filipino beliefs essay

Think & Play Bigger!

30 Filipino Values: Cultural Beliefs that Shape Our Behaviors

Filipino values are cultural beliefs and assumptions about what is socially desirable , and therefore, there are expectations on how one must behave in certain situations. Filipino values are inherently positive, however, some values like utang na loob and pakikisama are often abused. Though the Filipino values system is shared by different ethnic groups, the values are ranked and expressed differently.

Filipino values are taught in school, but they are quickly evolving because of the influence of social media and the changing priorities of Filipinos.

Filipino values influence how we relate with people at home, at church, and in the workplace. Filipinos possess admirable values that, when reinforced, will create a great work culture and authentic leadership . By understanding their values, you can bring out the best in Filipinos.

What are Filipino values?

Filipino values refer to the shared cultural beliefs of what is socially desirable in the way Filipinos deal with each other. These values were cultivated by our experiences as a nation through centuries. This means you can find the origin of our values hundreds of years before the coming of the Spaniards.

Spain colonized us for 400 years. America tried to change the way we look at ourselves for 50 years. We cannot deny that they reshaped some of our values. But our love for the bayan, our people, is based on our being communal.

Filipino values serve as Filipinos’ lenses on how they appreciate the issues around them. To appreciate Filipino culture, begin with their values.

Like all other humans, Filipinos are not conscious of our values because we have internalized them in the process of growing up. We are swimming in values that we do not notice how our decisions are informed by them.

Values are the community standards of what’s valuable. They are the guiding principles of our lives.

We have personal values , which are like lighthouses that tell us what to avoid and what to pursue. And we balance our personal values with communal values.

Since Filipinos are grouped into many islands, dialects, and ethnic groups, some values may be emphasized more in one group than others.

I will describe later 30 Filipino values. You will understand why Filipinos do what they do. Use these values to educate, empower, and motivate Filipinos. Use these values to teach personal development and leadership.

I won’t attempt to be academic. I understand that the younger generation of professionals may find some of the values unfamiliar.

But they’ll surely recognize each when I show the asal (behaviors) that demonstrate each value.

30 Filipino Values

If you want to understand Filipinos, start with our values. You can start with these 30 cultural Filipino values. Each of us carries a different set of values, and we may have a unique way of seeing and understanding each value.

We don’t study all of these in schools. Our parents taught us these as we were growing up. We learned them while playing with other kids. And we caught them while watching adults. It is quickly evolving because of the influence of social media, but the essence of these values remains.

1. Amor Proprio ( Loving Oneself )

Amor propio is means self-love or self-regard. We Filipinos value self-respect. It is related to dangal, which means dignity. We honor our words, and we fight for our honor . It is also related to the Filipino term hiya I will explain below.

The greatest love of all, according to Whitney Houston, is loving yourself. Every line of that song tells us about Amor Propio.

Because the greatest love of all Is happening to me I found the greatest love of all Inside of me The greatest love of all Is easy to achieve Learning to love yourself It is the greatest love of all

Amor Propio is a Spanish phrase. We used the phrase, but we did not inherit the value. That’s because Filipinos, like many Asians, value themselves. They have high regard for themselves. They respect themselves as they respect others ( kapwa-tao ).

When the Spaniards went to the Philippines, they were looking for slaves. the Filipinos, on the other hand, offered themselves as allies.

During the American colonialization in the Philippines, there was an effort to paint love for self in a negative light.

Our ancestors were told that too much of this is kayabangan (something that colonizers often say) and that our sense of hiya prevents us from reaching our potential.

This is why when a person is shy, he is called mahiyain. A criminal is walang-hiya (shameless) and kahiya-hiya (shameful).

But hiya means self-regard.

In the workplace, Filipinos do not want to be embarrassed. They resent being shouted at. And they also do not want to embarrass others.

When I was young, I often hear Nonoy Zuniga’s Doon lang. When I was young, I saw the value of education as a way to earn dangal. If you like listening to old songs, you can find Doon Lang on Youtube .

Amor propio is a Filipino value that we bring with us everywhere. And everywhere I go, I find Filipinos whose amor propio makes them excellent workers.

2. Awa ( Compassion for Others )

Awa may mean compassion, grace, sympathy, charity, or pity. The meaning of awa changes slightly based on context, but as a community value, it means compassion for others. Because of our heart for others, we give whatever we have even though we need help. One good example is the mushrooming of community pantries throughout the country during the pandemic.

Because we value others, Filipinos tend to be compassionate. When the Covid-19 pandemic hit the Philippines, Filipinos took care of the most vulnerable groups in our society.

Many Filipino managers, for example, have to think twice before they let go of employees. Western companies consider it a good business decision to let go of people to maximize profits. If one employee can do the work of two persons, they’ll let go of one.

Most Filipino managers are people-oriented. They do understand that employment means a lot to Filipino workers.

Being let go means that they will stop supporting their family.

So, we find ways to keep someone on the job.

As a result, we have loyal employees. They’ll do everything to help your organization. Employees consider this generosity which they have to pay somehow.

Awa: A Deep Sense of Shared Suffering

3. Bahala Na ( Let Go & Let God )

Bahala Na is a Filipino attitude that expresses courage and faith in God. It means to let go and let God. It has always been an expression of optimism.

Bahala na is a quality shared by most entrepreneurs. It is almost equivalent to the Western concept of risking forward. American entrepreneurs typically say that to succeed, one has to embrace the unknown instead of standing still.

Bahala na is like that and more.

Bahala na means that Filipinos consider all possible solutions. And when it seems that there is only one solution left, though they don’t have all the information they need, they’ll risk forward.

They run away from safety to get something that will make them free. This is the same quality we admire among heroes.

It may seem safe to be in prison but freeing oneself outweighs everything.

But, just like I said, Bahala na is more than that!

Bahala Na is an expression of courage and faith. It was like David facing Goliath. Bahala Na means I will win because God is with me. Bahala na is a 100% commitment to succeed.

But, like the Biblical David, Filipinos will use everything they have to win.

4. Bayanihan ( We Are Heroes to Each Other )

Bayanihan, derived from the words bayan (community) and bayani (heroes), happens when Filipinos unite to do heroic acts for individuals and communities in need without expecting anything in return. Giving aid, without being asked, even to strangers, is an enduring Filipino culture.

We are Filipinos, and we value bayanihan. We are nation-loving people. We support our countrymen in times of need.

Because what happens to some of us happens to all of us.

You will notice that Filipino values are very much connected. When we speak of Bayanihan, for example, we will notice that it has something to do with malasakit, pakikipagkapwa-tao, pagdadamayan, pakikisama and utang na loob.

5. Mabuting Pakikitungo : Hospitality

Tourists to the Philippines know us because we value mabuting pakikitungo. We are friendly. Filipinos are excellent hosts. This is because of our sense of pakikipagkapwa-tao and hiya. Our hospitality is for everyone.

They want you to get the best experience when they host you. They want to show their best all the time.

In most organizations, we talk about the Western concept of customer service. We preach the idea that the customer is king.

You should use our Filipino sense of hospitality when you talk about creating a delightful customer experience. Because that’s what we do naturally.

We find it difficult to consider our customers as kings . We are not their slaves. Teach instead that customers as guests. For we do want our guests to feel at home. We Filipinos want our guests to know they can trust us because we want the best for them, as we want the best for ourselves.

We serve not because we get paid but because we want to give and add value.

6. Delicadeza ( We Value Our Reputation )

Filipinos value delicadeza. It refers to the value we place on maintaining the dignity of our institution, office, or family by avoiding embarrassing situations. When there is controversy, we expect them to resign from their posts, not because they are guilty but to shield their company or organization from further embarrassment.

Because of this, the DOJ Secretary was asked to resign.

We often say that we lose our sense of delicadeza when we talk about our politicians who are kapit-tuko . They grip their posts like a gecko.

Our sense of justice requires that at least they take a leave of absence or avoid a conflict of interest.

A local executive, for example, with delicadeza will not appoint his relatives to government posts. Filipinos do not value nepotism in the government. It is common for us to recommend our relatives to the government, but not to the same office that we are leading.

We do not want to put ourselves in a position that will make people question our agenda.

When a President appointed his people from the city where he was the former mayor, we consider the actions lacking in delicadeza.

It is not illegal, but it is not appropriate. When he used his power to give favor to those who supported his election campaign because of utang na loob, we felt that he abused his power.

Talk about delicadeza if you want people to observe good governance.

=>. Delicadeza: Doing the right thing (even when no one is watching)

7. Pagpapahalaga sa Pamilya ( Family First and Last )

Pagpapahalaga sa pamilya is a value that considers the interest of the family more important than personal interest. Filipinos are willing to sacrifice prestige and even happiness for the sake of family.

Because of our love for family, many Filipinos choose to work abroad. They are not doing this to achieve personal success. They do this to ensure that their children get a good education.

An employee, for example, may leave work to care for a sick mother or father.

It is to your company’s advantage to be family-oriented. Create programs for the family. Know the members of your employee’s family.

When the family is loyal to your company, you get a loyal employee.

