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What to Know About Music Therapy

Music can help improve your mood and overall mental health.

Verywell / Lara Antal

Effectiveness

Things to consider, how to get started.

Music therapy is a therapeutic approach that uses the naturally mood-lifting properties of music to help people improve their mental health and overall well-being.  It’s a goal-oriented intervention that may involve:

• Making music
• Writing songs
• Listening to music
• Discussing music  

This form of treatment may be helpful for people with depression and anxiety, and it may help improve the quality of life for people with physical health problems. Anyone can engage in music therapy; you don’t need a background in music to experience its beneficial effects.

Types of Music Therapy

Music therapy can be an active process, where clients play a role in creating music, or a passive one that involves listening or responding to music. Some therapists may use a combined approach that involves both active and passive interactions with music.

There are a variety of approaches established in music therapy, including:

• Analytical music therapy : Analytical music therapy encourages you to use an improvised, musical "dialogue" through singing or playing an instrument to express your unconscious thoughts, which you can reflect on and discuss with your therapist afterward.
• Benenzon music therapy : This format combines some concepts of psychoanalysis with the process of making music. Benenzon music therapy includes the search for your "musical sound identity," which describes the external sounds that most closely match your internal psychological state.
• Cognitive behavioral music therapy (CBMT) : This approach combines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with music. In CBMT, music is used to reinforce some behaviors and modify others. This approach is structured, not improvisational, and may include listening to music, dancing, singing, or playing an instrument.
• Community music therapy : This format is focused on using music as a way to facilitate change on the community level. It’s done in a group setting and requires a high level of engagement from each member.
• Nordoff-Robbins music therapy : Also called creative music therapy, this method involves playing an instrument (often a cymbal or drum) while the therapist accompanies using another instrument. The improvisational process uses music as a way to help enable self-expression.
• The Bonny method of guided imagery and music (GIM) : This form of therapy uses classical music as a way to stimulate the imagination. In this method, you explain the feelings, sensations, memories, and imagery you experience while listening to the music.
• Vocal psychotherapy : In this format, you use various vocal exercises, natural sounds, and breathing techniques to connect with your emotions and impulses. This practice is meant to create a deeper sense of connection with yourself.

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Music Therapy vs. Sound Therapy

Music therapy and sound therapy (or sound healing ) are distinctive, and each approach has its own goals, protocols, tools, and settings: 

• Music therapy is a relatively new discipline, while sound therapy is based on ancient Tibetan cultural practices .
• Sound therapy uses tools to achieve specific sound frequencies, while music therapy focuses on addressing symptoms like stress and pain.  
• The training and certifications that exist for sound therapy are not as standardized as those for music therapists.
• Music therapists often work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, or private practices, while sound therapists may offer their service as a component of complementary or alternative medicine.

When you begin working with a music therapist, you will start by identifying your goals. For example, if you’re experiencing depression, you may hope to use music to naturally improve your mood and increase your happiness . You may also want to try applying music therapy to other symptoms of depression like anxiety, insomnia, or trouble focusing.

During a music therapy session, you may listen to different genres of music , play a musical instrument, or even compose your own songs. You may be asked to sing or dance. Your therapist may encourage you to improvise, or they may have a set structure for you to follow.

You may be asked to tune in to your emotions as you perform these tasks or to allow your feelings to direct your actions. For example, if you are angry, you might play or sing loud, fast, and dissonant chords.

You may also use music to explore ways to change how you feel. If you express anger or stress, your music therapist might respond by having you listen to or create music with slow, soft, soothing tones.

Music therapy is often one-on-one, but you may also choose to participate in group sessions if they are available. Sessions with a music therapist take place wherever they practice, which might be a:

• Community health center
• Correctional facility
• Private office
• Physical therapy practice
• Rehabilitation facility

Wherever it happens to be, the room you work in together will be a calm environment with no outside distractions.

What Music Therapy Can Help With

Music therapy may be helpful for people experiencing:

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Anxiety or stress
• Cardiac conditions
• Chronic pain
• Difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication
• Emotional dysregulation
• Feelings of low self-esteem
• Impulsivity
• Negative mood
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Problems related to childbirth
• Rehabilitation after an injury or medical procedure
• Respiration problems
• Substance use disorders
• Surgery-related issues
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Trouble with movement or coordination

Research also suggests that it can be helpful for people with:

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Schizophrenia
• Stroke and neurological disorders

Music therapy is also often used to help children and adolescents:

• Develop their identities
• Improve their communication skills
• Learn to regulate their emotions
• Recover from trauma
• Self-reflect

Benefits of Using Music as Therapy

Music therapy can be highly personalized, making it suitable for people of any age—even very young children can benefit. It’s also versatile and offers benefits for people with a variety of musical experience levels and with different mental or physical health challenges.

Engaging with music can:

• Activate regions of the brain that influence things like memory, emotions, movement, sensory relay, some involuntary functions, decision-making, and reward
• Fulfill social needs for older adults in group settings
• Lower heart rate and blood pressure
• Relax muscle tension
• Release endorphins
• Relieve stress and encourage feelings of calm
• Strengthen motor skills and improve communication for children and young adults who have developmental and/or learning disabilities

Research has also shown that music can have a powerful effect on people with dementia and other memory-related disorders.

Overall, music therapy can increase positive feelings, like:

• Confidence and empowerment
• Emotional intimacy

The uses and benefits of music therapy have been researched for decades. Key findings from clinical studies have shown that music therapy may be helpful for people with depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, and even cancer.

Depression 

Studies have shown that music therapy can be an effective component of depression treatment. According to the research cited, the use of music therapy was most beneficial to people with depression when it was combined with the usual treatments (such as antidepressants and psychotherapy). 

When used in combination with other forms of treatment, music therapy may also help reduce obsessive thoughts , depression, and anxiety in people with OCD.

In 2016, researchers conducted a feasibility study that explored how music therapy could be combined with CBT to treat depression . While additional research is needed, the initial results were promising.

Many people find that music, or even white noise, helps them fall asleep. Research has shown that music therapy may be helpful for people with sleep disorders or insomnia as a symptom of depression.

Compared to pharmaceuticals and other commonly prescribed treatments for sleep disorders, music is less invasive, more affordable, and something a person can do on their own to self-manage their condition.

Pain Management

Music has been explored as a potential strategy for acute and chronic pain management in all age groups. Research has shown that listening to music when healing from surgery or an injury, for example, may help both kids and adults cope with physical pain.

Music therapy may help reduce pain associated with:

• Chronic conditions : Music therapy can be part of a long-term plan for managing chronic pain, and it may help people recapture and focus on positive memories from a time before they had distressing long-term pain symptoms. 
• Labor and childbirth : Music therapy-assisted childbirth appears to be a positive, accessible, non-pharmacological option for pain management and anxiety reduction for laboring people.
• Surgery : When paired with standard post-operative hospital care, music therapy is an effective way to lower pain levels, anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure in people recovering from surgery.

