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Importance of Clean Water and Advantages of Water Dispensers

Categories: Water Water Quality

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Published: Jan 15, 2019

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Introduction, importance of water in our life, references:.

Gleick, P. H. (2010). Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Island Press.
World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization.
United Nations. (2010). Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation. United Nations General Assembly.
Kumar, P., & Kumar, S. (2018). A Review on Drinking Water: Source, Quality and Health Issues. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(4), 349-353.
Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). WaterSense: Drinking Water and Water Efficiency. United States Environmental Protection Agency.

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Results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, disclosure statement, data availability statement, drinking water quality assessment from water dispensers in an educational institution.

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R. Boonhok , S. Borisut , N. Chuklin , G. Katzenmeier , M. Srisuphanunt; Drinking water quality assessment from water dispensers in an educational institution. Water Supply 1 December 2021; 21 (8): 4457–4464. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.189

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Water dispensers are commonly used in educational institutions in developing countries. Assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality from this source is important due to its potential to cause waterborne diseases and other health risks. This study aimed to assess microbial contamination and the factors affecting drinking water quality from water dispensers at Walailak University, Southern Thailand. Drinking water samples from 60 water dispensers of different type-brands were collected and tested for physicochemical and microbiological parameters by following WHO Drinking Water Quality guidelines. Also evaluated by questionnaires were hygienic standards and maintenance of water dispensers. The physicochemical analysis of all water samples did not exceed the reference values of the drinking water standard; the hardness value in only 13.3% of samples was slightly higher than the reference limit. The microbiological results indicated that total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria were found in 16.67% and 8.33% of total samples, respectively. Escherichia coli was not detected in any of the water samples. The assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality, location and pathogen source around water dispensers, hygienic environment, and maintenance of water dispensers had a significant effect on drinking water quality.

60 water dispensers of three different type-brands were evaluated at Walailak University, Southern Thailand.

Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water samples were analyzed.

Maintenance and hygienic standards were surveyed by a questionnaire.

A small portion of samples contained coliforms and fecal bacteria; however, Escherichia coli could not be detected.

Graphical Abstract

Access to clean drinking water presents a considerable challenge, as 2.2 billion people currently do not have access to safely managed drinking water, and 4.2 billion, or 55% of the world's population, are without safely managed sanitation ( UNESCO 2020 ). In many countries, drinking water quality monitoring programs have been established to prevent or reduce the risk of contracting water-related infections. There has been a marked increase in the consumption of drinking water derived from different sources such as water dispensers a popular source of water in public places, workplaces and educational institutions. Such increased popularity is the result of easy access to clean water, and the convenience of the location, driven by post-COVID-19 education lifestyle changes and drinking habits ( Schillinger & Du Vall Knorr 2004 ; CDC 2014 ; UNESCO 2020 ). However, concerns were raised that water dispensers had the potential to cause waterborne outbreaks, particularly in sensitive and immunocompromised populations ( Farhadkhani et al. 2014 ; Al Moosa et al . 2015 ). Dissolved organic compounds in drinking water are responsible for the growth of bacteria and the colorization of water surfaces. Thus, drinking water already contained in water dispensers was found to be more contaminated than water newly supplied to the dispensers.

In Thailand, drinking water provided by dispensers is required by law to be free from any pathogenic microorganism as well as chemical contaminations ( Thai Industrial Standards Institute 2006 ). However, previous investigations found that 76.6% of examined dispensers were contaminated with fecal coliform microbes, Escherichia coli , fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus spp. and revealed a prevalence of E. coli and S. aureus in filtration-treated dispenser water of 54.17% and 16.67%, respectively ( da Silva et al . 2008 ; Wibuloutai et al . 2019 ). In particular, levels of E. coli and S. aureus are frequently monitored as indicators of the hygienic status of drinking water ( Jessen et al . 2013 ). The Thailand Department of Health had recently reported that an estimated 40% of vending machines did not provide drinking water whose quality met the standard requirements ( Wibuloutai et al . 2019 ). Consequently, unwanted changes in the microbial quality of drinking water can have adverse effects on the distribution system and consumers ( Prest et al. 2016 ).