8. Kasiyahan ( Joy & Humor )

We expect kasiyahan when we gather together. The gathering can be a birthday party, a reunion, or a meet-up in Starbucks. We are attracted to people who make us laugh.

Our superpower is our ability to smile even in the most challenging situations. This does not mean that we take things lightly. Smiling in difficult circumstances allows us to be centered and in control.

To have humor is human.

We stay in companies where we can find meaning and joy. Filipinos can survive the most challenging tasks but not the most psychologically toxic environment.

Create an environment of fun and fellowship because that’s how Filipino workers thrive.

Filipino Time: The Habit of Being On Time

I resolve to make the most of my time.

14. magalang (respectful).

We show many ways of respecting people. Our house helps, for example, are often called Ate and Kuya. We want our children to know that those with us deserve our respect.

If we don’t know people on the street who call them sir or ma’am. Or, in the case of tricycle drivers, boss.

If we buy something, we say thank you. And the seller will say, “thank you too.”

We address people in the ways they want to be addressed.

I think it has something to do with our concept of dangal. We don’t want to offend people. At all times, we want to show that we do respect them. And anything that violates this value we condemn.

You can build a better workplace if you find time to ask people what makes them feel respected. They will appreciate it.

In some companies, there are efforts to westernize their culture. Calling people by their first name, absent the honorifics madam or sir, may seem a good idea.

But it does not mean it is much better than respecting the place’s culture.

People do not leave their cultural values when they enter your company. Do not force them to live double lives.

15. Magpasalamat (Being Grateful)

When I was in college, people often went to the store of Mister Salamat. His surname is not Salamat. Students gave him that name because he always said thank you to everyone.

Even if you just want to stay in his store and don’t buy anything, he’ll be thankful to you for dropping by. This made the students love him. And yes, they go to his store to eat or buy school supplies.

They reciprocated his goodness.

There are many ways of expressing our gratitude. In the workplace, that means going the extra mile.

I often tell my clients that if they want employees to be grateful, they have to express their gratitude to employees often. Our sense of gratitude is best expressed in utang na loob.

16. Malasakit (We Care for Others)

Aside from bayanihan, malasakit is the most popular value among Filipinos. Malasakit means caring or concern for others. We expect every Filipino to care.

A good leader, for example, is expected to show malasakit. Leaders cannot be public servants if they don’t care for people.

We expect business entities to show malasakit. They must take care of their employees – and to a certain extent, be concerned about their families too. They must not create products that will harm communities.

Often, companies manifest malasakit through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives.

Because of malasakit, you will hear of teachers who spend extra hours teaching students. They use their own money to buy school supplies too.

Because of malasakit, you have employees who work the extra mile to serve their customers.

Because of malasakit , we hear of a movie star who sold her luxury car for charity.

When you work with Filipinos, remember that they care for people. They help those who are in need without expecting anything in return.

You will find it easy to sell a social business to Pinoys, who are always ready to do meaningful work.

17. Malikhain (Creativity)

What makes Filipino thrive is their ability to come up with solutions. We are inventors and innovators.

We seek opportunities, and when we don’t find them, we create them. One excellent example is Rags2Riches which helps many women while recycling textile waste.

18. Mapamaraan (Resourcefulness)

One lesson I learned from my grandfather is this: kapag may gusto may paraan, kapag ayaw may dahilan. Those with desire find ways, and those who have no desire have excuses. These days, people talk about embracing a growth mindset . This aphorism explains both growth and fixed mindsets.

Filipinos don’t expect you to give excuses. If you want something, you’ll find ways.

Though we lack resources, we should not lack resourcefulness. Our resourcefulness helps us do extraordinary things with what we have.

Find out how you can leverage the resourcefulness of Filipinos. Those who are passionate about working with you and making your business successful will certainly find ways.

Filipinos also value diskarte , which to me is about being resourceful and resilient.

19. Masikap (Diligent Worker)

We believe that work feeds us. Work provides for our family. Work sends our kids to school. Work makes us achieve what we want in life.

We believe that whatever we earn must come from the sweat on our brows. Whatever we feed our children must not come from stealing other people’s money. We work with honor.

I wonder how your employees will work if you start giving Masikap Award. By doing so, you will emphasize the value of stick-to-itiveness and doing our job like a vocation. That we are not selling our hours for pesos.

20. Matino (Sensible)

A sensible person is matino because he aligns his actions with accepted principles. He does not do anything that will compromise his integrity and the welfare of the people he serves.

Judges are matino if they are fair and just. They don’t favor anyone who has connections or money.

Students are matino if they pay attention to their studies. Teachers are matino if teachers set themselves as models to students.

We expect our leaders to be matino. But often, because of our electoral practices, we elect the incompetent and the corrupt.

At work, Filipinos try very hard to be deemed matino. They avoid doing anything that will tarnish their reputation.

Be clear about your work expectations because Filipinos will strive to abide by them.

21. Pakikipagkapwa-tao (Interpersonal Relationships)

When I was young, a popular TV program was “Kapwa ko, Mahal Ko’. It was hosted by Orly Mercado, who later became a senator. The program provides help to those who are in need. Many viewers give financial assistance too.

Kapwa means “of the same nature” or “of equal status.” It is like saying that kapwa is your other self. You ought to love your other self, right?

In the workplace, this means that regardless of your station in life or your organizational chart, remember that we are both humans. I respect you, and I expect you to respect me.

Filipinos will follow you because you are the boss. But don’t you dare insult them or make them feel inferior.

I often conduct workshops on interpersonal relationships and on building interpersonal communication skills. If you begin with pakikipagkapwa-tao, interpersonal relationships will make more sense to Filipinos.

For us , pakikipagkapwa-tao is not a means to survive. We aim to have harmonious relationships with our other selves.

22. Pakikiramay (Sympathy)

We often go to a lamay (wake) to show our pakikiramay. We want to show the bereaved family and friends our sympathy. It is also an occasion when relatives and friends who have not seen each other for a long time meet again.

This value is not for the dead but for the living.

If you are a manager, pakikiramay is the quickest way to relate with your employees. Pakikiramay shows that you have empathy. It shows that you care for them.

23. Pakikisama (Fellowship)

Filipinos value being part of a group or community. Events that make us together energize us.

Some companies conduct fellowship sessions as part of their team-building efforts.

Company initiatives will succeed if Filipinos feel they belong. Policies that are imposed on them do not often succeed. Make a project a communal effort, and people will support it.

An initiative like 5S, a lean manufacturing methodology, often becomes successful in the Filipino workplace when you sell it as a community project. It is good for the company.

Get leaders that employees trust to champion the concept, and you’ll have everyone follow the system in no time.

Pakikisama, like other Filipino values, is often presented in a bad light when we were still a colony of the United States. Your grandparents and even your parents have likely been miseducated about it.

But be that as it may, pakikisama is an enduring belief. We want to belong.

24. Pananampalataya (Faith in Supreme Being)

Filipinos are known for their faith in the Supreme Being. Even those who do not consider themselves religious would say that they have faith in God.

It is this faith that makes us say “Bahala Na”. I will do it because God is with me.

Some believe that what they do for your company is a service to God. And when you do things that do not help the community, they think of you as selfish.

Some Filipino companies have chapels and allow Bible study sessions. Somehow, they believe that allowing Filipinos to have time for spiritual growth help in building good relationships and improving work performance.

25. Tibay ng Dibdib (Fortitude)

Filipinos dare to fight even when the chance of winning is tiny. We often associate it with puso (heart) or the will to go on until we win.

Fortuna favet fortibus. Fortune favors the brave. We adhere to the same principle.

We love the underdog, for we are always the underdog. Give Filipino challenging projects, and they’ll likely take on the project. Even if it is their first time.

We often succeed because we find ways to make things happen.

26. Tiyaga (Patience)

We value hard work. Quietly we do what we ought to do. Our younger generations have been fed the idea that they don’t need to work hard if they can work smart.

Working hard does not mean we don’t work smart. Filipinos dare to do the job, no matter how hard. Our overseas Filipino workers are often praised for their excellent work attitude.

When I was young, I was told repeatedly that “kapag may tiyaga, may nilaga”. Those who have patience have something to stew.

We keep working, no matter how hard, because it is the smartest thing to do.

Quitters won’t get anything.

Instead of calling Filipinos lazy (an insult to us), encourage them to have patience. Say instead, “Tiyaga lang, uunlad din tayo. ” Let us be patient, for we shall succeed.

27. Utang na Loob (Debt from Within)

Filipinos are intrinsically motivated to give back what they have received from you, even though you don’t expect anything in return. It involves reciprocity. People do not pay utang na loob with money.

If you give Filipinos money to do something for you, we call it payment. We call it a bribe if you give money so they’ll violate policies and procedures.

But when you help them when they need help the most, we call it utang na loob. It has no price tag. We intend to repay you soon.

Filipino workers consider it utang na loob when you do good for them. An employee got promoted because you had coached and mentored him. That promotion allowed him to send his children to college.

You consider it your job, but he considers himself indebted to you.

Never look down on your Filipino subordinate. Support them. Don’t talk about how much money you pay them. Talk about what their work can do for their families.

28. Makatao (Humane)

We expect Filipinos to be humane. We want those in power to think about the welfare of the people.