Coping with a cancer diagnosis and going through cancer treatment is as much an emotional experience as a physical one. People with cancer often need different sources of support to take care of their emotional and spiritual well-being.

Music therapy has been shown to help reduce anxiety in people with cancer who are starting radiation treatments. It may also help them cope with the side effects of chemotherapy, such as nausea.

Music therapy may also offer emotional benefits for people experiencing depression after receiving their cancer diagnosis, while they’re undergoing treatment, or even after remission.

On its own, music therapy may not constitute adequate treatment for medical conditions, including mental health disorders . However, when combined with medication, psychotherapy , and other interventions, it can be a valuable component of a treatment plan.

If you have difficulty hearing, wear a hearing aid, or have a hearing implant, you should talk with your audiologist before undergoing music therapy to ensure that it’s safe for you.

Similarly, music therapy that incorporates movement or dancing may not be a good fit if you’re experiencing pain, illness, injury, or a physical condition that makes it difficult to exercise.  

You'll also want to check your health insurance benefits prior to starting music therapy. Your sessions may be covered or reimbursable under your plan, but you may need a referral from your doctor.

If you’d like to explore music therapy, talk to your doctor or therapist. They can connect you with practitioners in your community. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) also maintains a database of board-certified, credentialed professionals that you can use to find a practicing music therapist in your area.

Depending on your goals, a typical music therapy session lasts between 30 and 50 minutes. Much like you would plan sessions with a psychotherapist, you may choose to have a set schedule for music therapy—say, once a week—or you may choose to work with a music therapist on a more casual "as-needed" basis.  

Before your first session, you may want to talk things over with your music therapist so you know what to expect and can check in with your primary care physician if needed.

Aigen KS. The Study of Music Therapy: Current Issues and Concepts . Routledge & CRC Press. New York; 2013. doi:10.4324/9781315882703

Jasemi M, Aazami S, Zabihi RE. The effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression of cancer patients . Indian J Palliat Care . 2016;22(4):455-458. doi:10.4103/0973-1075.191823

Chung J, Woods-Giscombe C. Influence of dosage and type of music therapy in symptom management and rehabilitation for individuals with schizophrenia . Issues Ment Health Nurs . 2016;37(9):631-641. doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1181125

MacDonald R, Kreutz G, Mitchell L. Music, Health, and Wellbeing . Oxford; 2012. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586974.001.0001

Monti E, Austin D. The dialogical self in vocal psychotherapy . Nord J Music Ther . 2018;27(2):158-169. doi:10.1080/08098131.2017.1329227

American Music Therapy Association (AMTA). Music therapy with specific populations: Fact sheets, resources & bibliographies .

Wang CF, Sun YL, Zang HX. Music therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders: A meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies . Int J Nurs Stud . 2014;51(1):51-62. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.008

Bidabadi SS, Mehryar A. Music therapy as an adjunct to standard treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder and co-morbid anxiety and depression: A randomized clinical trial . J Affect Disord . 2015;184:13-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.011

Kamioka H, Tsutani K, Yamada M, et al. Effectiveness of music therapy: A summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions . Patient Prefer Adherence . 2014;8:727-754. doi:10.2147/PPA.S61340

Raglio A, Attardo L, Gontero G, Rollino S, Groppo E, Granieri E. Effects of music and music therapy on mood in neurological patients . World J Psychiatry . 2015;5(1):68-78. doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.68

Altenmüller E, Schlaug G. Apollo’s gift: New aspects of neurologic music therapy . Prog Brain Res . 2015;217:237-252. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.029

Werner J, Wosch T, Gold C. Effectiveness of group music therapy versus recreational group singing for depressive symptoms of elderly nursing home residents: Pragmatic trial . Aging Ment Health . 2017;21(2):147-155. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1093599

Dunbar RIM, Kaskatis K, MacDonald I, Barra V. Performance of music elevates pain threshold and positive affect: Implications for the evolutionary function of music . Evol Psychol . 2012;10(4):147470491201000420. doi:10.1177/147470491201000403

Pavlicevic M, O'neil N, Powell H, Jones O, Sampathianaki E. Making music, making friends: Long-term music therapy with young adults with severe learning disabilities . J Intellect Disabil . 2014;18(1):5-19. doi:10.1177/1744629513511354

Chang YS, Chu H, Yang CY, et al. The efficacy of music therapy for people with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials . J Clin Nurs . 2015;24(23-24):3425-40. doi:10.1111/jocn.12976

Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, et al. Music therapy for depression . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2017;11:CD004517. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub3

Trimmer C, Tyo R, Naeem F. Cognitive behavioural therapy-based music (CBT-music) group for symptoms of anxiety and depression . Can J Commun Ment Health . 2016;35(2):83-87. doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2016-029

Jespersen KV, Koenig J, Jennum P, Vuust P. Music for insomnia in adults . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015;(8):CD010459. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010459.pub2

Redding J, Plaugher S, Cole J, et al. "Where's the Music?" Using music therapy for pain management . Fed Pract . 2016;33(12):46-49.

Novotney A. Music as medicine . Monitor on Psychology . 2013;44(10):46.

McCaffrey T, Cheung PS, Barry M, Punch P, Dore L. The role and outcomes of music listening for women in childbirth: An integrative review . Midwifery . 2020;83:102627. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2020.102627

Liu Y, Petrini MA. Effects of music therapy on pain, anxiety, and vital signs in patients after thoracic surgery . Complement Ther Med . 2015;23(5):714-8.doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.08.002

Rossetti A, Chadha M, Torres BN, et al. The impact of music therapy on anxiety in cancer patients undergoing simulation for radiation therapy . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys . 2017;99(1):103-110. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.05.003

American Music Therapy Association (AMTA). Guidance for music listening programs .

The Transformative Power of Music in Mental Well-Being

• August 01, 2023
• Healthy living for mental well-being, Patients and Families, Treatment

Music has always held a special place in our lives, forming an integral part of human culture for centuries. Whether we passively listen to our favorite songs or actively engage in music-making by singing or playing instruments, music can have a profound influence on our socio-emotional development and overall well-being.

Recent research suggests that music engagement not only shapes our personal and cultural identities but also plays a role in mood regulation. 1 A 2022 review and meta-analysis of music therapy found an overall beneficial effect on stress-related outcomes. Moreover, music can be used to help in addressing serious mental health and substance use disorders. 2 In addition to its healing potential, music can magnify the message of diversity and inclusion by introducing people to new cultures and amplifying the voice of marginalized communities, thereby enhancing our understanding and appreciation for diverse communities.