Given the importance of drinking water safety, this study was conducted to assess the factors influencing drinking water quality in water dispensers of three type-brands that are currently in use at Walailak University, Southern Thailand. The type-brands investigated here were STANDARD WP8-5, STANDARD CT4-DW1 and HYUNDAI ROMEO UF. All three types of dispensers feature a continuous direct connection to the piping water supply, technical differences relate to the number of filtration processes and the materials involved. The dispensers also differ in the number of faucets. The dispensers Standard WP8-5 and Hyundai Romeo UF use stainless steel as tank material while the dispenser Standard CT4-DW1 has a cast aluminum tank. The purification process commonly involves reverse osmosis and carbon filtration, while UV radiation is rarely used in commercial stand-alone units. The Hyundai Romeo UF dispenser uses nano-pH filtration in addition to conventional ultrafiltration.

The objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological and physicochemical quality of drinking water plumbed-in water dispensers and to assess the sanitation practices in an educational institution in an area of Southern Thailand.

Study area and sample collection

All water samples were collected from September to November 2020 in Walailak University (WU), the largest public university in Thailand, located in Tha Sala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, at 3.030N and 101.70E. A total of 120 drinking water samples were collected in sterile polyethylene bottles from 60 water dispensers located in four main zones in WU, consisting of a number of samples from each zone, including 1. academic building zone ( n = 35), 2. lecture building zone ( n = 35), 3. dormitory zone ( n = 40), and 4. canteen/cafeteria zone ( n = 10). The three different type-brands of water dispensers used in all study areas were STANDARD WP8-5, STANDARD CT4-DW1 and HYUNDAI ROMEO UF ( Figure 1 ).

Type-brands of water dispensers used in the area of Walailak University.

Water quality analyses

The drinking water samples were analyzed for pH, turbidity and hardness by electrometric measurement, nephelometry and EDTA titration, respectively ( Public Health Act 1992 ). Total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria were quantified by Most Probable Number (MPN) test. In addition, the microbiological analysis investigated for the presence of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and coliform bacteria using membrane filtration with 3M Petrifilm TM for E. coli/ coliform count (EC) ( Bird et al . 2020 ). All analytical methods were performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater ( Public Health Act 1992 ; Eugene et al . 2012 ). Residual free chlorine in water was determined by using a commercial test kit (Haier Enterprise, Pathum Thani, Thailand).

Questionnaire analysis of environmental conditions

A questionnaire for the survey of the environmental conditions around each water dispenser at the time of sampling was designed using a modified evaluation form ( Public Health Act 1992 ; Handbook of Drinking Water Vending Machines 2013 ).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Version 22. Descriptive analysis was used to describe measures of tendencies and dispersion of the water dispenser quality. The Chi square test was used for the assessment of factors influencing the drinking water quality in the water dispensers. Statistical significance was assessed using two-sided tests with a p -value of 0.05.

Ethical consideration

The study was reviewed and approved by The Human Research Ethics Committee of Walailak University, approval number WUEC-20-153-01.

Drinking water quality

All water samples from water dispensers were analyzed by both physiochemical and microbiological procedures and the summary of the results is shown in Table 1 . Samples for each water dispenser were collected in duplicate and the mean of laboratory and surveillance results was used for the statistical analysis. It should be noted that differences between the samples were relatively small as expected, since both samples were collected at the same time point. For all samples, the pH, color, turbidity, total solids, TDS and free chlorine did not exceed the reference values of the drinking water regulations, whereas total hardness (CaCO 3 ) of water samples ranged from 2.79 to 124 mg/L and 13.33% of the samples had slightly higher concentrations than the reference limit ( APHA 2012 ). The microbiological results indicated that coliform and fecal coliform bacteria were found in 16.67% and 8.33% of the samples, respectively. Escherichia coli was not detected in any of the water samples. It should be noted that the testing methodology for total coliform bacteria reports numeric values as MPN/100 mL, while the results for E. coli are given as CFU/100 mL, which can potentially lead to an underestimation of the E. coli count. The concentration of residual free chlorine in the samples investigated was below the minimum recommended by WHO, thus suggesting the likely presence of disease-causing microorganisms ( Table 1 ). The vending machines evaluated in this study do not provide chlorination as they are fed with treated water from the mains supply, which ideally should be coliform free.