A boss who is harsh with his words and has a habit of putting down people is deemed as “hindi makatao”. That means you are disrespecting people and treating them less than human.

Filipinos can ensure working with a bad boss. They need their jobs. But don’t expect them to stay longer than necessary. As soon as they find another, they’ll leave your company.

But you don’t like to become makatao for Filipinos to stay. It is a critical leadership practice that you can use anywhere. Employees trust those who respect them as human beings.

29. Makabayan (Love of Country)

I said that bayanihan is essential a demonstration of the love of our country. We do it together. Makabayan is a value we expect from someone wherever they are.

We held Ninoy Aquino as a hero because he was willing to die for his country. On the other hand, we deemed Ferdinand Marcos Sr a villain because he killed many Filipinos and plundered his country’s wealth.

Though many Filipinos elected his son to the presidency, many voters are ashamed of what they did. They don’t want to be associated with plunderers. For this reason, plundering politicians employ the services of paid trolls.

It is usual for those who earn their keep to defend even the indefensible. For the poorest of the poor, money is not a bribe. It is a help. And any support people receive becomes utang na loob. You did not buy them; they are paying utang na loob.

But being makabayan, once in a while, trump utang na loob. People do what is suitable not only for themselves but for the country.

Makabayan is the essence of our belief that goes,” bayan muna bago ang sarili”.

30. Masagana (Abundance)

Masaganang buhay means abundant life. Filipinos pray for abundant life all the time. Of course, each family defines abundance in different ways. 

But most Filipinos consider being healthy, joyful, and being with the people we love as having an abundant life.

We may not have gazillions of money in our bank accounts, but as long as we get to send our kids to school, have a good harvest from our labor, and have not met sickness, we deem our life  abundant.

Interestingly, we say Happy New Year in English. But we often say Masaganang Bagong Taon, which means prosperous our abundant new year.

Promote Positive Filipino Values

We have examined 30 positive Filipino values. And understanding them can help us leaders. I encourage you to consider how these Filipino values support your corporate values. It is a way of making it easy to connect corporate values to what we already know.

Promoting these values is easy and simple.

Firstly, managers should exemplify these values. Actions speak louder than words. By embodying these values, managers set the right example for the team. For example, malasakit can support the idea of customer care. We have to show malasakit to employees so they too will extend this value to customers.

Secondly, integrate chosen values into training programs. When these values are clearly communicated and explained, employees can better adopt them. Repeat these values in regular team meetings too.

Thirdly, foster an environment of open dialogue. Encourage employees to voice their thoughts. This cultivates respect and the spirit of “pakikisama” or camaraderie.

Fourthly, appreciate and reward employees who live these values. This can inspire others to follow suit. Recognitions can be simple shout-outs, awards, or even opportunities for growth.

Lastly, incorporate these values into daily routines. Let them guide the decision-making process. This way, these Filipino values become a lived experience, enriching the workplace culture.

Jef Menguin

5 thoughts on “30 filipino values: cultural beliefs that shape our behaviors”.

How true! You may be surprised to learn that we Scots have very similar values. I worked 10 years in Saudi and even longer in PI. My crews were always happy and great to work with as they were treated correctly.

Nice collection here of Filipino Values, Jeff Menguin. It may be interesting for non-Filipinos to see how these 27 compare with values from different countries and cultures.

Thank you Raju,

That is something worth looking into. I hope my non-Filipino readers will share the similarities of cultures.

Use some of these Filipino values for your “core values”. And when you do, clarify your message so that all of your people are on the same page. One way to do that is to look for three to five behaviors that exemplify the values.

Explore also the behaviors that people must not do.

Instead of using the word excellence, which I believe most companies used, you can come up with a combination. For example, you can use “matino at mahusay.”

By putting these values together and identifying the behaviors aligned to these two values, you are creating something which is uniquely yours.

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Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines: A Tapestry of Spiritual and Cultural Diversity

Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines – Cultural Heritage of Philippines

The Philippines, known for its stunning natural beauty, is also home to a rich tapestry of religious diversity. The spiritual landscape is woven with threads of indigenous beliefs, colonial influences, and contemporary faiths. This article unravels the intricate layers of religion, customs, and traditions in the Philippines, exploring the significance of sacred spaces, customs, and the fusion of spiritual practices that shape the nation’s cultural heritage.

Indigenous Beliefs: Ancestral Spirits and Nature Worship

Anito worship: connecting with ancestors.

Before the arrival of foreign influences, indigenous communities in the Philippines practiced animism. Anito worship involved connecting with ancestral spirits through rituals and ceremonies. Sacred spaces, such as ancient trees or natural formations, served as altars for communing with the spirit world. Despite the impact of later religions, elements of animistic beliefs persist in Filipino culture.

Bathala: The Supreme Deity

Bathala, considered the supreme deity in pre-colonial Tagalog mythology, represented the creator of all things. Worship of Bathala involved rituals expressing gratitude for nature’s bounty. Although the prominence of Bathala waned with the introduction of new religions, the concept of a supreme being remains ingrained in the Filipino psyche.

Colonial Influences: The Arrival of Christianity

Spanish colonization and the spread of christianity.

The 16th century marked a transformative period in Philippine history with the arrival of Spanish colonizers, bringing Christianity to the archipelago. The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism, leaving an indelible mark on the religious landscape. The fusion of indigenous beliefs with Catholicism gave rise to a unique syncretic form of worship.

Baroque Churches: Architectural Testaments of Faith

The Spanish colonial era left a profound architectural legacy with the construction of Baroque churches across the Philippines. These architectural marvels, such as the San Agustin Church in Manila, stand as testaments to the enduring faith of the Filipino people. Intricate carvings, ornate altars, and religious artworks within these churches reflect the fusion of Spanish and indigenous influences.

Roman Catholicism: Pillar of Filipino Spirituality

Feast of the black nazarene: a symbol of devotion.

The Feast of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila, is an iconic religious event that draws millions of devotees. The Black Nazarene, a dark-skinned statue of Jesus Christ, is venerated for its supposed miraculous powers. The annual procession, marked by devotees participating barefoot and pulling the carriage of the Black Nazarene, is an expression of deep devotion and penance.

Santo Niño: Child Jesus as Patron

The veneration of the Santo Niño, or the Child Jesus, is widespread in the Philippines. The Sinulog Festival in Cebu, dedicated to the Santo Niño, is a grand celebration featuring a colorful parade and street dancing. The devotion to the Santo Niño reflects the Filipinos’ enduring childlike faith and resilience amid challenges.

Islamic Heritage in the Philippines

Islam in the southern philippines.

In contrast to the predominantly Christian regions, the southern part of the Philippines has a significant Muslim population. Islam was introduced by Arab traders before Spanish colonization. The Marawi Grand Mosque in Mindanao stands as a symbol of Islamic heritage, showcasing the architectural influence of the Middle East.

Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr: Celebrating Islamic Traditions

Muslims in the Philippines observe Ramadan, a month of fasting, prayer, and reflection. The culmination of Ramadan is celebrated with Eid al-Fitr, marked by communal prayers, feasting, and acts of charity. These traditions highlight the cultural diversity within the Philippines, where different religious communities coexist.

Chinese Traditions and Buddhism

Chinese influence in filipino culture.

The Philippines has a significant Chinese community that has contributed to the cultural mosaic. Chinese traditions, including ancestral veneration, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Lunar New Year, are celebrated alongside local customs. The blending of Chinese and Filipino cultures is evident in practices like feng shui influencing architectural design and city planning.

Buddhism in the Philippines: A Minority Presence

While Buddhism is a minority religion in the Philippines, there are communities that practice Theravada Buddhism. The presence of Buddhist temples, such as the Seng Guan Temple in Manila, reflects the multicultural landscape of the country. Buddhists engage in meditation, rituals, and the observance of Buddhist festivals.

Iglesia ni Cristo: A Homegrown Faith

Iglesia ni cristo: an indigenous christian church.

Founded in 1914, the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) is a homegrown Christian denomination with a significant following in the Philippines. Known for its unique doctrines and architectural landmarks like the INC Central Temple, this indigenous Christian church has played a prominent role in the country’s religious landscape.

Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard acknowledging the projects among creative and influential industry professionals.

Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines: A Tapestry of Tradition

Food and Cuisine of the Philippines: A Gastronomic Journey Through Cultural Heritage

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Religion in the Philippines

Gold Buddha statues, Fo Guang Shan Chu Un Temple, Cebu City, Philippines (Jopeel Quimpo/Unsplash)

by Jack Miller

The Philippines proudly boasts to be the only Christian nation in Asia. More than 86 percent of the population is Roman Catholic, 6 percent belong to various nationalized Christian cults, and another 2 percent belong to well over 100 Protestant denominations. In addition to the Christian majority, there is a vigorous 4 percent Muslim minority, concentrated on the southern islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. Scattered in isolated mountainous regions, the remaining 2 percent follow non-Western, indigenous beliefs and practices. The Chinese minority, although statistically insignificant, has been culturally influential in coloring Filipino Catholicism with many of the beliefs and practices of Buddhism , Daoism , and Confucianism .