Healing Trauma and Building Resilience

Many historically excluded groups, such as racial/ethnic and sexual minorities and people with disabilities, face systemic injustices and traumatic experiences that can deeply impact their mental health. Research supports the idea that discrimination, a type of trauma, increases risk for mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. 3

Music therapy has shown promise in providing a safe and supportive environment for healing trauma and building resilience while decreasing anxiety levels and improving the functioning of depressed individuals. 4 Music therapy is an evidence-based therapeutic intervention using music to accomplish health and education goals, such as improving mental wellness, reducing stress and alleviating pain. Music therapy is offered in settings such as schools and hospitals. 1 Research supports that engaging in music-making activities, such as drumming circles, songwriting, or group singing, can facilitate emotional release, promote self-reflection, and create a sense of community. 5

Empowerment, Advocacy and Social Change

Music has a rich history of being used as a tool for social advocacy and change. Artists from marginalized communities often use music to shed light on social issues (.pdf) , challenge injustices, and inspire collective action. By addressing topics such as racial inequality, gender discrimination, and LGBTQ+ rights, music becomes a powerful medium for advocating for social justice and promoting inclusivity. Through music, individuals can express their unique experiences, struggles, and triumphs, forging connections with others who share similar backgrounds. Research has shown that exposure to diverse musical genres and artists can broaden perspectives, challenge stereotypes, and foster empathy among listeners especially when dancing together. 7

Genres such as hip-hop, reggae, jazz, blues, rhythm & blues and folk have historically served as platforms for marginalized voices, enabling them to reclaim their narratives and challenge societal norms. The impact of socially conscious music has been observed in movements such as civil rights, feminism, and LGBTQ+ rights, where songs have played a pivotal role in mobilizing communities and effecting change. Music artists who engage in activism can reach new supporters and help their fans feel more connected to issues and motivated to participate. 6

Fostering Social Connection and Support

Music can also serve as a catalyst for social connection and support, breaking down barriers and bridging divides. Emerging evidence indicates that music has the potential to enhance prosocial behavior, promote social connectedness, and develop emotional competence. 2 Communities can leverage music’s innate ability to connect people and foster a sense of belonging through music programs, choirs, and music education initiatives. These activities can create inclusive spaces where people from diverse backgrounds can come together, collaborate, and build relationships based on shared musical interests. These experiences promote social cohesion, combat loneliness, and provide a support network that can positively impact overall well-being.

Musicians and Normalizing Mental Health

Considering the healing effects of music, it may seem paradoxical that musicians may be at a higher risk of mental health disorders. 8 A recent survey of 1,500 independent musicians found that 73% have symptoms of mental illness. This could be due in part to the physical and psychological challenges of the profession. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Germany found that musically active people have, on average, a higher genetic risk for depression and bipolar disorder.

Commendably, many artists such as Adele, Alanis Morrisette, Ariana Grande, Billie Eilish, Kendrick Lamar, Kid Cudi and Demi Lovato have spoken out about their mental health battles, from postpartum depression to suicidal ideation. Having high-profile artists and celebrities share their lived experiences has opened the conversation about the importance of mental wellness. This can help battle the stigma associated with seeking treatment and support.

Dr. Regina James (APA’s Chief of the Division of Diversity and Health Equity and Deputy Medical Director) notes “Share your story…share your song and let's help each other normalize the conversation around mental wellness through the influence of music. My go-to artist for relaxation is jazz saxophonist, “Grover Washington Jr” …what’s yours?” Submit to [email protected] to get featured!

More on Music Therapy

• Music Therapy Fact Sheets from the American Music Therapy Association
• Music Therapy Resources for Parents and Caregivers from Music Therapy Works

By Fátima Reynolds DJ and Music Producer Senior Program Manager, Division of Diversity and Health Equity American Psychiatric Association

• Gustavson, D.E., et al. Mental health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies. Transl Psychiatry 11, 370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01483-8
• Golden, T. L., et al. (2021). The use of music in the treatment and management of serious mental illness: A global scoping review of the literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649840
• Schouler-Ocak, M., et al. (2021). Racism and mental health and the role of Mental Health Professionals. European Psychiatry, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2216
•  Aalbers, S., et al. (2017). Music therapy for Depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004517.pub3
• Dingle, G. A., et al. (2021). How do music activities affect health and well-being? A scoping review of studies examining Psychosocial Mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713818
• Americans for the Arts. (n.d.). A Working Guide to the Landscape of Arts for Change. Animating Democracy. http://animatingdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Potts%20Trend%20Paper.pdf
• Stupacher, J., Mikkelsen, J., Vuust, P. (2021). Higher empathy is associated with stronger social bonding when moving together with music. Psychology of Music, 50(5), 1511–1526. https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356211050681
• Wesseldijk, L.W., Ullén, F. & Mosing, M.A. The effects of playing music on mental health outcomes. Sci Rep 9, 12606 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49099-9

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Music Therapy Presentation Slide

The provided image features a PowerPoint slide with the heading “MUSIC THERAPY” prominently displayed in uppercase, bold purple letters at the top. Below the title is a space designated for a subtitle with the placeholder text “EDIT SLIDE SUBTITLE HERE”, followed by additional editable text fields for further elaboration on the presentation’s content.

Central to the slide’s design is a dynamic illustration of a figure with headphones on, seemingly lost in the enjoyment of music. The figure is depicted with one hand raised and the other holding a mobile device, suggesting the control of the music or a rhythm being followed. Musical notes in various sizes and colors float around the figure, creating a sense of movement and auditory immersion. The notes appear to emanate from the figure, illustrating the therapeutic impact of music.

The slide employs a clean and modern layout with ample white space, allowing the central illustration to stand out. The color scheme, with its vibrant oranges, purples, and reds against the white background, is lively and engaging.

Potential applications for this template include presentations on music therapy techniques, the psychological effects of music, educational training for music therapists, workshops on therapeutic practices involving music, and seminars highlighting the benefits of music for mental health and wellbeing. The design is suited for professional and educational settings alike, offering a visually appealing way to present information related to the healing powers of music.

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What is Music Therapy and How Does It Work?

Perhaps the music leaves you feeling calmer. Or happy. Or, let’s face it, downright sad. I am sure all of us can attest to the power of music.

Did you know, however, that music therapy is in itself an evidence-based therapy? Keep reading to learn more about the profession of music therapy.

Before you continue, we thought you might like to download our three Positive CBT Exercises for free . These science-based exercises will provide you with detailed insight into Positive CBT and give you the tools to apply it in your therapy or coaching.

This Article Contains:

A look at the psychology, a brief history of music therapy, research and studies, the different types and methods of music therapy, a list of music therapy techniques, what does a music therapist do, the best instruments to use in music therapy, available music therapy apps, voices: a world forum for music therapy, what is music therapy perspectives.

• The 5 Best Books on the Topic

Recommended Articles

5 recommended youtube videos, a take-home message.

Bruscia (1991) defined music therapy as ‘ an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets to help patients to improve, restore or maintain health ’ (Maratos, Gold, Wang & Crawford, 2008).