Summary of analytical parameters of water quality from dispensers ( n = 60)

Abbreviations: Pt-Co, platinum-cobalt scale for water quality control; NTU, nephelometric turbidity unit; MPN, most probable number; CFU, colony-forming units, ND, not detected in 100 mL of water sample.

a WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality ( WHO 2011 ).

b APHA (2005 ).

Operational conditions of the drinking water dispensers

There were 60 water dispensers in operation, which were evaluated for sanitation and the surrounding environmental conditions according to six items (and 22 sub-items) as listed in the Handbook of Drinking Water Vending Machines and the Ministry of Public Health drinking water standard, 1992. For the assessment of factors influencing drinking water quality, the relationship between the sanitary parameters of six factors: (1) location and pathogen source around water dispensers (5 sub-items), (2) dispenser conditions (4 sub-items), (3) water resource and quality improvement (3 sub-items), (4) drinking water standardized quality control (2 sub-items), (5) maintenance and service (5 sub-items), and (6) water quality records and monitoring (3 sub-items), were assessed.

The criteria for assessing the sanitization and the water dispenser surroundings were evaluated by a questionnaire and comprised six items (and 22 sub-items). Scores were allocated to the examined dispensers by using 3-point scales ( Jacoby & Matell 1971 ) and ranged from 1 to 3 (‘ strongly disagree ’ to ‘ strongly agree ’). The mean score was categorized into 3 groups as follows: 1.00–1.49 scores as covering none of the items listed as ‘ should-improve ’ level; 1.50–2.49 scores as covering some items as ‘ poor level ’ and 2.50–3.00 scores as covering all items as ‘ good level ’.

The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 2 . We have evaluated and assigned scores to six main items and 22 sub-items to identify possible correlations of statistical significance. We have then analyzed by using chi square test which of the variables have the highest impact on data association, which were (with a calculated statistically significant p -value of <0.05): i) location and pathogen source of the water dispensers, ii) hygienic conditions and iii) maintenance and service, indicating that only three out of six evaluated items exhibited a significant correlation to performance of the machine. The results also revealed that type-brand STANDARD WP8-5 met the highest water quality standards, followed by the models HYUNDAI ROMEO UF and STANDARD CT4-DW1, respectively ( Figure 2 ).

Evaluation of environmental conditions of the drinking water dispensers

Vending machines overall quality as assessed by evaluation scores. Machine status of each type-brand was categorized into ‘pass’ and ‘not pass’ and is presented as percentage of examined samples (20 for each model). Error bars indicate SEM for each sample lot.

With the objective of evaluating the drinking water quality provided by public water dispensers, we have analyzed physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water samples collected at Walailak University, an institution of higher education in Southern Thailand. In particular, we have focused on a comparative analysis of the bacteriological quality of drinking water provided by commercial dispensers.