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For more Asia Society work on the Philippines, please visit Asia Society Philippines . Asia Society Philippines aims to strengthen relationships and bridge differences across the Philippines, Asia and the United States.

The pre-Hispanic belief system of Filipinos consisted of a pantheon of gods, spirits, creatures, and men that guarded the streams, fields, trees, mountains, forests, and houses. Bathala, who created earth and man, was superior to these other gods and spirits. Regular sacrifices and prayers were offered to placate these deities and spirits--some of which were benevolent, some malevolent. Wood and metal images represented ancestral spirits, and no distinction was made between the spirits and their physical symbol. Reward or punishment after death was dependent upon behavior in this life.

Anyone who had reputed power over the supernatural and natural was automatically elevated to a position of prominence. Every village had its share of shamans and priests who competitively plied their talents and carried on ritual curing. Many gained renown for their ability to develop anting-anting, a charm guaranteed to make a person invincible in the face of human enemies. Other sorcerers concocted love potions or produced amulets that made their owners invisible.

Upon this indigenous religious base two foreign religions were introduced -- Islam and Christianity -- and a process of cultural adaptation and synthesis began that is still evolving. Spain introduced Christianity to the Philippines in 1565 with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Earlier, beginning in 1350, Islam had been spreading northward from Indonesia into the Philippine archipelago. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Islam was firmly established on Mindanao and Sulu and had outposts on Cebu and Luzon. At the time of the Spanish arrival, the Muslim areas had the highest and most politically integrated culture on the islands and, given more time, would probably have unified the entire archipelago. Carrying on their historical tradition of expelling the Jews and Moros [Moors] from Spain (a commitment to eliminating any non-Christians), Legaspi quickly dispersed the Muslims from Luzon and the Visayan islands and began the process of Christianization. Dominance over the Muslims on Mindanao and Sulu, however, was never achieved during three centuries of Spanish rule. During American rule in the first half of this century the Muslims were never totally pacified during the so-called "Moro Wars." Since independence, particularly in the last decade, there has been resistance by large segments of the Muslim population to national integration. Many feel, with just cause, that integration amounts to cultural and psychological genocide. For over 10 years the Moro National Liberation Front has been waging a war of secession against the Marcos government.

While Islam was contained in the southern islands , Spain conquered and converted the remainder of the islands to Hispanic Christianity. The Spanish seldom had to resort to military force to win over converts, instead the impressive display of pomp and circumstance, clerical garb, images, prayers, and liturgy attracted the rural populace. To protect the population from Muslim slave raiders, the people were resettled from isolated dispersed hamlets and brought "debajo de las companas" (under the bells), into Spanish organized pueblos. This set a pattern that is evident in modern Philippine Christian towns. These pueblos had both civil and ecclesiastical authority; the dominant power during the Spanish period was in the hands of the parish priest. The church, situated on a central plaza, became the locus of town life. Masses, confessions, baptisms, funerals, marriages punctuated the tedium of everyday routines. The church calendar set the pace and rhythm of daily life according to fiesta and liturgical seasons. Market places and cockfight pits sprang up near church walls. Gossip and goods were exchanged and villagers found "both restraint and release under the bells." The results of 400 years of Catholicism were mixed -- ranging from a deep theological understanding by the educated elite to a more superficial understanding by the rural and urban masses. The latter is commonly referred to as Filipino folk Christianity, combining a surface veneer of Christian monotheism and dogma with indigenous animism. It may manifest itself in farmers seeking religious blessings on the irrice seed before planting or in the placement of a bamboo cross at the comer of a rice field to prevent damage by insects. It may also take the form of a folk healer using Roman Catholic symbols and liturgy mixed with pre-Hispanic rituals.

When the United States took over the Philippines in the first half of the century, the justifications for colonizing were to Christianize and democratize. The feeling was that these goals could be achieved only through mass education (up until then education was reserved for a small elite). Most of the teachers who went to the Philippines were Protestants, many were even Protestant ministers. There was a strong prejudice among some of these teachers against Catholics. Since this Protestant group instituted and controlled the system of public education in the Philippines during the American colonial period, it exerted a strong influence. Subsequently the balance has shifted to reflect much stronger influence by the Catholic majority.

During the period of armed rebellion against Spain, a nationalized church was organized under Gregorio Aglipay, who was made "Spiritualhead of the Nation Under Arms." Spanish bishops were deposed and arrested, and church property was turned over to the Aglipayans. In the early part of the 20th century the numbers of Aglipayans peaked at 25 to 33 percent of the population. Today they have declined to about 5 percent and are associated with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. Another dynamic nationalized Christian sect is the lglesia ni Kristo, begun around 1914 and founded by Felix Manolo Ysagun. Along with the Aglipayans and Iglesia ni Kristo, there have been a proliferation of Rizalist sects, claiming the martyred hero of Philippine nationalism, Jose B. Rizal as the second son of God and are incarnation of Christ. Leaders of these sects themselves often claim to be reincarnations of Rizal, Mary, or leaders of the revolution; claim that the apocalypse is at hand for non-believers; and claim that one can find salvation and heaven by joining the group. These groups range from the Colorums of the 1920s and 1930s to the sophisticated P.B.M.A. (Philippine Benevolent Missionary Association, headed by Ruben Ecleo). Most of those who follow these cults are the poor, dispossessed, and dislocated and feel alienated from the Catholic church.

The current challenge to the supremacy of the Catholic church comes from a variety of small sects -- from the fundamentalist Christian groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and Seventh Day Adventists, to the lglesia ni Kristo and Rizalists. The Roman Catholics suffer from a lack of personnel (the priest to people ratio is exceedingly low), putting them at a disadvantage in gaining and maintaining popular support. The Catholic church is seeking to meet this challenge by establishing an increasingly native clergy and by engaging in programs geared to social action and human rights among the rural and urban poor. In many cases this activity has led to friction between the church and the Marcos government, resulting in arrests of priests, nuns, and lay people on charges of subversion. In the "war for souls" this may be a necessary sacrifice. At present the largest growing religious sector falls within the province of these smaller, grass roots sects; but only time will tell where the percentages will finally rest.

Discover More About the Religions Across Asia

The Origins of Buddhism

Confucianism

For further reference.

Agoncillo, Teodoro. A Short History of the Philippines . New York: Mentor Books, 1969.

Carroll, John J., and others. Philippine Institutions . Manila: Solidaridad, 1970.

Chaffee, Frederic H., and others. Area Handbook for the Philippines . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969.

Corpuz, Onofre D. The Philippines . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; Spectrum Books, paper, 1965.

Gowing, Peter G., and Robert D. McArnis, eds. The Muslim Filipinos . Manila: Solidaridad, 1974.

Mercado, Leonardo N., ed. Filipino Religious Psychology . Tacloban City, Philippines: Divine Word University, 1977.

Ramos, Maximo D. Creatures of Philippine Lower Mythology . Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press, 1971.

Sturtevant, David R. Popular Uprisings in the-Philippines , 1840-1940. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976.

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The Filipino Value Ethos:The Ethics of Kapangyarihan

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Marlon Espedillon

The dominance of the Western thoughts and cultures in our socioscapes can be seen in the historical accounts of the country. Western influences have created philosophical packages as if balikbayan boxes, luring the Filipino people to indulge and yield in the colonial dictates. This presents a valid point to consider the process of philosophical invasion that has relegated, if not enslaved, our indigenous knowledge, giving birth to the dominance of foreign ideologies. Consequently, we can hardly extricate our cultural identity from the Western image as it has been clothed with ideological mask that has been consciously and unconsciously worn since the inception of colonial rule in the country. Even Filipino thinkers fall under the spell of Western philosophies as they can hardly drift away from this captive consciousness, as Renato Constantino described it, if not to instrumentalize themselves to facilitate the reproduction of these philosophical thoughts.

Ramon Alexander Martinez Reyes

Jaime Alfredo Cabrera

This paper discusses the articulation of Filipino philosophy as well as the foundations, development, and influences of modern philosophy in the context of the established canons of Western philosophical tradition. Philosophies are beliefs of being, doing, and relating; ideas that are established enough to be observable as consistent and stable behavioral phenomena over time. Modern Filipino philosophy refers to shared beliefs in ways of doing, being, and relating that are observable between 1946 and 1994 as behaviors among the cultures and subgroups of the Philippine Archipelago, including Filipinos who are working or living overseas. This paper presents elements of philosophical articulation of native Filipino thought. The paper answers three research questions. (1) What is Filipino philosophy? (2) How did modern philosophy begin and develop? (3) How can modern philosophy influence Filipino philosophy? The debate in literature is that Filipino philosophy is at its nascent stage, originating from folk wisdom, religion, and contacts with foreign cultures; extant as philosophic acts, beliefs, or mind-sets but never formally articulated according to the canons of the dominant philosophic tradition and; is continually reshaped by technological, scientific, and significant historical events that elicit strong or deep feelings and reactions throughout the country. Older thought patterns and behaviors are preserved by traditional circles and conservative environments but changes continue. Meanwhile, for global understanding, the need to articulate modern Filipino philosophical thought in ways that can be clearly understood by other cultures is increasingly urgent. This paper presents some tools and approaches to help meet the challenges of articulating modern Filipino philosophy: (a) articulating native philosophical thought in oral tradition, folk wisdom, and indigenous literature in accordance with the world‘s established canons of philosophical tradition; (2) developing precise and succinct native vocabulary to parallel the vocabulary of the dominant philosophical tradition; (3) identifying national philosophic thought and principles from events that elicit nationwide emotion and create behavior patterns observable throughout the country over a significant period of time; (4) deducing philosophical notions from patterns in linguistic elements common in speech and texts among the nation‘s various languages; and (5) identifying philosophic trigger points in the nation‘s history that have and can shape the development of philosophic thought.