A little later, in 1998, Bruscia suggested another alternative definition of music therapy as ‘ a systematic process of intervention wherein the therapist helps the client to promote health, using musical experiences and the relationships that develop through them as dynamic forces of change ’ (Geretsegger, Elefant, Mössler & Gold, 2014).

Does music therapy simply consist of music used therapeutically? As Bruscia’s definitions demonstrate, music therapy is much more complex. It shouldn’t be confused with ‘music medicine’ – which is music interventions delivered by medical or healthcare professionals (Bradt & Dileo, 2010).

Music therapy, on the other hand, is administered by trained music therapists (Bradt & Dileo, 2010).

How does music therapy work? Well, it is claimed that five factors contribute to the effects of music therapy (Koelsch, 2009).

Modulation of Attention

The first aspect is the modulation of attention. Music grabs our attention and distracts us from stimuli that may lead to negative experiences (such as worry, pain, anxiety and so on). This may also explain the anxiety and pain-reducing effects of listening to music during medical procedures (Koelsch, 2009).

Modulation of Emotion

The second way music therapy work is through modulation of emotion . Studies have shown that music can regulate the activity of brain regions that are involved in the initiation, generation, maintenance, termination, and modulation of emotions (Koelsch, 2009).

Modulation of Cognition

Music also modulates cognition. Music is related to memory processes (including the encoding, storage, and decoding of musical information and events related to musical experiences) (Koelsch, 2009). It is also involved in the analysis of musical syntax and musical meaning (Koelsch, 2009).

Modulation of Behavior

Music therapy also works through modulating behavior. Music evokes and conditions behaviors such as the movement patterns involved in walking, speaking and grasping (Koelsch, 2009).

Modulation of Communication

Music also affects communication. In fact, music is a means of communication. Therefore, music can play a significant role in relationships, as alluded to in the definition of music therapy (Koelsch, 2009).

• Musical interaction in music therapy, especially musical improvisation, serves as a non-verbal and pre-verbal language (Geretsegger et al., 2014).
• It allows people who are verbal to gain access to pre-verbal experiences (Geretsegger et al., 2014).
• It also gives non-verbal people the chance to communicate with others without words (Geretsegger et al., 2014).
• It allows all people to interact on a more emotional, relationship-oriented way than may be possible relying on verbal language (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

Interaction also takes place with listening to music by a process that generally includes choosing music that has meaning for the person, such as the music reflecting an issue that the person is currently occupied with (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

Wherever possible, individuals are encouraged to reflect on personal issues that relate to the music, or, associations that the music brings up. For individuals who have verbal abilities, another important part of music therapy is to reflect verbally on the musical processes (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

Looking at a psychological theory of music therapy is extremely challenging, given the fact that there are multiple ideas regarding the mechanisms of music used as a therapeutic means (Hillecke, Nickel & Volker Bolay, 2005).

The psychology of music is a relatively new area of study (Wigram, Pedersen & Bonde, 2002). Music therapy is a multi-disciplinary field, and the area of music psychology is an innovative interdisciplinary science drawing from the fields of musicology, psychology, acoustics, sociology, anthropology, and neurology (Hillecke et al., 2005; Wigram et al., 2002).

Psychologists use experiments and diagnostics such as questionnaires, and the paradigm of cognition, to analyze what happens in music therapy (Hillecke et al., 2005).

Important topics in the psychology of music are:

• The function of music in the life and history of mankind
• The function of music in the life and identity of a person
• Auditory perception and musical memory
• Auditory imagery
• The brain’s processing of musical inputs
• The origin of musical abilities and the development of musical skills
• The meaning of music and musical preferences for the forming of identity
• The psychology of music performance and composition (Wigram et al., pp 45 – 46).

In understanding how people hear and perceive musical sounds, a part of music psychology is psychoacoustics – one’s perception of music. Another important facet of the psychology of music is an understanding of the human ear, and also the way the brain is involved in the appreciation and performance of music (Wigram et al., 2002).

Lifespan music psychology refers to an individual’s relationship to music as a lifelong developmental process (Wigram et al., 2002).

The earliest reference to music therapy was a paper called “Musically Physically Considered”, that was published in a Columbian magazine (Greenberg, 2017).

Even long before that, Pythagoras (c.570 – c. 495 BC), the Greek philosopher and mathematician prescribed a variety of musical scales and modes in order to cure an array of physical and psychological conditions (Greenberg, 2017).

However, perhaps the earliest account of the healing properties of music appear in the Jewish bible. In it, the story was that David, a skilled musician, could cure King Saul’s depression through music (Greenberg, 2017).

This was told in Chapter 16 in Prophets:

“And it happened that whenever the spirit of melancholy from God was upon Saul, David would take the lyre (harp) and play it. Saul would then feel relieved and the spirit of melancholy would depart from him”

(1 Samuel, 16:23).

There may even be earlier accounts of music therapy. Whether such religious texts are historically accurate or not, music was conceived as a therapeutic modality when such texts were written (Greenberg, 2017).

Music therapy emerged as a profession in the 20th century after World War I and World War II. Both amateur and professional musicians attended veterans’ hospitals to play for the veterans who had suffered physical and emotional trauma (The American Music Therapy Association, n.d.).

The impact of the music on the patients’ physical and emotional responses saw the doctors and nurses requesting to hire the musicians. It became apparent that the hospital musicians required training before starting, and thus ensued the beginning of music therapy education (The American Music Therapy Association, n.d.).

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To begin this discussion into musical therapy research, I will share a couple of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews that are internationally recognized as the highest standard in evidence-based health care.

A Cochrane Review of 5 studies examining music used in different ways as a part of the psychological treatment of people with depression found that reporting of the studies was poor. It did, however, find that most of the studies that made up the review did show positive effects in reducing depressive symptoms (Maratos et al., 2008). Therefore, the authors suggested that further research in this area is necessary.

Another Cochrane Review looked at 10 studies (a total of 165 participants) that assessed the effect of music therapy interventions that were conducted with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over periods ranging from one week to seven months (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

Individuals with ASD experience impairments in social interaction and communication. Music therapy provides a means of communication and expression through musical experiences and the relationships that develop through them (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

Geretsegger and colleagues (2014) found that in terms of social interaction within the context of therapy, music therapy was associated with improvements in the non-verbal communicative skills, verbal communication skills, initiating behavior and social emotional reciprocity of individuals with ASD. However, there was no statistically significant difference in non-verbal communication skills outside the context of the therapy (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

In terms of secondary outcomes, music therapy was found to be superior to ‘placebo’ therapy or standard care in promoting social adaptation and quality of the parent-child relationships (Geretsegger et al., 2014).

In a Cochrane Review, authors found that a limited range of studies suggest that music therapy may be beneficial on improving quality of life in end-of-life care (Bradt & Dileo, 2010). However, the results are derived from studies that have a high risk of bias. Bradt and Dileo (2010) therefore concluded that more research into this particular area is needed.