Pollution of drinking water caused by fecal contamination causes concerns due to the risk of contracting diseases by microbial pathogens. Fecal coliform bacteria indicate contamination of water with fecal waste that may contain other pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, or parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia , the causative agent of beaver fever ( Srisuphanunt et al . 2010 ). In analogy to previously published reports, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria and E. coli were enumerated ( Schillinger & Du Vall Knorr 2004 ; da Silva et al . 2008 ). Ten out of 60 samples tested for the presence of total coliform bacteria (16.67%) and five out of 60 samples tested for fecal coliform bacteria (8.33%) were found to be unsatisfactory concerning microbiological quality. E. coli could not be detected in any sample, a finding in accordance with similar studies recently conducted ( Pratum & Khananthai 2017 ; Yongyod 2018 ; Wibuloutai et al . 2019 ). The absence of these microorganisms, considered to represent an indicator of fecal contamination, renders water quality satisfactory and safe without health concerns. A recent study conducted in Malaysia observed unacceptable levels of E. coli bacteria in water samples from Seri Serdang and Taman Pinggiran Putra that exceeded the WHO recommendations ( Tan et al . 2016 ). However, it should be noted that the species of bacteria were not identified in our study, rendering the possibility that pathogenic bacteria such as fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus spec. are still contained in the samples. Recent studies have proposed performing a periodic enumeration of Pseudomonas to maintain water quality in municipal water systems ( da Silva et al . 2008 ). Therefore, the microbial content in our samples would warrant further investigations into possible health effects on water consumers.

The physiochemical parameters of the samples were found to be within safe limits issued by WHO. Temperature, pH and dissolved organic compounds can influence the growth of bacteria on the surfaces of water dispensers ( Gibert et al . 2013 ). Eight out of 60 samples were found to exceed acceptable limits for total hardness (as CaCO 3 ) ( Thai Industrial Standards 2006 ). Water hardness has always been considered as an important factor causing clogging of membrane filters ( Handbook of Drinking Water Vending Machines 2013 ). Besides, leakage of pipelines, improper disinfection by chlorination, biofilm development and improper performance of the filtration unit may be reasons for this complication. It should be considered, however, that water hardness is a factor of minor relevance in Thailand, as the surface water is mainly sourced from rain.

Our findings suggest that machine maintenance and regular servicing intervals are important factors for the prevention of microbial contaminations. A significant proportion of the dispensers surveyed in our study had no regular maintenance records, which resulted in ‘should-improve’ levels of 42/60 (70%) for maintenance and service, and 45/60 (75%) of water quality records and monitoring, respectively. Recent reports have shown that contamination with fecal bacteria may not only occur due to unsanitary hygiene practices of people handling the dispenser machines but also through the attrition of pipes and corrosion. These problems may be contributing factors not only to bacterial contamination but may also lead to contamination by toxic chemicals ( Ebrahim et al . 2015 ; Mumbi & Watanabe 2020 ). Leakage and cross-contamination between sewage pipes and drinking water pipelines or due to leaky and worn out pipes may be one reason for this contamination.

Consequently, our study recommends regular maintenance and cleaning to prevent microbial contamination associated with the faucets and water dispensers.

This study presents information regarding water quality and technical conditions for water dispensers in an educational institute. We show that coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria are major contaminants in drinking water that are effective, but not completely controlled by the machines. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water dispensers would greatly diminish the chances of contamination of this water source and reduce the risk to human health. This research may also enable concerned authorities to set up effective programs and remedial actions to address prevalent problems regarding drinking water quality in educational institutions.

This research project was supported by School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University. We would like to thank Miss Aporn Chaisuwan, Librarian, Walailak University, Thailand, for assistance with the references.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

This work was supported by the School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University.

All relevant data are included in the paper or its Supplementary Information.

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Dispensers for Safe Water: An Updated Review of the Evidence

Dispensers for Safe Water provides safe water through a household water chlorination service to four million people in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda. Dispensers represent an important innovation in the rural water sector because they solve several challenges that have traditionally hindered sustainable, quality water services.

Why are we taking a close look at the evidence of impact of Dispensers for Safe Water?

We only implement programs that have been rigorously evaluated, that have proven and measurable impact, and that are cost-effective. We periodically review and assess the evidence base for our programs to ensure that we are aware of potential changes which may impact our assessment of the underlying strength of evidence for a program, and to adapt our programs. The following is our current assessment of the evidence base for Dispensers for Safe Water.

