).
The body of the paper should be 10 pages minimum. Papers not meeting the 8-page minimum requirement will be docked 10% for each page it is short. The cover page, outline, and References page DO NOT count in the total page count.

This is the only essay that has AUTOMATIC FAIL restrictions

There are four instances in which your paper could be returned ungraded. They are:

Plagiarism : Any paper with plagiarized material in it will receive a zero (0). No do-overs. No rewrites. If you disagree with any findings, be prepared to take up your argument with the Dean of Academic Affairs. “It was an accident” is not a valid argument. We spent class time learning how to cite sources correctly. If you make a mistake at this point, it’s like failing the test. You get the grade you earn.
Your topic doesn’t match the material created in your previous assignments. Your paper doesn’t utilize any of the previous research and materials discovered during the course research process.
The paper does not reference at least six sources including a book, periodical article, scholarly journal article, reference source, and primary research. The essay, not the reference page.
Excessive errors: grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. You have access to Paperrater, Grammarly, and Brainfuse.

Key Grading Considerations

APA Cover Page
The problem is explained briefly
It is a significant problem
It is easy to tell who you are talking to
The thesis is a solution thesis
Feasibility
Acceptability
Some opposition is addressed
The solution comes to a resolution of some kind
There is a clear conclusion
Evidence is used appropriately
Transitions

ATTRIBUTIONS

Content Adapted from Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). (2020). Excelsior College. Retrieved from https://owl.excelsior.edu/ licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-4.0 International License .
Content Adapted from Composition II. Authored by : Alexis McMillan-Clifton. Provided by : Tacoma Community College. Located at : http://www.tacomacc.edu .
“ Chapter 10: The Rhetorical Modes ” and “ Chapter 15: Readings: Examples of Essays ,” from Writing for Success from Saylor Academy, which is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0.
Original Content from Christine Jones. (2021). Proposal Essays. Licensed under a CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication .

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5.8 Causal and Proposal Arguments

Anna Mills and Darya Myers

Causal arguments attempt to make a case that one thing led to another. They answer the question “What caused it?” Causes are often complex and multiple. Before we choose a strategy for a causal argument, it can help to identify our purpose. Why do we need to know the cause? How will it help us?

Purposes of Causal Arguments

To get a complete picture of how and why something happened: In this case, we will want to look for multiple causes, each of which may play a different role. Some might be background conditions, others might spark the event, and others may be influences that sped up the event once it got started. In this case, we often speak of near causes that are close in time or space to the event itself, and remote causes, which are further away or further in the past. We can also describe a chain of causes, with one thing leading to the next, which leads to the next. It may even be the case that we have a feedback loop where a first event causes a second event and the second event triggers more of the first, creating an endless circle of causation. For example, as sea ice melts in the arctic, the dark water absorbs more heat, which warms it further, which melts more ice, which makes the water absorb more heat, etc. If the results are bad, this is called a vicious circle.
To decide who is responsible: Sometimes if an event has multiple causes, we may be most concerned with deciding who bears responsibility and how much. In a car accident, the driver might bear responsibility, and the car manufacturer might bear some as well. We will have to argue that the responsible party caused the event but we will also have to show that there was a moral obligation not to do what the party did. That implies some degree of choice and knowledge of possible consequences. If the driver was following all good driving regulations and triggered an explosion by activating the turn signal, clearly the driver cannot be held responsible.
To figure out how to make something happen: In this case we need to zero in on a factor or factors that will push the event forward. Such a factor is sometimes called a precipitating cause. The success of this push will depend on circumstances being right for it, so we will likely also need to describe the conditions that have to be in place for the precipitating cause to actually precipitate the event. If there are likely factors that could block the event, we need to show that those can be eliminated. For example, if we propose a particular surgery to fix a heart problem, we will also need to show that the patient can get to a hospital that performs the surgery and get an appointment. We will certainly need to show that the patient is likely to tolerate the surgery.
To stop something from happening: In this case, we do not need to describe all possible causes. We want to find a factor that is so necessary to the bad result that if we get rid of that factor, the result cannot occur. Then if we eliminate that factor, we can block the bad result. If we cannot find a single such factor, we may at least be able to find one that will make the bad result less likely. For example, to reduce wildfire risk in California, we cannot get rid of all fire whatsoever, but we can repair power lines and aging gas and electric infrastructure to reduce the risk that defects in this system will spark a fire. Or we could try to reduce the damage fires cause by focusing on clearing underbrush.
To predict what might happen in the future: As Jeanne Fahnestock and Marie Secor put it in A Rhetoric of Argument , “when you argue for a prediction, you try to convince your reader that all the causes needed to bring about an event are in place or will fall into place.” You also may need to show that nothing will intervene to block the event from happening. One common way to support a prediction is by comparing it to a past event that has already played out. For example, we might argue that humans have survived natural disasters in the past, so we will survive the effects of climate change as well. As Fahnestock and Secor point out, however, “the argument is only as good as the analogy, which sometimes must itself be supported.” How comparable are the disasters of the past to the likely effects of climate change? The argument would need to describe both past and possible future events and convince us that they are similar in severity.

Techniques and Cautions for Causal Argument

So how does a writer make a case that one thing causes another? The briefest answer is that the writer needs to convince us that the factor and the event are correlated and also that there is some way in which the factor could plausibly lead to the event. Then the writer will need to convince us that they have done due diligence in considering and eliminating alternate possibilities for the cause and alternate explanations for any correlation between the factor and the event.

Identify Possible Causes

If other writers have already identified possible causes, an argument simply needs to refer back to those and add in any that have been missed. If not, the writer can put themselves in the role of detective and imagine what might have caused the event.

Determine Which Factor Is Most Correlated with the Event

If we think that a factor may commonly cause an event, the first question to ask is whether they go together. If we are looking for a sole cause, we can ask if the factor is always there when the event happens and always absent when the event doesn’t happen. Do the factor and the event follow the same trends? The following methods of arguing for causality were developed by philosopher John Stuart Mill, and are often referred to as “Mill’s methods.”

If the event is repeated and every time it happens, a common factor is present, that common factor may be the cause.
If there is a single difference between cases where the event takes place and cases where it doesn’t.
If an event and a possible cause are repeated over and over and they happen to varying degrees, we can check whether they always increase and decrease together. This is often best done with a graph so we can visually check whether the lines follow the same pattern.
Finally, ruling out other possible causes can support a case that the one remaining possible cause did in fact operate.

Explain How That Factor Could Have Caused the Event

In order to believe that one thing caused another, we usually need to have some idea of how the first thing could cause the second. If we cannot imagine how one would cause another, why should we find it plausible? If we are talking about human behavior, then we are looking for motivation: love, hate, envy, greed, desire for power, etc. If we are talking about a physical event, then we need to look at physical forces. Scientists have dedicated much research to establishing how carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could effectively trap heat and warm the planet.

If there is enough other evidence to show that one thing caused another but the way it happened is still unknown, the argument can note that and perhaps point toward further studies that would establish the mechanism. The writer may want to qualify their argument with “may” or “might” or “seems to indicate,” if they cannot explain how the supposed cause led to the effect.

Eliminate Alternative Explanations

The catchphrase “correlation is not causation” can help us to remember the dangers of the methods above. It’s usually easy to show that two things happen at the same time or in the same pattern, but hard to show that one actually causes another. Correlation can be a good reason to investigate whether something is the cause, and it can provide some evidence of causality, but it is not proof. Sometimes two unrelated things may be correlated, like the number of women in Congress and the price of milk. We can imagine that both might follow an upward trend, one because of the increasing equality of women in society and the other because of inflation. Describing a plausible agency, or way in which one thing led to another, can help show that the correlation is not random. If we find a strong correlation, we can imagine various causal arguments that would explain it and argue that the one we support has the most plausible agency.

Sometimes things vary together because there is a common cause that affects both of them. An argument can explore possible third factors that may have led to both events. For example, students who go to elite colleges tend to make more money than students who go to less elite colleges. Did the elite colleges make the difference? Or are both the college choice and the later earnings due to a third cause, such as family connections? In his book Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual , journalist Michael Pollan assesses studies on the effects of supplements like multivitamins and concludes that people who take supplements are also those who have better diet and exercise habits and that the supplements themselves have no effect on health. He advises, “Be the kind of person who takes supplements—then skip the supplements.”

If we have two phenomena that are correlated and happen at the same time, it’s worth considering whether the second phenomenon could actually have caused the first rather than the other way around. For example, if we find that gun violence and violence within video games are both on the rise, we shouldn’t leap to blame video games for the increase in shootings. It may be that people who play video games are being influenced by violence in the games and becoming more likely to go out and shoot people in real life. But could it also be that as gun violence increases in society for other reasons, such violence is a bigger part of people’s consciousness, leading video game makers and gamers to incorporate more violence in their games? It might be that causality operates in both directions, creating a feedback loop as we discussed above.

Proving causality is tricky, and often even rigorous academic studies can do little more than suggest that causality is probable or possible. There are a host of laboratory and statistical methods for testing causality. The gold standard for an experiment to determine a cause is a double-blind, randomized control trial in which there are two groups of people randomly assigned. One group gets the drug being studied and one group gets the placebo, but neither the participants nor the researchers know which is which. This kind of study eliminates the effect of unconscious suggestion, but it is often not possible for ethical and logistical reasons.