In other studies, Klassen and colleagues (2008) looked at 19 randomized controlled trials and found that music therapy significantly reduced anxiety and pain in children undergoing medical and dental procedures.

The study also showed that rather than the use of music alone, use of music as a part of a multifaceted intervention may be more effective (Klassen, Liang, Tjosfold, Klassen & Hartling, 2008). The music is used to distract the patient from painful or anxiety-provoking stimuli, and this can also reduce the amount of medication required (Klassen et al., 2008).

Gerdner and Swanson (1993) examined the effects of individualized music in five elderly patients diagnosed with Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. The patients resided in a long-term care facility and were confused and agitated.

Results from the study, both the immediate effects and the residual effects one hour after the intervention, suggest that individualized music is an alternate approach to management of agitation in confused elderly patients (Gerdner & Swanson, 1993).

Forsblom and colleagues (2009) conducted two parallel interview studies of stroke patients and professional nurses to ascertain the therapeutic role of listening to music in stroke rehabilitation.

They found music listening could be used to help patients relax , improve their mood and afford both mental and physical activation during the early stages of stroke recovery. Music listening was described as a ‘participative rehabilitation tool’ (Forsblom, et al. 2009).

The final study I will review, by Blood and Zatorre (2001) showed that music modulated amygdala activity. Using brain imaging techniques, the researchers played participants a piece of their own favorite music to induce an extremely pleasurable experience – described as “chills”.

In the control condition, participants listened to another participant’s favorite music. The intensity of the ‘chills’ experienced by participants correlated with increases in regional cerebral blood flow in brain areas believe to be involved in reward and emotion. This study supports the argument that music can induce ‘real’ emotions, as the brain regions for emotional processing were modulated by music (Blood & Zatorre, 2001).

Music-based therapy is based on two fundamental methods – the ‘receptive’ listening based method, and the ‘active’ method based on playing musical instruments (Guetin et al., 2009).

There are two receptive methods. The first of these, receptive ‘relaxation’ music therapy is often used in the treatment of anxiety, depression and cognitive disorders . Receptive ‘analytical’ music therapy is used as the medium for ‘analytic’ psychotherapy (Guetin et al., 2009). ‘Music medicine’ generally involves passive listening to pre-recorded music provided by medical personnel (Bradt & Dileo, 2010).

In terms of other types of music therapy, there is the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music . This was developed by Helen Lindquist Bonny (Smith, 2018). The approach involves guided imagery with music.

With music added, the patient focuses on an image which is used as a starting point to think about and discuss any related problems. Music plays an integral role in the therapy and may be called a ‘co-therapist’. Individual patient needs and goals influence the music that is selected for the session (Smith, 2018).

The Dalcroze Eurythmics is a method used to teach music to students, which can also be used as a form of therapy. Developed by Èmile Jaques-Dalcroze, this method focuses on rhythm, structure, and expression of movement in the learning process. Because this method is apt for improving physical awareness, it helps those patients who have motor difficulties immensely (Smith, 2018).

The therapist may also ‘prescribe’ music medicine or guided imagery recordings containing music for the client to listen to outside the therapy room by making use of a digital psychotherapy platform such as Quenza (pictured here).

Therapists can use modern platforms such as these to send pre-recorded audio clips directly to the client’s smartphone or tablet according to a predetermined schedule.

Likewise, the therapist can track clients’ progress through these audio activities via their own computer or handheld device.

It is thought that Zoltàn Kodàly was the inspiration for the development of the Kodaly philosophy of music therapy (Smith, 2018). It involves using rhythm, notation, sequence, and movement to help the patient learn and heal.

This method has been found to improve intonation, rhythm and music literacy. It also has a positive impact on perceptual function, concept formation, motor skills and learning performance in a therapeutic setting (Smith, 2018).

Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) is based on neuroscience. It was developed considering the perception and production of music and its influence on the function of the brain and behaviors (Smith, 2018).

NMT uses the variation within the brain both with and without music and manipulates this in order to evoke brain changes which affect the patient. It has been claimed that this type of music therapy changes and develops the brain by engaging with music. This has implications for training motor responses, such as tapping the foot to music. NMT can be used to develop motor skills (Smith, 2018).

Orff-Schulwerk is a music therapy approach developed by Gertrude Orff. When she realized that medicine alone was not sufficient for children with developmental delays and disabilities, Orff formed this model (Smith, 2018).

“Schulwerk”, or ‘school work’ in German, reflects this approach’s emphasis on education. It uses music to help children improve their learning ability. This method also highlights the importance of humanistic psychology and uses music as a way to improve the interaction between the patient and other people (Smith, 2018).

• Listening to live or recorded music
• Learning music-assisted relaxation techniques, such as progressive muscle relaxation or deep breathing
• Singing of familiar songs with live or recorded accompaniment
• Playing instruments, such as hand percussion
• Improvising music on instruments of voice
• Writing song lyrics
• Writing the music for new songs
• Learning to play an instrument, such as piano or guitar
• Creating art with music
• Dancing or moving to live or recorded music
• Writing choreography for music
• Discussing one’s emotional reaction or meaning attached to a particular song or improvisation

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This information about what music therapists do was found on the ‘Your Free Career Test’ (n.d.) website.

Music therapists work in a variety of settings, including schools, hospitals, mental health service locations, and nursing homes. They help a variety of different patients/clients.

A music therapist evaluates each clients’ unique needs. They ascertain a client’s musical preferences and devises a treatment plan that is customized for the individual.

Music therapists are part of a multi-disciplinary team, working with other professionals to ensure treatment also works for the client to achieve their goals. For example, if a person is working on strengthening and movement in order to address physical limitations, a music therapist could introduce dance into their treatment plan.

Therapists are advised to follow their own preferences, and as explained by Rachel Rambach (2016) a board-certified music therapist – instruments are the tools of a music therapist and should be specifically chosen based on the needs and goals of clients.

Some instruments are, however, more popular.

Muzique (a company promoting creative art experiences) has listed three instruments that have been proven most effective.

The first of these is the Djembe , or hand drum. Given that this single drum does not have a central melodic component, the client is free to express and connect with the musical rhythms without fear of playing a ‘wrong note’. The use of a small drum also facilitates a connection between the therapist and client by allowing them to be in close proximity.

They can play together at the same time, which may not be possible with a piano or guitar.

The guitar , according to Muzique (n.d.) is generally the top instrument used by music therapists. Again, a guitar can be used in close proximity to a client. The music therapist can also maintain melodic or harmonic control whilst allowing the client to play. The guitar can help maintain control in a group setting, but it can also be soothing and relaxing.

Muzique (n.d.) suggests that the piano is probably the instrument of choice when working with large groups. As the sound of a guitar can be drowned out by other instruments being played by clients, the piano can be more steady and holding background.

