la problem solving therapy

• Bipolar Disorder
• Therapy Center
• When To See a Therapist
• Types of Therapy
• Best Online Therapy
• Best Couples Therapy
• Managing Stress
• Sleep and Dreaming
• Understanding Emotions
• Self-Improvement
• Healthy Relationships
• Student Resources
• Personality Types
• Sweepstakes
• Guided Meditations
• Verywell Mind Insights
• 2024 Verywell Mind 25
• Mental Health in the Classroom
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Review Board
• Crisis Support

What Is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Verywell / Madelyn Goodnight

Problem-Solving Therapy Techniques

How effective is problem-solving therapy, things to consider, how to get started.

Problem-solving therapy is a brief intervention that provides people with the tools they need to identify and solve problems that arise from big and small life stressors. It aims to improve your overall quality of life and reduce the negative impact of psychological and physical illness.

Problem-solving therapy can be used to treat depression , among other conditions. It can be administered by a doctor or mental health professional and may be combined with other treatment approaches.

At a Glance

Problem-solving therapy is a short-term treatment used to help people who are experiencing depression, stress, PTSD, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and other mental health problems develop the tools they need to deal with challenges. This approach teaches people to identify problems, generate solutions, and implement those solutions. Let's take a closer look at how problem-solving therapy can help people be more resilient and adaptive in the face of stress.

Problem-solving therapy is based on a model that takes into account the importance of real-life problem-solving. In other words, the key to managing the impact of stressful life events is to know how to address issues as they arise. Problem-solving therapy is very practical in its approach and is only concerned with the present, rather than delving into your past.

This form of therapy can take place one-on-one or in a group format and may be offered in person or online via telehealth . Sessions can be anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours long. 

Key Components

There are two major components that make up the problem-solving therapy framework:

• Applying a positive problem-solving orientation to your life
• Using problem-solving skills

A positive problem-solving orientation means viewing things in an optimistic light, embracing self-efficacy , and accepting the idea that problems are a normal part of life. Problem-solving skills are behaviors that you can rely on to help you navigate conflict, even during times of stress. This includes skills like:

• Knowing how to identify a problem
• Defining the problem in a helpful way
• Trying to understand the problem more deeply
• Setting goals related to the problem
• Generating alternative, creative solutions to the problem
• Choosing the best course of action
• Implementing the choice you have made
• Evaluating the outcome to determine next steps

Problem-solving therapy is all about training you to become adaptive in your life so that you will start to see problems as challenges to be solved instead of insurmountable obstacles. It also means that you will recognize the action that is required to engage in effective problem-solving techniques.

Planful Problem-Solving

One problem-solving technique, called planful problem-solving, involves following a series of steps to fix issues in a healthy, constructive way:

• Problem definition and formulation : This step involves identifying the real-life problem that needs to be solved and formulating it in a way that allows you to generate potential solutions.
• Generation of alternative solutions : This stage involves coming up with various potential solutions to the problem at hand. The goal in this step is to brainstorm options to creatively address the life stressor in ways that you may not have previously considered.
• Decision-making strategies : This stage involves discussing different strategies for making decisions as well as identifying obstacles that may get in the way of solving the problem at hand.
• Solution implementation and verification : This stage involves implementing a chosen solution and then verifying whether it was effective in addressing the problem.

Other Techniques

Other techniques your therapist may go over include:

• Problem-solving multitasking , which helps you learn to think clearly and solve problems effectively even during times of stress
• Stop, slow down, think, and act (SSTA) , which is meant to encourage you to become more emotionally mindful when faced with conflict
• Healthy thinking and imagery , which teaches you how to embrace more positive self-talk while problem-solving

What Problem-Solving Therapy Can Help With

Problem-solving therapy addresses life stress issues and focuses on helping you find solutions to concrete issues. This approach can be applied to problems associated with various psychological and physiological symptoms.

Mental Health Issues

Problem-solving therapy may help address mental health issues, like:

• Chronic stress due to accumulating minor issues
• Complications associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Emotional distress
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Problems associated with a chronic disease like cancer, heart disease, or diabetes
• Self-harm and feelings of hopelessness
• Substance use
• Suicidal ideation

Specific Life Challenges

This form of therapy is also helpful for dealing with specific life problems, such as:

• Death of a loved one
• Dissatisfaction at work
• Everyday life stressors
• Family problems
• Financial difficulties
• Relationship conflicts

Your doctor or mental healthcare professional will be able to advise whether problem-solving therapy could be helpful for your particular issue. In general, if you are struggling with specific, concrete problems that you are having trouble finding solutions for, problem-solving therapy could be helpful for you.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

The skills learned in problem-solving therapy can be helpful for managing all areas of your life. These can include:

• Being able to identify which stressors trigger your negative emotions (e.g., sadness, anger)
• Confidence that you can handle problems that you face
• Having a systematic approach on how to deal with life's problems
• Having a toolbox of strategies to solve the issues you face
• Increased confidence to find creative solutions
• Knowing how to identify which barriers will impede your progress
• Knowing how to manage emotions when they arise
• Reduced avoidance and increased action-taking
• The ability to accept life problems that can't be solved
• The ability to make effective decisions
• The development of patience (realizing that not all problems have a "quick fix")

Problem-solving therapy can help people feel more empowered to deal with the problems they face in their lives. Rather than feeling overwhelmed when stressors begin to take a toll, this therapy introduces new coping skills that can boost self-efficacy and resilience .

Other Types of Therapy

Other similar types of therapy include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) . While these therapies work to change thinking and behaviors, they work a bit differently. Both CBT and SFBT are less structured than problem-solving therapy and may focus on broader issues. CBT focuses on identifying and changing maladaptive thoughts, and SFBT works to help people look for solutions and build self-efficacy based on strengths.

This form of therapy was initially developed to help people combat stress through effective problem-solving, and it was later adapted to address clinical depression specifically. Today, much of the research on problem-solving therapy deals with its effectiveness in treating depression.

Problem-solving therapy has been shown to help depression in: 

• Older adults
• People coping with serious illnesses like cancer

Problem-solving therapy also appears to be effective as a brief treatment for depression, offering benefits in as little as six to eight sessions with a therapist or another healthcare professional. This may make it a good option for someone unable to commit to a lengthier treatment for depression.

Problem-solving therapy is not a good fit for everyone. It may not be effective at addressing issues that don't have clear solutions, like seeking meaning or purpose in life. Problem-solving therapy is also intended to treat specific problems, not general habits or thought patterns .

In general, it's also important to remember that problem-solving therapy is not a primary treatment for mental disorders. If you are living with the symptoms of a serious mental illness such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia , you may need additional treatment with evidence-based approaches for your particular concern.

Problem-solving therapy is best aimed at someone who has a mental or physical issue that is being treated separately, but who also has life issues that go along with that problem that has yet to be addressed.

For example, it could help if you can't clean your house or pay your bills because of your depression, or if a cancer diagnosis is interfering with your quality of life.

Your doctor may be able to recommend therapists in your area who utilize this approach, or they may offer it themselves as part of their practice. You can also search for a problem-solving therapist with help from the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Society of Clinical Psychology .

If receiving problem-solving therapy from a doctor or mental healthcare professional is not an option for you, you could also consider implementing it as a self-help strategy using a workbook designed to help you learn problem-solving skills on your own.

During your first session, your therapist may spend some time explaining their process and approach. They may ask you to identify the problem you’re currently facing, and they’ll likely discuss your goals for therapy .

Keep In Mind

Problem-solving therapy may be a short-term intervention that's focused on solving a specific issue in your life. If you need further help with something more pervasive, it can also become a longer-term treatment option.

Get Help Now

We've tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs including Talkspace, BetterHelp, and ReGain. Find out which option is the best for you.

Shang P, Cao X, You S, Feng X, Li N, Jia Y. Problem-solving therapy for major depressive disorders in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials .  Aging Clin Exp Res . 2021;33(6):1465-1475. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01672-3

Cuijpers P, Wit L de, Kleiboer A, Karyotaki E, Ebert DD. Problem-solving therapy for adult depression: An updated meta-analysis . Eur Psychiatry . 2018;48(1):27-37. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.006

Nezu AM, Nezu CM, D'Zurilla TJ. Problem-Solving Therapy: A Treatment Manual . New York; 2013. doi:10.1891/9780826109415.0001

Owens D, Wright-Hughes A, Graham L, et al. Problem-solving therapy rather than treatment as usual for adults after self-harm: a pragmatic, feasibility, randomised controlled trial (the MIDSHIPS trial) .  Pilot Feasibility Stud . 2020;6:119. doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00668-0

Sorsdahl K, Stein DJ, Corrigall J, et al. The efficacy of a blended motivational interviewing and problem solving therapy intervention to reduce substance use among patients presenting for emergency services in South Africa: A randomized controlled trial . Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy . 2015;10(1):46. doi:doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0042-1

Margolis SA, Osborne P, Gonzalez JS. Problem solving . In: Gellman MD, ed. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine . Springer International Publishing; 2020:1745-1747. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_208

Kirkham JG, Choi N, Seitz DP. Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry . 2016;31(5):526-535. doi:10.1002/gps.4358

Garand L, Rinaldo DE, Alberth MM, et al. Effects of problem solving therapy on mental health outcomes in family caregivers of persons with a new diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or early dementia: A randomized controlled trial . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry . 2014;22(8):771-781. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.07.007

Noyes K, Zapf AL, Depner RM, et al. Problem-solving skills training in adult cancer survivors: Bright IDEAS-AC pilot study .  Cancer Treat Res Commun . 2022;31:100552. doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100552

Albert SM, King J, Anderson S, et al. Depression agency-based collaborative: effect of problem-solving therapy on risk of common mental disorders in older adults with home care needs . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry . 2019;27(6):619-624. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.002

By Arlin Cuncic, MA Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of The Anxiety Workbook and founder of the website About Social Anxiety. She has a Master's degree in clinical psychology.

A simple, Supportive approach to mental health care in Los Angeles, CA

Support your emotional well-being through individual, couples, or family therapy, led by an expert provider who’s focused on your needs.

Why Better Therapy LA?

Real human connection.

We prioritize the human connection over technology. Find a therapist who makes you both feel safe and empowered.

Be Matched to Your Needs

Our therapy teams have a broad range of backgrounds and specialty areas, so you can find the right expert for you.

Grounded in Scientific Evidence

We use evidence-based approaches that are proven to help you feel better, faster.

Tailored Treatment Plans

We understand that everyone's journey is unique. Our treatment plans are customized to meet your specific needs and goals.

Better Therapy LA Client

Ready to start your search, we'd love to hear from you, stay connected, praesent libero tortor, dapibus mattis vestibulum sit amet, volutpat eget nisi nulla facilisi. sed vel mauris ultrices, cursus sapien acimperdiet urna., reach us through.

• 12501 Chandler Blvd, #102 Valley Village, CA United States, 91607
• +1 818 821 6012
• [email protected]

Send us a Message

Different minds, different plans. one mission, to make the world better., call us today. 818.821.6012.

All of the material on this website is for educational purposes only. Any specific inquiries or issues should be addressed by consulting a qualified provider. This website may not be used as an alternative to professional service or advice.

Book a FREE 15-Minute consultation with our Care Coordinator

Fill in the form below to book a FREE 15 min no-obligation consultation session. If you prefer call us at (818) 821-6012

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST)

Add to lists

Only you can see these lists - view your lists on the My Learning page.

This will also remove this resource from any lists you have added it to.

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) is a flexible and adaptable approach to assist individuals in coping with a wide-range of problems. There is increasing evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness for a variety of populations and settings. This training will provide participants with an overview of the evidence and then focus on how it is delivered to service recipients in the Full Service Partnership (FSP) programs across LA County. The training will walk through the treatment strategy to include assessment, application of PST, psycho-education, use of PST Toolkits, and tips for adaptation. The training will provide participants with opportunities to apply PST through the use of clinical vignettes and problem-solving scenarios. The focus is on practical tools that practitioners can use in the field with those who struggle to solve simple and complex problems. The tools discussed and provided can be used as part of a larger PST structured treatment plan or on an as-needed basis. Participants can expect to understand the core tenets of PST and be able to apply PST skills upon completion of the training. Recorded on November 1 & 3, 2022.

Learning objectives

Link is copied. You can share it via email.

Welcome - We're glad you're here

• UCLA Prevention Center of Excellence
• DMH + UCLA Public Mental Health Partnership
• UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence
• UCLA Depression Grand Challenge's Screening and Treatment for Anxiety and Depression (STAND) Program
• UCLA Pritzker Center for Strengthening Children and Families
• UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs
• Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA
• National Clinical Scholars Program

Getting to know you

Getting started.

The Wellbeing for LA Learning Center offers a variety of resources and learning opportunities. Use the Search bar to find specific resources or trainings or browse through recommended or recently added resources.

Course - Interactive learning modules that can be taken independently.

Training - A workshop, seminar, or presentation held virtually or in person. Pre-recorded anytime trainings are also available.

Find these and more on the Wellbeing for LA Homepage and in the LEARN menu!

Time to explore

Choose a recommended resource or one of the buttons on the homepage to get started.

Access this introductory guide at any time by clicking Welcome at the bottom of the page.

Are you sure you want to unsave this resource?

To register for this training, you must first sign in to the online learning system. if you do not have an account yet, click on the sign up button -- it only takes a few minutes to register..

Join our Newsletter

Get helpful tips and the latest information

Problem-Solving Therapy: How It Works & What to Expect

Author: Lydia Antonatos, LMHC

Lydia Angelica Antonatos LMHC

Lydia has over 16 years of experience and specializes in mood disorders, anxiety, and more. She offers personalized, solution-focused therapy to empower clients on their journey to well-being.

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is an intervention with cognitive and behavioral influences used to assist individuals in managing life problems. Therapists help clients learn effective skills to address their issues directly and make positive changes. PST is used in various settings to address mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, and more.

Find the Perfect Therapist for You, with BetterHelp.

If you don’t click with your first match, you can easily switch therapists. BetterHelp has over 30,000 licensed therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. BetterHelp starts at $65 per week. Take a free online assessment  and get matched with the right therapist for you.

What Is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is based on a model that the body, mind, and environment all interact with each other and that life stress can interact with a person’s predisposition for developing a mental condition. 2 Within this context, PST contends that mental, emotional, and behavioral struggles stem from an ongoing inability to solve problems or deal with everyday stressors. Therefore, the key to preventing health consequences and improving quality of life is to become a better problem-solver. 3 , 4

The problem-solving model has undergone several revisions but upholds the value of teaching people to become better problem-solvers. Overall, the goal of PST is to provide individuals with a set of rational problem-solving tools to reduce the impact of stress on their well-being.