The ins and outs of causal arguments are worth studying in a statistics course or a philosophy course, but even without such a course we can do a better job of assessing causes if we develop the habit of looking for alternate explanations.

Reflect on the following to construct a causal argument. What would be the best intervention to introduce in society to reduce the rate of violent crime? Below are some possible causes of violent crime. Choose one and describe how it could lead to violent crime. Then think of a way to intervene in that process to stop it. What method from among those described in this section would you use to convince someone that your intervention would work to lower rates of violent crime? Make up an argument using your chosen method and the kind of evidence, either anecdotal or statistical, you would find convincing.

Possible causes of violent crime:

Homophobia and transphobia
Testosterone
Child abuse
Violence in the media
Role models who exhibit toxic masculinity
Violent video games
Systemic racism
Lack of education on expressing emotions
Unemployment
Not enough law enforcement
Economic inequality
The availability of guns

Proposal Arguments

Proposal arguments attempt to push for action of some kind. They answer the question “What should be done about it?”

In order to build up to a proposal, an argument needs to incorporate elements of definition argument, evaluation argument, and causal argument. First, we will need to define a problem or a situation that calls for action. Then we need to make an evaluation argument to convince readers that the problem is bad enough to be worth addressing. This will create a sense of urgency within the argument and inspire the audience to seek and adopt the proposed action. In most cases, it will need to make causal arguments about the roots of the problem and the good effects of the proposed solution.

Common Elements of Proposal Arguments

Description of the Proposed Solution

Here we define the nature of what we are proposing so readers can see what is involved in the proposed action. For example, if we write an essay proposing to donate food scraps from restaurants to pig farms, we will need to define what will be considered food scraps. In another example, if we argue that organic produce is inherently healthier for consumers than non-organic produce, and we propose governmental subsidies to reduce the cost of organic produce, we will need to define “organic” and describe how much the government subsidies will be and which products or consumers will be eligible. These examples illustrate the frequency with which different types of argument overlap within a single work.

If we have not already covered the proposal’s methods in the description, we may want to add this. How will we go about completing the proposed work? For example, in the above example about food scraps, we would want to describe how the leftover food will be stored and delivered to the pig farms. Describing the methods shows the audience we have a sound, thoughtful approach to the project. It serves to demonstrate that we have the knowledge of the field to complete the project.

Feasibility of the Project

A proposal argument needs to convince readers that the project can actually be accomplished. How can enough time, money, and will be found to make it happen? Have similar proposals been carried out successfully in the past? For example, we might observe that according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rutgers University runs a program that sends a ton of food scraps a day from its dining halls to a local farm. If we describe how other efforts overcame obstacles, we will persuade readers that if they can succeed, this proposal can as well.

Benefits of the Proposal

In order to predict the positive effects of the proposal and show how implementing it will lead to good results, we will want to use causal arguments.

Sample Annotated Proposal Argument

The sample essay “Why We Should Open Our Borders” by student Laurent Wenjun Jiang can serve as an example. Annotations point out how Jiang uses several proposal argument strategies.

Sample proposal essay “Why We Should Open Our Borders” in PDF with margin notes

Browse news and opinion websites to find a proposal argument that you strongly support. Once you have chosen a proposal, read it closely and look for the elements discussed in this section. Do you find enough discussion of the background, methods, feasibility, and benefits of the proposal? Discuss at least one way in which you think the proposal could be revised to be even more convincing.

Rhetoric Matters: A Guide to Success in the First Year Writing Class Copyright © 2022 by Anna Mills and Darya Myers is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Argument Essay Guidelines

Note to instructors: These guidelines provide possible choices for instructors assigning argument essays. They include options for proposal arguments, definition arguments, and causal arguments. You are encouraged to adopt, adapt, or remix these guidelines to suit your goals for your class.

Due Dates

Rough Draft:
Peer Review:
Final Draft:

This assignment will help you learn to create an effective argument (i.e., convey your meaning persuasively) using evidence, sound reasoning, and awareness of rhetorical principles.

Skills: This assignment will help you practice skills essential to success in and beyond this course:

Support claims effectively using varied forms of evidence.
Analyze how style, audience, social context, and purpose shape your writing in electronic and print spaces.

Knowledge: This assignment will help you become familiar with the following important knowledge:

Demonstrate an understanding of the rhetorical situation.
Apply elements of rhetoric and argumentation in writing.

You may choose to write a proposal argument , a definition argument , or a causal argument . Directions for each type of argument are provided below. No matter what type of argument you choose to write, the following apply:

Topic : Seek approval from your instructor on your topic before beginning this assignment. Audience: Select a primary audience who you think should care about your argument. Use appropriate language, organization, and examples to suit your audience. Note that your secondary audience is your classmates and instructor.
Purpose and significance : The culprits or consequences shouldn't be so obvious that no argument is necessary. Consider the following questions as you establish the purpose and significance of your argument: Why is the argument important? Why is it controversial? What is at stake?
Counterarguments : Take alternative viewpoints seriously. Your goal should be to choose the strongest support for your argument, but remember that real-world problems are rarely simple, so avoid taking an all-or-nothing position. Take opposing viewpoints into consideration and make concessions and offer counterarguments as appropriate.
Research : If directed to incorporate research by your instructor, include information from at least three credible sources. Integrate source information effectively by using lead-in phrases; summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting as appropriate; and citing correctly, both within the body of your essay and on the Works Cited page.
Length and format : Your essay should be 4–5 pages long, double-spaced.

Formatting requirements: Follow MLA format. Use black Calibri or Times New Roman font in size 12. Double-space the entire document. Use 1-inch margins on all sides.

Option 1: Proposal Argument

Write a practical proposal that in which you recommend a solution to a problem that you perceive in the world. Choose an important topic that matters to you and that you believe will matter to others; craft a proposal in which you argue for positive change.

In general, a proposal argument essay should have three main sections:

A description of the problem
Your proposed solution
Justification for the solution you are proposing

(You may [and should] include additional sections or subsections as needed.)

Example of a proposal argument thesis statement : Our school should require all incoming freshmen to take a philosophy class so they can learn to understand and analyze multiple perspectives.

Examples of questions you might consider:

Should students be required to take philosophy classes?
Should new and expecting parents be given the option of enrolling in parenting classes at no cost to them?
Should the county install cameras on all traffic lights?
Should the school cut down a forested acre of land to build a new parking lot?
Should public schools teach both English and Spanish beginning in kindergarten?

Option 2: Definition Argument

Construct a definition argument based on your definition of a controversial term: argue that an object or concept qualifies as a certain term, which you define based on specific criteria. Choose an important term that matters to you and that you believe will matter to others; base your argument on your own definition of that term.

Example of a definition argument thesis statement: Caffeine is a drug because it has predictable, measurable effects on the user’s central nervous system. Potential words for definition: animal, animal cruelty, art, beautiful, cheating, disease, drug, evil, food, hate crime, healthy, natural, poison, role model, sport You may choose a word not on the list. However, be sure to 1) check with your instructor, and 2) choose something that can be reasonably debated.

Is caffeine a drug?
Is alcoholism a disease?
Are human beings animals?
Is refined sugar a poison?
Is kayaking a sport?

Examples of definition argument thesis statements:

Caffeine is a drug because it causes physiological changes and is addictive.
Kayaking is a sport because it requires physical exertion and can be done competitively.

Option 3: Causal Argument

Construct a causal argument in which you argue that a specific cause or causes led to a specific outcome, or that a specific action will result in a specific consequence. (Do NOT argue that a person or group should or should not take an action; this would be a proposal rather than a causal argument.)

Example of a causal argument thesis statement: Regular journaling leads to improved academic outcomes for incoming freshmen by helping them cope with stress, improve their writing skills, and develop their ability to concentrate for sustained periods of time.

Does journaling lead to benefits for students?
Do stimulants cause psychosis?
Does advertising cause men and women to have unrealistic ideals of physical attractiveness?
What causes, has caused, or will cause unemployment rates to rise or lower? (For an issue like this, it would be a good idea to consider a specific place and time—for example, in the state of Georgia from 2018-2019.)
Why or how do people become addicted to a specific substance (sugar, illicit drugs, alcohol, etc.)?

Criteria for success

The argument essay should adhere to the following guidelines: .

The essay meets requirements for the type of argument it is intended to convey (definition argument, proposal argument, or causal argument).
The essay is based on a clearly stated, arguable thesis statement.
The thesis is appropriately developed and supported: the writer has provided evidence, examples, and analysis as appropriate.
The essay is cohesive/stays on topic.
The writing is clear and coherent/makes sense.
The tone and language are appropriate for the audience and purpose.
The essay has an interesting, relevant title.
The writer has gone through the entire writing process, revising substantially and thoughtfully.
The writing adheres to grammar and punctuation rules.

The argument essay should adhere to all formatting criteria:

MLA format, in the essay and on the Works Cited page
Essay length: 800-1200 words
Font: Size 12, Times New Roman font throughout
Double-spaced lines
1-inch margins on all sides

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Resources For

63 Proposal Argument Model

Proposal method.

from Introduction to College Writing at CNM

The proposal method of argument is used when there is a problematic situation, and you would like to offer a solution to the situation. The structure of the proposal method is similar to the other persuasive methods, but there are slight differences.