The music therapist should be mindful, however, of the apparent physical barrier between themselves and the client, and if possible, have the client sit next to the piano.

When Working With Children

Rachel Rambach (2016) concedes that there are certain instruments that she tends to utilize more often than others in her work with children. These include the 8 note hand bell set , which consists of a group of bells that each have their own color, number and letter of the medical alphabet (which can be ordered by pitch) and the mini guitar (which is very child-friendly and portable).

Another instrument Rambach (2016) likes is the frog guiro , which can be used in various ways – such as a guiro making a croaking sound, like a frog, or as a wood block. Castanets make a fun sound, and also help children acquire a pincer grip.

Rambach (2016) favors fruit shakers , which although they don’t make a unique sound, have a very realistic appearance and thus appeal to children. The cabasa does, on the other hand, make a unique sound and also brings in a tactile element to music therapy.

The cabasa is good for targeting fine and gross motor skills. The ‘lollipop’ drum is light, and not too loud so these are often preferred by Rambach (2016) over bigger paddle drums.

Rambach (2016) thinks every music therapist should have a ukulele . Their sound is sweet and inviting, and the ukulele makes the perfect alternative to a guitar.

They can be used as an accompanying instrument, but also for adapted lessons. Finally, the gathering drum encourages group cohesion in group settings or classes. They encourage children, or adult clients, to work together – sharing, and interacting with others (Rambach, 2016).

Anytune – slow down music BPM

Get it from the App Store .

Get it from Google Play .

Garage Band

This app provides a great tool for song-writing or improvisation. The individual can create literally hundreds of realistic, high-quality sounds (Fandom, n.d.).

Guitarist’s Reference

The app provides guitar triads, arpeggios, a reverse chord finder tool, alternate guitar tunings, chords scale relationships and a guitar chord quiz (Fandom, n.d.).

Magic Piano

The app can also be switched to where you have to hit the right spot (or the note will sound out of tune if not) or just tap the screen with the rhythm. It has 4 different difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard and auto mode that senses the person’s ability after a few songs (Fandom, n.d.).

Real Guitar Free

It has a vast range of options and is perfect for both beginners and experienced guitarists (Sena, 2012).

The following information was found on the ‘ Voices ’ website.

This is an open-access peer-reviewed journal. It welcomes dialogue and discussion across disciplines about music, health, and social change. The journal promotes inclusiveness and socio-cultural awareness. It features a focus on cultural issues and social justice.

‘Voices’ is published by the University of Bergen and NORCE Norwegian Research Centre through GAMUT – The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre. The vision statement of ‘Voices’ is:

“ Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy seeks to nurture the profile of music therapy as a global enterprise that is inclusive and has a broad range of influences in the International arena. The forum is particularly interested in encouraging the growth of music therapy in developing countries and intends to foster an exchange between Western and Eastern as well as Northern and Southern approaches to the art and science of music therapy ”.

An official publication of the American Music Therapy Association aim, is to inform readers from both within and outside the music therapy profession.

By disseminating scholarly work, this journal sets out to promote the development of music therapy clinical practice, with a particular focus on clinical benefits.

Music Therapy Perspective seeks to be a resource and forum for music therapists, music therapy students, and educators as well as others from related professions.

The Journal of Music Therapy

The Journal of Music Therapy disseminates research (edited by A. Blythe LaGasse) that advances the science and practice of music therapy. It also provides a forum for current music therapy research and theory, including music therapy tools , book reviews, and guest editorials.

“ Its mission is to promote scholarly activity in music therapy and to foster the development and understanding of music therapy and music-based interventions…The journal strives to present a variety of research approaches and topics, to promote clinical inquiry, and to serve as a resource and forum for researchers, educators, and clinicians in music therapy and related professions ”.

The 5 Best Books on the Topic (Incl. The Music Therapy Handbook)

There is such a lovely selection of books on music therapy, but to be concise, we only reflect on five.

1. Music Therapy Handbook – Barbara Wheeler

This book is a key resource for music therapists and also demonstrates how music therapy can be used by other mental health and medical professionals.

It provides case material and an extensive look at music therapy, including both the basic concepts as well as the emerging clinical approaches. It contains a comprehensive section on clinical applications.

Find the book on Amazon .

2. The New Music Therapist’s Handbook – Suzanne Hanser

This is a revised, updated version of Hanser’s 1987 book. It reflects recent developments in the field of music therapy.

This book serves as a ‘go-to’ resource for both students and professionals. It contains an introduction to music therapy as a profession, provides guidelines for setting up a practice, and describes new clinical applications as well as relevant case studies.

3. Case Studies in Music Therapy – Kenneth Bruscia

This book is suitable as a reference, a textbook for students, or simply to provide an introduction to the field of music therapy.

It is made up of 42 case-histories of children, adolescents and adults receiving group and individual therapy in a range of different settings, in order to demonstrate the process of music therapy from beginning to end.

The book describes various approaches and techniques in music therapy, and captures moving stories of people worldwide who have benefitted from music therapy and the relationships developed with music therapists.

4. Defining Music Therapy – Kenneth Bruscia

Bruscia’s book examines the unique difficulties of defining music within a therapeutic context and, conversely, defining therapy within a music context. It compares and examines more than 40 definitions of music therapy and provides a new definition.

Bruscia discusses each component of this new definition and by doing so suggests boundaries for what music therapy IS versus what it IS NOT.

5. Musicophilia: Tales of Music and The Brain – Oliver Sacks

This book is slightly different to the others. It examines the place music occupies in the brain, and how music affects the human condition.

Sacks explores cases of what he terms “musical malalignment”.

He explains why music is irresistible and can be both healing and unforgettable.

Bunt, L., & Pavlicevic, M. (2001). Music and emotion: Perspectives from music therapy. In P.N. Justin & J.A. Sloboda (Eds), series in affective science. Music and emotion: Theory and Research (pp. 181 – 201). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press

Stultz, D. L., Lineweaver, T. T., Brimmer, T., Cairns, A.C., Halcomb, D. J., Juett, J. et al. (2018). “Music first”: An alternative or adjunct to psychotropic medications for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology & Geriatric Psychiatry, 31, 17 – 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000180

Landis-Shack, N., Heinz, A. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Music therapy for posttraumatic stress in adults: A theoretical review. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 27, 334 – 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000192

Bell, T. P., McIntyre, K. A., & Hadley, R. (2016). Listening to classical music results in a positive correlation between spatial reasoning and mindfulness. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 26, 226 – 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000139

Barrett, F. J., Grimm, K. J., Robins, R. W., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Janata, P. (2010). Music-evoked nostalgia: Affect, memory, and personality. Emotion, 10, 390-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019006

Ladviig, O., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2012). Liking unfamiliar music: Effects of felt emotion and individual differences. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and The Arts, 6, 146 – 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024671

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Some of these heart-warming videos are perfect to illustrate the benefits of Music Therapy.