In 2014, we summarized the previous evidence in a post: Chlorine Dispensers Work for Safer Water. By 2017 new studies prompted us to re-evaluate whether the evidence base for Dispensers for Safe Water remained sufficiently robust to meet our criteria for impact and cost-effectiveness. Led by the Chair of our Board of Directors, Amrita Ahuja , we conducted a rigorous review process with input from external experts and thought leaders in the field of water and health.

What’s The Upshot?

After a thorough review that we detail below, we continue to have confidence that Dispensers for Safe Water is backed by strong evidence and is highly cost-effective.

What Did We Examine?

We conducted a literature review that included: systematic reviews, meta-analyses and very recent literature (i.e. that became available after the last meta-analysis was published) linking water quality and health, and studies relevant for understanding chlorine’s impact on water quality.

We sought to answer the following questions:

What is the causal link between chlorine treatment and water quality?
What is the causal link between water quality and health outcomes?
What is the role of user adoption in realizing health benefits?
What are criticisms about survey biases in the literature and where do we stand regarding those?

Below is a synopsis of evidence in each of these areas, followed by a detailed summary of key studies.

The Synopsis

1. What is the causal link between chlorine treatment and water quality?

Evidence from lab and field tests show that chlorine does indeed improve water quality. Chlorine is very effective at killing most bacterial and viral pathogens . It is less effective against parasites like cryptosporidium and when there is a large amount of organic matter in water. Safety concerns with dilute chlorine are minimal, and it is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants around the world. Chlorine can provide residual protection for up to three days (depending on storage conditions), which means that it not only disinfects but can also prevent recontamination . This is important in places where people store collected water in their homes (as is common in many of the areas where Dispensers for Safe Water works), as safe handling may be hard to guarantee.

We also have confidence that chlorine actually kills many of the pathogens that cause diarrhea in real-world settings. The key evidence comes from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study , published in 2013, that identified the main pathogens causing diarrheal disease among children under five from seven different sites across Asia and Africa. The most attributable cases of diarrhea were due to four pathogens: rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC), and Shigella. Chlorine is effective against three of these four pathogens. A re-examination of this data identified six pathogens as important in causing the majority of moderate to severe childhood diarrhea, and chlorine is effective against five of these.

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health outcomes?

The basic mechanism by which water treatment improves health outcomes continues to be strongly supported by the evidence base. There are two independent strands of literature:

(a) A vast epidemiological literature that suggests significant reductions in diarrhea – roughly 25% on average – in communities provided with a drinking water quality intervention. Four systematic review articles survey and assess the evidence for water quality interventions in developing countries on child health, particularly diarrheal diseases. Three of them conclude that the health benefits of interventions like chlorination are clear, but dependent on consistent use, which can be a challenge with some technologies. The fourth concludes that water treatment can be helpful, but does not find improvements from chlorination to be statistically significant when adjusting for potential bias from lack of blinding. Two recent studies, conducted after the last review was published, also show that water treatment significantly reduces diarrhea, including one from rural Kenya, in areas close to those we work in.

(b) An economics literature that demonstrated that the expansion of safe water projects reduces child mortality.

3. What is the role of user adoption in realizing health benefits?

Three of the four systematic reviews mentioned above consider the impact of sustained use of water treatment and health. All three reach the conclusion that high adherence is important for maintaining impact. This is, of course, not surprising: A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it. We note that Dispensers for Safe Water has a verified high sustained use by users.

4. What are the criticisms about survey biases in the literature and where do we stand regarding those?

The key outcome measured by most of these studies is reported diarrhea, rather than a more objective measure, and in most studies, treatment is not blinded from study participants or researchers. Hence, some have raised concerns that survey response bias accounts for most or all of the reductions in diarrhea attributed to water treatment. While we agree there should be more studies with objectively verifiable outcomes, the concern seems exaggerated. Self-reported outcomes are correlated with more objectively verifiable measures such as the sustained use of water treatment and microbial concentrations in water; we would not expect this to be the case if outcomes were driven primarily by survey response biases. Additionally, to account for all or most of the observed effects of water treatment, bias from lack of blinding would need to be very high. Also, recent studies which try to adjust for the lack of blinding through innovative survey strategies continue to show that water treatment reduces diarrhea.