Introduce and define the nature of the problematic situation. Make sure to focus on the problem and its causes. This may seem simple, but many people focus solely on the effects of a problematic situation. By focusing on the actual problem, your readers will see your proposal as a solution to the problem. If you don’t, your readers might see your solution as a mere complaint.

Propose a solution, or a number of solutions, to the problem. Be specific about these solutions. If you have one solution, you may choose to break it into parts and spend a paragraph or so describing each part. If you have several solutions, you may instead choose to spend a paragraph on each scenario. Each additional solution will add both depth and length to your argument. But remember to stay focused. Added length does not always equal a better argument.

Describe the workability of the various solutions. There are a variety of ways that this could be done. With a single-solution paper you could break the feasibility down into short and long term goals and plans. With a multiple-solution essay, you may instead highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the individual solutions, and establish which would be the most successful, based on your original statement of the problem and its causes. Check out this source from Owlcation, where they give a chart of 12 Ways to Solve Problems in the middle of the page.

Summarize and conclude your proposal. Summarize your solutions, re-state how the solution or solutions would work to remedy the problematic situation, and you’re done.

More information on proposal arguments follows.

Proposal Arguments

from College Comp II

Key Concept

Proposal Argument: argues that something should, ought to, or must happen.

Proposal arguments–which propose that something should, ought to, or must happen–may be one of the most common kinds of arguments we encounter in our day-to-day lives; however, despite how often we find them, they can actually be rhetorically quite complex, perhaps because they appear deceptively simple to make. And this is exactly why we’re covering them last, since there are some very important subtleties to them.

The basic idea behind a proposal argument seems pretty straightforward: we state what we think should happen and then marshal evidence to support that proposal. Seems easy, right?

Let’s look at a hypothetical example:

Friend #1: “We should go see Movie X!” (Proposal claim)

Friend #2: “Okay, sounds good. I’m in!”

Friend #1 is making a proposal claim, arguing that both friends should go see a particular movie. In an abstract setting, this claim makes sense. However, Friend #2’s response seems pretty unlikely. If you were Friend #2, you’d probably have a few questions about why Friend #1 thinks you should go see this movie, right? Equally, you’d probably expect Friend #1 to provide at least some evidence (however scant) about why you should go see this movie. Perhaps, for example, you might want to know about the actors or the director. Maybe you’re curious about what critics are saying. Perhaps you’d like to know how long it is. Indeed, these are pretty typical things that your average person would want to know before they pay for their movie ticket. Maybe a more genuine conversation would look like this:

Friend #1: “Hey, did you know that Movie X in the theaters right now?” (Definition claim, establishing the existence of a condition.)

Friend #2: “Yeah, I did!”

Friend #1: “I’ve been reading that critics across the board are praising it. One critic whose opinion I really trust even said that it’s the best movie to come out all year.” (Evaluative claim, arguing that something is good.)

Friend #2: “Oh wow!”

Friend #1: “I think we should go see it!” (Proposal claim)

Note that in this second example, in order for Friend #1 to build a sound proposal argument, they have to first make several other claims–notably a definition claim, establishing the existence of a condition, following by an evaluative claim, arguing that the movie is good.

However, in less mundane examples, proposal arguments often begin by identifying a problem before proposing a solution to it. For instance, in recent years, there has been increased public awareness of the dangers of disposable plastic drinking straws, particularly focused on the dangers they cause to wildlife. Many stakeholders have proposed (and even implemented) a variety of different solutions. Starbucks, for example, redesigned their cold-drink cups so that they could stop giving customers obligatory straws with their beverages. Other establishments have switched to using straws that are made of paper, which is more biodegradable and therefore breaks down more easily. Other companies have started marketing washable, reusable plastic straws that can be reused over and over again. While a wide variety of solutions have been proposed (and while many of those proposals have even been enacted), what’s important to note is that these proposals were in response to what was identified as a problem–i.e. The wastefulness of disposable drinking straws.

For our purposes, however, here is how we can think about making proposal arguments:

1) Part of showing that a problem exists entails getting your reader to care enough to accept your proposed solution. To get the reader to care, you will need to work on their hearts as well as their minds by showing how the problem affects people (and, potentially, the reader specifically) and has important stakes.

2) You will need to show how your solution solves the problem (wholly or partially).

3) You will need to offer reasons for adopting your proposal. What values can you appeal to? Of the person or organization that needs to be convinced, how can you show that their interests are served? Always remember your audience. You don’t have to pretend that your solution is perfect or has neither costs nor any negative consequences; you should address these and convince your reader that despite them, your solution is about doing the right thing.

Recapping the main ideas behind Proposal Arguments:

They argue that something should, ought to or must happen
They don’t necessarily need to completely “solve” the problem; perhaps they only improve certain parts of it.
Proposal claims are often the culmination of a string of other claims (definition, causal, etc.)

SAMPLE ESSAY

Here is an annotated Sample Proposal Essay .

Proposal Argument Model Copyright © 2020 by Liza Long; Amy Minervini; and Joel Gladd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Module 9: Academic Argument

The argumentative essay, learning objectives.

Examine types of argumentative essays

Argumentative Essays

You may have heard it said that all writing is an argument of some kind. Even if you’re writing an informative essay, you still have the job of trying to convince your audience that the information is important. However, there are times you’ll be asked to write an essay that is specifically an argumentative piece.

An argumentative essay is one that makes a clear assertion or argument about some topic or issue. When you’re writing an argumentative essay, it’s important to remember that an academic argument is quite different from a regular, emotional argument. Note that sometimes students forget the academic aspect of an argumentative essay and write essays that are much too emotional for an academic audience. It’s important for you to choose a topic you feel passionately about (if you’re allowed to pick your topic), but you have to be sure you aren’t too emotionally attached to a topic. In an academic argument, you’ll have a lot more constraints you have to consider, and you’ll focus much more on logic and reasoning than emotions.

A cartoon person with a heart in one hand and a brain in the other.

Figure 1 . When writing an argumentative essay, students must be able to separate emotion based arguments from logic based arguments in order to appeal to an academic audience.

Argumentative essays are quite common in academic writing and are often an important part of writing in all disciplines. You may be asked to take a stand on a social issue in your introduction to writing course, but you could also be asked to take a stand on an issue related to health care in your nursing courses or make a case for solving a local environmental problem in your biology class. And, since argument is such a common essay assignment, it’s important to be aware of some basic elements of a good argumentative essay.

When your professor asks you to write an argumentative essay, you’ll often be given something specific to write about. For example, you may be asked to take a stand on an issue you have been discussing in class. Perhaps, in your education class, you would be asked to write about standardized testing in public schools. Or, in your literature class, you might be asked to argue the effects of protest literature on public policy in the United States.

However, there are times when you’ll be given a choice of topics. You might even be asked to write an argumentative essay on any topic related to your field of study or a topic you feel that is important personally.

Whatever the case, having some knowledge of some basic argumentative techniques or strategies will be helpful as you write. Below are some common types of arguments.

Causal Arguments

You write about how something has caused something else. For example, you might explore the increase of industrial pollution and the resulting decline of large mammals in the world’s ocean.

Evaluation Arguments

You can write an argumentative evaluation of something as “good” or “bad,” but you also need to establish the criteria for “good” or “bad.” For example, you might evaluate a children’s book for your Introduction to Educational Theory class, but you would need to establish clear criteria for your evaluation for your audience.

Proposal Arguments

With this type of writing, you need to propose a solution to a problem. First, you must establish a clear problem and then propose a specific solution to that problem. For example, you might argue for a removal of parking fines on students who use the parking deck on campus.

Narrative Arguments

For this type of argument, you make your case by telling a story with a clear point related to your argument. For example, you might write a narrative about your negative experiences with standardized testing in order to make a case for reform.

Rebuttal Arguments

In a rebuttal argument, you build your case around refuting an idea or ideas that have come before. In other words, your starting point is to challenge the ideas of the past. For this type of writing assignment, you have to explain what you are refuting first, and then you can expand on your new ideas or perspectives.

Definition Arguments

In this type of argument, you use a definition as the starting point for making your case. For example, in a definition argument, you might argue that NCAA basketball players should be defined as professional players and, therefore, should be paid.

Essay Examples

You can read more about an argumentative essay on the consequences of fast fashion . Read it and look at the comments to recognize strategies and techniques the author uses to convey her ideas.
In this example, you’ll see a sample argumentative paper from a psychology class submitted in APA format. Key parts of the argumentative structure have been noted for you in the sample.

Link to Learning

For more examples of types of argumentative essays, visit the Argumentative Purposes section of the Excelsior OWL .

Argumentative Essay. Provided by : Excelsior OWL. Located at : https://owl.excelsior.edu/rhetorical-styles/argumentative-essay/ . License : CC BY: Attribution
Image of a man with a heart and a brain. Authored by : Mohamed Hassan. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : https://pixabay.com/illustrations/decision-brain-heart-mind-4083469/ . License : Other . License Terms : https://pixabay.com/service/terms/#license

Definitional Argument Essay

For a definitional essay, you need to write an argument that a borderline or contested case fits (or does not fit) within a particular category by classifying that particular case and defining the category.

Definitional arguments require a definition of key terms:

Example: Joe is too bossy.

Define “bossy” and provide examples of his bossy attitude (poor listening skills, shouting at people, making decisions without asking committee—these are what define “bossy” in your argument.

Example : Low-carb diets are dangerous.