The two main components of problem-solving therapy include: 3 , 4

• Problem-solving orientation: This focuses on helping individuals adopt an optimistic outlook and see problems as opportunities to learn from, allowing them to believe they can solve problems.
• Problem-solving style: This component aims to provide people with constructive problem-solving tools to deal with different life stressors by identifying the problem, generating/brainstorming solution ideas, choosing a specific option, and implementing and reviewing it.

Techniques Used in Problem-Solving Therapy

PST emphasizes the client, and the techniques used are merely conduits that facilitate the problem-solving learning process. Generally, the individual, in collaboration and support from the clinician, leads the problem-solving work. Thus, a strong therapeutic alliance sets the foundation for encouraging clients to apply these skills outside therapy sessions. 4

Here are some of the most relevant guidelines and techniques used in problem-solving therapy:

Creating Collaboration

As with other psychotherapies, creating a collaborative environment and a healthy therapist-client relationship is essential in PST. The role of a therapist is to cultivate this bond by conveying a genuine sense of commitment to the client while displaying kindness, using active listening skills, and providing support. The purpose is to build a meaningful balance between being an active and directive clinician while delivering a feeling of optimism to encourage the client’s participation.

This tool is used in all psychotherapies and is just as essential in PST. Assessment seeks to gather facts and information about current problems and contributing stressors and evaluates a client’s appropriateness for PST. The problem-solving therapy assessment also examines a person’s immediate issues, problem-solving attitudes, and abilities, including their strengths and limitations. This sets the groundwork for developing an individualized problem-solving plan.

Psychoeducation

Psychoeducation is an integral component of problem-solving therapy and is used throughout treatment. The purpose of psychoeducation is to provide a client with the rationale for problem-solving therapy, including an explanation for each step involved in the treatment plan. Moreover, the individual is educated about mental health symptoms and taught solution-oriented strategies and communication skills.

This technique involves verbal prompting, like asking leading questions, giving suggestions, and providing guidance. For example, the therapist may prompt a client to brainstorm or consider alternatives, or they may ask about times when a certain skill was used to solve a problem during a difficult situation. Coaching can be beneficial when clients struggle with eliciting solutions on their own.

Shaping intervention refers to teaching new skills and building on them as the person gradually improves the quality of each skill. Shaping works by reinforcing the desired problem-solving behavior and adding perspective as the individual gets closer to their intended goal.

In problem-solving therapy, modeling is a method in which a person learns by observing. It can include written/verbal problem-solving illustrations or demonstrations performed by the clinician in hypothetical or real-life situations. A client can learn effective problem-solving skills via role-play exercises, live demonstrations, or short-film presentations. This allows individuals to imitate observed problem-solving skills in their own lives and apply them to specific problems.

Rehearsal & Practice

These techniques provide opportunities to practice problem-solving exercises and engage in homework assignments. This may involve role-playing during therapy sessions, practicing with real-life issues, or imaginary rehearsal where individuals visualize themselves carrying out a solution. Furthermore, homework exercises are an important aspect when learning a new skill. Ongoing practice is strongly encouraged throughout treatment so a client can effectively use these techniques when faced with a problem.

Positive Reinforcement & Feedback

The therapist’s task in this intervention is to provide support and encouragement for efforts to apply various problem-solving skills. The goal is for the client to continue using more adaptive behaviors, even if they do not get it right the first time. Then, the therapist provides feedback so the client can explore barriers encountered and generate alternate solutions by weighing the pros and cons to continue working toward a specific goal.

Use of Analogies & Metaphors

When appropriate, analogies and metaphors can be useful in providing the client with a clearer vision or a better understanding of specific concepts. For example, the therapist may use diverse skills or points of reference (e.g., cooking, driving, sports) to explain the problem-solving process and find solutions to convey that time and practice are required before mastering a particular skill.

What Can Problem-Solving Therapy Help With?

Although problem-solving therapy was initially developed to treat depression among primary care patients, PST has expanded to address or rehabilitate other psychological problems, including anxiety , post-traumatic stress disorder , personality disorders , and more.

PST theory asserts that vulnerable populations can benefit from receiving constructive problem-solving tools in a therapeutic relationship to increase resiliency and prevent emotional setbacks or behaviors with destructive results like suicide. It is worth noting that in severe psychiatric cases, PST can be effectively used when integrated with other mental health interventions. 3 , 4

PST can help individuals challenged with specific issues who have difficulty finding solutions or ways to cope. These issues can involve a wide range of incidents, such as the death of a loved one, divorce, stress related to a chronic medical diagnosis, financial stress , marital difficulties, or tension at work.

Through the problem-solving approach, mental and emotional distress can be reduced by helping individuals break down problems into smaller pieces that are easier to manage and cope with. However, this can only occur as long the person being treated is open to learning and able to value the therapeutic process. 3 , 4

Lastly, a large body of evidence has indicated that PST can positively impact mental health, quality of life, and problem-solving skills in older adults. PST is an approach that can be implemented by different types of practitioners and settings (in-home care services, telemedicine, etc.), making mental health treatment accessible to the elderly population who often face age-related barriers and comorbid health issues. 1 , 5, 6

Top Rated Online Therapy Services

BetterHelp  – Best Overall

“BetterHelp is an online therapy platform that quickly connects you with a licensed counselor or therapist and earned 4 out of 5 stars.”   Take a free assessment

Talkspace - Best For Insurance

Talkspace accepts many insurance plans including Optum, Cigna, and Aetna. Typical co-pay is $30, but often less. Visit Talkspace

Problem-Solving Therapy Examples

Due to the versatility of problem-solving therapy, PST can be used in different forms, settings, and formats. Following are some examples where the problem-solving therapeutic approach can be used effectively. 4

People who suffer from depression often evade or even attempt to ignore their problems because of their state of mind and symptoms. PST incorporates techniques that encourage individuals to adopt a positive outlook on issues and motivate individuals to tap into their coping resources and apply healthy problem-solving skills. Through psychoeducation, individuals can learn to identify and understand their emotions influence problems. Employing rehearsal exercises, someone can practice adaptive responses to problematic situations. Once the depressed person begins to solve problems, symptoms are reduced, and mood is improved.

The Veterans Health Administration presently employs problem-solving therapy as a preventive approach in numerous medical centers across the United States. These programs aim to help veterans adjust to civilian life by teaching them how to apply different problem-solving strategies to difficult situations. The ultimate objective is that such individuals are at a lower risk of experiencing mental health issues and consequently need less medical and/or psychiatric care.

Psychiatric Patients

PST is considered highly effective and strongly recommended for individuals with psychiatric conditions. These individuals often struggle with problems of daily living and stressors they feel unable to overcome. These unsolved problems are both the triggering and sustaining reasons for their mental health-related troubles. Therefore, a problem-solving approach can be vital for the treatment of people with psychological issues.

Adherence to Other Treatments

Problem-solving therapy can also be applied to clients undergoing another mental or physical health treatment. In such cases, PST strategies can be used to motivate individuals to stay committed to their treatment plan by discussing the benefits of doing so. PST interventions can also be utilized to assist patients in overcoming emotional distress and other barriers that can interfere with successful compliance and treatment participation.

Benefits of Problem-Solving Therapy

PST is versatile, treating a wide range of problems and conditions, and can be effectively delivered to various populations in different forms and settings—self-help manuals, individual or group therapy, online materials, home-based or primary care settings, as well as inpatient or outpatient treatment.

Here are some of the benefits you can gain from problem-solving therapy:

• Gain a sense of control over your life
• Move toward action-oriented behaviors instead of avoiding your problems
• Gain self-confidence as you improve the ability to make better decisions
• Develop patience by learning that successful problem-solving is a process that requires time and effort
• Feel a sense of empowerment as you solve your problems independently
• Increase your ability to recognize and manage stressful emotions and situations
• Learn to focus on the problems that have a solution and let go of the ones that don’t
• Identify barriers that may hinder your progress

How to Find a Therapist Who Practices Problem-Solving Therapy

Finding a therapist skilled in problem-solving therapy is not any different from finding any qualified mental health professional. This is because many clinicians often have knowledge in cognitive-behavioral interventions that hold similar concepts as PST.

As a general recommendation, check your health insurance provider lists, use an online therapist directory , or ask trusted friends and family if they can recommend a provider. Contact any of these providers and ask questions to determine who is more compatible with your needs. 3 , 4

Are There Special Certifications to Provide PST?

Therapists do not need special certifications to practice problem-solving therapy, but some organizations can provide special training. Problem-solving therapy can be delivered by various healthcare professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, mental health counselors, social workers, and nurses.

Most of these clinicians have naturally acquired valuable problem-solving abilities throughout their career and continuing education. Thus, all that may be required is fine-tuning their skills and familiarity with the current and relevant PST literature. A reasonable amount of understanding and planning will transmit competence and help clients gain insight into the causes that led them to their current situation. 3 , 4

Questions to Ask a Therapist When Considering Problem-Solving Therapy

Psychotherapy is most successful when you feel comfortable and have a collaborative relationship with your therapist. Asking specific questions can simplify choosing a clinician who is right for you. Consider making a list of questions to help you with this task.

Here are some key questions to ask before starting PST:

• Is problem-solving therapy suitable for the struggles I am dealing with?
• Can you tell me about your professional experience with providing problem-solving therapy?
• Have you dealt with other clients who present with similar issues as mine?
• Have you worked with individuals of similar cultural backgrounds as me?
• How do you structure your PST sessions and treatment timeline?
• How long do PST sessions last?
• How many sessions will I need?
• What expectations should I have in working with you from a problem-solving therapeutic stance?
• What expectations are required from me throughout treatment?
• Does my insurance cover PST? If not, what are your fees?
• What is your cancellation policy?

How Much Does Problem-Solving Therapy Cost?

The cost of problem-solving therapy can range from $25 to $150 depending on the number of sessions required, severity of symptoms, type of practice, geographic location, and provider’s experience level. However, if your insurance provider covers behavioral health, the out-of-pocket costs per session may be much lower. Medicare supports PST through professionally trained general health practitioners. 1

What to Expect at Your First PST Session

During the first session, the therapist will strive to build a connection and become familiar with you. You will be assessed through a clinical interview and/or questionnaires. During this process, the therapist will gather your background information, inquire about how you approach life problems, how you typically resolve them, and if problem-solving therapy is a suitable treatment for you. 3 , 4

Additionally, you will be provided psychoeducation relating to your symptoms, the problem-solving method and its effectiveness, and your treatment goals. The clinician will likely guide you through generating a list of the current problems you are experiencing, selecting one to focus on, and identifying concrete steps necessary for effective problem-solving. Lastly, you will be informed about the content, duration, costs, and number of therapy sessions the therapist suggests. 3 , 4

Would You Like to Try Therapy?

Find a supportive and compassionate therapist ! BetterHelp has over 30,000 licensed therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. BetterHelp starts at $65 per week. Take a free online assessment  and get matched with the right therapist for you.

Is Problem-Solving Therapy Effective?

Extensive research and studies have shown the efficacy of problem-solving therapy. PST can yield significant improvements within a short amount of time. PST is also useful for addressing numerous problems and psychological issues. Lastly, PST has shown its efficacy with different populations and age groups.

One meta-analysis of PST for depression concluded that problem-solving therapy was as efficient for reducing symptoms of depression as other types of psychotherapies and antidepressant medication. Furthermore, PST was significantly more effective than not receiving any treatment. 7 However, more investigation may be necessary about PST’s long-term efficacy in comparison to other treatments. 5,6

How Is PST Different From CBT & SFT?

Problem-solving, cognitive-behavioral, and solution-focused therapy belong to the cognitive-behavioral framework, sharing a common goal to modify thoughts, aptitudes, and behaviors to improve mental health and quality of life.

Problem-Solving Therapy Vs. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term psychosocial treatment developed under the premise that how we think affects how we feel and behave. CBT addresses problems arising from maladaptive thought patterns and seeks to challenge and modify these to improve behavioral responses and overall well-being. CBT is the most researched approach and preferred treatment in psychotherapy due to its effectiveness in addressing various problems like anxiety, sleep disorders, substance abuse, and more.

Like CBT, PST addresses mental, emotional, and behavioral issues. However, PST may provide a better balance of cognitive and behavioral elements.

Another difference between these two approaches is that PST mostly focuses on faulty thoughts about problem-solving orientation and modifying maladaptive behaviors that specifically interfere with effective problem-solving. Usually, PST is used as an integrated approach and applied as one of several other interventions in CBT psychotherapy sessions.

Problem-Solving Therapy Vs. Solution-Focused Therapy

Solution-focused therapy (SFT) , like PST, is a goal-directed, evidence-based brief therapeutic approach that encourages optimism, options, and self-efficacy. Similarly, it is also grounded on cognitive behavioral principles. However, it differs from problem-solving therapy because SFT is a semi-structured approach that does not follow a step-by-step sequential format. 8

SFT mainly focuses on solution-building rather than problem-solving, specifically looking at a person’s strengths and previous successes. SFT helps people recognize how their lives would differ without problems by exploring their current coping skills. Community mental health, inpatient settings, and educational environments are increasing the use of SFT due to its demonstrated efficacy. 8

Final Thoughts

Problem-solving therapy can be an effective treatment for various mental health concerns. If you are considering treatment, ask your doctor for recommendations or conduct your own research to learn more about this approach and other options available.

Additional Resources

To help our readers take the next step in their mental health journey, Choosing Therapy has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. Choosing Therapy is compensated for marketing by the companies included below.

Online Therapy 

BetterHelp – Get support and guidance from a licensed therapist. BetterHelp has over 30,000 therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. Take a free online assessment and get matched with the right therapist for you. Free Assessment

Online Psychiatry

Hims / Hers If you’re living with anxiety or depression, finding the right medication match may make all the difference. Connect with a licensed healthcare provider in just 12 – 48 hours. Explore FDA-approved treatment options and get free shipping, if prescribed. No insurance required. Get Started

Medication + Therapy

Brightside Health – Together, medication and therapy can help you feel like yourself, faster. Brightside Health treatment plans start at $95 per month. United Healthcare, Anthem, Cigna, and Aetna accepted. Following a free online evaluation and receiving a prescription, you can get FDA approved medications delivered to your door. Free Assessment

Starting Therapy Newsletter

A free newsletter for those interested in learning about therapy and how to get the most benefits out of therapy. Get helpful tips and the latest information. Sign Up

Choosing Therapy Directory 

You can search for therapists by specialty,  experience, insurance, or price, and location. Find a therapist today .

For Further Reading

• 12 Strategies to Stop Using Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms
• Depression Therapy: 4 Effective Options to Consider
• CBT for Depression: How It Works, Examples, & Effectiveness

Best Online Therapy Services

There are a number of factors to consider when trying to determine which online therapy platform is going to be the best fit for you. It’s important to be mindful of what each platform costs, the services they provide you with, their providers’ training and level of expertise, and several other important criteria.