What is Music Therapy?

This video features a board-certified musical therapist, Ryan Judd. He answers the questions “What is music therapy?” and “how do I find a music therapist?”

Music Therapy: Healing Music Sound Therapy for Relax, Chakra Balancing, and Well-being.

From the Meditation Relax Club .

Suitable for use in relaxation exercises or meditation, this video features peaceful, calming music set against a tranquil video.

My Job: Music Therapist

Trish, a music therapist, explains her role. She also explains how music therapy can help clients to meet both medical and emotional needs.

What a Music Therapy Session Looks Like

By sharing a description of working with a child with autism spectrum disorder, this board-certified music therapist explains what happens in a music therapy session. This video gives a brief snapshot of what music therapy looks like.

Music Therapy

This video shows the music therapy department at the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. It explains how board-certified music therapists assist patients to cope with procedures, pain and anxiety.

The power of music has been evident since the earliest days of humankind. However, after the world wars of the 20th century, music therapy heralded the beginning of a powerful new profession.

Since then, various types and methods of music therapy have been developed, and music therapy has been practiced in a variety of settings with far-reaching benefits.

Hopefully, this article has provided you with a helpful overview of the music therapy profession. What are your experiences with music therapy? What do you think it offers clients in conjunction with traditional therapies? Or, have you had experience of music therapy as a stand-alone intervention? Please feel free to share your thoughts and ideas.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. For more information, don’t forget to download our three Positive CBT Exercises for free .

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• Muzique (n.d.). Top 3 instruments to use in a music therapy session. Retrieved from https://www.muzique.org/muziqueblog/top-3-instruments-to-use-in-a-music-therapy-session
• Nordoff Robbins (n.d.). What is music therapy? Retrieved from https://www.nordoff-robbins.org.uk/what-is-music-therapy
• Rambach, Rachel (2011). 12 songs every music therapist should know. Retrieved from https://listenlearnmusic.com/2011/03/12-songs-every-music-therapist-should-know.html
• Rambach, Rachel (2016). My top 10 music therapy instruments. Retrieved from https://listenlearnmusic.com/2016/02/my-top-10-music-therapy-instruments.html
• Scott, Elizabeth (2018). Music relaxation: A healthy stress management tool. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/music-as-a-health-and-relaxation-aid-3145191
• Seibert, Erin (n.d.). Mental health session ideas. Retrieved from https://musictherapytime.com/2015/12/24/mental-health-session-ideas/
• Sena, Kimberley (2012). Guest Post: Essential iPad apps for music therapists. Retrieved from www.musictherapymaven.com/guest-post-essential-ipad-apps-for-music-therapists/
• Smith, Yolanda (2018). Types of Music Therapy. Retrieved from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-Music-Therapy.aspx
• Soundscape Music Therapy (n.d.). Music Therapy Methods. Retrieved from https://soundscapemusictherapy.com/music-therapy-methods/
• The American Music Therapy Association (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.musictherapy.org/
• Therapedia (n.d.). Music Therapy. Retrieved from https://www.theravive/therapedia/music-therapy
• Wigram, T., Pedersen, I. N., & Bonde, L. O. (2002). A Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy: Theory, Clinical Practice, Research and Training . London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
• Wong, H. L., C., Lopez-Nahas, V., & Molassiotis, A. (2001). Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients. Heart and Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 30 , 376 – 387.
• Your Free Career Test (n.d.). What does a music therapist do? Retrieved from https://www.yourfreecareertest.com/what-does-a-music-therapist-do/

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What our readers think.

That was a great article .Thank you

So informative

Wonderful Post, simple, clear, direct, Very Informative…..Great Job Heather!!!…BRAVO,….Am musician, composer & arranger and I’m actually working on a Research Proposal for an MPhil by Research will be exploring in the field of Music Therapy. All the Best to You Heather

Thanks for sharing, great article.

This was very helpful. It helped in my understanding of the connection between music and wellness.

This article is so good. I got all the information I need. Thanks for sharing.

That’s really nice post. I appreciate, Thanks for sharing.

Thank you Heather. I am researching music and the therapeutic effects it has on those of us with brain injuries, to put together a small book on How To Recover From. A Brain Injury. Interestingly enough, my sister played music for me, while I was in a coma. I then went through a post injury (10 years later) phase of recovery where I loved live music. I would like to contribute this idea, although I am sure you are aware of it yourself, and that is the ability of music to bring you into the moment so fully, that all the deficits and disabilities fall away. I found my whole being enveloped in the music being performed, and forgot all about who I was. It was fabulously wonderful to feel so lifted up from a world of always working on improving yourself.

Great book Heather with so much information, I am researching for a uni essay and this has been most helpful,

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Free Career-Themed Music Therapy Session Plan

Free career-themed music therapy session plan for telehealth, 5 intervention ideas for teens and adults.

We know it can be hard to come up with fresh ideas and materials during what feels like week 1,000 of telehealth and distance learning.

Previously on the MTGO blog, we’ve shared intervention ideas for Making Music with Your Little Ones.   Today, we’re going to share five intervention ideas for a career-themed music therapy session!

In this Google Drive folder , you can find editable and PDF copies of this session plan, as well as a screen-sharable Google Slides presentation with visuals, lyrics, and discussion prompts – all free and ready for you to use with your clients TODAY!

Here’s an overview of the session plan:

Lower-body workout with “workin’ for a livin” by huey lewis and the news, oral motor and articulation exercises with “day-o” by harry belafonte, selective attention exercises with “9 to 5” by dolly parton, upper-body workout with “sixteen tons” by tennessee ernie ford, songwriting with “i’ve been working on the railroad”, “workin’ for a livin’” workout.

Goal Areas: increase or maintain muscular strength and flexibility, range of motion, circulation to extremities, and heart health

• Focus the camera on your feet and demonstrate tapping one foot at a time while keeping heels on the ground (plantar and dorsiflexion).
• Add metronome and accompaniment as needed to assist.
• Play and sing the first verse and chorus of “Workin’ for a Livin’” by Huey Lewis and the News.  Continue to demonstrate the movement for your group to follow.
• Repeat with marching (hip flexion), kicks (knee extensions), etc.

Adaptations:

• for a gentler workout, prompt clients to move during the chorus and rest during the verses
• for a more intense workout, ask clients to perform the exercises while standing

“Day-O” Oral Motor and Articulation Exercises

Goal Areas: increase or maintain speech intelligibility

• Screen share the “Job Board” (slide 4).
• Tell your group that their challenge is to match songs about working to jobs on the job board.  The four jobs are farmer, construction worker, office employee, and miner.
• Sing and play the chorus and/or first verse of “Day-O” by Harry Belafonte.
• Ask your group to match “Day-O” to one of the jobs on the job board (the answer is farmer/harvester).
• Share lyrics (slides 5-8) with your group.  Sing and/or play “Day-O” once through.
• End screen share and explain to your group that you’re going to change the lyrics in order to exercise all the different muscles we use to speak and sing.
• Demonstrate the new lyrics, then invite your group to sing along and/or fill in the end of each phrase.  Suggested lyrics: ma (loosen jaw), wow (lip rounding), la (tongue coordination), etc.
• Tell your group that you’re going to sing the chorus one more time now that their voices are all warmed up.  Screen share lyrics for the chorus (slide 10).
• Lead the group in singing the chorus one more time, then return to the Job Board (slide 4).