Define what constitutes “low-carb” and define what you mean by “dangerous.” Cite studies showing harmful effects, how substances affect the body, etc.

Criteria-Match Structure:

The criteria section of your argument explains and illustrates your criteria.

The match section of your argument persuades the reader that your example meets those criteria.

Example: Although the Hercules Shoe Company is nonpolluting and provides a socially useful product, [CLAIM] it is not a socially responsible company [BECAUSE CLAUSE] because it treats its workers unjustly.

Criteria Part: What points must be met for a company to be deemed “socially responsible”?

(1) Research how others have defined your term (dictionaries, judicial opinions, expert testimony, etc.
(2) Use your own critical thinking to make your own extended definition.

Match Part : In what ways does the shoe company meet those points?

(1) Supply examples of how this and other situations meet your criteria.
(2) Give other evidence about how your example meets your criteria.

For your Definitional Argument Essay :

introduce the issue and state the claim
define key terms
present your first criterion and argument that your case meets your definition
present your second criterion and argument that your case meets your definition
present your third criterion and argument that your case meets your definition (if necessary)
anticipate and respond to possible objections/arguments
conclude with return to the “big picture,” what is at stake, why your argument is important, etc.

Definitional Argument Essay Proposal

What vague or arguable term, phrase, or situation are you defining?
What scenario are you going to use to introduce your claim?
What is your first (1) criterion and (2) argument that your case meets your definition?
What is your second (1) criterion and (2) argument that your case meets your definition?
What is your third (1) criterion and (2) argument that your case meets your definition?
What are your (1) anticipated objections/arguments and (2) responses to them?
How will you conclude with return to the “big picture,” what is at stake, why your argument is important, etc?
Definition Argument. Provided by : Martin's College English. Located at : http://www.oercommons.org/courses/definitional-argument-essay/view# . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
Table of Contents

Instructor Resources (Access Requires Login)

Overview of Instructor Resources

An Overview of the Writing Process

Introduction to the Writing Process
Introduction to Writing
Your Role as a Learner
What is an Essay?
Reading to Write
Defining the Writing Process
Videos: Prewriting Techniques
Thesis Statements
Organizing an Essay
Creating Paragraphs
Conclusions
Editing and Proofreading
Matters of Grammar, Mechanics, and Style
Peer Review Checklist
Comparative Chart of Writing Strategies

Using Sources

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism
Formatting the Works Cited Page (MLA)
Citing Paraphrases and Summaries (APA)
APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines

Definition Essay

How to Write a Definition Essay
Critical Thinking
Video: Thesis Explained
Effective Thesis Statements
Student Sample: Definition Essay

Narrative Essay

Introduction to Narrative Essay
Student Sample: Narrative Essay
"Shooting an Elephant" by George Orwell
"Sixty-nine Cents" by Gary Shteyngart
Video: The Danger of a Single Story
How to Write an Annotation
How to Write a Summary
Writing for Success: Narration

Illustration/Example Essay

Introduction to Illustration/Example Essay
"She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D" by Perri Klass
"April & Paris" by David Sedaris
Writing for Success: Illustration/Example
Student Sample: Illustration/Example Essay

Compare/Contrast Essay

Introduction to Compare/Contrast Essay
"Disability" by Nancy Mairs
"Friending, Ancient or Otherwise" by Alex Wright
"A South African Storm" by Allison Howard
Writing for Success: Compare/Contrast
Student Sample: Compare/Contrast Essay

Cause-and-Effect Essay

Introduction to Cause-and-Effect Essay
"Cultural Baggage" by Barbara Ehrenreich
"Women in Science" by K.C. Cole
Writing for Success: Cause and Effect
Student Sample: Cause-and-Effect Essay

Argument Essay

Introduction to Argument Essay
Rogerian Argument
"The Case Against Torture," by Alisa Soloman
"The Case for Torture" by Michael Levin
How to Write a Summary by Paraphrasing Source Material
Writing for Success: Argument
Student Sample: Argument Essay
Grammar/Mechanics Mini-lessons
Mini-lesson: Subjects and Verbs, Irregular Verbs, Subject Verb Agreement
Mini-lesson: Sentence Types
Mini-lesson: Fragments I
Mini-lesson: Run-ons and Comma Splices I
Mini-lesson: Comma Usage
Mini-lesson: Parallelism
Mini-lesson: The Apostrophe
Mini-lesson: Capital Letters
Grammar Practice - Interactive Quizzes
De Copia - Demonstration of the Variety of Language
Style Exercise: Voice

414 Proposal Essay Topics for Projects, Research, & Proposal Arguments

Writing a proposal essay is an essential skill for students navigating academia and beyond. Whether you are advocating for change, proposing a solution to a problem, or presenting a new idea, your writing should be clear, convincing, and creative.

In this article, our expert team has listed proposal essay topics for school and college students. As a bonus, you will find an effective writing guide and a practical example of a proposal essay.

🔤 What Is a Proposal Essay?

⭐ Best Topics in 2024
💡 Easy Topics & Prompts

📝 Proposal Argument Topics

📊 Project Proposal Ideas
🔎 Research Proposal Topics
😄 Funny Topics

🧩 Proposal Essay Structure

✍️ Writing Guide
📃 Proposal Essay Example

🔗 References

A proposal essay is an academic paper in which you propose something and justify your recommendation. Its goal is to convince the recipients to support your proposal and grant your request. Depending on what you are suggesting, there are three main types of proposal essays: proposal argument, research proposal, and topic proposal.

What Is a Proposal Argument Essay?

A proposal argument is an argumentative essay that offers a solution to a problem. It is often addressed to a particular company, non-profit organization, or government agency. It aims to persuade an organization to do something differently or perform a specific task. A proposal argument first describes a problem, then proposes a feasible solution to it, and explains why this particular solution is worth implementing.

What Is a Research Proposal Essay?

A research proposal essay is an academic paper that proposes a study and describes what, why, and how the author plans to investigate. This document should enable the audience to understand the quality and significance of the research and the author’s competence to perform it.

A research proposal usually includes a purpose statement , background and significance of the research topic, and methodology. It is also helpful to describe potential problems the researcher may encounter and how they will be solved.

What Is a Topic Proposal?

A topic proposal essay is a paper that suggests a topic for a major course assignment, such as a term paper. It usually presents your main argument or research question , explains why it is worth exploring, and outlines how you plan to support it. Also, it identifies a few scholarly sources to be used in the future paper.

⭐ 12 Best Proposal Essay Topics in 2024

The methods of reducing childhood obesity.
Do awareness campaigns increase funding for cancer research?
Why should schools add sex education to their curricula?
The role of government in protecting local businesses.
How to prevent cybercrime.
The impact of rap music on teenagers.
Do high cigarette prices reduce smoking rates?
The efficiency of using AI technology in education.
Why should the use of steroids be banned?
The use of art therapy in combating anxiety.
How can we combat the global warming?
The issue of bullying in high school.

💡 Easy Proposal Writing Topics & Prompts

Coming up with a good idea for your proposal essay can be challenging. Therefore, we’ve prepared writing prompts about common problems with possible solutions.

Proposal Essay on Texting and Driving

You can write a proposal suggesting a solution to the problem of driving while using a phone. First, describe the detrimental consequences of such behavior, proving that it’s worth paying attention to.

Then, focus on one solution that you consider to be the best. Check out some possible options:

Formation of a driver safety culture.
Implementation of a driver coaching program.
Use of real-time technology.
Execution of severe punishment.

Homelessness Proposal Essay

Highlight the issue of homelessness by indicating the root causes of this problem and its social and economic consequences. Then, provide your perspective on how to address it.

Here are some possible solutions to homelessness:

Rapid rehousing .
Permanent supportive or shared housing.
New career opportunities.
Volunteer initiatives.

Mental Health Proposal Essay

You can focus on the problem of the mental health crisis, manifesting in increasing rates of suicides and overdoses. Explore the causes and consequences of this issue and choose a solution to advocate for.

Consider the following solutions:

Investments in mental health apps .
Universal mental health screenings.
Raising people’s awareness of the problem.
Expanding access to psychological help.

Study Abroad Proposal Essay

You can focus on one of the issues that students face while studying abroad, such as language barriers, cultural differences, social isolation, financial difficulties, etc. Then, describe a solution to your selected problem.

Here are some possible solutions to international students’ issues:

Encouraging access to college resources.
The use of host families.
Establishing safe spaces on campuses .
Offering financial support and scholarships.
Conducting campus-wide cultural sensitivity training.

Abortion Proposal Essay

Your proposal can focus on the problem of supporting and expanding abortion rights. Explain how restricted abortion rights harm women, children, the healthcare system, and the economy. Then, explain how policymakers can address this issue.

Check out some solutions listed below:

Public and private insurance coverage of abortion.
Sex education for students.
Legal protections for abortion.
Prohibition of violence against abortion providers .

The proposal argument analyzes the problem and offers practical steps for its solution. Below, you’ll find interesting topics for your proposal argument!