Best Online Psychiatry Services

Online psychiatry, sometimes called telepsychiatry, platforms offer medication management by phone, video, or secure messaging for a variety of mental health conditions. In some cases, online psychiatry may be more affordable than seeing an in-person provider. Mental health treatment has expanded to include many online psychiatry and therapy services. With so many choices, it can feel overwhelming to find the one that is right for you.

Problem-Solving Therapy Infographics

A free newsletter for those interested in starting therapy. Get helpful tips and the latest information.

Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy .

Beaudreau, S. A., Gould, C. E., Sakai, E., & Terri Huh, J. W. (2017). Problem-Solving Therapy. In N. A. Pachana (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geropsychology : with 148 figures and 100 tables . Singapore: Springer.

Broerman, R. (2018). Diathesis-Stress Model. In T. Shackleford & V. Zeigler-Hill (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (Living Edition, pp. 1–3). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_891-1

Mehmet Eskin. (2013). Problem solving therapy in the clinical practice . Elsevier.

Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2013). Problem-Solving Therapy A Treatment Manual . Springer Publishing Company.

Cuijpers, P., et al. (2018). Problem-solving therapy for adult depression: An updated meta-analysis. European Psychiatry   48 , 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.006

Kirkham, J. G., Choi, N., & Seitz, D. P. (2015). Meta-analysis of problem-solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 31 (5), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4358

Bell, A. C., & D’Zurilla, T. J. (2009). Problem-solving therapy for depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review , 29 (4), 348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.003

Proudlock, S. (2017). The Solution Focused Way Incorporating Solution Focused Therapy Tools and Techniques into Your Everyday Work . Routledge.

Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Gerber, H. R. (2019). (Emotion‐centered) problem‐solving therapy: An update. Australian Psychologist , 54 (5), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12418

We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about  our editorial policies here .

Your Voice Matters

Can't find what you're looking for.

Request an article! Tell ChoosingTherapy.com’s editorial team what questions you have about mental health, emotional wellness, relationships, and parenting. The therapists who write for us love answering your questions!

Leave your feedback for our editors.

Share your feedback on this article with our editors. If there’s something we missed or something we could improve on, we’d love to hear it.

Our writers and editors love compliments, too. :)

FOR IMMEDIATE HELP CALL:

Medical Emergency: 911

Suicide Hotline: 988

© 2024 Choosing Therapy, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is Problem-Solving Therapy? (The Pros and Cons)

When you’re navigating a difficult situation, it can feel like problems keep piling up. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed and discouraged when you can’t seem to find a solution to any of them.

Fortunately, problem-solving therapy can be a short-term, effective way to find the answers you need.

Here at KMA Therapy, we know that choosing a type of therapy should be the least of your problems. We’re passionate about educating our clients and community about the different types of therapy available, and how to know which ones could be a great choice for them.

After reading this article, you’ll know what problem-solving therapy is, what happens during problem-solving therapy, and its pros and cons.

What is Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy is a short-form treatment that usually lasts between four and twelve sessions.

It is most frequently used to treat depression, with a primary focus on helping you build the tools needed to identify and solve problems.

The main goal of problem-solving therapy is to improve your overall quality of life by helping you reduce the impact of stressors and problems you’re facing.

Problem-solving therapy is used to treat:

• Suicidal ideation
• Self-harm behaviours

If you’re experiencing suicidal ideation or are having thoughts of harming yourself, you can connect with Talk Suicide Canada for immediate support.

What Happens During Problem-Solving Therapy?

During problem-solving therapy, your therapist will focus on two main components.

1. Positive problem-solving framework

Positive problem-solving involves creating a framework that allows you to view things in a positive way by allowing yourself to feel confident and capable when handling your problems.

This means figuring out how to accept that you’ll still face problems in your life, while feeling more sure about your ability to face, address, and overcome them.

2. Planful problem-solving

Planful problem-solving involves four steps that help you learn how to solve problems in a healthy way:

• Defining the problem that you need to solve in a way where potential solutions can be created
• Exploring alternative solutions to the problem you’re facing by listing as many creative solutions to your problem as you can
• Discussing decision-making strategies to help you know which solution to choose and how to adapt to overcome obstacles
• Implementing your solution for your problem and assessing whether it was the right choice

What are the Pros of Problem-Solving Therapy?

Problem-solving therapy is an effective and helpful form of therapy that can help you see meaningful changes in your life in a short amount of time.

Problem-solving therapy may be a great choice for you if:

• You want a short-term form of therapy
• You’re facing specific issues that you want to build solutions for
• You’re looking for clear solutions to problems without unpacking the cause

In general, problem-solving therapy is a great choice if there’s something specific in your life that’s causing additional problems.

For example, if you’re struggling with depression that makes you unable to keep in touch with loved ones or stay on top of your bills, problem-solving therapy can be a great choice to help you find solutions that work for these specific issues.

However, if you’re struggling to find the motivation to get out of bed in the morning because you want a deeper sense of purpose in your life, another form of therapy might be a better choice.

What are the Cons of Problem-Solving Therapy?

While problem-solving therapy can be quick, effective, and empowering, it’s not always the best choice if you’re interested in more in-depth conversations in therapy.

Problem-solving therapy may not be the right fit if you:

• Are looking to unpack or reprocess past experiences
• Want to explore complex or existential questions in therapy
• Are interested in changing general behavioural patterns (rather than specific problems)

Alternatives to Problem-Solving Therapy

After learning about the pros and cons of problem-solving therapy, you may be interested in some alternative forms of therapy to explore.

Alternatives to problem-solving therapy include:

• Existential therapy , which allows you to explore your sense of purpose and meaning in life
• Cognitive behavioural therapy , which focuses on helping you restructure your thought and behaviour patterns
• Dialectical behaviour therapy, which helps you build skills to change and solve problems, with an additional focus on mindfulness and relationships

Next Steps for Beginning Therapy

After reading this article, you know what problem-solving therapy is and how to know if it’s the right choice for you.

Here at KMA Therapy, our passionate team of therapists has been supporting our clients with tailored therapy plans for over 15 years.

You don’t have to know exactly what type of therapy you want to pursue when you meet a therapist for the first time, so don’t worry if you’re feeling overwhelmed.

It’s helpful to have a sense of what you like and dislike, and what types of therapy sound interesting to you - but your therapist will help you choose what will work best and create a treatment plan customized to you.

Register online for more information or download our free Therapy 101 Guide to learn more.

If you’d prefer to keep reading, explore these articles we’ve chosen for you:

• What is Psychodynamic Therapy? (The Pros and Cons)
• Therapy 101: The Ultimate Guide to Beginning Therapy
• What is a Therapy Introductory Session?

Register Online

Top 10 therapy practices in mississauga, ontario.

Our team of experts will support you throughout your mental health journey to help you become your most authentic self!

Love or attachment? How to Tell the Difference Between Love or Limerance

What to expect in your first couples therapy session, or, are you all set and ready to book, ontario's premier counselling practice.

• CLASSIFIEDS
• Advanced search

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

The Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Therapy for Primary Care Patients' Depressive and/or Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

• Find this author on Google Scholar
• Find this author on PubMed
• Search for this author on this site
• Figures & Data
• Info & Metrics

Background: There is increasing demand for managing depressive and/or anxiety disorders among primary care patients. Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a brief evidence- and strength-based psychotherapy that has received increasing support for its effectiveness in managing depression and anxiety among primary care patients.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials examining PST for patients with depression and/or anxiety in primary care as identified by searches for published literature across 6 databases and manual searching. A weighted average of treatment effect size estimates per study was used for meta-analysis and moderator analysis.

Results: From an initial pool of 153 primary studies, 11 studies (with 2072 participants) met inclusion criteria for synthesis. PST reported an overall significant treatment effect for primary care depression and/or anxiety ( d = 0.673; P < .001). Participants' age and sex moderated treatment effects. Physician-involved PST in primary care, despite a significantly smaller treatment effect size than mental health provider only PST, reported an overall statistically significant effect ( d = 0.35; P = .029).

Conclusions: Results from the study supported PST's effectiveness for primary care depression and/or anxiety. Our preliminary results also indicated that physician-involved PST offers meaningful improvements for primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety.

• Anxiety Disorders
• Depressive Disorder
• Mental Health
• Primary Health Care
• Problem Solving
• Psychotherapy

Depressive and anxiety disorders are the 2 leading global causes of all nonfatal burden of disease 1 and the most prevalent mental disorders in the US primary care system. 2 ⇓ – 4 The proportion of primary care patients with a probable depressive and/or anxiety disorder ranges from 33% to 80% 2 , 5 , 6 ; primary care patients also have alarmingly high levels of co-/multi-morbidity of depressive, anxiety, and physical disorders. 7 Depression and anxiety among primary care patients contribute to: poor compliance with medical advice and treatment 8 ; deficits in patient–provider communication 9 ; reduced patient engagement in healthy behaviors 10 ; and decreased physical wellbeing. 11 , 12 Given the high prevalence of primary care depression and anxiety, and their detrimental effects on the qualities of primary care treatments and patients' wellbeing, it is important to identify effective interventions suitable to address primary care depression and anxiety.

Primary care patients with depression and/or anxiety are often referred out to specialty mental health care. 13 , 14 However, outcomes from these referrals are usually poor due to patients' poor adherence and their resistance to mental health treatment 15 , 16 . Therefore, it is critical to identify effective mental health interventions that can be delivered in primary care for patients' depression and/or anxiety. 17 , 18 During the past decade, a plethora of clinical trials have investigated different mental health interventions for depression and anxiety delivered in primary care. One of the most promising interventions that has received increasing support for managing depression and anxiety in primary care is Problem-Solving Therapy (PST).

Holding that difficulties with problem solving make people more susceptible to depression, PST is a nonpharmacological, competence-based intervention that involves a step-by-step approach to constructive problem solving. 19 , 20 Developed from cognitive-behavioral-therapy, PST is a short-term psychotherapy approach delivered individually or in group settings. The generic PST manual 19 contains 14 training modules that guides PST providers working with patients from establishing a therapeutic relationship to identifying and understanding patient-prioritized problems; from building problem-solving skills to eventually solving the problems. Focused on patient problems in the here-and-now, a typical PST treatment course ranges from 7 to 14 sessions and can be delivered by various health care professionals such as physicians, clinical social workers or nurse practitioners. Because the generic PST manual outlines the treatment formula in detail, providers may deliver PST after receiving 1 month of training. For example, 1 feasibility study on training residents in PST found that residents can provide fidelious PST after 7 weeks' training and reach moderate to high competence after 3 years of practicing PST. 21 PST also has a self-help manual available to clients when needed.

PST is a well-established, evidence-based intervention for depression in specialty mental health care and is receiving greater recognition for its effectiveness in treating depression and anxiety in primary care. Systematic and meta-analytic reviews of PST for depression consistently reported moderate to large treatment effects, ranging from d = 0.4 to d = 1.15. 22 ⇓ – 24 Several clinical trials indicated PST's clinical effectiveness in alleviating anxiety as well. 25 , 26 Most importantly, PST has been adapted for primary care settings (PST-PC) and can be delivered by a variety of health care providers with fewer number of sessions and shorter session length. These unique features make PST(-PC) an ideal psychotherapy for depressive and/or anxiety disorders in primary care.

Previous reviews of PST focused on its effectiveness for depression care, but with little attention to PST's effect on anxiety or comorbid depression anxiety. In addition, to our knowledge, no previous reviews of PST have focused on managing depressive and/or anxiety disorders in primary care. Although research demonstrates that PST has a strong evidence base for treating depression and/or anxiety in specialty mental health care settings, more research is needed to determine whether PST remains effective for treating depressive and/or anxiety disorders when delivered in primary care. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of PST for treating depressive and/or anxiety disorders with primary care patients.

Search Strategies

This review included searches in 6 electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Library/Database) and 3 professional Web sites (Academy of Cognitive Therapy, IMPACT, Anxiety and Depression Association of America) for primary care depression and anxiety studies published between January 1900 and September 2016. We also E-mailed major authors of PST studies for feedback and input. Search terms of title and/or abstract searches included: [“PST” or “Problem-Solving Therapy” or “Problem Solving Therapy” or “Problem Solving”] AND [“Depression” or “Depressive” or “Anxiety” or “Panic” or “Phobia”] AND [“primarycare” or “primary care” or “PCP” or “Family Medicine” or “Family Doctor”]. We supplemented the procedure described above with a manual search of study references.

Eligibility Criteria

For inclusion in analyses, a study needed to be 1) a randomized-controlled-trial of 2) PST for 3) primary care patients' 4) depressive and/or anxiety disorders. For studies that examined face-to-face, in-person PST, the intervention must be delivered in primary care for inclusion. If studies examined tele-PST (eg, telephone delivery, video conferencing, computer-based), the intervention must be connected to patients' primary care services for a study to be included. For example, when a primary care physician prescribed computer-based PST at home for their patients, the study met inclusion criteria (as it was still considered managing depression “in primary care” in the present review). However, studies would be excluded if a primary care physician referred patients to an external mental health intervention. Finally, studies must document and report sufficient statistical information for calculating effect size for inclusion in the final analysis.

Data Abstraction and Coding

Two authors (AZ and JES) reviewed an initial pool of 153 studies and agreed to remove 65 studies based on title and 68 studies based on abstract, resulting in 20 studies for full-text review. To develop the final list, we excluded 6 studies after closer review of full-text and consultation with a third reviewer who is an established PST researcher. Lastly, we excluded 2 studies due to 1) a study with a design that blurred the effect of PST with other treatments and 2) unsuccessful contact with a study author to request data needed for calculating effect size. We used a final sample of 11 studies for meta-analysis. The PRISMA chart is presented in Figure 1 .

• Download figure
• Open in new tab

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) chart of literature search for Problem-solving therapy (PST) studies for treating primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety.

Statistical Analysis

This study conducted meta-analysis with the following procedures: 1) calculated a weighted average of effect size estimates per study for depression and anxiety separately (to ensure independence) 27 ; 2) synthesized an overall treatment effect estimate using fixed- or random-effects model based on a heterogeneity statistic (Q-statistic) 28 ; and 3) performed univariate meta-regression with a mixed-effects model for moderator analysis. 29 Although other more advanced statistical approaches allow inclusion of multiple treatment effect size estimates per study for data synthesis, like the Generalized Least Squares method 30 or the Robust Variance Estimation method 31 , this study employed a typical approach because of the relatively small sample and absence of study information required to conduct more advanced methods. Following procedures outlined by Cooper and colleagues 32 , we conducted all analyses with R software. 33 We chose to conduct analyses in R, rather than software specific to meta-analysis (eg, RevMan), because R allowed for more flexibility in statistical modeling (eg, small sample size correction). 34 Sensitivity analysis using Robust Variance Estimation did not significantly alter results estimated with the typical approach. And so this study presents results from only the typical approach for purposes of parsimony and clarity.