“Nine to Five” Selective Attention Exercise

Goal Areas: maintain or increase selective attention (filtering out irrelevant stimuli in order to complete a task)

• Tell your group that their challenge is to match songs about working to jobs on the job board.
• Play and sing the first verse and chorus of “Nine to Five” by Dolly Parton
• Ask your group to match “Nine to Five” to one of the jobs on the job board (the answer is office employee).
• Explain to your group that you’re going to practice filtering out what’s not important in order to complete a challenge.  The challenge is to raise a hand (or instrument!) each time they hear the words “nine to five” in the song.
• Screen share the lyrics (slides 11-18).  Play and sing the whole song with your group.  Invite them to sing along and/or play instruments with you if it doesn’t distract them from the task!
• Return to “Job Board” (slide 4).

“Sixteen Tons” Arms, Chest, and Shoulder Workout

Goal Areas: increase or maintain muscular strength and flexibility, range of motion, circulation to extremeties, and heart health

• Play and sing the first verse and chorus of “Sixteen Tons” by Tennessee Ernie Ford.
• Ask your group to match “Sixteen Tons” to one of the jobs on the job board (the answer is miner).
• Optional: tell your group that you won’t make them haul sixteen tons of coal, but they can work out their arms to this song!
• Screen share visual models of each exercise (slides 19-22) so you can accompany instead of modeling.  If necessary, you can stop the screen share to demonstrate.
• Verse 1 and chorus: bicep curls with both arms
• Verse 2 and chorus: chest press with both arms
• Verse 3 and chorus: shoulder press with both arms
• Verse 4 and chorus: tricep extensions with both arms
• Congratulate your group for completing an arm workout!

“I’ve Been Working on the Railroad” Songwriting

Goal Areas: increase group cohesion, participation and interaction, and self-expression

• Play and sing the beginning of “I’ve Been Working on the Railroad.”  If you’d like to make this more challenging, hum the melody on a kazoo!
• Ask your group to match “I’ve Been Working on the Railroad” to one of the jobs on the job board (the answer is construction worker).
• Screen share the lyrics (slides 24-25).  Play and sing through the whole song once with your group.
• Tell your group that you’re all going to create a new version of the song by changing the words.  Screen share the fill-in-the-blank songwriting template (slides 26-27).
• Ask each participant about a job they’ve done (paid or not), what they saw or heard during the job, and something their boss told them.  Here’s an example:

Sam’s been working at Safeway All the livelong day Sam’s been working at Safeway Just to pass the time away Can’t you see people shopping Rise up so early in the morn Can’t you hear the boss saying, “Sam, you did a great job!”

8. Use annotation in your online platform to fill in the blanks on the slides 28-29.  If you’d like, save the screen before clearing the annotations to write the next verse.  Alternatively, make a copy of the presentation and type directly into the slides.

9. Lead your group in singing your new song!

We hope this post gave you at least one fresh idea for your sessions this week!

What interventions do you use with adults with IDD?  Please let us know in the comments below.

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Music-based interventions may be a helpful therapy for neurological disorders.

On this episode, host Dr. Joe Sirven explores the power of sound for anxiety, depressive symptoms and pain associated with a variety of health conditions.

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To learn more, we explore the power of sound as therapy for neurological disorders on this episode of "What's Health Got to Do With It?"

Dr. Francis Collins, a physician-scientist and National Institutes of Health distinguished investigator, explains how music therapy integrates with conventional medical treatments.

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Music Therapy

Sep 05, 2014

350 likes | 1.13k Views

Music Therapy. an overview. What is Music Therapy?. Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program.

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Presentation Transcript

Music Therapy an overview

What is Music Therapy? Music Therapy is the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. (American Music Therapy Assocition, 2005)

What is Music Therapy? • Music therapy interventions can be designed to: • promote wellness • manage stress • alleviate pain • express feelings • enhance memory • improve communication • promote physical rehabilitation.

Where did music therapy come from? The idea of music as a healing influence which could affect health and behavior is as least as old as the writings of Aristotle and Plato. Our modern profession began after World War II, when community musicians of all types went to Veterans hospitals around the country to play for the thousands of veterans suffering both physical and emotional trauma from the wars. The patients' notable physical and emotional responses to music led the doctors and nurses to request the hiring of musicians by the hospitals. It was soon evident that the hospital musicians needed some prior training before entering the facility and so the demand grew for a college curriculum. The first music therapy degree program in the world, founded at Michigan State University in 1944.

What do music therapists do? • Assess emotional well-being, physical health, social functioning, communication abilities, and cognitive skills through musical responses • Design music sessions for individuals and groups based on client needs using music improvisation, receptive music listening, song writing, lyric discussion, music and imagery, music performance, and learning through music • Participate in interdisciplinary treatment planning, ongoing evaluation, and follow up.

Who can benefit from music therapy? Children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly with: • mental health needs • developmental and learning disabilities • Alzheimer's disease and other aging-related conditions • substance abuse problems • brain injuries • physical disabilities • acute and chronic pain (including mothers in labor) • difficulties with coping

Where do music therapists work? • psychiatric hospitals • rehabilitative facilities • medical hospitals • outpatient clinics • day care treatment centers • agencies serving developmentally disabled persons • senior centers/nursing homes • community mental health centers • drug and alcohol programs • hospice programs • correctional facilities • halfway houses • schools • private practice

Who is qualified to practice music therapy? Persons who complete one of the approved college music therapy curricula (including an internship) are then eligible to sit for the national examination offered by the Certification Board for Music Therapists. Music therapists who successfully complete the independently administered examination hold the music therapist-board certified credential (MT-BC). Qualified music therapy professionals with designations of RMT, CMT, or ACMT are also qualified to practice music therapy.

How are music therapists trained? • More than 70 American colleges and universities offer baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral degrees in music therapy • Education includes courses in music therapy, psychology, music, biological, social and behavioral sciences, and disabilities • Music therapy students study a major instrument and also must learn to be proficient in the functional use of piano, guitar, and voice

Is there research to support music therapy? • The American Music Therapy Association promotes a vast amount of research exploring the benefits of music as therapy through publication of the Journal of Music Therapy, Music Therapy Perspectives and other sources. A substantial body of literature exists to support the effectiveness of music therapy.

For more information… • Contact the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) by visiting our website: www.musictherapy.org

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