Proposal Argument Essay Topics with Solutions

The use of replanting in combating climate change.
ABZ Cleaning Services marketing plan proposal.
Negotiation to stop military conflicts in the world.
Water disinfection and its efficiency in solving water pollution issues.
A business proposal for Kohl’s: improving product delivery.
Universal basic income to combat poverty.
The use of free education centers in improving people’s knowledge.
Luckin Coffee business problems-solutions proposal.
Ensuring refugees’ access to the labor market to protect their rights.
Decriminalization of homosexuality to protect LGBTQ+ rights.
Nestlé Inc.’s total quality challenge and solution.
The use of media in raising awareness of gender inequality.
Ensuring basic healthcare to protect children’s rights.
Food prices increase: causes and solutions.
The use of renewable energy to stop global temperatures rising.
Well-thought-out strategic plan to combat self-doubt in business.
Operations management: problem and solution.
Education about consumer responsibility to stop overconsumption.
The efficiency of book exchange for the promotion of reading.
Human resource management: problems and solutions.
Reduced cost of education to combat education inequality.
Electronic voting systems to increase citizen participation.
Truancy: causes, effects, and possible solutions .
AI technology and its application to help people with disabilities.
The effectiveness of wetland restoration in combating sanitation insecurity.
American educational system’s drawbacks and solutions.
Surveys of employee satisfaction to manage workflow.
The efficiency of the Arms Trade Treaty in decreasing weapons accessibility.
Sexual assault problem and solution.
Improved nutrition and sustainable agriculture to combat health inequality .

Practical Proposal Argument Ideas

Building buyer personas to find new customers.
Employee absenteeism and business proposal to address it.
Companies should make a shorter workweek to reduce unemployment.
Vertical farming technologies for improved land usage.
Proposal of employee training in Coca-Cola Company.
Plasma reactors as a way to create oxygen on Mars.
Community-based initiatives to encourage social interaction.
Organizational change proposal for healthcare institutions .
Entrepreneurship promotion to solve the wealth inequality issue.
Prioritizing border security to ensure national safety.
Public health legislation funding proposal.
Donating to charities to address third-world poverty.
Nutrition education to reduce obesity rates.
Business communication: proposal for receiving investment.
Implementation of Instagram restrictions to protect the self-esteem of teenagers.
The use of ADAS technologies to reduce the frequency of car accidents.
Vending machine “Great Coffee”: business proposal.
Employers should provide flexible hours to help workers with anxiety.
Expanding the range of services offered by postal providers to save postal service.
Wok to Walk: marketing plan proposal.
Work-life balance practices to prevent burnout at work.
Schools should implement year-round classes to improve student performance.
Cartier marketing analysis and strategy proposal for the post-pandemic era.
Application of sunscreen to reduce the risks of skin cancer.
Installation of sports facilities to encourage the population’s physical activity.
Leverage buyout proposal for CSL Limited.
Education about consumer responsibility to solve gun control issues.
Development of water resource management systems to avoid water scarcity.
Business ethics: business proposal for CEO.
The government should launch mHealth apps to make healthcare accessible.

📊 Project Proposal Ideas for College Students

Looking for a project proposal topic to write about? Below, you’ll find the best ideas for your paper!

Project Proposal Title Ideas in Health

The ban on tobacco to prevent illness and premature death.
Pressure ulcers: research proposal .
Recovery groups and their role in stopping substance abuse.
The efficiency of sex education in solving HIV/AIDS issues.
Community teaching work plan proposal: tuberculosis in Miami .
Accessible treatment centers to help people struggling with suicidal behavior.
Pediatric dentist training to create a positive experience for children.
Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers treatment proposal.
Water and sanitation projects to reduce water-borne disease rates.
The efficiency of regular balance training in preventing injuries.
Interdisciplinary plan proposal of a local hospital: objective and team organization .
Free screening for the early identification of breast cancer.
Workplace wellness initiatives to protect employee mental health.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: research proposal .
The use of online apps to improve patient-doctor communication.
Geriatric care innovations to meet the health demands of the elderly.
Hypertension prevention plan proposal .
Machine learning and AI technology in the personalization of healthcare.
The effectiveness of parental courses to prevent children obesity.
Patient safety policy proposal .
Yoga promotion programs to improve mental health.
E-health platforms for remote monitoring of chronic conditions.
Capstone project change proposal: new staffing policy .
Women’s medical literature and its role in preventing maternal deaths.
Accessible mental health services to decrease depression rates.
Dementia: health promotion proposal.
The use of a healthy diet in preventing cancers and diabetes.
Vaccine access in poor countries to promote immunization.
A bed alarm budget proposal for healthcare .
Educational programs for parents to promote oral health at home.

Project Proposal Topics for Business

The use of verification links to stop online scamming.
Ocean Beauty Center: business proposal.
Customer experience technology to deliver positive customer experience.
Research into competitors to create a better brand presence.
Service marketing plan proposal.
The use of Amazon and eBay to pitch and brand your product.
Instant online help tools to prevent shopping cart abandonment.
Notes Restore: business plan proposal.
The efficiency of valuable content in maintaining customer loyalty.
Unique products to thrive in a competitive market.
Avlon: market research proposal.
The use of plain English in preventing product returns and refunds.
Increasing sales by offering a product at a reduced price.
Business proposal: a fitness center in Australia.
Employment of cybersecurity services to protect a corporate website from viruses.
The use of a recruitment agency to find qualified IT personnel.
Leisure facility in Sherbury: business proposal.
Regular developer training to save business during a crisis.
Optimization of website speed through efficient coding.
Talent management plan proposal.
The use of the latest updates to solve unreliable internet connectivity issues.
Mobile-friendly apps to improve customer support.
Southwest Airlines human resource recruitment plan proposal.
Authentic customer reviews to solve customer trust issues.
The use of multi-factor authentication to maintain payment security.
Emotional intelligence training proposal.
Chatbots and their role in solving poor customer support issues.
Workplace diversity and inclusion for fast business development.
Utah Symphony and Utah Opera: merger proposal.
The efficiency of social media influencers in business promotion.

Project Proposal Ideas for STEM Students

Floating gardens and rafts to grow food during a flood.
The use of innovative city technologies for solving a city’s design needs.
Navigating the engineering talent crisis.
Accessible infrastructure to improve the lives of people with disabilities.
Chemical dispersants to clean up an oil spill.
New technologies in retail supply chains.
The use of heat-absorbing materials to construct solar ovens.
AI healthcare diagnostics to provide patients with accurate results.
Uber case study: online technology development.
The use of monitoring systems to protect endangered species.
Making technologies more inclusive to help people with autism.
How can technology be used in healthcare?
Aerospace engineering strategies to ensure safe flights.
Eco-friendly packaging to stop plastic pollution.
How new heart-scanning technology could save your life.
Building earthquake-resistant structures to ensure urban safety.
The use of biodegradable plastics to reduce environmental impact.
Use of mathematics in a vocational context.
Building seawalls to protect beach erosion.
Solar farms for the production of renewable energy.
Computerized sewerage system in Bedford Town.
Creating artificial organs to save patients waiting for transplantation.
Increasing microbial diversity to create a healthy and balanced soil ecosystem.
Computerized accounting in an enterprise resource planning system.
Early warning systems to save vulnerable areas from flood.
The use of vitamin C bath to stop apple oxidization.
Effective supply chain practices for computer and phone repair shop.
Integration of damping systems to build earthquake-resistant structures.
AI technology to design resistant bridges in urban areas.

Project Proposal Topics for Students in Education

Funding for low-income schools to solve the problem of education access.
Digital citizenship education proposal in Saudi Arabia.
Inclusive teaching as a solution to inequalities in education.
Students’ portfolios as a better alternative to standardized testing.
Standardized testing: research proposal.
Incentives for teachers to provide highly professional classes.
Increasing federal school funding to improve education in low-income areas.
York College OneCard proposal.
A peer tutoring program to improve students’ performance.
Parent-teacher conferences to address a lack of parental involvement.
Proposal for the New National Constitution of Libya.
Mentorship programs to cope with ineffective teaching methods.
Anti-bullying policies to maintain a more positive school climate.
Proposal to reduce college textbook cost.
Video chats to address a lack of face-to-face communication in online courses.
Study skills workshops to cope with students’ poor study habits.
Virtual simulation curriculum technology proposal.
Flexible learning environments to help students with anxiety disorder.
The use of a rewards system to increase school attendance.
How semester exams affect students’ emotional stability: article proposal.
Monitoring cameras to ensure school safety and security.
Anti-cheating measures to solve the issue of academic dishonesty.
Analysis of student equity plan proposal.
Additional facilities to accommodate the growing number of students.
Global education partnerships to make higher education more accessible.
Education issues: group proposal.
Innovative classrooms to develop the creativity of students with disabilities.
Introducing a financial literacy class to improve students’ money management skills.
Proposal for the creation of K2 and K3-5 reading interventions.
Launching a community service learning program to promote social responsibility.