And Finally…

The biggest “threats” to the effectiveness of our program are actually good news: Economic growth and development mean that people are getting less poor, water infrastructure is improving, and child mortality is going down. In terms of our program design, this means that we need to make sure that we are working in areas of high need (high diarrhea rates, poor health outcomes, poor access to health care, high poverty) and are achieving high levels of user adoption within those areas.

Our current program monitoring data suggests that we are operating in areas of high need, where diarrhea and child mortality rates are high. Additionally, adoption remains high, and the vast majority of those who treat their water have water that meets WHO standards for safety.

We reviewed the evidence base linking water chlorination to health outcomes. We found that chlorine does indeed improve water quality and is very effective at killing most diarrhea-causing pathogens. Having reviewed two independent strands of literature – a vast epidemiological literature and economic literature – we found that the basic mechanism by which water treatment improves health outcomes continues to be strongly supported by the evidence base. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we found that high adherence to household water treatment interventions is important for maintaining impact. And finally, we discussed concerns with survey biases and assert that these seem overblown. We suggest a more practical approach followed by Cochrane review authors who apply some reasonable discounting methods, and who still find health impacts from chlorine are significant.

Key Takeaway

We have therefore emerged from this review process with confidence in the evidence behind our program.

If you like to read in more detail what evidence we examined, please read on for a more detailed review.

THE DETAILED EVIDENCE

Below we present more detail from the findings of our review of the current evidence base.

The epidemiological literature on the health benefits of safe water is complemented by evidence from lab and field that chlorine does indeed improve water quality. Chlorine is very effective at killing most bacterial and viral pathogens. It is less effective against parasites like cryptosporidium and when there is a large amount of organic matter in water. Safety concerns with dilute chlorine are minimal, and it is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants around the world. Chlorine can provide residual protection against pathogens for up to three days (depending on storage conditions), which means that it not only disinfects but can also prevent recontamination. This is important in places where people store collected water in their homes, as safe handling may be hard to guarantee.

Regarding the effect of chlorine on diarrheal microbes, the original Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), published by Kotloff et al. in 2013 , was the largest conducted study on diarrheal disease in developing countries. It was monumental for our understanding of the underlying causes of diarrhea. The study identified the main pathogens causing diarrheal disease among children under 5 from seven different sites across Asia and Africa. The most attributable cases of diarrhea were due to 4 pathogens: rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC), and Shigella. Chlorine is effective against three of these four pathogens. Liu et al. (2016) later reassessed the causes of diarrhea found in the GEMS study. The six most attributable pathogens were: Shigella, rotavirus, adenovirus, ST-ETEC, Cryptosporidium, and campylobacter. These six pathogens accounted for 77.8% of all attributable diarrhea in the GEMS sample. Chlorine is effective against five of the six most attributable pathogens.

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health?

Evidence from the Epidemiology Literature

Four systematic review articles survey and assess the evidence for drinking water quality interventions in developing countries having an impact on child health, particularly diarrheal diseases. Three of them conclude that the health benefits of water quality interventions like chlorination are clear but dependent on consistent use, which can be a challenge with some technologies. The fourth concludes that water treatment can be helpful, but does not find improvements from chlorination to be statistically significant when adjusting for potential bias from lack of blinding. These reviews focus on “point-of-use” treatment. Dispensers may be thought of as “point-of-collection” treatment, rather than point-of-use; but epidemiologically this should not matter. The reviews include:

Clasen et al. (2015) , the most recent Cochrane Review on the topic, includes 55 studies, most of which were conducted in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) covering over 84,000 participants. Results indicate that improving the microbiological quality of water at the point of use significantly reduces diarrhea, by about a quarter for chlorination and 50 percent for filtration, in the studies reviewed. The review indicates that these impacts hold even in areas with poor sanitation and at improved and unimproved sources of water. The authors caution not to interpret this as meaning that filters are much more effective than chlorination (or vice versa) since these were not compared head-to-head but instead evaluated in different contexts with different study populations and designs.