Publication Bias, Risk of Bias and Quality of Studies

To detect publication bias, we used a funnel plot of effect size estimates graphed against their standard errors for visual investigation. To evaluate risk of bias, we used the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials 35 and the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies to evaluate study quality. 36

Primary Studies

Eleven PST studies for primary care depression and/or anxiety reported a total sample size of 2072 participants. Participants' age averaged 50.1 and ranged from 24.5 to 71.8 years old. Ten studies reported participants' sex with an average of 35.6% male participants across all studies. Seven studies (63.6%) reported participants' racial background with most identified as non-Hispanic white (83.6%). Other racial/ethnic groups were poorly reported for meaningful summary. Five studies used active medication as a comparison, including 3 studies that used both active medication and placebo medication. The rest compared PST with treatment-as-usual while 2 studies used active control group (eg, video education material). Four studies involved physicians in some component of intervention delivery. PCPs provided PST in 2 studies; supervised and collaborated with depression care manager in 1 study, and collaborated with a primary care nurse in another. Ten studies reported an average of 6 PST sessions ( M = 6.1) ranging from 3 to 12 sessions. All but 1 study (n = 10) used individual PST and 2 studies used tele-health modalities to provide PST. All studies used standardized measures of depression and anxiety. Examples of the most common measures included: PHQ-9, CES-D, HAM-D, and BDI-II. Table 1 presents a detailed description of study characteristics.

• View inline

Study Characteristics for Problem-Solving Therapy as Intervention for Treating Depression and/or Anxiety Among Primary Care Patients ( n = 11)

Publication Bias, Risk of Bias, and Quality of Studies

The funnel plot ( Figure 2 ) did not indicate any clear sign of publication bias. Risk of bias ( Table 4 ) indicated an overall acceptable risk across studies included for review with blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment and incomplete outcome data most vulnerable to risk of bias. Quality of study assessment ( Table 5 ) indicated an overall satisfactory study quality with over half of studies (n = 6) achieving ratings of “Good” study quality.

Funnel Plot for Publication Bias in Problem-solving therapy (PST) Studies for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression an/or Anxiety.

Meta-analysis and moderator analysis

Figure 3 presents a forest plot of treatment effects per study, including depression and anxiety measures. Table 3 presents subgroup analysis of overall treatment effect by moderator and Table 2 presents the results of meta-analysis and moderator analysis. Meta-analysis revealed an overall significant treatment effect of PST for primary care depression and/or anxiety ( d = 0.67; P < .001). Further investigation revealed no significant difference between the mean treatment effect of PST for depression versus anxiety in primary care ( d ( diff .) = −0.25; P = .317) while subgroup analysis revealed the overall treatment effect for anxiety was not significant ( d = 0.35; P = .226). Age was found to be a significant moderator (β 1 = 0.02; P = .012) for treatment outcomes, indicating that for each unit increase in participants' age, the overall treatment effect for primary are depression and/or anxiety are expected to increase by 0.02 (standard deviations). Neither participants' ethnic or racial backgrounds nor marital status significantly moderated the overall treatment outcome.

Forest Plot of PST Treatment Effect Size Estimates for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety per Study.

PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety; Results of Univariate Meta-regression

Results of Subgroup Analysis of Overall Treatment Effect (by Moderator) of PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety

PST for Treating Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety; Results of the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias *

Quality Assessment of Controlled PST Intervention Studies for Primary Care Patients' Depression and/or Anxiety ( n =11)

The overall treatment effect was not moderated by any treatment characteristics including: treatment modality (individual vs group PST), delivery methods (face-to-face vs tele-health PST), number of PST sessions and length of individual PST sessions. Subgroup analysis indicated an overall significant treatment effect of in-person PST ( d = 0.72; P < .001) but not of tele-PST ( d = 0.53; P = .097). However, the difference between the 2 was not statistically significant.

PST providers background and primary care physician's involvement significantly moderated the overall treatment effect size. Master's-level providers reported an overall treatment effect ( d = 1.57; P < .001) significantly higher than doctoral-level providers ( d = −1.33; P = .007). Both physician-involved and nonphysician involved PST reported significant overall treatment effect of PST for depression and/or anxiety in primary care ( d = 1.06; P < .001 and d = 0.35; P = .029, respectively). Moderator analysis further revealed that PST without physician involvement reported significantly greater treatment effects compared with physician-involved PST in primary care ( d = −0.71; P = .005). Results of subgroup and moderator analyses indicated that while the difference (in treatment effect) between physician and nonphysician involved PST in primary care were statistically significant, physician-involved PST was also statistically significant, thus practically meaningful.

Results of the study demonstrated a statistically significant overall treatment effect in outcomes of depression and/or anxiety for primary care patients receiving PST compared with patients in control groups. The outcome type—depression versus anxiety—failed to moderate treatment effect; only PST for depression reported a significant overall effect size. This could indicate that many studies primarily targeted depression and included anxiety measures as secondary outcomes. For this reason, we expect to find a greater treatment effect for primary care depression. It was unsurprising that treatment characteristics failed to moderate treatment effect size because most primary studies used PST-PC or its modified version; there was insufficient variation between studies (and moderators), yielding insignificant moderating coefficients.

Although delivery method did not moderate treatment effect reported in studies included in this review, significant effect was only reported by studies using face-to-face in-person PST but not by those with tele-PST modalities (n = 2). Although evidence for the effectiveness of tele-PST is established or increasing in a variety of settings 37 ⇓ – 39 most PST studies for primary care patients have used face-to-face, in-person PST. Our study further supported the use of face-to-face in-person PST for treating depression and anxiety among primary care patients. We recognize, however, that current and projected shortages in specialty mental health care provision, felt acutely in subspecialties such as geriatric mental health, necessitate more trials with PST tele-health modalities. 40

It is salient to note that, while nonphysician-involved PST studies reported significantly greater treatment effect than those involving physicians, PCP-involved studies also reported an overall significant effect size. Closer examination indicated that studies with physician-involved PST were either delivered by physicians or other nonmental health professionals (eg, registered nurses or depression care managers). Lack of sufficient PST training might explain the difference in treatment effect sizes being statistically significant. Yet, the fact that physician-involved PST studies reported an overall statistically significant effect size for primary care depression and/or anxiety suggested a meaningful treatment effect for clinical practice. When faced with a shortage of mental health professionals (eg, psychologists, clinical social workers, licensed professional counselors), our findings suggest physician-led or -supervised PST interventions could still improve primary care patients' depression and/or anxiety. Researchers are encouraged to further examine the treatment effect of PST delivered by mental health professionals in collaboration with primary care physicians.

This study has several weaknesses that are inherent to meta-analyses. There is no way to assure we included all studies despite adopting a comprehensive search and coding strategy (ie, file drawer problem). Second, while all studies in this meta-analysis seemed to have satisfactory methodological rigor, it is possible that internal biases within some studies may influence results. This study takes a quantitative meta-analysis approach which inherently neglects other study designs and methodologies that also provide valuable information about the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of PST for treating primary care patients with depression. To ensure independence of data, this study used a weighted average of effect size estimates per study in synthesizing an overall treatment effect and conducting moderator analysis. While sensitivity analysis did not reveal significant differences from the reported results, we will not know for sure how our choice of statistical method might affect the results.

• Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. Namkee Choi, Professor and the Louis and Ann Wolens Centennial Chair in Gerontology at the University of Texas at Austin Steve Hicks School of Social Work, for her mentorship and insightful comments during preparation of the manuscript.

This article was externally peer reviewed.

Funding: none.

Conflict of interest: none declared.

Ethics Review: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis based on de-identified aggregate study data. No human participants or animals were involved in this study. No ethics review was required.

To see this article online, please go to: http://jabfm.org/content/31/1/139.full .

• Received for publication July 5, 2017.
• Revision received September 14, 2017.
• Accepted for publication September 27, 2017.
• Whiteford HA ,
• Degenhardt L ,
• Kroenke K ,
• Spitzer RL ,
• Williams JB ,
• Monahan PO ,
• Verhaak PF ,
• Hilbink-Smolders M ,
• Mitchell AJ ,
• Sherbourne CD ,
• Mussell M ,
• Schellberg D ,
• Clarke DM ,
• Schenker Y ,
• Stewart A ,
• Vander Weg MW
• Salovey P ,
• Rothman AJ ,
• Detweiler JB ,
• Williams JW
• Hunkeler EM ,
• Pincus HA ,
• Thielke S ,
• Richards D ,
• Gilbody S ,
• Grimshaw J ,
• Maguth Nezu C ,
• D'Zurilla TJ
• D'Zurilla TJ ,
• Dietrich AJ ,
• Seville JL ,
• Cuijpers P ,
• van Straten A ,
• Warmerdam L
• Kirkham JG ,
• Kleiboer A ,
• Seekles W ,
• Higgins JP ,
• Thompson SG
• Raudenbush SW
• Hedges LV ,
• Valentine JC
• Gleser LJ ,
• Harris LV ,
• Valentine ,
• 33. ↵ R Development Core Team . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria . Vienna, Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2015 .
• Pustejovsky JE
• Altman DG ,
• Gøtzsche PC ,
• 36. ↵ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute . Quality assessment of controlled intervention studies . Systematic evidence reviews and clinical practice guideline . Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/in-develop/cardiovascular-risk-reduction/tools/rct .
• Marinucci ML ,
• Sirrianni L ,
• Wilson NL ,
• Cartreine JA ,
• Buckey JC ,
• Sandoval L ,
• Yarborough BJ
• Barret JE ,
• Williams JW ,
• Chibanda D ,
• Shetty AK ,
• Tshimanga M ,
• Stranix-Chibanda L ,
• Rusakaniko S
• Von Korff M ,
• Tamburrino M ,
• McCusker J ,
• Mynors-Wallis LM ,
• Dietrich AJ
• Reynolds CF III . ,
• Thomas SB ,
• Schmaling KB ,
• Dimidjian S ,
• Williams JW Jr . ,
• Barrett J ,
• Sullivan M ,
• Cornell J ,

In this issue

• Table of Contents
• Table of Contents (PDF)
• Cover (PDF)
• Index by author

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Citation Manager Formats

• EndNote (tagged)
• EndNote 8 (xml)
• RefWorks Tagged
• Ref Manager

• Tweet Widget
• Facebook Like
• Google Plus One

Jump to section

Related articles.

• No related articles found.
• Google Scholar

Cited By...

• Global health reciprocal innovation to address mental health and well-being: strategies used and lessons learnt
• Psychologic Treatment of Depression Compared With Pharmacotherapy and Combined Treatment in Primary Care: A Network Meta-Analysis
• Brief behaviour change strategies for distressed patients in primary care
• Interventions Must Be Realistic to Be Useful and Completed in Family Medicine

More in this TOC Section

• Management of Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
• GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2-Is to Lower Glucose and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular and Diabetic Kidney Disease
• Perinatal Depression: A Guide to Detection and Management in Primary Care

Similar Articles

7 Solution-Focused Therapy Techniques and Worksheets (+PDF)

It has analyzed a person’s problems from where they started and how those problems have an effect on that person’s life.

Out of years of observation of family therapy sessions, the theory and applications of solution-focused therapy developed.

Let’s explore the therapy, along with techniques and applications of the approach.

Before you read on, we thought you might like to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free . These science-based exercises will explore fundamental aspects of positive psychology including strengths, values, and self-compassion, and will give you the tools to enhance the wellbeing of your clients, students, or employees.

This Article Contains:

5 solution-focused therapy techniques, handy sft worksheets (pdf), solution-focused therapy interventions, 5 sft questions to ask clients, solution-focused brief therapy (sfbt techniques), 4 activities & exercises, best sft books, a take-home message.

Solution-focused therapy is a type of treatment that highlights a client’s ability to solve problems, rather than why or how the problem was created. It was developed over some time after observations of therapists in a mental health facility in Wisconsin by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues.

Like positive psychology, Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) practitioners focus on goal-oriented questioning to assist a client in moving into a future-oriented direction.

Solution-focused therapy has been successfully applied to a wide variety of client concerns due to its broad application. It has been utilized in a wide variety of client groups as well. The approach presupposes that clients have some knowledge of what will improve their lives.

The following areas have utilized SFT with varying success:

• relationship difficulties
• drug and alcohol abuse
• eating disorders
• anger management
• communication difficulties
• crisis intervention
• incarceration recidivism reduction

Goal clarification is an important technique in SFT. A therapist will need to guide a client to envision a future without the problem with which they presented. With coaching and positive questioning, this vision becomes much more clarified.

With any presenting client concern, the main technique in SFT is illuminating the exception. The therapist will guide the client to an area of their life where there is an exception to the problem. The exception is where things worked well, despite the problem. Within the exception, an approach for a solution may be forged.

The ‘miracle question’ is another technique frequently used in SFT. It is a powerful tool that helps clients to move into a solution orientation. This question allows clients to begin small steps toward finding solutions to presenting problems (Santa Rita Jr., 1998). It is asked in a specific way and is outlined later in this article.

Experiment invitation is another way that therapists guide clients into solution orientation. By inviting clients to build on what is already working, clients automatically focus on the positive. In positive psychology, we know that this allows the client’s mind to broaden and build from that orientation.

Utilizing what has been working experimentally allows the client to find what does and doesn’t work in solving the issue at hand. During the second half of a consultation with a client, many SFT therapists take a break to reflect on what they’ve learned during the beginning of the session.

Consultation breaks and invitations for more information from clients allow for both the therapist and client to brainstorm on what might have been missed during the initial conversations. After this break, clients are complemented and given a therapeutic message about the presenting issue. The message is typically stated in the positive so that clients leave with a positive orientation toward their goals.

Here are four handy worksheets for use with solution-focused therapy.

• Miracle worksheet
• Exceptions to the Problem Worksheet
• Scaling Questions Worksheet
• SMART+ Goals Worksheet

Download 3 Free Positive Psychology Exercises (PDF)

Enhance wellbeing with these free, science-based exercises that draw on the latest insights from positive psychology.

Download 3 Free Positive Psychology Tools Pack (PDF)

By filling out your name and email address below.

Compliments are frequently used in SFT, to help the client begin to focus on what is working, rather than what is not. Acknowledging that a client has an impact on the movement toward a goal allows hope to become present. Once hope and perspective shift occurs, a client can decide what daily actions they would like to take in attaining a goal.