Project Proposal Ideas for Students about Environment

Buying e-books to protect the environment.
The issue of environmental pollution by Polipaks Group.
Extensive afforestation campaign to solve the deforestation problem.
Low consumption levels to avoid adverse ecological consequences.
Solar energy as an alternative energy source.
Fines and punishment to reduce illegal dumping.
Reusing things to stop climate change.
Business model of renewable energy.
Reducing single-use plastics on campus.
Collecting sunlight for energy to stop natural resource depletion.
Sustainable gas production in the UAE.
Tree planting programs to protect the environment.
Eco-friendly transportation methods to reduce carbon emissions.
Sustainable practices in the Coca-Cola Company.
Sustainable fashion and its role in reducing clothes consumption.
High taxes for activities that harm our planet to support eco-friendly behavior.
Carbon tax in the Australian industries.
Limiting time on the road to reduce vehicle emissions.
Supporting green businesses to encourage eco-friendly initiatives.
Optimizing food production to improve quality, reduce cost, and prevent waste.
Clean-up programs to remove litter and pollutants from public spaces.
Green roof technologies to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
Business plan: New Age Recyclers.
A carbon offset project to engage businesses in environment protection.
Education courses for people of any age to reduce their ecological footprint.
Recycling batteries: market analysis for a new product.
Replantation of native trees and plants to stop environmental degradation.
Investing in solar panels to solve the energy consumption problem.
Stanford University’s Habitat Conservation Plan.
Choosing recyclables to decrease waste production.

🔎 Research Proposal Essay Topics

If you’re looking for research proposal essay topics, check out the list below! We’ve collected ideas for a proposal in computer science, agriculture, history, and more.

Career counseling to support high school students.
Project proposal for counseling centers.
The effectiveness of advertisement in increasing brand awareness.
The reliability of criminological analysis in identifying the offender’s personality.
Research proposal on Ipad from Apple Inc.
Remote workplaces to save the small business during pandemics.
New therapeutic approaches to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Research proposal: stress in the UK (England).
The effects of socioeconomic status on access to quality education.
The effectiveness of regular self-analysis in overcoming the psychological trauma of rape.
Mitigation of supply chain risk in disasters: research proposal.
Race to the Top program to improve students’ outcomes.
Effective business communication practices contributing to business growth.
A research proposal on banks and customer satisfaction.
Psychological tricks of media to exploit impulsive buying.
The advantages of using antipsychotics for preventing delirium .
Congestive heart failure: research proposal .
Therapies for school students to stop substance abuse.
Controlling school attendance to improve children’s social skills.
Research proposal: background of the problem of handoff communication in nursing.
The impact of urbanization on biodiversity preservation.
Trade globalization to create more job opportunities around the world.
Research proposal: Chlamydia Trachomatis .
Increase the age of smoking to 25 to reduce lung cancer rates.
Potential effects of stricter laws on corruption and transparency.
Primary prevention of HIV & AIDS: community teaching work plan proposal .
The effectiveness of smart home systems in reducing energy consumption.
Testing AI technologies to improve children’s diagnostics and treatment.
High-performance work system proposal for workers.
Including mental health topics in the school curriculum to protect students’ mental health.
Paid vacations to support nurses’ emotional health.
Non-profit National Kidney Foundation’s strategy proposal.
Meditation to treat mental disorders nonchemically during pregnancy.
Workplace diversity and its role in increasing business productivity.
Business proposal report for a child day care.
Face-to-face games to promote healthy child development.
Investigating the relationship between sleep patterns and mental health in youth.

Proposal Essay Ideas in Computer Science

New AI approaches to decrease the energy consumption of 5G networks.
Informatics solution proposal: general solution – EHR.
Ways to ensure data privacy in machine learning models.
Exploring new applications of quantum computing.
DesignIT Company: network consultation proposal.
AI in art: exploring the boundaries between art and technology.
Cognitive radio networks for improving future wireless systems.
Informatics solution proposal for a supply issue.
Quantum computing to advance medical predictive systems.
Using NLP for code generation to increase software development productivity.
Techfite firm’s emerging technology proposal.
Developing methods to make AI algorithms more transparent to users.
Investigating novel biometric authentication methods.
ElekTron Company’s network design proposal.
Methods to detect and mitigate biases in AI systems.
Usability in computer interface to ensure effective human-computer interactions.
Advanced education in computational science.
3D object modeling to improve the architecture of large cities.
The use of one programming language to cut the costs of programming training.
Computer technologies to be installed at TVU Hotel.
Constant feedback to minimize algorithmic bias in AI technologies.
The use of computers to sequence human genes.
Data science in the energy management field.
Using machine learning for optimizing traffic flow in a smart city.
AI-based approaches to the early detection and mitigation of cyber threats.
The development of an information system to support inventory management.
The use of AI in automatic data analysis.
Web-based monitoring to improve healthcare services.
Scrum methodology to develop Agile software.

Interesting Proposal Essay Topics for Agriculture

The use of social media to improve agricultural marketing.
How China’s agricultural reform contributed to its success on economic growth.
Organic farming to minimize pollution from agriculture.
Farmer organizations to implement effective agricultural transformation procedures.
Financial profile of Oman Agriculture Development Company SAOG.
Increased availability of fertile land to prevent the agricultural land shortage.
Modern farming technology to solve the issue of inadequate drainage.
Obstacles and barriers of AIS in agriculture companies.
The use of antibiotics alternatives in animal agriculture for public health.
E-commerce platforms to promote farming on social media.
Al Ain Poultry Farm: management strategy and policy.
The incorporation of ecological practices into agricultural systems to protect the planet.
Maintaining ground cover to restore soil health and biodiversity.
Case study of Holly Farm: problems and solutions.
Farmers’ collaborations to maintain knowledge and resource sharing.
New technologies for storage of agricultural products.
Competitive advantage in farming, car, and restaurant industries.
Organic materials to recycle nutrients within the agricultural ecosystem.
Alternative farming methods to provide efficient resource use.
Political argument on farm subsidies.
Anti-discrimination policies to expand the rights of women in the agricultural sector.
Online podcasts to build trustful relationships between farmers and consumers.
Quillstine Farm’s start-up business plan.
Conserving genetic variety in crops and livestock for future resilience.
Increasing investment to address a lack of modern farming equipment.
Business plan: integrated farming.
Favoring crop rotation over monoculture farming to save natural habitats.
Waste management to cut down on agriculture’s environmental footprint.
State farm: addressing problematic intersections.
The use of mulch and cover crops to protect soil from wind and water erosion.

Proposal Topics for a History Paper

World War II lessons to prevent future conflicts.
The City of Dubai: history, development, and challenges.
Modern technology to restore the chronology of ancient events.
The lasting impact of the Silk Road on global trade.
History of supply chain management.
The evolution of democracy in Ancient Greece.
Anti-nationalism programs to prevent an imbalanced view of the past.
Major historical influences on Karl Marx’s materialist conception of history.
The impact of colonialism on indigenous cultures.
The evolution of human rights: from declaration to practice.
Corporate social responsibility and its historical background.
The history of urban legends and folklore: transmission and societal impact.
Environmental change and its impact on historical societies.
Management and its historical evolution.
The economic motivations and consequences of colonization.
The history of entertainment and its social influence.
Enron Company’s history of rise and fall.
Disinformation and misinformation campaigns throughout history.
The evolution of humanitarian aid and international relief efforts.
Islamic banking: history and economic crises.
Economic and social impact of pandemics throughout history.
The evolution of warfare ethics: from ancient codes to modern international law.
Justice is one of the key themes in human history.
The history of human-animal relationships and their cultural significance.
The Marshall Plan for European economic recovery post-WWII.
History of inclusion in early childhood education.
The influence of global trade routes on culinary traditions.
New historical approaches to overcome scientific doubt.
The history of Saudi Aramco from 1930 to 1940.
AI technology to indicate fabricated historical documents.

😄 Funny Topics for Proposal Essays

Are you looking for funny proposal topics? Then, we have something for you! Read on to find some of the most outstanding ideas!

Mobile apps to prevent people from running into objects while they are texting.
Mindbody app: proposed business plan.
Mental exercises to increase student productivity at school.
Pavlov’s dog experiment to teach pets to use the toilet.
Financial proposal for ‘SILK’ hair protection gel.
The use of humor to reduce stress and depression.
Surviving Monday mornings: a comprehensive guide to coffee consumption.
Goals and features of a proposed school library.
Online monitoring to stop students’ procrastination.
Mini lie detector to get away with telling a white lie.
Business proposal for the Al-Yamamah College and JavaNet.
New device to ensure your shampoo and conditioner are at the same rate.
Plants and their role in reviving the space where you are working.
Marketing proposal for Bikemate.
The art of organization to protect the house from clutter.
AI kitchen appliances to ensure food safety.
Business plan for the proposed Chinese medicine clinic in Kuwait.
Rap music to make home tasks fun and effective.
Second hand to save budget from unplanned shopping.
Zetech Organization’s proposed change: strengths and weaknesses.
Funny mugs to throw a perfect tea party.
Online books to not die from boredom in the queue.

Proposal Title Ideas about Animals

The use of langur pee smell to protect New Delhi from monkeys.
Animal Foodland organization’s marketing plan.
Conducting a study on dogs’ understanding of human emotional cues.
Purchasing cruelty-free cosmetics to protect animals from being killed.
Woolly Mammoth project – mythical animal.
Animal adoption programs solve the problem of animal homelessness.
Spaying and neutering to solve the pet overpopulation issue.
Traveling by train among animals and plants.
Taking part in Animal Rescue Team training to help animals in crisis.
Veterinary care standards to improve conditions for animals in captivity.
Cosmetic and medical animal testing .
Establishing training programs to provide certificates of pet ownership.
Natural habitat rehabilitation to save endangered species.
Animal-based therapy overview and analysis.
Creating protected areas to safeguard oceanic biodiversity.
Responsible tourism to ensure wildlife safety and security.
Red fluorescent protein transgenic dogs experiment.
Global cooperation to stop illegal cross-border animal trafficking.
Education programs to raise awareness of animal conservation.
Business ethics decision situation in veterinary practice.
Supporting fur-free fashion to protect wildlife.
Encouraging TV talk shows to discuss animal issues.
China Southern Airlines and monkey transportation.