Hence, the authors conclude that: “Interventions that address the microbial contamination of water at the point-of-use may be important interim measures to improve drinking water quality until homes can be reached with safe, reliable, piped-in water connections. The average estimates of effect for each individual point-of-use intervention generally show important effects.” Sub-group analysis also suggests that effectiveness improves with adherence, so optimizing coverage and long-term usage remain important.

Waddington et al. (2009) , a 3ie Review, covers 65 rigorous impact evaluations of water, sanitation and/or hygiene interventions on diarrhea morbidity, covering 71 distinct interventions assessed across 130,000 children in 35 developing countries during the past three decades. It concludes that point-of-use water quality interventions appear to be highly effective – and indeed, more effective than water supply or source treatment in reducing diarrhea – but that this is very sensitive to the ability of the program to sustain high rates of adoption. A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it.

Arnold and Colford (2007) conducted a systematic review of all studies that measured diarrheal health impacts in children and the impact on water quality of point-of-use chlorine drinking water treatment. Twenty-one relevant studies were identified and a meta-analysis provided summary estimates of the intervention effect. The intervention reduced the risk of child diarrhea by 29%, and up to 40% if you look at effects only among people actually using the product, as opposed to only being offered it.

Wolf et al. (2014) included 61 studies on improved sources or water treatment at home, and 11 studies on sanitation. Overall, improvements in drinking water and sanitation were associated with decreased risks of diarrhea. The authors found that use of water filters and provision of high-quality piped water and sewer connections, were associated with greater reductions in diarrhea compared with other interventions. Chemical disinfection was found to be effective, but not when taking into account bias from lack of blinding. The authors conclude that: “The results show that inadequate water and sanitation are associated with considerable risks of diarrheal disease and that there are notable differences in illness reduction according to the type of improved water and sanitation implemented.”

It is worth highlighting individual studies (in preparation for publication or published) that became available after the above reviews were published:

Null et al. (in process) present results from a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial of point-of-collection (POC) chlorination via chlorine dispensers in Western Kenya. The study sample included forty-nine water sources (824 households), randomly assigned to receive a dispenser versus the control group with access to socially marketed bottles from shops. Adoption was more than five times higher in treatment versus control even at 3-years post-dispenser installation, and households in the treatment group had significantly less contaminated drinking water and lower rates of diarrhea than those in the control group.

Ercumen et al. (2015) in a study in Bangladesh also showed that both safe storage alone and safe storage plus chlorination significantly reduce diarrhea (by 31 and 36 percent respectively) in children under two, underlining the benefits of improved water. Diarrhea was self-reported, but other health measures not affected by water quality (e.g. ear infection, skin disease) were also collected, with no significant differences between treatment and control.

Evidence from the Economics Literature

The following papers in the economics literature complement the epidemiologic evidence on water quality and add to our understanding of the health impacts (child mortality) of improved water and sanitation. On their own, they show the importance of improved water quality rather than of point-of-use chlorination. However, combined with the strong evidence that point of use chlorination improves water quality, they make a strong contribution to the case for chlorination’s impact on health. This is further strengthened by recent evidence on the links between water quality and diarrhea, and evidence showing that many (although not all) of the microbes that cause moderate to severe diarrhea are ones that chlorine is effective against.

Cutler and Miller (2005) use historical variation in the timing and location of water filtration and chlorination technology adoption across U.S. cities to identify the contribution of improved water quality to improved public health in U.S. cities. They find that safe water was responsible for about half the observed decline in mortality and nearly two-thirds of the reduction in child mortality in cities.