Higher levels of hope and optimism can predict the following desirable outcomes (Peterson & Seligman, 2004):

• achievement in all sorts of areas
• freedom from anxiety and depression
• improved social relationships
• improved physical well being

Mind mapping is an effective intervention also used to increase hope and optimism. This intervention is often used in life coaching practices. A research study done on solution-focused life coaching (Green, Oades, & Grant, 2006) showed that this type of intervention increases goal striving and hope, in addition to overall well-being.

Though life coaching is not the same as therapy, this study shows the effectiveness of improving positive behavior through solution-focused questioning.

Mind mapping is a visual thinking tool that helps structure information. It helps clients to better analyze, comprehend, and generate new ideas in areas they might not have been automatically self-generated. Having it on paper gives them a reference point for future goal setting as well.

Empathy is vital in the administration of SFBT. A client needs to feel heard and held by the practitioner for any forward movement to occur. Intentionally leaning in to ensure that a client knows that the practitioner is engaged in listening is recommended.

Speaking to strengths and aligning those strengths with goal setting are important interventions in SFT. Recognizing and acknowledging what is already working for the client validates strengths. Self-recognition of these strengths increases self-esteem and in turn, improves forward movement.

The questions asked in Solution-Focused Therapy are positively directed and in a goal-oriented stance. The intention is to allow a perspective shift by guiding clients in the direction of hope and optimism to lead them to a path of positive change. Results and progress come from focusing on the changes that need to be made for goal attainment and increased well being.

1. Miracle Question

Here is a clear example of how to administer the miracle question. It should be delivered deliberately. When done so, it allows the client to imagine the miracle occurring.

“ Now, I want to ask you a strange question. Suppose that while you are sleeping tonight and the entire house is quiet, a miracle happens. The miracle is that the problem which brought you here is solved. However, because you are sleeping, you don’t know that the miracle has happened. So, when you wake up tomorrow morning, what will be different that will tell you that a miracle has happened and the problem which brought you here is solved? ” (de Shazer, 1988)

2. Presupposing change questions

A practitioner of solution-focused therapy asks questions in an approach derived way.

Here are a few examples of presupposing change questions:

“What stopped complete disaster from occurring?” “How did you avoid falling apart.” “What kept you from unraveling?”

3. Exception Questions

Examples of exception questions include:

1. Tell me about times when you don’t get angry. 2. Tell me about times you felt the happiest. 3. When was the last time that you feel you had a better day? 4. Was there ever a time when you felt happy in your relationship? 5. What was it about that day that made it a better day? 6. Can you think of a time when the problem was not present in your life?

4. Scaling Questions

These are questions that allow a client to rate their experience. They also allow for a client to evaluate their motivation to change their experience. Scaling questions allow for a practitioner to add a follow-up question that is in the positive as well.

An example of a scaling question: “On a scale of 1-10, with 10 representing the best it can be and one the worst, where would you say you are today?”

A follow-up question: “ Why a four and not a five?”

Questions like these allow the client to explore the positive, as well as their commitment to the changes that need to occur.

5. Coping Questions

These types of questions open clients up to their resiliency. Clients are experts in their life experience. Helping them see what works, allows them to grow from a place of strength.

“How have you managed so far?” “What have you done to stay afloat?” “What is working?”

3 Scaling questions from Solution Focused Therapy – Uncommon Practitioners

The main idea behind SFBT is that the techniques are positively and solution-focused to allow a brief amount of time for the client to be in therapy. Overall, improving the quality of life for each client, with them at the center and in the driver’s seat of their growth. SFBT typically has an average of 5-8 sessions.

During the sessions, goals are set. Specific experimental actions are explored and deployed into the client’s daily life. By keeping track of what works and where adjustments need to be made, a client is better able to track his or her progress.

A method has developed from the Miracle Question entitled, The Miracle Method . The steps follow below (Miller & Berg, 1996). It was designed for combatting problematic drinking but is useful in all areas of change.

• State your desire for something in your life to be different.
• Envision a miracle happening, and your life IS different.
• Make sure the miracle is important to you.
• Keep the miracle small.
• Define the change with language that is positive, specific, and behavioral.
• State how you will start your journey, rather than how you will end it.
• Be clear about who, where, and when, but not the why.

World’s Largest Positive Psychology Resource

The Positive Psychology Toolkit© is a groundbreaking practitioner resource containing over 500 science-based exercises , activities, interventions, questionnaires, and assessments created by experts using the latest positive psychology research.

Updated monthly. 100% Science-based.

“The best positive psychology resource out there!” — Emiliya Zhivotovskaya , Flourishing Center CEO

A short selection of exercises which can be used

1. Solution-focused art therapy/ letter writing

A powerful in-session task is to request a client to draw or write about one of the following, as part of art therapy :

• a picture of their miracle
• something the client does well
• a day when everything went well. What was different about that day?
• a special person in their life

2. Strengths Finders

Have a client focus on a time when they felt their strongest. Ask them to highlight what strengths were present when things were going well. This can be an illuminating activity that helps clients focus on the strengths they already have inside of them.

A variation of this task is to have a client ask people who are important in their lives to tell them how they view the client’s strengths. Collecting strengths from another’s perspective can be very illuminating and helpful in bringing a client into a strength perspective.

3. Solution Mind Mapping

A creative way to guide a client into a brainstorm of solutions is by mind mapping. Have the miracle at the center of the mind map. From the center, have a client create branches of solutions to make that miracle happen. By exploring solution options, a client will self-generate and be more connected to the outcome.

4. Experiment Journals

Encourage clients to do experiments in real-life settings concerning the presenting problem. Have the client keep track of what works from an approach perspective. Reassure the client that a variety of experiments is a helpful approach.

17 Top-Rated Positive Psychology Exercises for Practitioners

Expand your arsenal and impact with these 17 Positive Psychology Exercises [PDF] , scientifically designed to promote human flourishing, meaning, and wellbeing.

Created by Experts. 100% Science-based.

These books are recommended reads for solution-focused therapy.

1. The Miracle Method: A Radically New Approach to Problem Drinking – Insoo Kim Berg and Scott D. Miller Ph.D.

The Miracle Method by Scott D. Miller and Insoo Kim Berg is a book that has helped many clients overcome problematic drinking since the 1990s.

By utilizing the miracle question in the book, those with problematic drinking behaviors are given the ability to envision a future without the problem.

Concrete, obtainable steps in reaching the envisioned future are laid out in this supportive read.

Available on Amazon .

2. Solution Focused Brief Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques – Harvey Ratney, Evan George and Chris Iveson

Solution Focused Brief Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques is a well-received book on solution-focused therapy. Authors Ratner, George, and Iveson provide a concisely written and easily understandable guide to the approach.

Its accessibility allows for quick and effective change in people’s lives.

The book covers the approach’s history, philosophical underpinnings, techniques, and applications. It can be utilized in organizations, coaching, leadership, school-based work, and even in families.

The work is useful for any practitioner seeking to learn the approach and bring it into practice.

3. Handbook of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (Jossey-Bass Psychology) – Scott D. Miller, Mark Hubble and Barry L. Duncan

It includes work from 28 of the lead practitioners in the field and how they have integrated the solution-focused approach with the problem-focused approach.

It utilizes research across treatment modalities to better equip new practitioners with as many tools as possible.

4. More Than Miracles: The State of the Art of Solution -Focused Therapy  (Routledge Mental Health Classic Editions) – Steve de Shazer and Yvonne Dolan

It allows the reader to peek into hundreds of hours of observation of psychotherapy.

It highlights what questions work and provides a thoughtful overview of applications to complex problems.

Solution-Focused Therapy is an approach that empowers clients to own their abilities in solving life’s problems. Rather than traditional psychotherapy that focuses on how a problem was derived, SFT allows for a goal-oriented focus to problem-solving. This approach allows for future-oriented, rather than past-oriented discussions to move a client forward toward the resolutions of their present problem.

This approach is used in many different areas, including education, family therapy , and even in office settings. Creating cooperative and collaborative opportunities to problem solve allows mind-broadening capabilities. Illuminating a path of choice is a compelling way to enable people to explore how exactly they want to show up in this world.

Thanks for reading!

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Don’t forget to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises for free .

• de Shazer, S. (1988). Clues: Investigating solutions in brief therapy. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co.
• Green, L. S., Oades, L. G., & Grant, A. M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1 (3), 142-149.
• Miller, S. D., & Berg, I. K. (1996). The miracle method: A radically new approach to problem drinking. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co.
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P., (2004).  Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Santa Rita Jr, E. (1998). What do you do after asking the miracle question in solution-focused therapy. Family Therapy, 25( 3), 189-195.

Share this article:

Article feedback

What our readers think.

This was so amazing and helpful

excellent article and useful for applications in day today life activities .I will like at use when required and feasible to practice.

Let us know your thoughts Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Related articles

The Empty Chair Technique: How It Can Help Your Clients

Resolving ‘unfinished business’ is often an essential part of counseling. If left unresolved, it can contribute to depression, anxiety, and mental ill-health while damaging existing [...]

29 Best Group Therapy Activities for Supporting Adults

As humans, we are social creatures with personal histories based on the various groups that make up our lives. Childhood begins with a family of [...]

47 Free Therapy Resources to Help Kick-Start Your New Practice

Setting up a private practice in psychotherapy brings several challenges, including a considerable investment of time and money. You can reduce risks early on by [...]

Read other articles by their category

• Body & Brain (52)
• Coaching & Application (39)
• Compassion (23)
• Counseling (40)
• Emotional Intelligence (21)
• Gratitude (18)
• Grief & Bereavement (18)
• Happiness & SWB (40)
• Meaning & Values (26)
• Meditation (16)
• Mindfulness (40)
• Motivation & Goals (41)
• Optimism & Mindset (29)
• Positive CBT (28)
• Positive Communication (23)
• Positive Education (36)
• Positive Emotions (32)
• Positive Leadership (16)
• Positive Parenting (14)
• Positive Psychology (21)
• Positive Workplace (35)
• Productivity (16)
• Relationships (46)
• Resilience & Coping (38)
• Self Awareness (20)
• Self Esteem (37)
• Strengths & Virtues (29)
• Stress & Burnout Prevention (33)
• Theory & Books (42)
• Therapy Exercises (37)
• Types of Therapy (54)

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings
• My Bibliography
• Collections
• Citation manager

Save citation to file

Email citation, add to collections.

• Create a new collection
• Add to an existing collection

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.

• Search in PubMed
• Search in NLM Catalog
• Add to Search

Problem-solving therapy for depression: a meta-analysis

Affiliation.

• 1 Stony Brook University, USA. [email protected]
• PMID: 19299058
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.003

Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that focuses on training in adaptive problem-solving attitudes and skills. The purpose of this paper was to conduct a meta-analysis of controlled outcome studies on efficacy of PST for reducing depressive symptomatology. Based on results involving 21 independent samples, PST was found to be equally effective as other psychosocial therapies and medication treatments and significantly more effective than no treatment and support/attention control groups. Moreover, component analyses indicated that PST is more effective when the treatment program includes (a) training in a positive problem orientation (vs. problem-solving skills only), (b) training in all four major problem-solving skills (i.e., problem definition and formulation, generation of alternatives, decision making, and solution implementation and verification), and (c) training in the complete PST package (problem orientation plus the four problem-solving skills).

PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

• Psychotherapy for depression in adults: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P. Cuijpers P, et al. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 Dec;76(6):909-22. doi: 10.1037/a0013075. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008. PMID: 19045960
• The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: a meta-analysis. Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. Malouff JM, et al. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Jan;27(1):46-57. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.005. Epub 2006 Feb 9. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007. PMID: 16480801
• Using problem solving therapy in general practice. Pierce D, Gunn J. Pierce D, et al. Aust Fam Physician. 2007 Apr;36(4):230-3. Aust Fam Physician. 2007. PMID: 17392934
• Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. Kirkham JG, Choi N, Seitz DP. Kirkham JG, et al. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 May;31(5):526-35. doi: 10.1002/gps.4358. Epub 2015 Oct 5. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016. PMID: 26437368 Review.
• Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Klomek AB, Mufson L. Klomek AB, et al. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2006 Oct;15(4):959-75, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2006.05.005. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2006. PMID: 16952770 Review.
• Effects of M-DEPTH Model of Depression Care on Maternal Functioning and Infant Developmental Outcomes in the Six Months Post Delivery: Results from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Wagner GJ, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Faherty L, Beyeza-Kashesya J, Nakku J, Nabitaka LK, Akena D, Nakigudde J, Ngo V, McBain R, Lukwata H, Gwokyalya V, Mukasa B, Wanyenze RK. Wagner GJ, et al. Womens Reprod Health (Phila). 2024;11(2):313-328. doi: 10.1080/23293691.2023.2255587. Epub 2023 Oct 18. Womens Reprod Health (Phila). 2024. PMID: 39081835
• A narrative review: suicide and suicidal behaviour in older adults. Sadek J, Diaz-Piedra B, Saleh L, MacDonald L. Sadek J, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2024 May 10;15:1395462. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1395462. eCollection 2024. Front Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38800059 Free PMC article. Review.
• Comparison of changes in stress coping strategies between cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy. Ihara S, Katayama N, Nogami W, Amano M, Noda S, Kurata C, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki Y, Mitsuda D, Ozawa M, Matsuoka J, Takemura R, Uchida H, Nakagawa A. Ihara S, et al. Front Psychiatry. 2024 Apr 15;15:1343637. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1343637. eCollection 2024. Front Psychiatry. 2024. PMID: 38686120 Free PMC article.
• Increasing Older Adults' Social Connectedness: Development and Implementation of a Web-Assisted Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Intervention. Zarling A, Kim J, Russell D, Cutrona C. Zarling A, et al. JMIR Aging. 2024 Apr 22;7:e47943. doi: 10.2196/47943. JMIR Aging. 2024. PMID: 38647321 Free PMC article.
• Remote Delivery of the Cuidándome Telehealth Intervention for Self-Management of Depression and Anxiety Among Latina Immigrant Women: Randomized Controlled Trial. Alvarez C, Aryal S, Vrany E, Sanchez R MJ, Quiles R, Escobar-Acosta L, Hill-Briggs F. Alvarez C, et al. JMIR Form Res. 2024 Jan 8;8:e52969. doi: 10.2196/52969. JMIR Form Res. 2024. PMID: 38190239 Free PMC article.

Publication types

• Search in MeSH

Related information

• Cited in Books

LinkOut - more resources

Full text sources.

• Elsevier Science
• Genetic Alliance
• Citation Manager

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

Other pages

What we  treat.

At the Los Angeles Outpatient Center, we specialize in treating a wide range of mental health conditions in Los Angeles. Our expert team provides personalized care to help you achieve lasting recovery.