Proposal Paper Ideas about Sports

Developing a community-based sports initiative for physical fitness and health.
How does social media influence sports brands marketing?
Education on sports ethics to create an inclusive environment in a team.
Anti-doping programs to reduce the cases of steroid use.
Sports marketing affected by the internet of things.
Financial rehabilitation services to help athletes with injuries.
Creating fitness programs for children to promote a culture of health.
Leadership in the sports club group.
Equal pay for female athletes in professional sports to stop discrimination.
Increasing access to sporting opportunities for people with disabilities.
Preparing to be an effective follower in sports.
Detailed protocols to prevent and manage dangerous situations in sports.
Equipment-sharing programs to make sports activities more affordable.
Kids and sports: lack of professional sports guides.
Physical education programs in the schools to promote healthy lifestyles.
Recovery strategies to prevent burnout and overtraining of athletes.
Balancing college sports and academic mission.
Supportive team program to assist athletes in coping with eating disorders.
Monitoring systems to ensure safe and sustainable workloads.
Advertising campaign for online sports nutrition store.
Sports psychologists and their role in helping athletes with mental toughness.
Sponsorship programs to reduce individual financial pressure in the sports industry.

Creating a well-developed structure is vital for any writing assignment. That’s why we’ve prepared a detailed template with the elements of a good proposal.

	Give your proposal a clear and unambiguous title. It should let the reader understand the key idea of your project.
	The introduction should outline the purpose of your proposal and present a .
	Describe the problem in detail and outline its history and importance.
	This section should include the proposal itself. Explain how your suggested research or solution would address the problem and how you plan to implement it.
	Consider problems you may encounter when implementing the proposed project and explain how you plan to solve them. Also, anticipate and respond to the objections that the recipients of your proposal may have.
	In your conclusion, and add a call to action for the audience.
	The reference list should include all the sources you’ve used in your work. You should format them according to your required citation style, like APA or MLA.

✍️ How to Make a Proposal Essay

Whether you are writing a proposal argument or a research proposal, the writing steps will be the same. Below are the steps you should take to complete this assignment.

This image shows how to write a proposal essay.

1. Choose Your Topic

Choosing a good topic is vital in writing a proposal essay. Select the subject you are interested in. This way, you’ll be more willing to invest your time and efforts into this project. In addition, ensure that your topic is narrow, specific, and significant. If your topic is too broad, reading background information can help you limit its scope.

2. Research

Find trustworthy sources with the information you can use to support your proposal. It will help you write the background section and highlight the importance of the problem. In addition, reliable sources will help you provide evidence justifying your chosen solution to the problem.

Developing a detailed outline helps ensure that your paper is logical and cohesive. The outline will let you see how you will link all of the facts to support the thesis statement. Also, it can save you time by identifying any gaps and weaknesses in your argument before you start writing your paper.

4. Draft Your Proposal Essay

When drafting your proposal, remember that it is a type of persuasive writing. It should present a project and encourage the reader to go along with a plan of action outlined in the paper. So, ensure your proposal is convincing, logical, and credible and considers the audience, purpose, and tone.

Start your essay by presenting the purpose and essence of your project. The main body of your proposal essay should contain background information on the problem and persuasive reasons to support your proposal. Finally, the conclusion should underline the significance of the issue and call the audience to action.

5. Revise and Edit

Carefully revise and edit your draft. Consider whether the problem is described concisely, the solution is complete, and your evidence is used appropriately. Also, read your work to find any grammar or spelling mistakes. If you still have doubts about your paper, you can ask your professor or classmate to read it and give their feedback.

📃 Sample of a Proposal Essay

To help you understand how a proposal essay is structured, we’ve prepared a topic proposal example. Check it out!

Equipping Schools with Recycling Bins for Environmental Preservation

The purpose of this proposal is to implement a school-wide recycling program by strategically placing recycling bins across the campus. This initiative will promote zero waste culture, ensure the school’s sustainability, and contribute to environmental preservation.

The school is a perfect place to develop environmental awareness because it has the opportunity to build students’ knowledge and skills necessary to address environmental issues. One way to do so is to teach students to avoid improper waste disposal through recycling.

The proposal involves procuring and placing recycling bins across the school, including classrooms, common areas, and outdoor spaces. In addition, educational campaigns will be held to raise awareness among students, staff, and parents about the significance of waste segregation and recycling. Regular monitoring and evaluation will ensure the program’s effectiveness.

Several problems may arise while implementing this project, including resistance to change and logistical concerns about bin placement. Some may also object to the proposal due to the costs associated with it. However, the resistance to change can be mitigated by educational campaigns. The bin placement problem can be solved by involving staff and students in determining the optimal locations for recycling bins. Finally, financial constraints can be addressed by seeking partnerships with local businesses and community organizations.

Equipping the school with recycling bins is a step toward a sustainable future. By reducing waste and promoting sustainable practices, our school can lead by example and inspire positive changes within the community. This initiative gives a chance to raise environmentally conscious students and contribute to a healthier planet. Let us embrace this program to foster a sustainable school environment.

❓ Proposal Topics FAQ

How to write a proposal for an essay topic.

Choose a topic.
Identify your thesis or research question.
Look for sources that you can use to support your thesis/research question.
Create a detailed outline.
Write the first draft.
Edit the finished paper to fix grammar or spelling mistakes and ensure coherence.

How to write a proposal essay introduction?

Start with an attention-grabbing hook to pique your audience’s curiosity. Then, summarize the details of the problem and outline the purpose of your proposed project. Finally, add a strong thesis statement, summarizing your suggested solution and giving a preview of your supporting arguments.

How to write a proposal argument essay?

Summarize the details of the problem and present the thesis.
Give a detailed history of the problem.
Present your proposal in detail.
Examine the contrasting viewpoints.
Sum up the main points of your essay.

What to write a proposal essay on?

Since you advocate for a change or a solution to a problem in your proposal essay, you should choose a topic you care about. You can write a proposal essay on virtually everything, from presenting a solution to climate change to implementing a community-based reading program or raising awareness about the importance of gut microbiota.

Topic Proposals | University of Hawaii
Selecting a Research Topic: Overview | MIT Libraries
Proposals | University of Mary Washington
Research Proposals | University of New Hampshire
10 Major Social Problems That Could Be Fixed with Innovative Solutions | Listverse
How to Write a Topic Proposal | LUC Writing Center
The Art of Proposal Writing: Proposal as Genre | Graduate College at Illinois
Outline for Research Project Proposal | Portland State University
Tips for Successful Proposal Writing | University of California, Davis
How to Write a Good Postgraduate Research Proposal | The University of Edinburgh
Proposal Argument Topic Ideas | Classroom
What Is a Proposal Argument Essay? | Classroom
Proposal Argument Essay | Madigan Library at Penn College
Practical Proposal Essay Topics for Students | YourDictionary
How to Write a Proposal Essay/Paper | Owlcation
Guidelines for Proposal and Essay | York University
The Academic Proposal | University of Toronto
Writing Process: Creating a Proposal | Openstax
How to Write a Research Proposal | University of Sheffield
How To Write a Project Proposal (With Tips and Example) | Indeed

How to Write an Animal Testing Essay: Tips for Argumentative & Persuasive Papers

Descriptive essay topics: examples, outline, & more.

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What Is a Proposal Argument?

Asking a question, “what is a proposal argument?” students usually want not only a definition of a notion but also a detailed explanation of how to write such an assignment. A proposal argument is a short paper that outlines the main idea and the structure of the proposal.

Proposal arguments are frequently used in colleges. This is either a pre-research or a post-research assignment asking students to find faults in their research and offer a plan of how to resolve the issues. Sometimes such papers are called “should arguments,” making a hint that they presuppose some solution. When perfectly written, this paper may impact the reader’s opinion regarding the issue under discussion.

Steps for Writing a Proposal Argument

Step 1: defining the audience.

A proposal argument, like any other paper type, has its audience. Only if you have correctly defined your audience, the information you provide will be perfectly written and adequately accepted. So, having found the answer to the question “what is a proposal argument,” you need to ask yourself what the purpose of your writing is. What idea are you going to deliver? When you have a clear vision of what your audience expects from you, you may speak their language and deliver the information easily. Ask yourself why you write a paper, and you will understand who your audience is.

Step 2: Indicate a research problem

Identification of a research problem is the second stage in your work on the assignment. You need to have a clear vision of why you wish to write the paper, and it will help you develop a problem for research. Always keep in mind the final purpose of your work. Why are you writing it? What do you want to achieve? A clear vision of the significance of research helps to define the problem as well.

Step 3: Conduct research

Any problem you have decided to research requires evidence and justification. You need to gather relevant sources to support your writing. It may require some time to find the sources to support your topic, but once you gather the materials, you will see that writing a paper is easy.

Step 4: Develop an outline

Writing an outline is a good opportunity to structure your ideas and develops a top-quality proposal argument paper.

Set the major sections you wish to develop and adjust the found information to those sections.

Step 5: Write down your solution

Having gathered all the materials and composed your outline, you will be able to write a solution to the proposed argument. Make sure that you stick to the plan and support each written argument with the source.