The Making of a Filipino Philosopher (2009)

Rolando M Gripaldo

"In the Philippines, the debate centers on the issue whether or not there is such a thing as Filipino philosophy. The author argues that there is, but it should be understood in three approaches: traditional, cultural, and national. The traditional approach names individual philosophers as in Greek philosophy where historically we name Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Parmenides et al. This approach answers the question, “What is your own philosophy?” The early Filipino thinkers—Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto et al.—were Enlightenment philosophers. The European Enlightenment of the 18th century traveled to Spain in the first half of the 19th century and reached the Philippines in the second half of that century. The cultural approach looks at a holistic philosophical perspective of a people on the basis of their communal languages, folktales, folksayings, cultural traits, and the like. This approach answers the question, “What is the philosophical perspective or worldview of a group of people such as a tribe or a national group?” It is said, for example, that the Filipino is philosophically fatalistic, personalistic, sensitive, caring, hospitable, and the like. Lastly, the national approach, which is a highly debatable classificatory approach, attempts to justify that expository works written by Filipinos on Western and Eastern philosophies are a manifestation of the Filipino mind as s/he hermeneutically fuses his/her horizon with the subject matter and in that sense constitute a type of Filipino philosophy. A Filipino interpretative exposition of Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy of human freedom, for instance, is a Filipino philosophy in this sense, that is, by virtue of the author’s nationality."

Juan Rafael Macaranas

Filipino values embody the Filipino culture and reveal its underlying philosophy. Coherence in a value system is a presumed healthy sign, both at the individual and social level. In this essay, we employ an expository and reflective analysis of Filipino values, starting with those ambivalent in application. It is the task of philosophy to review values as part of critically examining the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives. To improve and develop society, philosophers must be able to promote mindfulness of both positive and negative value implications. By offering holistic and alternative views of Filipino values, philosophers can positively influence the maturation of the Filipino culture and philosophy. The Filipino family, being the most primal and most stable institution in the Philippine society, must be included in projects promoting a more coherent value system.

Kaisipan 1 (1)

Contrary to what skeptics believed, there is Filipino philosophy in the Western traditional sense that should be distinguished from ethnophilosophy or cultural philosophy. This paper tries to elucidate this philosophical development by identifying the Western model of philosophizing, by clarifying the meaning of “Filipino philosophy,” by giving examples from the history of Filipino philosophers, and by mentioning the significance and prospects of Filipino philosophizing.

Suri: Journal of the Philosophical Association of the Philippines

Anton Heinrich Rennesland

I argue how Filipino philosophy is an illusion we have taken as a belief, and that we need to remember again its illusory – but necessary – status for it to flourish. The normativity of this illusion impelled the discourse: what is philosophy? For new directions, the language of Filipino philosophy must be negative that pathologies in thinking be realized; it is a necessary illusion remembered once more: a nihilistic stance for new values to be created. I raise the question of the non-identical character of language, of how nature is far larger than concepts, which makes misrepresentation possible (something evident in society—leaders to population, praxis to theory, philosophy to culture). The non-identicality reifies the illusion into belief which necessitates a decadent type of rationality. The illusory status of the nomenclature ('Filipino philosophy') must be remembered again for the dialectic to continue. In seeking new directions for Filipino philosophy, it is not enough that a new breed of thinkers merely accepts the value ascribed to it – along with the numerous errors and nuisances inherited along the way – but to create new value. With a critical stance, I present 5 assumptions that probe into some essential characteristics of the immanent pathologies of Filipino philosophy's language that occasions the need for such struggle branded as assumptions.

Philippine history would explain how different countries and peoples came on the Philippine shores in varied historical periods: Negritoes, Malay, Hindu, Chinese, Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, and now Koreans. As a result, Filipino culture, traditions and values became a unique and dynamic set of indigenous and contextualized traditions and values brought in by different cultures. Some philosophers said that the authentic Filipino philosophy became obscured, confused, if not erased. More recently, there has been more confident and definite characterization of it. Many believe more work is needed to fully capture the Filipino philosophy. This paper is my beginner’s reflective piece as I join the now growing efforts to articulate the Filipino Philosophy. I will employ a narrative and reflective survey of the still young literature on Filipino Philosophy. I encourage philosophers and other scholars to take conscious and active effort in sustaining research on Filipino philosophy. Philosophy need to continually document and attempt to capture the essence of Filipino philosophy in Filipino traditions, lifestyle, writings and values, towards developing unifying thoughts. Philosophers, together with other scholars, must provide holistic views of the Filipino culture to push for the maturation of the nation’s identity and philosophy.

Carole Diamante

In this paper, the author (1) makes the distinctions between traditional and cultural approaches to philosophy and between philosophers and scholars of philosophy, (2) explains why the Filipino philosophy that developed is Western in orientation, (3) discusses the problems of philosophy in the Philippines, (4) argues for the relevant linkage of philosophy to nation building and, among others, (5) enumerates some principles that help guide the author in developing philosophy in the Philippines.

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• Table Of Contents

Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity . Although geographically part of Southeast Asia , the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. Forces of assimilation have constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are scattered—sometimes in relative isolation—throughout the archipelago. Nearly four centuries of Western rule, however, have left an indelible imprint on the Philippines, serving as a conduit for the introduction of Western culture and as the catalyst for the emergence of a sense of Philippine political and cultural unity. While the Christian churches built by the Spanish and the mosques built by the Muslims provided a spiritual anchor, the educational system established by the United States and expanded by the Filipinos has become emblematic of cultural unity and socioeconomic progress. Nonetheless, through the persistence of strong family ties, the revival of the barangay as the smallest unit of government, increased attention to Asian history and literature, and subsequent revival of dormant traditions, the Philippines has strengthened its Asian heritage without abandoning its Western cultural acquisitions.

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Life in the Philippines generally revolves around the extended family , including parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins (up to several times removed), and other relatives. For Catholic families, godparents—those to whom care of children is entrusted should the parents die or otherwise be incapacitated—also figure prominently in the kinship network. Members of extended families typically gather for major life events such as baptisms and confirmations (for Catholic Filipinos), circumcisions (for Muslim Filipinos), and marriages, as well as for major religious and other national holidays. Among the religious holidays officially observed in the Philippines are Christmas and Easter, as well as Eid al-Fitr , which marks the end of the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan . Other major holidays include New Year’s Day, Labor Day (May 1), and Independence Day (June 12).

Whether festival fare or everyday food, major meals in most Filipino societies are built around boiled or steamed rice or rice noodles. Small amounts of meat, including chicken, pork (in non-Muslim communities), goat, or fish complement the rice or noodle core, along with an assortment of fruits and cooked vegetables. Assorted alcoholic drinks are made from coconut sap, sugarcane, and rice. Balut , a parboiled embryonic duck still in the egg, is a popular street food in the Manila area.

Although slacks, shirts, skirts, and dresses based on European designs are common throughout the Philippines, some garments are unique to particular groups or regions. The malong , a colourful woven tube of cloth that can be worn in a variety of ways by both men and women, is characteristic of Muslim communities in Mindanao . In the urban areas, many men wear an intricately embroidered shirt, the barong , for casual and formal events. On special occasions, urban women may wear the terno , a long dress characterized by broad “butterfly” sleeves that rise slightly at the shoulders and extend about to the elbow. Many of the smaller ethnic groups have characteristic attire for events of special cultural significance.

Early Spanish chroniclers testified that the Filipinos carved the images of their anitos (gods and goddesses) and ancestors in wood. They also played a variety of musical instruments, including end-blown flutes, nose flutes, jew’s harps, gongs, drums, and lutes, among others. Various seasonal celebrations (e.g., harvest) and life rituals (e.g., courtship and marriage) called for certain instrumental music, songs, and dances. For instance, in some of the Muslim communities of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago , the kulintang ensemble, consisting of a set of gongs suspended horizontally and vertically and a single-headed drum, can still be heard at festive events.

Although the community of practitioners of rural performing arts has been diminishing, efforts have been under way to revive as well as recontextualize some of the indigenous traditions so that they resonate with an increasingly cosmopolitan Philippine society. Some of the local dance traditions have been preserved or reinterpreted by contemporary performing groups such as Bayanihan (the national folk dance company of the Philippines), established in the mid-20th century, as well as by the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group and Ballet Philippines. A growing number of world music artists, such as Joey Ayala, have been creating innovative syntheses of indigenous Philippine traditions—such as kulintang —and popular music form.