Defining Mental Health

Often, our mental health and our ability to thrive can become burdened by mental health issues that affect our relationships including friends, family, and our spouses, as well as our physical fitness and overall cognitive health.

Mental health affects our judgment with the decisions we make, and our ability to create and strive toward goals, maintain healthy relationships and maintain a focus on tasks in our professional and personal life.

Treatment for:

Highest Quality Care

Shopping Addiction

Dissociative Disorder Treatment

ADHD Treatment

Stress Disorder

Trauma / PTSD

Eating Disorder

Hoarding Disorder

Body Dysmorphia

Schizophrenia

Bipolar Disorder

Depressions

Social Anxiety

Panic Disorder

Are you ready to take the next step towards better mental health? Los Angeles Outpatient Center (LAOP) is here to support you on your journey to recovery. Our comprehensive programs, experienced team, and welcoming environment are designed to provide the care you need.

Contact us today to schedule an initial assessment or to learn more about our services. Whether you are seeking intensive outpatient care or simply need guidance on your mental health journey, we are here to help.

Creating a safe, judgment-free space for recovery

" * " indicates required fields

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Solving problems the cognitive-behavioral way, problem solving is another part of behavioral therapy..

Posted February 2, 2022 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan

• What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?
• Take our Your Mental Health Today Test
• Find a therapist who practices CBT
• Problem-solving is one technique used on the behavioral side of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
• The problem-solving technique is an iterative, five-step process that requires one to identify the problem and test different solutions.
• The technique differs from ad-hoc problem-solving in its suspension of judgment and evaluation of each solution.

As I have mentioned in previous posts, cognitive behavioral therapy is more than challenging negative, automatic thoughts. There is a whole behavioral piece of this therapy that focuses on what people do and how to change their actions to support their mental health. In this post, I’ll talk about the problem-solving technique from cognitive behavioral therapy and what makes it unique.

The problem-solving technique

While there are many different variations of this technique, I am going to describe the version I typically use, and which includes the main components of the technique:

The first step is to clearly define the problem. Sometimes, this includes answering a series of questions to make sure the problem is described in detail. Sometimes, the client is able to define the problem pretty clearly on their own. Sometimes, a discussion is needed to clearly outline the problem.

The next step is generating solutions without judgment. The "without judgment" part is crucial: Often when people are solving problems on their own, they will reject each potential solution as soon as they or someone else suggests it. This can lead to feeling helpless and also discarding solutions that would work.

The third step is evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. This is the step where judgment comes back.

Fourth, the client picks the most feasible solution that is most likely to work and they try it out.

The fifth step is evaluating whether the chosen solution worked, and if not, going back to step two or three to find another option. For step five, enough time has to pass for the solution to have made a difference.

This process is iterative, meaning the client and therapist always go back to the beginning to make sure the problem is resolved and if not, identify what needs to change.

Advantages of the problem-solving technique

The problem-solving technique might differ from ad hoc problem-solving in several ways. The most obvious is the suspension of judgment when coming up with solutions. We sometimes need to withhold judgment and see the solution (or problem) from a different perspective. Deliberately deciding not to judge solutions until later can help trigger that mindset change.

Another difference is the explicit evaluation of whether the solution worked. When people usually try to solve problems, they don’t go back and check whether the solution worked. It’s only if something goes very wrong that they try again. The problem-solving technique specifically includes evaluating the solution.

Lastly, the problem-solving technique starts with a specific definition of the problem instead of just jumping to solutions. To figure out where you are going, you have to know where you are.

One benefit of the cognitive behavioral therapy approach is the behavioral side. The behavioral part of therapy is a wide umbrella that includes problem-solving techniques among other techniques. Accessing multiple techniques means one is more likely to address the client’s main concern.

Salene M. W. Jones, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist in Washington State.

• Find a Therapist
• Find a Treatment Center
• Find a Psychiatrist
• Find a Support Group
• Find Online Therapy
• United States
• Brooklyn, NY
• Chicago, IL
• Houston, TX
• Los Angeles, CA
• New York, NY
• Portland, OR
• San Diego, CA
• San Francisco, CA
• Seattle, WA
• Washington, DC
• Asperger's
• Bipolar Disorder
• Chronic Pain
• Eating Disorders
• Passive Aggression
• Personality
• Goal Setting
• Positive Psychology
• Stopping Smoking
• Low Sexual Desire
• Relationships
• Child Development
• Self Tests NEW
• Therapy Center
• Diagnosis Dictionary
• Types of Therapy

Sticking up for yourself is no easy task. But there are concrete skills you can use to hone your assertiveness and advocate for yourself.

• Emotional Intelligence
• Gaslighting
• Affective Forecasting
• Neuroscience

Problem-Solving Therapy

Streaming options.

• Description
• Contributor bios
• Suggested resources
• Video details

In Problem-Solving Therapy , Drs. Arthur Nezu and Christine Maguth Nezu demonstrate their positive, goal-oriented approach to treatment. Problem-solving therapy is a cognitive–behavioral intervention geared to improve an individual's ability to cope with stressful life experiences. The underlying assumption of this approach is that symptoms of psychopathology can often be understood as the negative consequences of ineffective or maladaptive coping.

Problem-solving therapy aims to help individuals adopt a realistically optimistic view of coping, understand the role of emotions more effectively, and creatively develop an action plan geared to reduce psychological distress and enhance well-being. Interventions include psychoeducation, interactive problem-solving exercises, and motivational homework assignments.

In this session, Christine Maguth Nezu works with a woman in her 50s who is depressed and deeply concerned about her son's drug addiction. Dr. Nezu first assesses her strengths and weaknesses and then helps her to clarify the problem she is facing so she can begin to move toward a solution.

The overarching goal of problem-solving therapy (PST) is to enhance the individual's ability to cope with stressful life experiences and to foster general behavioral competence. The major assumption underlying this approach, which emanates from a cognitive–behavioral tradition, is that much of what is viewed as "psychopathology" can be understood as consequences of ineffective or maladaptive coping behaviors. In other words, failure to adequately resolve stressful problems in living can engender significant emotional and behavioral problems.

Such problems in living include major negative events (e.g., undergoing a divorce, dealing with the death of a spouse, getting fired from a job, experiencing a major medical illness), as well as recurrent daily problems (e.g., continued arguments with a coworker, limited financial resources, diminished social support). How people resolve or cope with such situations can, in part, determine the degree to which they will likely experience long-lasting psychopathology and behavioral problems (e.g., clinical depression, generalized anxiety, pain, anger, relationship difficulties).

For example, successfully dealing with stressful problems will likely lead to a reduction of immediate emotional distress and prevent long-term psychological problems from occurring. Alternatively, maladaptive or unsuccessful problem resolution, either due to the overwhelming nature of events (e.g., severe trauma) or as a function of ineffective coping attempts, will likely increase the probability that long-term negative affective states and behavioral difficulties will emerge.

Social Problem Solving and Psychopathology

According to this therapy approach, social problem solving (SPS) is considered a key set of coping abilities and skills. SPS is defined as the cognitive–behavioral process by which individuals attempt to identify or discover effective solutions for stressful problems in living. In doing so, they direct their problem-solving efforts at altering the stressful nature of a given situation, their reactions to such situations, or both. SPS refers more to the metaprocess of understanding, appraising, and adapting to stressful life events, rather than representing a single coping strategy or activity.

Problem-solving outcomes in the real world have been found to be determined by two general but partially independent processes—problem orientation and problem-solving style.

Problem orientation refers to the set of generalized thoughts and feelings a person has concerning problems in living, as well as his or her ability to successfully resolve them. It can either be positive (e.g., viewing problems as opportunities to benefit in some way, perceiving oneself as able to solve problems effectively), which serves to enhance subsequent problem-solving efforts, or negative (e.g.,viewing problems as a major threat to one's well-being, overreacting emotionally when problems occur), which functions to inhibit attempts to solve problems.

Problem-solving style refers to specific cognitive–behavioral activities aimed at coping with stressful problems. Such styles are either adaptive, leading to successful problem resolution, or dysfunctional, leading to ineffective coping, which then can generate myriad negative consequences, including emotional distress and behavioral problems. Rational problem solving is the constructive style geared to identify an effective solution to the problem and involves the systematic and planful application of specific problem-solving tasks. Dysfunctional problem-solving styles include (a) impulsivity/carelessness (i.e., impulsive, hurried, and incomplete attempts to solve a problem), and (b) avoidance (i.e.,avoiding problems, procrastinating, and depending on others to solve one's problems).

Important differences have been identified between individuals characterized as "effective" versus "ineffective" problem solvers. In general, when compared to effective problem solvers, persons characterized by ineffective problem solving report a greater number of life problems, more health and physical symptoms, more anxiety, more depression, and more psychological maladjustment. In addition, a negative problem orientation has been found to be associated with negative moods under both routine and stressful conditions, as well as pessimism, negative emotional experiences, and clinical depression. Further, persons with negative orientations tend to worry and complain more about their health.

Problem-Solving Therapy Goals

PST teaches individuals to apply adaptive coping skills to both prevent and cope with stressful life difficulties. Specific PST therapy objectives include

• enhancing a person's positive orientation
• fostering his or her application of specific rational problem-solving tasks (i.e., accurately identifying why a situation is a problem, generating solution alternatives, conducting a cost-benefit analysis in order to decide which ideas to choose to include as part of an overall solution plan, implementing the solution, monitoring its effects, and evaluating the outcome)
• reducing his or her negative orientation
• minimizing one's tendency to engage in dysfunctional problem-solving style activities (i.e., impulsively attempting to solve the problem or avoiding the problem)

PST interventions involve psychoeducation, interactive problem-solving training exercises, practice opportunities, and homework assignments intended to motivate patients to apply the problem-solving principles outside of the therapy sessions.

PST has been shown to be effective regarding a wide range of clinical populations, psychological problems, and the distress associated with chronic medical disorders. Scientific evaluations have focused on unipolar depression, geriatric depression, distressed primary-care patients, social phobia, agoraphobia, obesity, coronary heart disease, adult cancer patients, adults with schizophrenia, mentally retarded adults with concomitant psychiatric problems, HIV-risk behaviors, drug abuse, suicide, childhood aggression, and conduct disorder.

Moreover, PST is flexible with regard to treatment goals and methods of implementation. For example, it can be conducted in a group format, on an individual and couples basis, as part of a larger cognitive–behavioral treatment package, over the phone, as well as on the Internet. It can also be applied as a means of helping patients to overcome barriers associated with successful adherence to other medical or psychosocial treatment protocols (e.g., adhering to weight-loss programs, diabetes regulation).

Arthur M. Nezu, PhD, ABPP, is currently professor of psychology, medicine, and community health and prevention at Drexel University in Philadelphia. He is one of the codevelopers of a cognitive–behavioral approach to teaching social problem-solving skills and has conducted multiple RCTs testing its efficacy across a variety of populations. These populations include clinically depressed adults, depressed geriatric patients, adults with mental retardation and concomitant psychopathology, distressed cancer patients and their spousal caregivers, individuals in weight-loss programs, breast cancer patients, and adult sexual offenders.

Dr. Nezu has contributed to more than 175 professional and scientific publications, including the books Solving Life's Problems: A 5-Step Guide to Enhanced Well-Being , Helping Cancer Patients Cope: A Problem-Solving Approach , and Problem-Solving Therapy: A Positive Approach to Clinical Intervention . He also codeveloped the self-report measure Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised . Dr. Nezu is on numerous editorial boards of scientific and professional journals and a member of the Interventions Research Review Committee of the National Institute of Mental Health.

An award-winning psychologist, he was previously president of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, the Behavioral Psychology Specialty Council, the World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and the American Board of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, the Society for Behavior Medicine, the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, and the Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Dr. Nezu was awarded the diplomate in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology and currently serves as a trustee of that board.

He has been in private practice for over 25 years, and is currently conducting outcome studies to evaluate the efficacy of problem-solving therapy to treat depression among adults with heart disease.

Christine Maguth Nezu, PhD, ABPP, is currently professor of psychology, associate professor of medicine, and director of the masters programs in psychology at Drexel University in Philadelphia. She previously served as director of the APA-accredited Internship/Residency in Clinical Psychology, as well as the Cognitive–Behavioral Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, at the Medical College of Pennsylvania/Hahnemann University.

She is the coauthor or editor of more than 100 scholarly publications, including 15 books. Her publications cover a wide range of topics in mental health and behavioral medicine, many of which have been translated into a variety of foreign languages.

Dr. Maguth Nezu is currently the president-elect of the American Board of Professional Psychology, on the board of directors for the American Board of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology, and on the board of directors for the American Academy of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. She is the recipient of numerous grant awards supporting her research and program development, particularly in the area of clinical interventions. She serves as an accreditation site visitor for APA for clinical training programs and is on the editorial boards of several leading psychology and health journals.

Dr. Maguth Nezu has conducted workshops on clinical interventions and case formulation both nationally and internationally. She is currently the North American representative to the World Congress of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies. She holds a diplomate in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology from the American Board of Professional Psychology and has been active in private practice for more than 20 years.

Her current areas of interest include the treatment of depression in medical patients, the integration of cognitive and behavioral therapies with patients' spiritual beliefs and practices, interventions directed toward stress, coping, and health, and cognitive behavior therapy and problem-solving therapy for individuals with personality disorders.

• D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2007). Problem-solving therapy: A positive approach to clinical intervention (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
• D'Zurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised (SPSI-R): Technical manual . North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
• Nezu, A. M. (2004). Problem solving and behavior therapy revisited. Behavior Therapy, 35 , 1–33.
• Nezu, A. M., & Nezu, C. M. (in press). Problem-solving therapy. In S. Richards & M. G. Perri (Eds.), Relapse prevention for depression . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Clark, M. (in press). Problem solving as a risk factor for depression. In K. S. Dobson & D. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors for depression . New York: Elsevier Science.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Perri, M. G. (2006). Problem solving to promote treatment adherence. In W. T. O'Donohue & E. Livens (Eds.), Promoting treatment adherence: A practical handbook for health care providers (pp. 135–148). New York: Sage Publications.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & D'Zurilla, T. J. (2007). Solving life's problems: A 5-step guide to enhanced well-being . New York: Springer Publishing Co.
• Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., Friedman, S. H., Faddis, S., & Houts, P. S. (1998). Helping cancer patients cope: A problem-solving approach . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Nezu, C. M., D'Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2005). Problem-solving therapy: Theory, practice, and application to sex offenders. In M. McMurran & J. McGuire (Eds.), Social problem solving and offenders: Evidence, evaluation and evolution (pp. 103–123). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
• Nezu, C. M., Palmatier, A., & Nezu, A. M. (2004). Social problem-solving training for caregivers. In E. C. Chang, T. J. D'Zurilla, & L. J. Sanna (Eds.), Social problem solving: Theory, research, and training (pp. 223–238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Cognitive–Behavioral Relapse Prevention for Addictions G. Alan Marlatt
• Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy With Donald Meichenbaum Donald Meichenbaum
• Depression With Older Adults Peter A. Lichtenberg
• Depression Michael D. Yapko
• Emotion-Focused Therapy for Depression Leslie S. Greenberg
• Relapse Prevention Over Time G. Alan Marlatt
• Behavioral Interventions in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Practical Guidance for Putting Theory Into Action, Second Edition Richard F. Farmer and Alexander L. Chapman
• Experiences of Depression: Theoretical, Clinical, and Research Perspectives Sidney J. Blatt
• Preventing Youth Substance Abuse: Science-Based Programs for Children and Adolescents Edited by Patrick Tolan, José Szapocznik, and Soledad Sambrano

You may also like

Existential–Humanistic Case Formulation

Strengths and Flourishing in Psychotherapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression

The Basics of Group Therapy

Constructive Therapy in Practice

Legal Notice

Not a mental health professional.