The authoritative opinion will make your writing not only argumentative but also accurate and professional. Following your outline, you will also structure your ideas in a logical manner, which is important for an essay.

Step 6: Edit and proofread your paper

Many students neglect the importance of editing and proofreading, while this is a serious mistake. It is essential to check the paper in a day or two, as in this case, you will be able to edit not only grammar but also content.

You might also find Research Proposal Essay Topics useful.

Difficulties of Writing a Proposal Argument Essay

The audience may not accept your innovative ideas.
Resolving the problem you need to consider some additional challenges.
Each problem-solution has counterarguments and weaknesses, and it is important to remember this fact.
Each argument must be convincing.

Sample Proposal Argument

If you still ask a question, “what is a proposal argument?” you may need to check some samples to get a basic idea of what an assignment looks like. Using online samples as guides for writing is a common practice. The only warning is that you should use valid examples. Checking a sample on our site, you may be sure that the example you will use as a role model for writing is of superior quality. All the samples provided on our site are written by professionals and are left for you to use for personal needs. Just do not copy anything from the web to ensure that your paper does not contain plagiarism.

You might also find Questionnaire for Research Paper useful.

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Proposal Argument
Proposal Argument. A proposal argument is a structure of argument that focuses on presenting some kind of proposal as a solution to a problem, outlining the details of the proposal, and providing good reasons to support the proposal. This type of essay works well if you see a problem you want to fix or see change you want to make.
Mastering the Proposal Argument Essay: A Comprehensive Guide
A proposal argument essay is a specific kind of essay that involves presenting a problem and offering a solution how to address and handle that problem. The primary aim of this essay is to convince the readers to support your proposed solution and idea. The proposal can involve a policy change, a novel method or approach to solving a problem ...
7.6: Proposal Arguments
Parts were adapted from Technical Writing, which was derived in turn by Annemarie Hamlin, Chris Rubio, and Michele DeSilva, Central Oregon Community College, from Online Technical Writing by David McMurrey - CC BY 4.0. 7.6: Proposal Arguments. A proposal argument outlines a specific plan of action. It describes why the action is needed and ...
Type 4: Proposal Argument
In order to build up to a proposal, an argument needs to incorporate elements of definition argument, evaluation argument, and causal argument. First, we will need to define a problem or a situation that calls for action. Then we need to make an evaluation argument to convince readers that the problem is bad enough to be worth addressing.
What Is a Proposal Argument Essay?
A proposal argument is one of the most common and effective forms of argumentation. Done well, it can influence the opinion of even the most opposed audience member. While there are a variety of methods in constructing this type of argument, the audience, purpose, and basic ...
Proposal Arguments
Proposal Argument. A proposal argument is a structure of argument that focuses on presenting some kind of proposal as a solution to a problem, outlining the details of the proposal, and providing good reasons to support the proposal. In this type of argument, you must propose a solution to a problem.
The Proposal Essay: A Specific Type of Argument
Proposal Argument. A proposal argument is a structure of argument that focuses on presenting some kind of proposal as a solution to a problem, outlining the details of the proposal, and providing good reasons to support the proposal. This type of essay works well if you see a problem you want to fix or see change you want to make.
7.6.1: Annotated Sample Proposal Argument
This sample essay was written by Laurent Wenjun Jiang and edited and annotated by Natalie Peterkin. Licensed CC BY-NC 4.0 . 7.6.1: Annotated Sample Proposal Argument is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
5.8 Causal and Proposal Arguments
Attribution: Parts of this section on proposal arguments are original content by Anna Mills and Darya Myers. Parts were adapted from Technical Writing, which was derived in turn by Annemarie Hamlin, Chris Rubio, and Michele DeSilva, Central Oregon Community College, from Online Technical Writing by David McMurrey—CC BY 4.0.It has been further edited and re-mixed by Dr. Adam Falik and Dr ...
Sample Proposal Argument
Sample Proposal Argument. Now that you have had the chance to learn about writing a proposal argument, it's time to see what one might look like. Below, you'll see a sample proposal argumentative essay written using APA 7 th edition formatting guidelines. Click the image below to open a PDF of the sample paper. Previous. Next.
Argument Essay Guidelines
The argument essay should adhere to the following guidelines: The essay meets requirements for the type of argument it is intended to convey (definition argument, proposal argument, or causal argument). The essay is based on a clearly stated, arguable thesis statement. The thesis is appropriately developed and supported: the writer has provided ...
Proposal Argument Model
63 Proposal Argument Model Proposal Method. from Introduction to College Writing at CNM. The proposal method of argument is used when there is a problematic situation, and you would like to offer a solution to the situation. The structure of the proposal method is similar to the other persuasive methods, but there are slight differences.
How to Write a Proposal Essay/Paper
7. Preparations Made. Show the audience that you know what you are doing. The more prepared you look the better your chances are to get the proposal passed (or get a better grade if it is for a class). 8. Conclusion. Do not restate your introduction here if you choose to mention the "history" of a certain proposal.
6.6: Proposal Arguments
In order to build up to a proposal, an argument needs to incorporate elements of definition argument, evaluation argument, and causal argument. First, we will need to define a problem or a situation that calls for action. ... Sample proposal essay "Why We Should Open Our Borders" accessible version with notes in parentheses; Practice Exercise ...
The Argumentative Essay
In an academic argument, you'll have a lot more constraints you have to consider, and you'll focus much more on logic and reasoning than emotions. Figure 1. When writing an argumentative essay, students must be able to separate emotion based arguments from logic based arguments in order to appeal to an academic audience.
Proposal Arguments
Teaching students how to frame their arguments is one of the most effective ways to help them organize and develop their writing. This video introduces stude...
9.3: The Argumentative Essay
In an academic argument, you'll have a lot more constraints you have to consider, and you'll focus much more on logic and reasoning than emotions. Figure 1. When writing an argumentative essay, students must be able to separate emotion based arguments from logic based arguments in order to appeal to an academic audience.
Definitional Argument Essay
Definitional arguments require a definition of key terms: Example: Joe is too bossy. Define "bossy" and provide examples of his bossy attitude (poor listening skills, shouting at people, making decisions without asking committee—these are what define "bossy" in your argument. Example: Low-carb diets are dangerous.
414 Proposal Essay Topics + Writing Guide & Example
A proposal argument is an argumentative essay that offers a solution to a problem. It is often addressed to a particular company, non-profit organization, or government agency. It aims to persuade an organization to do something differently or perform a specific task. A proposal argument first describes a problem, then proposes a feasible ...
What is a proposal argument, and what are its purposes?
Proposal arguments are frequently used in colleges. This is either a pre-research or a post-research assignment asking students to find faults in their research and offer a plan of how to resolve the issues. Sometimes such papers are called "should arguments," making a hint that they presuppose some solution.
Proposal Argument Essay
Legalization of Organ Sales. Ashley Monroe Grand Canyon University ENG-106: English Composition II Professor Lori Heredia December 5, 2021. Organ sales should be legalized To: All Medical Leaders Introduction For the Health Authority, and for all medical leaders in their communities, this policy proposal is intended. There was a 25 percent annual increase in the number of kidney transplant ...
definition of proposal argument essay
To write an argumentative essay, write an opening paragraph that introduces the topic, craft a thesis statement that details the position or side of the argument defended in the body, and provide supporting arguments throughout the body of ..... A central argument is the cornerstone of any good paper. It is either what the writer wants to persuade the readers to think or the purpose of the essay.
Definition Argument
The definition argument focuses on clarifying a definition for a controversial term or concept. In other words, a definition argument is one that asserts we cannot make clear assertions or possess a clear understanding of an issue until we understand exactly what the terms mean. An argumentative essay calling for a re-examination of the birth ...

12 Type 4: Proposal Argument

Common elements of proposal arguments

Description of the proposed solution

Feasibility of the project

Benefits of the proposal

Sample annotated proposal argument

Works Cited

Attributions

Screen-Reader Accessible Annotated Proposal Argument

Why We Should Open Our Borders

Attribution

Chapter Attribution

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What Is a Proposal Argument Essay?

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1 Audience & Purpose

3 Description of Problem

5 Proposed Solution

7 Justification for Solution

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18 Proposal Arguments

Proposal Structure

Time to Write

Key Features of a Proposal:

This is the only essay that has AUTOMATIC FAIL restrictions

Key Grading Considerations

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5.8 Causal and Proposal Arguments

Purposes of Causal Arguments

Techniques and Cautions for Causal Argument

Identify Possible Causes

Determine Which Factor Is Most Correlated with the Event

Explain How That Factor Could Have Caused the Event

Eliminate Alternative Explanations

Proposal Arguments

Common Elements of Proposal Arguments

Description of the Proposed Solution

Feasibility of the Project

Benefits of the Proposal

Sample Annotated Proposal Argument

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Argument Essay Guidelines

Due Dates

Option 1: Proposal Argument

In general, a proposal argument essay should have three main sections:

Examples of questions you might consider:

Option 2: Definition Argument

Examples of definition argument thesis statements:

Option 3: Causal Argument

Criteria for success

The argument essay should adhere to all formatting criteria:

63 Proposal Argument Model

Proposal Arguments

SAMPLE ESSAY

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Module 9: Academic Argument

Argumentative Essays

Causal Arguments