Many Filipino musicians have risen to prominence in the Western classical music tradition, including the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon (known for his nationalistic themes), and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the restored Manila Metropolitan Theatre (all in Manila) provide homes for the performing arts, featuring local and foreign opera and ballet. To encourage the development of arts, the government gives awards of recognition and maintains a National Arts Center (established 1976), which includes the Philippine High School for the Arts in Los Baños , south of Manila.

Filipino painters have included Juan Luna, whose agitated works helped inspire a sense of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century; Fernando Amorsolo, who is known for his traditional rural scenes; the muralists Carlos V. Francisco and Vicente Manansala; and the modernists Victorio Edades and Arturo Rogerio Luz. Among sculptors, Guillermo Tolentino and Napoleon Abueva are prominent. Rural artists from mountainous regions in northern Luzon and craftsmen living northwest of Manila and in Paete on the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay are known for wood carvings. Romblon and other nearby islands are noted for their marble sculptures. Notable Filipino architects include Juan F. Nakpil, Otilio Arellano, Fernando Ocampo, Leandro Locsin, Juan Arellano, Carlos Arguelles, and Tomas Mapua.

The outspoken political novels of nationalist leader José Rizal were Philippine literary landmarks of the late 19th century, and the work of Nick Joaquin has been among the most highly acclaimed Philippine literature since the mid-20th century. The diverse cultural heritage of the country not only animates most of Joaquin’s fiction writing, but it is also central to his nonfiction work. Among the most celebrated of Joaquin’s works are his play A Portrait of an Artist as a Filipino (1966) and his biography of assassinated presidential candidate Benigno Aquino , The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Three Generations (1983). Spanish was the prinicipal literary medium until the end of the 19th century, before yielding to English after U.S. occupation. Since independence an increasing number of writers have been composing their works in Filipino or Tagalog .

Filipinos have a tradition rich in local and regional lore. Myths and legends deal with such subjects as the origin of the world, the first man and woman on earth, why the sky is high, why the sea is salty, and why there are different races. Other tales are associated with the Spanish conquest. On the island of Mindanao an epic known as the Darangen (“To Narrate in Song”) depicts the historical and mythological world of the Maranao community, while in northern Luzon the Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang (“Life of Lam-ang”) recounts the exploits of a traditional folk hero.

The Philippines has produced a handful of internationally acclaimed films, including Himala (1982), which recounts the adventures of a young miracle worker; Oro, Plata, Mata (1982), the story of two noble families on the island of Negros during World War II; and Small Voices (2002), the tale of a teacher in an impoverished rural community who, through music, inspires her students to shed their cynicism . Despite its successes, the film industry in the Philippines has remained small, its growth hindered by escalating production costs, high taxes, uncontrolled piracy of videotapes and CDs, and the popularity of foreign films over local productions.

The National Museum in Manila, which houses a substantial ethnographic collection, is the principal government vehicle for preservation and conservation of the country’s tangible and intangible cultural property. Many of the provinces have established their own museums dedicated to local history and tradition. A few institutions of higher education—such as the University of Santo Tomas, Silliman University in eastern Negros, Mindanao State University in Lanao del Sur, and the University of the Philippines at Diliman—likewise have added museums to their campuses. The National Library serves as a repository for Philippine literary materials and supervises public libraries throughout the country.

A number of locations in the Philippines have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage sites . These include four 16th-century churches built by the Spanish in Manila, Santa Maria, Paoay, and Miag-ao (collectively designated in 1993), the 16th-century trading town of Vigan (1999) in northwestern Luzon, and the ancient rice terraces of the northern Luzon cordilleras (1995). Local nongovernmental organizations such as the Heritage Conservation Society and some historical groups have also sought to preserve the local heritage.

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Understanding the why and how of Filipino religiosity

Mahar Mangahas’ column on the persistence of Filipino religiosity made for a very informative and provocative reading (“The religiosity of Filipinos,” 4/23/2022). Although surveys capture perceptions and attitudes about events and behaviors, they have one built-in limitation: they do not answer the how and why questions, which are also important in gaining a deep and holistic understanding of the enduring importance of religious faith for most of us. It raises three questions.

The first question is why has religion remained durable and vital for Filipinos across time amid secularizing and pluralizing influences? Everyone’s educated guess may be good as mine. One perhaps is religion’s differentiated function to provide meaning and purpose to life or answers to questions of ultimate value that science or political ideologies seemed not able to match or replace. In addition, there is also empirical evidence that shows a strong and direct link between religiosity and economic status. Thus, it may not be a stretch to say that the lamentable fact that majority of Filipinos are economically vulnerable contributes to their abiding private form of religiosity.

Second, based on the belief that religion is not only about right believing but is also about right living, the other important question to ask is how does religiosity impact one’s day-to-day life? The Bible does not lack statements reminding believers that religious faith without good work is dead, or blessed are those who hear the word of God and obey it. Pope Francis puts it more bluntly: It is not enough to say we are Christians; we must live the faith not only with words but with our actions.

Finally, and since religion and politics are also bedfellows in this country, would it not be too much to ask that, for this fast-approaching May 9 national elections, we allow ourselves to be guided by religion’s shared commitment to the common good when we choose and vote for the most qualified president of our beloved country?

NOEL G. ASIONES [email protected]

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A PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW OF FILIPINO VALUES: AMBIVALENT VALUES

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Filipino Culture

Philippines

The Philippines is unique among its neighbours in the South East Asian region in that the majority of Filipinos identify as Christian (92.5%). More specifically, 82.9% of the population identify as Catholic, 2.8% identify as Evangelical Christian, 2.3% identify as Iglesia ni Kristo and 4.5% identify with some other Christian denomination. Of the remaining population, 5.0% identify as Muslim, 1.8% identify with some other religion, 0.6% were unspecified and 0.1% identify with no religion. The Catholic Church and state were officially separated in the 1990s, yet Catholicism still plays an prominent role in political and societal affairs.

Christianity in the Philippines

There continues to be a process of cultural adaptation and synthesis of Christianity into the local culture since the introduction of the religion into the Philippines. The denomination of Christianity that became most embedded in Filipino culture is Catholicism, which was introduced in the Philippines during the early colonial period by the Spanish. Catholic ideas continue to inform beliefs throughout Filipino society such as the sanctity of life and respect for hierarchy . As a branch of Christianity, Catholicism believes in the doctrine of God as the ‘Holy Trinity’ comprising the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Like most Catholics, many Filipinos accept the authority of the priesthood and the Roman Catholic Church, which is led by the Pope.

For many Filipinos, the time of ‘fiesta’ is an important event within the community. During the Catholic event of fiesta, the local community comes together to celebrate the special day of the patron saint of a town or ‘ barangay ’ (village). It is a time for feasting, bonding and paying homage to the patron saint. Houses are open to guests and plenty of food is served. The fiesta nearly always includes a Mass, but its primary purpose is a social gathering of the community. On a day-to-day level, Catholic iconography is evident throughout the Philippines. Indeed, it is common to find churches and statues of various saints all throughout the country. Moreover, many towns and cities are named after saints (for example, San Miguel [‘Saint Michael’] located in Luzon and Santa Catalina  [‘Saint Catherine’] located in Visayas).

In terms of other Christian denominations, there is a strong presence of Protestant traditions in the Philippines, in part due to the United States colonisation of the country. Many teachers from the United States were Protestants who were responsible for instituting and controlling the public education system of the country. As such, they had a strong influence over the Philippines, particularly with the dispersing of Protestant attitudes and beliefs. The Philippines also contains a number of Indigenous Christian Churches, such as the Iglesia Filipina Independiente  (Independent Philippine Church) and Inglesia ni Kristo (Church of Christ). These churches are usually popular among the marginalised in society who feel disconnected from the Catholic Church.

Islam in the Philippines

Islam was introduced to the southern Philippines from neighbouring countries in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. The religion rapidly declined as the main monotheistic religion in the Philippines when the Spanish entered the country. In present day Philippines, most of the Muslim population in the Philippines reside in the southern islands of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan.

Contemporary Muslim Filipino communities are often collectively known as Moros. Most Moros practice Sunni Islam, while a small minority practice Shi’a and Ahmadiyya. Like Catholicism, Islam in the Philippines has absorbed local elements, such as making offerings to spirits ( diwatas ). All Moros tend to share the fundamental beliefs of Islam, but the specific practices and rituals vary from one Moro group to another.

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10 Key Reasons Tagalog Shapes Filipino Culture

• by Amiel Pineda
• September 8, 2024

Tagalog is the language of national unity in the Philippines , serving as a common thread among over 182 ethnolinguistic groups. This is because Tagalog is the basis of the national language, Filipino, which is used as a lingua franca across the country.

Tagalog preserves traditional stories, folklore, and values , such as the epic poem "Lam-ang" and the folklore of "Aswang". These stories are passed down through generations, teaching cultural values like respect for elders and the importance of family.

Tagalog incorporates loanwords from Spanish and Chinese , reflecting cultural fusion and historical influences. For example, the word "kumusta" (how are you) comes from the Spanish "¿cómo estás?", while "pancit" (noodles) comes from the Chinese "面食" (miàn shí).