View APA videos for the public

• Bahasa Indonesia
• Slovenščina
• Science & Tech
• Russian Kitchen

Khanty-Mansiysk: Why you simply must visit this northern land of mammoths

“I have been to Yugra many times. I was sworn in as a Siberian in a cedar forest,” producer Andrey Suleikov writes in the preface to a collection of legends called Yugra. It’s My Land . “I tasted lingonberries in the cold and could not tell whether the berries were coated in sugar or ice. I also enjoyed outdoor hot springs while taking a traditional Siberian bath." 

Fuel pumping stations

Sounds more like time travel than a present-day tourist trip, doesn’t it? But that is what Yugra is like: a fusion between prehistoric things like mammoths and modernity, which has brought oil, gas and new buildings. Even the region’s official name (which is quite long: the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra) combines the present with the past.

Tying a ribbon is a national tradition

There is a beautiful legend about Yugra’s origins. In one very bright, warm and sunny city, twins of unprecedented beauty were born: a brother named Yug and a sister named Ra. At first, they grew up like ordinary small children, but with age they began to argue and fight, so much so that when they did flames flared up around them. The townspeople were afraid that they would burn everything down, so they exiled Yug and Ra to a remote northern land covered with ice and snow. The brother and sister illuminated this land with their light and made it warm so that people could come here to live. Yug and Ra stopped fighting and began living together in harmony. Since then, this northern land has been called Yugra.

When you look at the map, it may seem that Khanty-Mansiysk is located almost in the middle of Russia. However, the climate here is similar to regions of the Far North. In winter, the temperature here drops to below -40 degrees Celsius.

We asked local residents and people who know this region well to tell us more about it and to share some tips for tourists who come to visit.

Why should a foreigner visit Khanty-Mansiysk?

“If you want to feel the coldness and colors of Russian winter, then you should definitely stop by in our small cozy town,” says a local tattoo artist, Semyon Chepurnoy.

A Khanty man in a traditional dress

Yevgeny Zinovyev, a journalist and the former editor-in-chief of a local media outlet, says that Khanty-Mansiysk provides the opportunity to experience a real and not touristy part of Russia. “In winter, there are frosts, snowdrifts and wind. In summer, heat, midges and bears. At any time of the year, you can experience the everyday life and customs of the indigenous peoples: the Khanty and Mansi. And of course, in Khanty-Mansiysk you can get to know the backbone of modern Russia – its oil and gas sector."

“We have unique scenery here. Khanty-Mansiysk is located on seven hills and is surrounded by the taiga. There are a lot of fish in the rivers, and a lot of mushrooms, berries and pine nuts in the forests surrounding the city,” says local insurance company employee Sergey Yankovich.

View of the city and the Irtysh River

The harsh climate of the region influences how local residents relate to visitors. “Residents of the city are very good-natured and welcoming and are always ready to offer help in any situation, even to a stranger, because in the north, there is an unspoken rule: If you see that a person is in distress, be sure to help them, because tomorrow, it may be you in their place. The harsh climate and surrounding scenery leave no room for error, especially in winter,” Sergey says.

Things to see/do/taste in Khanty-Mansiysk

Mammoths at the Archeopark

According to Irina Pudova, a local resident and the author of a collection of legends called Yugra: It’s My land , the first thing to do in Khanty-Mansiysk is to see the local mammoths. Seven life-size bronze prehistoric animals "roam" the area near Samarovsky Hill on the grounds of the Archeopark complex. Here you will also find a prehistoric bison, a pack of wolves, a cave bear, two woolly rhinos and prehistoric people themselves.

Sculptures of bisons at the Archeopark cultural and tourist complex

“Then you could get something to eat,” Irina advises. “The thing to do is to go to any local restaurant of Siberian cuisine and ask for muksun. It is a valuable freshwater fish of the salmon family, which is highly prized by locals and tourists alike.”

Khanty-Mansiysk is a relatively new city and only received this status in 1950. Soo oil was discovered in the region, prompting a dramatic push in its development. Prior to that, there were just Siberian settlements built by Russia in the late 16th century. Irina is impressed that a modern city was built in such harsh conditions.

The Church of the Protection of the Holy Virgin

“Cultural objects, squares, houses - all this is unique. And everything is new, there is nothing very ancient here. Except for mammoths!” she says.

In addition to the Archeopark mentioned above, Yevgeny Zinovyev’s list of favorite places in the city includes the Museum of Geology, Oil and Gas, along with the Museum of Nature and Man and the centuries-old cedars in the Samarovsky Chugas natural park. He recommends checking out the views from the observation deck near the Monument to the Explorers of the Yugra Land and paying a visit to a local bathhouse.

'Red Dragon' bridge over the Irtysh River

Yevgeny also provided us a checklist of culinary delights that anyone visiting Khanty-Mansiysk should be sure to try:

• Muksun (in any form but best of all frozen and sliced as Stroganina).
• Wild berries (cranberry, cowberry, cloudberry).
• Venison (in any form but best of all stewed and sprinkled with frozen berries and pine nuts).

Sergey Yankovich recommends visiting the open-air ethnographic museum Torum Maa, which means "Sacred Land" in Mansi. “There you can get acquainted with the history of the city and the district, as well as with the life of the indigenous peoples of the Khanty and Mansi, who belong to the Finno-Ugric group,” Sergey says.

Torum Maa ethnic center

In addition, he advises anyone who comes to Khanty-Mansiysk to visit the spot where the Ob and Irtysh rivers meet, pay a visit to Misne Hotel’s restaurant and taste traditional dishes there, as well as dishes prepared by local fishermen and hunters while in the taiga.

According to Semyon Chepurnoy, the Valley of Streams natural park is another must for any visitor. It is one of local residents’ favorite recreation areas, where you can stroll along a dedicated footpath offering stunning views of the city. Semyon also advises trying pancakes at the GoodFood chain of cafes.

What are the best souvenirs?

“We all love something mystical and supernatural. There is a strong culture of shamanism here, so I think it’s cool to take with you some local amulets charged by a shaman—a bear claw or a pendant made of beads and deerskin,” says Irina Pudova.

A Khanty woman in the traditional dress selling souvenirs

Sergey Yankovich advises that authentic souvenirs can be found at the Crafts Center on Roznina Street. “There you can also see and even try on the national costumes of the Khanty and Mansi and try to solve traditional puzzles that representatives of the indigenous peoples made for their children.”

According to Yevgeny Zinovyev, the best souvenirs are Khanty and Mansi amulets, clothes, jewelry, as well as traditional local treats such as muksun, wild berries, pine nuts and venison.

Cowberry bush

For his part, Semyon Chepurnoy recommends bringing away memories and photographs as well as a little bit of Siberian Frost ❄.

If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material.

to our newsletter!

Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox

• 10 main stops on the Trans-Siberian Railway
• Naryan-Mar: Why you should visit this remote Arctic city
• An expat’s confession: Why I miss the city by the Amur – Khabarovsk

This website uses cookies. Click here to find out more.

Share ×

Scan the QR code and open PeakVisor on your phone

❤ Wishlist ×

See all region register, peakvisor app, khanty-mansiysk autonomous okrug – ugra.

Welcome to the land of sheer silent whiteness. Its vast expanses are filled with fresh Arctic air, howling winds, and the spirit of true adventure. Come with us to the lands of the ancient Khanty and Mansi tribes that survived in this harsh climate of the Nether-Polar Urals . See the mountains that defy any logical or geological reason for their existence. Experience the wonders of this sparsely populated land where you can hardly see a human trace. Welcome to Yugra!

Flora & Fauna

Water resources, landmarks and tourism, major mountains, mount narodnaya, mount zaschita, mount neroyka, the pyramid mountain, samarovskaya mountain, ski and sports facilities, protected sites, reserves, national and natural parks, rivers and lakes, major cities, khanty-mansiysk.

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area – Yugra (KhMAO) is located in the central part of the West Siberian Plain, stretching from west to east from the Ural Range to the Ob-Yenisei Watershed. The vast areas of this plain, as well as the Lower Priob region, are considered one of the most recently inhabited areas.

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area (KhMAO) was established in 1930. Its name comes from two main northern indigenous peoples – the Khanty and the Mansi. From 1944 it was legally part of the Tyumen Region , but in 1993 the Area received autonomy and became a full-fledged territorial entity of the Russian Federation. It is a part of the Urals Federal District. The administrative centre is the city of Khanty-Mansiysk , whereas the largest city is Surgut. The word Yugra was introduced to the name of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area in 2003 to pay tribute to the old name used by the locals to call the territories lying beyond the North Urals.

The KhMAO borders the Komi Republic in the north-west, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in the north, the Krasnoyarsk Area and the Tomsk Region in the east and south-east, the Tyumen Region in the south and the Sverdlovsk Region in the south-west.

The area of the territory is 534,801 sq.km, the length from north to south is 800 km, from west to east is 1400 km. The population of this huge territory is 1,674,676 people as of 2020, which is the same amount as people living in Barcelona or Munich.

The main part of the territory is a huge, poorly dissected plain where absolute elevation marks rarely exceed 200 meters above sea level. The western part of the KhMAO territory is characterized by low and middle mountainous terrains with some Alpine relief featured in the Subpolar Urals. Here are ridges and spurs of the mountain system of the North Urals and the Subpolar Urals. The maximum absolute elevations are on the border with the Komi Republic . Mount Narodnaya (1,895m) is the highest peak.

More than 800 species of higher plants grow in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area . Almost the entire territory is covered by taiga forests that occupy about 52% of the area. Spruce, fir, pine, cedar, larch, birch, alder grow here. In the northern parts of the area, the composition of the vegetation is greatly influenced by perennial permafrost. Light lichen grasslands which are used as deer pastures are widespread there. Tundra dominates in the mountainous and hilly areas. River floodplains and lowlands are characterized by meadow vegetation, the so-called water meadows. High floodplains of large rivers are mainly covered with woods that mainly feature willows, birches and aspens. Forests and swamps are rich in berries and various valuable plants, most of which are used in traditional indigenous medicine.

The animal world is typical for the Russian taiga zone. There are 369 species of vertebrates. Mammals are represented by 60 species (28 of them are commercial species). The most common and valuable of them are wild reindeer, elk, fox, sable, fox, squirrel, marten, ermine, Siberian weasel, polecat, mink, weasel, otter, hare and others. Wolverine and West Siberian river beaver are included in the Red Book of Russia.

There are 256 bird species in the region, including 206 sedentary and nesting species. Some rare bird species are listed in the Red Book. There are 42 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Of these, 19 species are commercial, among them are starlet sturgeon, lelema, muksun (whitefish), pelyad, chir, lake herring, wader, tugun, freshwater cod, pike, ide, roach, bream, fir, perch, ruff, golden and silver crucian carp, carp (carp is grown in the cooling ponds of the Surgutskaya and Nizhnevartovskaya hydroelectric plants). Sturgeon is listed in the Red Book. There is an abundance of mosquitoes and gnats in the area, the greatest activity of which is in the second half of summer.

Yugra can boast of over 2 thousand large and small rivers, the total length of which is 172,000 km. The main rivers are the Ob (3,650 km), the Irtysh (3,580 km). These are some of the largest rivers in Russia. Other significant rivers include the tributaries of the Ob (the Vakh, Agan, Tromyogan, Bolshoy Yugan, Lyamin, Pim, Bolshoy Salym, Nazym, Severnaya Sosva, Kazym rivers), the tributary of the Irtysh (the Konda River) and the Sogom River. Ten rivers are over 500 km long. All the Yugra rivers with the exception of the rivers in the Ural part of the region are characterized by rather slow currents, gentle slopes, some surge wave phenomena, spring and summer floods. The Ob River basin extends over a distance of 700-200 km from the mouths of its tributaries. Such abundance of water facilitates the appearance of floodplain swamps and seasonal lakes.

The region's swamps are predominantly of the upper and transitional type. Those water basins occupy about a third of the region. About 290,000 lakes with the area of more than 1 ha are surrounded by swamps and forests. The largest lakes are Tursuntsky Tuman, Levushinsky Tuman, Vandemtor and Trmemtor. The deepest lakes are Kintus (48 m) and Syrky Sor (42 m). However, most of the lakes (about 90%) are modest and quite small and have no surface runoff.

The area is rich in resources of fresh, mineral and thermal underground waters, which are still insignificantly used.

The climate is moderately continental. Winters are harsh, snowy and long, and summers are short and relatively warm. The territory is protected from the west by the Ural Mountains but its openness from the north has a significant impact on the climate formation because cold air masses from the Arctic freely penetrate the area. The flat character of the terrain with a large number of rivers, lakes and swamps also has its impact. Most of the precipitation falls during the warm seasons. But even with a small amount of precipitation, their evaporation is very low, which as a result contributes to the formation of the zone of excessive moisture throughout the Yugra. The snow cover is stable from late October to early May, its height varies from 50 to 80 cm. The region is characterized by a rapid change of weather conditions, especially in transitional seasons (autumn and spring), as well as during the day. Late spring and early autumn frosts are rather frequent and can happen even until mid-June. Average January temperatures range from -18ºC to -24ºC (0 F to -11 F) and can reach -60ºC to -62ºC (-76 F to -80 F) when the northern cold air masses break through. The average temperature in July, the warmest month of the year, ranges from +15ºC to +20ºC (+59 F to +68 F) and on very rare days can reach a maximum temperature of +36ºC (+97 F). The prevailing wind direction is north in summer and south in winter.

The weather in the mountains is quite changeable and cool even in summer. The best time to visit the region's mountains is between July and mid-August.