Tagalog conveys complex emotions and values , such as "hiya" (shyness) and "utang na loob" (debt of gratitude). These emotions and values foster community identity and social bonds, shaping the way Filipinos interact with each other.

Tagalog reinforces national pride and cohesiveness , particularly during festivals and rituals. For instance, the "Panagbenga Festival" in Baguio City celebrates the city's cultural heritage, while the "Pabasa ng Pasyon" ritual during Holy Week recounts the passion of Christ.

By exploring Tagalog's role in Filipino culture, it becomes clear that Tagalog is the integral thread that weaves the complex fabric of Filipino culture together .

Language of National Unity

The national language of the Philippines is Tagalog, declared as such in 1937. This declaration has had a profound impact on the country's diverse linguistic landscape, where over 170 languages are spoken.

Tagalog's widespread use enables effective communication across linguistic groups , promoting national identity and cohesion. This is evident in daily conversations, where Tagalog blends with English, known as Taglish, to enhance social interactions and cultural expression.

Tagalog plays a crucial role in shaping Filipino culture , facilitating the dissemination of shared values and traditions. For instance, the language incorporates Spanish loanwords, reflecting the country's rich cultural heritage.

By embracing Tagalog as the national language, Filipinos contribute to a sense of unity that transcends regional and linguistic boundaries. This unity is essential in a nation with diverse regions and backgrounds, allowing individuals to connect with fellow Filipinos and share a common identity.

Preserving Cultural Heritage

Tagalog Preserves Filipino Cultural Heritage

Tagalog is a gateway to the Philippines' cultural soul, preserving traditional stories, folklore, and values passed down through generations.

It serves as a conduit for cultural expressions , incorporating loanwords and expressions that reflect the rich history of interactions with various cultures, such as Spanish and Chinese, making it integral to the preservation of Filipino identity.

Tagalog Facilitates Cultural Connection

Through its use in cultural practices, such as festivals and rituals, Tagalog facilitates a deeper connection to Filipino heritage and communal identity .

For example, the Sinulog Festival in Cebu celebrates the Santo Niño, a symbol of Filipino Catholicism, where Tagalog is used in prayers and chants.

Documenting Tagalog Dialects Preserves Linguistic Heritage

Efforts to document and teach Tagalog dialects and variations across different regions contribute to the safeguarding of the diverse linguistic heritage that shapes the broader Filipino cultural landscape .

For instance, the documentation of the Batangas Tagalog dialect has helped preserve the region's unique cultural practices and traditions.

Shaping Filipino Identity

Tagalog: The Unifying Force of Filipino Identity

Tagalog plays a crucial role in shaping the Filipino identity, binding together diverse ethnic groups into a rich tapestry of shared values and experiences.

Linguistic Unity

Over 85% of the population shares a common language, fostering national pride and cohesiveness. This unity enables effective communication across regions, facilitating social and economic development.

Cultural Continuity

Tagalog promotes cultural continuity by preserving traditional values and beliefs through education, media, and government. This allows for the effective transmission of cultural heritage across generations.

Cultural Blending

Tagalog integrates loanwords from Spanish and English , reflecting the cultural fusion that defines Filipino identity. This blending of languages has given rise to a unique cultural identity.

Adaptive Nature

The prevalence of Taglish, a hybrid of Tagalog and English , showcases the adaptive nature of the Filipino language. This hybrid language has become an integral part of everyday life, embracing modernity while honoring tradition.

Encapsulating Filipino Values

Tagalog expressions and idioms reinforce cultural norms such as hospitality and bayanihan, deepening the connection to Filipino heritage. This reinforcement fosters a sense of belonging and shared purpose among diverse ethnic groups.

Communication and Social Harmony

Effective Communication Across Cultures

In the Philippines, over 170 ethnolinguistic groups rely on Tagalog as a common language, facilitating seamless communication and social harmony across diverse communities. This shared language allows people to connect and understand each other, bridging cultural divides.

Adaptability in Modern Contexts

Tagalog's adaptability is evident in the use of Taglish , a blend of Tagalog and English, which makes communication more relatable in modern contexts. This blending of languages enables effective communication in various settings, from casual conversations to formal gatherings.

Respectful Communication

Respectful communication in Tagalog is reflected through specific terms of address , particularly towards elders, reinforcing social harmony and respect. For example, using "po" or "opo" to show respect when speaking to older individuals is an integral part of Filipino culture.

Filipino Greetings and Expressions

Filipino greetings and expressions, deeply rooted in Tagalog, establish rapport and embody the warmth and friendliness characteristic of Filipino culture. For instance, "Kumusta?" (How are you?) is a common greeting that sets a positive tone for interactions.

Fostering Social Harmony

Through Tagalog, you experience the Filipino concept of "kapwa," or shared identity, which emphasizes collective well-being and mutual support.

Expressing Emotions and Values

Tagalog: A Language of Nuanced Emotions and Values

Tagalog speakers rely on their native language to convey complex emotions and values that may be lost in translation. One such value is hospitality, which is deeply rooted in the Filipino culture. This value is fostered through the use of Tagalog, creating a sense of community and shared identity among speakers.

The use of Taglish, a blend of Tagalog and English, reflects the adaptability of Filipinos in expressing emotions and values in a modern context while maintaining cultural roots. Tagalog's rich vocabulary includes terms that encapsulate unique Filipino concepts, such as "hiya" (shame) and "utang na loob" (debt of gratitude) . These terms are essential for understanding social norms and interpersonal relationships.

Greetings and expressions of affection in Tagalog are emotionally deep and warm , highlighting the importance of social bonds and familial connections.

For example, "Mahal kita" (I love you) is a common expression of love and affection in Tagalog. Through Tagalog, complex emotions can be articulated in culturally meaningful ways, making it an integral part of Filipino identity.

Storytelling and Oral Traditions

Storytelling and Oral Traditions in Filipino Culture

Conveying History and Identity

In the Filipino culture, storytelling is a powerful tool for conveying history, heritage, and cultural identity. Through oral traditions, Filipinos share their emotions and values with each other, passing them down through generations.

Traditional Epics and Cultural Diversity

Traditional epics like "Biag ni Lam-ang" showcase the heroic tales and cultural beliefs unique to specific regions, highlighting the diversity within the Philippines .

These epics demonstrate the rich cultural heritage of the Filipino people.

Oral Traditions and Cultural Values

Oral traditions often incorporate elements of folklore, religion, and moral lessons , enabling listeners to connect with their heritage and cultural values through engaging narratives.

These stories help Filipinos understand their cultural identity and values.

Storytelling in Festivals and Community Gatherings

Festivals and community gatherings frequently feature storytelling, where oral performances serve not only as entertainment but also as a means of reinforcing social bonds and cultural pride among Filipinos.

These events bring people together, celebrating their shared cultural heritage.

Understanding Filipino Identity

Through storytelling and oral traditions, you can gain a deeper understanding of the cultural values that define the Filipino identity .

These stories provide insights into the beliefs, customs, and history of the Filipino people, helping to preserve their cultural heritage.

Unifying Diverse Communities

Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines, serves as a common thread that weaves together the fabric of the nation, transcending linguistic and cultural boundaries that define the Filipino identity.

It facilitates communication among over 182 ethnolinguistic groups, fostering a sense of national unity .

Tagalog's adaptability in modern contexts is reflected in the use of Taglish, a blend of Tagalog and English, in everyday conversations.

This blend promotes inclusivity across diverse communities . The language's extensive vocabulary, enriched with loanwords from Spanish and English, allows for cultural exchange and understanding among different regions and backgrounds.

In schools, Tagalog serves as a medium of instruction, bridging educational gaps and enabling children from various linguistic backgrounds to access learning in a common language .

During festivals and cultural celebrations, Tagalog language elements are often incorporated, reinforcing communal ties and shared identities among Filipinos from different provinces .

Through Tagalog, diverse communities come together, fostering a sense of national unity and shared Filipino identity .

Cultural Exchange and Adaptation

Tagalog's adaptability facilitates cultural exchange and adaptation . This is evident in the language's ability to incorporate various cultural expressions and influences.

Tagalog's vocabulary reflects the country's colonial history . For instance, the integration of Spanish loanwords into the language demonstrates the impact of colonization on everyday communication.

Tagalog navigates local and global contexts effectively . The use of Taglish, a mix of Tagalog and English, is a prime example of this adaptability.

Regional variations in Tagalog dialects highlight diverse cultural expressions . These variations across the Philippine archipelago emphasize local identities while maintaining a shared linguistic foundation.

Tagalog's rich vocabulary is a testament to the Philippines' historical trade and cultural exchanges . The language includes terms derived from Indigenous, Chinese, and Arabic sources, showcasing the country's cultural interactions with various civilizations.

This adaptability has enabled Tagalog to become a catalyst for cultural exchange and adaptation , allowing Filipinos to engage with different cultures while maintaining their unique identity.

Influencing National Pride

Tagalog: The Unifying Force of Filipino National Pride

Through the widespread use of Tagalog as a national language, Filipinos across diverse ethnic groups find common ground, fostering a sense of national pride rooted in a shared linguistic identity.

Education and Government

Tagalog is the language of instruction in education and an official language in government, reinforcing national identity and solidifying its status as a symbol of national pride .

This helps preserve Filipino culture and heritage by promoting a shared understanding among citizens.

Artistic Expression and National Celebrations

Tagalog is the language of literature, music, and media, inspiring national pride through storytelling .

It's also the language of songs, poetry, and speeches during national celebrations, instilling pride in Filipino identity .

The Evolution of Tagalog: Taglish

The Filipino cultural landscape is characterized by the use of Taglish, a blend of Tagalog and English.

This unique identity showcases the adaptability of the Filipino language and culture , as Filipinos take pride in their ability to evolve while remaining true to their roots.

Reflecting History and Experience

Tagalog reflects the history of the Philippines , showcasing the country's rich cultural heritage. The language has absorbed influences from various cultures, including Spanish Colonial, Chinese, and American, due to the Philippines' complex history of trade and colonization.

Tagalog's vocabulary contains loanwords from Spanish , a reminder of the 300-year Spanish colonization that shaped Filipino society. For example, the Tagalog word "kabisera" (capital) comes from the Spanish word "cabecera".

The language has also borrowed from Chinese , reflecting the significant trade and cultural exchanges between the two nations. The Tagalog word "tsinelas" (slippers) is derived from the Chinese word "chinela".

Tagalog has incorporated American English words , highlighting the Philippines' experience as a US territory from 1898 to 1946. Many Tagalog words related to technology, such as "kompyuter" (computer), come from American English.

Tagalog's evolution reflects the Filipino people's collective experiences, values, and philosophies . The language has preserved and promoted Filipino traditions and values, allowing generations to connect with their historical experiences and cultural heritage.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is philippine culture shaped.

Philippine culture is shaped by a combination of factors, including language, historical context, social interactions, and art expression. The widespread use of Tagalog as a lingua franca fosters a shared cultural identity across the archipelago . This shared identity is reinforced through Tagalog phrases and expressions that emphasize cultural values like community and respect for elders.

For example, the phrase "po" and "opo" are used to show respect to elders, while "kumusta" (how are you) and "salamat" (thank you) promote a sense of community.

Traditional festivals and holidays celebrated in Tagalog also play a significant role in defining Philippine culture . These celebrations emphasize the importance of community and spirituality, such as the "Fiesta ng Kaluluwa" (Festival of Souls) which honors the dead, and the "Simbang Gabi" (Night Mass) which is a series of nine dawn Masses leading up to Christmas.

These events bring people together, strengthening social bonds and reinforcing cultural values.

What Are the Key Factors That Influenced the Philippines Traditional Clothing?

Historical influences, cultural symbolism, and regional diversity have shaped traditional clothing in the Philippines.

Indigenous practices, such as traditional textiles like T'nalak , a woven fabric from the T'boli people of Mindanao, and Inabel , a handwoven fabric from the Ilocos region, reflect the country's rich cultural heritage.

Spanish colonial rule introduced European styles, resulting in modern adaptations like the Barong Tagalog , a lightweight, embroidered shirt, and the Maria Clara dress , a long-sleeved, floor-length gown.

These garments don't just showcase craftsmanship, but also convey Filipino values and beliefs , such as modesty, respect, and hospitality.

What Is the Unique Shape of the Philippines?

The Philippines' unique shape is characterized by its archipelago of over 7,000 islands . This geographical feature has led to diverse geography and environmental factors , which in turn have influenced the country's cultural development.

Regional dialects, indigenous traditions, and historical influences have all contributed to the country's cultural diversity.

For instance, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao each boast their own distinct cultures and languages .

This cultural diversity is a result of the unique blend of geographical and historical factors that have shaped the nation.

What Represents Filipino Culture?

Filipino culture is a rich tapestry of traditions and values . One of its core aspects is language diversity, which is celebrated through over 180 languages and dialects spoken across the country . This diversity is showcased in folk traditions like the Tinikling dance , which involves tapping bamboo poles on the ground and dancing in between them.

Culinary influences are also a significant part of Filipino culture . Dishes like Adobo , a stew made with meat or seafood, vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic, reflect the country's heritage. Jeepney decorations , which are vibrant and colorful, are another example of artistic expression.

Family values are essential in Filipino culture . Close-knit relationships are highly valued, with families often living together in multi-generational households.

Spiritual beliefs also play a significant role, with Catholicism being the dominant religion, and indigenous practices coexisting harmoniously.

These elements come together to form a vibrant cultural identity that's uniquely Filipino .

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• Philippines
• Superstitions And Taboos Many Filipinos...

Superstitions That Still Exist In Filipinos Culture

The Philippines is a country with a long history of colonization, strongly influencing its Filipino customs and local traditions. This impact extends well beyond language and food and into the many superstitions that locals take to heart and has created many Filipino stereotypes. With an Animist, pre-colonial past (with likely Hindu-Buddhist influences), followed by a major conversion into Christianity, the Philippines claims ownership of a very interesting, diverse mix of beliefs. Did you know you can now travel with Culture Trip? Book now and join one of our specially curated small-group tours to adventurous destinations around the world.

The number of steps of staircases at home should not be divisible by three.

Enter a Filipino household with a staircase and begin chanting “ Oro (gold), plata (silver), mata (death)”, taking one step up with each word. Most likely, upon reaching the top step, the chant will end with either oro or plata . This is because many Filipinos will go to great lengths to avoid ending in mata which denotes bad luck. The two preceding words on the other hand, obviously denote good fortune.

Turn your plate when someone leaves in the middle of a meal

When sitting at the dining table for a meal and someone gets up to leave before the rest of the group finishes, everybody left at the table should turn their plates to ensure safe travels for the person leaving. Another meal superstition (though more loosely believed) is that the table should not start being cleared while people are still eating. If this is done, it is believed that the last person left dining will live a lonely life.

Don’t go straight home after attending a wake

This superstition is called “pagpag” (the shaking off of dirt). In the context of a wake, it means going elsewhere after attending the wake before heading home to shake off the spirit of the deceased lest it follows you home. Superstitions surrounding wakes are among the most widely practiced by Filipinos still today. Another is that the family of the deceased should not drop off visitors at the door upon saying goodbye as it symbolizes dropping them off at their own deaths. And, as for serving food at wakes (be it heavy meals or light snacks) at Filipino wakes is customary, visitors should not make the mistake of taking any home with them (be it a small piece of candy), as it signifies inviting misfortune into your home.

Reassure your host that you’re human

A very common line used by Filipinos when knocking on someone’s door is “ Tao (person) po! “. Many assume it refers to the knocker calling out to ask if there are any people inside, when actually, it is said to stem from the knocker reassuring the people inside that s/he is a person and not a possibly harmful supernatural creature.

Siblings should not marry within the same year

This superstition is called “ sukob ” and advises against siblings marrying within the same year as it is said to divide the luck between the two marriages. Another type of sukob advises against marriages within the same year as the death of an immediate family member. Pushing to do so is considered bad luck.

Another wedding-related superstition is that the bride should never try on her dress before the big day. This is said to bring bad luck and cause the cancellation of the union.

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Serve pancit (noodles) at celebrations, especially birthdays

This ever-present dish at Filipino gatherings is believed to represent long life. And while Filipinos today may joke and laugh about actually believing that this noodle dish is served for long life, it remains a staple at nearly every birthday feast.

Respect the elementals

Filipino folklore is rich with a variety of elementals, from giants smoking tobacco, to small, grumpy, old men living in anthills. Stories of these creatures fill the childhoods of many Filipino children, inciting both intrigue and fear. Many superstitions still surround the beliefs in such creatures today. Among the most practiced is the saying of “tabi tabi po” (excuse me) when passing through places where elementals are likely to dwell. These places are usually outdoors, such as anthills and Balete trees. Failure to do so and disturbing such creatures may lead to unexplained sickness that can only be cured by an albularyo (folk healer).

Be careful when showing fondness over babies

It’s difficult to restrain from playing with cute babies or complimenting their parents on their adorable features, but doing so in the Philippines is believed by some, to be a potential cause of illness. Referred to as either “usog” or “bati” , this superstition says that when a person with strong energy greets a child, the child may soon after suffer from unexplainable discomfort. This is why, especially in the countryside, older people know to say “pwera usog” when showing fondness over children. This is meant to counter any usog that may have happened otherwise. If this isn’t said, and parents attribute certain maladies of their children to usog , they may ask the greeter to smear their saliva on the suffering child’s forehead as a cure.

Blame your missing things on elves

In the Philippines , there is an assumption that when items around the house go missing and reappear, this is caused by dwendes or playful elves. While mischievous, these little creatures are believed to be mostly harmless – aside from the type that take small children.

We hope that you have learned some useful travel phrases and slang terms, so that you can properly respect local traditions and Filipino stereotypes whilst visiting the Philippines.

Interested in exploring more of Asia? Check out our 12-day trip to Japan or our 10-day adventure to Northern Thailand to experience the cultural diversity of this continent for yourself.

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Home / Essay Samples / Sociology / Cultural Identity / Living in a Filipino Culture: Reflection on Personal Experience

Living in a Filipino Culture: Reflection on Personal Experience

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