The Yugra of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area has a huge natural resource potential. These are oil and gas deposits, forests, gold and iron ore deposits, as well as bauxites, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, brown and hard coal deposits, rock crystal, quartz and piezo quartz, peat deposits, etc. The region has plenty of natural resources. In terms of natural gas reserves, the Yugra ranks second in the Russian Federation after the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District .

The industry is dominated by oil and gas production, power generation and processing industries, including woodworking except for pulp and paper production.

The Khanty-Mansi area has very developed tourism of all kinds. There is a modern infrastructure for cultural exploration as well as for active recreation.

Fans of sports and eco-friendly tourism will be able to conquer majestic mountains and raft down picturesque rivers, enjoy the beauty of nature in nature reserves and natural parks. The hills and mountains of this area open up endless opportunities for skiing and snowboarding.

The mountainous part of the Subpolar Urals located on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area is very beautiful. The highest peaks of the Ural Mountains are situated here.

Being the highest point of the whole Urals, Mount Narodnaya (1,895 m), also known as Naroda and Poenurr and translated as People's Mountain is territorially situated in the Subpolar Urals, on the border of the Yugra Area and the Komi Republic . It is the highest point in European Russia outside the Caucasus. This leads to its large topographic prominence of 1,772 metres (5,814 ft).

The top of the mountain is half a kilometre from the border towards Yugra. As for the name of the mountain, scientists could not come to a common opinion for a long time, so there are two versions. According to one version, in the Soviet years, an expedition of pioneers gave the mountain a name in honour of the Soviet people - Narodnaya (the stress is on the second syllable). According to the other version, even before the arrival of the first Soviet tourists, the peak was named after the River Naroda (the stress is on the first syllable) flowing at the foot of the mountain. The Nenets peoples called the River Naroda Naro, which means a thicket or a dense forest, and the Mansi peoples called it Poengurr or Poen-urr, which translates as the top, or head. The maps used to refer to it as Mount Naroda or Mount Naroda-Iz. Nowadays, it appears everywhere as Narodnaya.

In the 1980s, someone set a bust of Lenin on the top of the mountain. Its remains can be found there to this day. There is one more symbolic relic there – some Orthodox believers erected a worship cross on top of Mount Narodnaya after a Procession of the Cross.

The slopes of the mountain are steeper in the north-east and south-west and there are many steep rocks on them. The south-eastern and northern parts of the mountain are more gentle but they are also covered with scree. Be vigilant and careful when climbing! On the slopes of the mountain, there are many not only boulders but also caverns filled with clear water as well as ice. There are glaciers and snowfields. From the north-eastern part of the mountain, you can observe Lake Blue near which tourists and travellers like to make bivouacs.

Mesmerizing with its beauty and inaccessibility, it attracts many tourists and fans of active recreation. This majestic mountain is quite remote from the settlements, so getting to it is not an easy task. The mountain is located in the Yugyd Va National Park , so it is necessary to register in advance and get a visit permit from the park administration. How to get to the park administration and get a permit, read the article on the Yugyd Va National Park .

Mountain Zaschita (1,808 m) is the second-highest peak in the Ural Mountains, after Mount Narodnaya . Mysteriously, the name of the mountain, which roughly translates as Defense or Protection Mount, does not correlate in any way with the Mansi names of the nearby mountains and rivers. The origin of the name is unknown. There are some speculations but we will consider just one of them. On the map of the Northern Urals which was made by the Hungarian researcher Reguli the closest peak to Mount Narodnaya was called gnetying olu. Its location coincides with that of the present-day Mount Zaschita . The name gnetying olu in the Mansi can be deciphered as a mountain on which there is some help from ice. The mountain is believed to protect deer grazing on glaciers from mosquitoes. So, early topographers called the mountain more briefly – Mount Defense. Indeed, the slopes of this mountain are covered with a lot of snow and glaciers (the Yugra, Naroda, Kosyu, Hobyu glaciers and others). And it is here that the Mansi shepherds bring their deer which can rest on glaciers and snow. Summarizing all the above, we can say that Zaschita Mount is to some extent protection for deer from mosquitoes. The very name Zaschita appeared on maps with the beginning of hiking tours in the Subpolar Urals.

Mount Neroyka (1,645 m) is 100 km from Neroyka village, the closest tourist base to this peak. In the 1950s, people who were engaged in quartz mining near the mountain worked and lived in this base. Later, a gravel road was built from the village of Saranpaul to the mountain for large-scale development of the quartz deposit. In recent years, the road has not been much used and is practically not cleaned from snow in winter. There has been a plant built 20 km down from the mountain for primary processing of quartz with the use of nanotechnologies. There is an annual big camping event near the mountain. It is organized by the Tourism Department of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area. You can have a 1-hour helicopter ride to the mountain from the village of Saranpaul. Should you wish to fly from the city of Khanty-Mansiysk , be prepared to fly over the taiga for 2.5-3 hours.

Quite inquisitive tourists happened to discover, by a lucky chance, a Pyramid similar to that of Cheops but four times bigger. It is located on the territory of the Narodo-Ityinsky Ridge. The closest to the pyramid is the village of Saranpaul. The sizes of the found pyramid are as follows: the height is 774 m, in comparison to the Egyptian pyramid which is 147 m; the length of a lateral edge is 230 m whereas the Egyptian pyramid is 1 km. The pyramid is located precisely according to the cardinal directions, there is not a single degree deviation at that. The origin of the pyramid is unknown, scientists are still making assumptions. No traces of human activity were found near the pyramid. The only way to get here at this time is by helicopter.

Samarovskaya Mountain is another wonder that is baffling many people. It is dividing the city of Khanty-Mansiysk into northern and southern parts. Few now living residents know that in the old days the highest part of the modern city used to bear a plural name of the Samarovsky Mountains among which there were Mount Palenina, Komissarskaya, Miroslavskaya, Filinova, and Romanova. Originally, there was a village called Samarovo amidst these mountains. Until now, many issues bewilder both residents and scientists. How could a mountain form in the middle of the West Siberian Plain? What is inside it? Won't the weight of the buildings erected on the top of the mountain affect its height? The uniqueness of Samarovskaya Mountain is that it consists of numerous large stones, boulders, rocks that are absolutely foreign to this area. Scientists have not yet come to a consensus on the mountain’s origin.

The Yugra is very famous for its ski resorts, the main of which are:

• The Cedar Ravine ski resort (Surgut city, Naberezhny Ave. 39/1)
• Three Mountains (Trekhgorie) ski resort (30 km from Nizhnevartovsk, Ermakovsky settlement)
• Stone Cape (Kamenniy Mys) ski resort (near the city of Surgut)
• Pine Urman ski resort ( Khanty-Mansiysk , Sportivnaya Str., 24)

The far-away lands of the Yugra are the blessed sanctuaries for many animals as the area is rather hostile to a human There are reserves, natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries here that aim to protect the national treasures of the lands. Having visited these regions once, you would crave for coming back again and again to feel that unique sense of unity with nature, to forget about the urban fuss and and hustles whatsoever. The harsh but beautiful nature of this extraordinary area leaves an indelible trace in the soul of every person.

On the territory of the district there are 25 specially protected natural areas, the most famous of them are:

• The reserves are two: the Malaya Sosva Reserve and the Yugan Reserve, the latter was established in 1982 as the largest reserve of taiga landscapes. The purpose of the reserves was to study unobtrusively and carefully preserve the endemic flora and fauna without disturbing natural processes. Hunting and economic activities are prohibited here, which is important for the preservation of natural ecosystems.
• The natural parks are the Samarovsky Chugas Nature Park, the Siberian Sloping Hills (Uvaly), the Numto (also called Lake Numto), and the Kondinskie Lakes.

These reserves and natural parks offer tourists their own excursion programs to make visiting their territory much more enjoyable and educational.

The Samarovsky Chugas Nature Park is located in the center of Khanty-Mansiysk , on a small hill between the Ob and Irtysh rivers.

The territory of the Siberian Sloping Hills (Uvaly) natural park is 350 km away from the city of Khanty-Mansiysk . You can get there by helicopter or by plane. The office of the park is located at 7a Pionerskaya Street, Nizhnevartovsk.

The Kondinskie Lakes Natural Park is located 380 km from Khanty-Mansiysk . Half of the park is covered with swamps, but there is also a recreational area. There you can rest, swim, do some amateur fishing, picking berries (cowberries, cranberries) and mushrooms is permitted. There is only one independent walking route here, it runs for 3 km in the deep forest. It is a cool place for kids since the park is equipped with sports grounds, a pool and a small zoo where the kids can interact with brown bear cubs. What else, try the TaiPark, it is a rope course running at the height of 2.5 meters, having 15 stages, the full length is 125 meters. There is an opportunity to order water walking tours in the town of Sovetsky, which can be reached by train from Khanty-Mansiysk .

The Numto Nature Park is located almost in the center of the West Siberian Plain, in the Beloyarsk district of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, 300 km from the city of Surgut and 200 km from the town of Beloyarsk. It is located on the border of Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area. The administration of the park is located at 2, Beloyarsky micro-district, 4a. The territory of the natural park is a treasure trove of archaeological and ethnocultural monuments. As of today, there have been discovered 20 architectural monuments, including fortified and not fortified settlements, places of worship abandoned by the peoples who lived here from the Stone Age to almost the present day. Researchers have also found 65 monuments of ethnic value, the main of which are worship objects, sacred places and cemeteries.

The Malaya Sosva Reserve includes several subordinated territories and sanctuaries, including Lake Ranghe-Tour. The reserve offers a 4-km walking guided route that gets the visitors introduced to the typical features and characteristics of flora and fauna of the region. The route is called Bear Trail and you can spot bears there (don’t come close though, we’ve already written how to behave if you meet a bear in the wild). Also, you will see the River Malaya Sosva, some marshes, ancient cultural monuments and other nice sights. Permission to visit the reserve can be obtained from the administration of the reserve at Lenina Str. 46, town Sovetskiy.

As to the Yugan Nature Reserve , it is inaccessible to common hikers who are afraid of flying since there are no roads to it. The only way to get there is taking a helicopter ride. You also must obtain a permit in the administration of the reserve, go accompanied by employees of the reserve, and only on special transport of the reserve (motorboat, snowmobile). The central manor of the Reserve and the administration are located in the village of Ugut. To get to this village, you should first go to the town of Surgut, then go to the town of Pyt-Yakh, and from it there is a road to the village of Ugut. It is about 100 km from Ugut to the southern border of the reserve i, and another 25 km to the nearest cordon. The administration works from Monday to Friday. You can request a permit via mail at [email protected] , order a guided tour at [email protected]

The Yugra lands are heaven for water sports aficionados. They can have some awesome fishing or go rafting along such rivers as: the river Naroda, the Deep Sabun, etc.

The Naroda River is 140 km long. It is the left tributary of the Manya River located in the Ob River basin. The river has its origin on the south-western slope of Mount Narodnaya . It is a mountain-taiga river with rapids, swifts, numerous rolls, which attracts interest among water tourists. However, it is usually not rafted very often.

The Deep Sabun River flows through the territory of the Siberian Sloping Hills Nature Park. The park has developed multi-day water routes. It is possible to raft along the river in summer and to go skiing along it in winter.

The Kondinskie Lakes are a system of lakes along the left bank of the Konda River. The largest lake is the Arantur, with pine forests on the northern side and sandy beaches well equipped for a nice relaxing me-time. The water heats up well in summer. The small river Okunevaya and the river Maly Akh flow into the lake. The Maly Akh comes in on the west side and connects lake Arantur with Lake Pon-Tour. This lake is the richest in fish, and there is also a parking lot for fishermen here. The streams connect Pon-Tour with small lakes Krugloe and Lopukhovoye. When you look at Lopukhovoe lake, you feel as if you have found yourself in a fabulous place: more than half of its surface is covered with white lilies, as well as yellow flowers of the water-beans. Then the river Big Akh, which flows into the river Konda, connects all the lakes into a single system. Along the river there are many archeological monuments such as forts and settlements which have paths to them. The southernmost lake of the park is Ranghe-Tour.

Yugra is not the easiest destination and not the most accessible, but the effort is well worth it. You should first get to the capital of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area – the city of Khanty-Mansiysk either by air or by train.

Khanty-Mansiysk is based on the premises of the former village Samarovo founded in 1582. It used to be the territory of the Khanty people and a pit stop for coachmen who rode their wagons across the country. The village was founded by Russian Count Samara, thus the name Samarovo. The modern city actually began to develop in 1930 because amidst the Siberian taiga there finally started to appear stone houses on the high bank of the Irtysh River. In 1940, the village was renamed into Khanty-Mansiysk by the name of the peoples living on this territory – the Khanty and the Mansi, and in 1950 it received the status of a town.

The city has several attractions. Mount Samarovskaya is probably the biggest natural and scientific wonder. It divides the city in two parts and causes many concerns for urban developers who always wonder whether this mountain can move making the buildings slide or even sink in.

Another beauty is the century-old cedar grove that is within the city limits. The grove is a part of the natural park Samarovsky Chugas. The word chugas in the language of the Khanty means a lonely hill in the low river floodplain.

The park is one of the main attractions of the city, it hosts an open-air ethnographic museum called the Torum Maa, a cultural and tourist complex called Archaeopark, a biathlon center. Kids and adults, nature lovers and fans of culture love this place dearly.

A memorial sign to Yugra's discoverers is installed on top of the Samarovsky Chugas. It is a tall stele pyramid divided into three portions. On the lower level, there is a restaurant, on the second level is a small museum, and on the third level there is an observation deck, 40 m above the ground, with a magnificent view of the Irtysh River and the river port. The pyramid is decorated by the bas-relief depicting the discoverers of the region, from the 16th-century Count Samara to the geologists of the 20th century.

Another trademark of Khanty-Mansiysk is the State Museum of Nature and Man. The museum hosts a gallery and a workshop of a famous artist G. Rayshev.

The city has a lot of small monuments generously spread around the city. There is the Khanty family resting on a camp, this monument is near the airport building. You can take a pic at the Golden Tambourine located at the intersection of Gagarin Street and Mira Street. Connoisseurs of culture should also visit the Sun – the Theatre of Ob-Ugrian Peoples, it is the world's first professional theatre of Khanty and Mansi peoples. And if you are travelling with kids, the Khanty-Mansiysk Puppet Theatre is a must-visit. In the period from May to October, you can take a boat ride to the confluence of two rivers – the Ob and the Irtysh. Yugra Service Co. operates such cruises, you can find more information locally at their address Tobolsk Trakt street 4, Khanty-Mansiysk .

Explore Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra with the PeakVisor 3D Map and identify its summits .

PeakVisor Hiking Maps

Be a superhero of outdoor navigation with state-of-the-art 3D maps and mountain identification in the palm of your hand!

Our Associated Organizations

Our Usefull Links

World Wildlife Fund

Baikal Environmental Wave