In a rural setting Watson (2006) analyzes the introduction of various water and sanitation interventions on Native American reservations in the United States from 1960–98. She leverages differences in the size, timing and location of these interventions to isolate the impacts of the program, distinct from other factors affecting infant health. The study suggests that a 10% increase in the fraction of homes with improved water and sanitation services reduced infant mortality by 4%. Infant mortality also fell among local residents not living on the reservation, and thus without access to the new services—which suggests that there may have been positive externalities associated with the program.

Galiani, Gertler, and Schargrodsky (2005) study a privatization reform in 30% of municipal water companies in Argentina in the 1990s to identify the impact of the expanded coverage with safe water. They estimate that child mortality overall fell 5–7% in areas that privatized their water services because the reform did succeed in expanding coverage with safe water. The effect was largest in the poorest areas, at around 24%, and was not correlated with causes of death unrelated to safe water.

There are typically two concerns voiced with these studies. First, they are not randomized trials, and second, they are far in time, space and specific type of project from modern day household chlorination. On the first point, while they are not randomized controlled trials, they use careful statistical techniques to identify causal links between water infrastructure improvements and health benefits. Also, especially given reducing childhood mortality, randomized trials on mortality require increasingly large sample sizes and are becoming increasingly expensive. Hence, we will likely have to rely on high-quality statistical studies of these kinds to contribute to our best available information on childhood mortality. On the second point, the environments in which these studies were conducted were similar to those in developing countries today in that water was not the only source of disease microbes (e.g. there was often open defecation/incomplete unsafe sanitation, animals in the environment, etc.). Also, the basic biological pathway – reduced contamination leads to reduced disease – remains similar between the two types of programs.

For an evaluation in a present-day rural setting that is most closely comparable to the setting where dispensers are used, Kremer et al. (2011) study a “spring protection” program that improves water quality at the source in rural areas in Kenya. Spring infrastructure investments reduce fecal contamination partially, but not completely, just as one might think of chlorine doing (though of course without the benefits of residual protection). Nonetheless, child diarrhea, as reported by mothers, falls by one-quarter. The estimates of health benefits are fairly close to those in the epidemiology literature.

Three of the four systematic reviews mentioned above consider the impact of the sustained use of water treatment and health. All three reach the conclusion that high adherence is important for maintaining impact. This is, of course, not surprising: A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it. We note that Dispensers for Safe Water has a verified high sustained use by users . For example, Classen et. al. (2015) conclude that “Evidence indicates the more people use the various interventions for improving water quality, the larger the effects, so research into practical approaches to increase coverage and help assure long-term use of them in poor groups will help improve impact.” Waddington et. al. (2009) and Arnold and Colford (2007) both note that maintaining adoption over time remains important in maintaining impact. Brown and Clasen (2012) , using a mathematical modeling approach, also suggest that adherence is important for high adoption.

The reviews all document the short duration of the studies that are available for their analysis, and the need for more trials that are blinded or rely on objective measures of health outcomes instead of self-reported diarrhea. However, the key concern with the quality of evidence seems to center around the lack of blinding in most studies, and the failure of the few blinded studies that exist to show impacts ( Schmidt and Cairncross, 2009 ). While we think this points to a real issue, and support the call for more blinded studies and studies with objective outcomes, we also think it is somewhat overblown for the following reasons:

Blinded studies constitute only a small fraction of the studies on water treatment, and as discussed below, all these studies have fundamental problems. This is not to deny that more blinded studies would not be useful; however, those we currently have are not very informative, and should be given limited weight in assessing the evidence. A fuller discussion of existing blinded studiesis provided below
The impact of chlorination is large, and survey biases would have to be very large to explain away the full impact seen in studies of chlorination. The most recent Cochrane review tries to adjust for the lack of blinding, and finds that chlorine is beneficial even when accounting for this. The impact is somewhat attenuated (20 percent versus 25 percent), but still meaningful. (Note: The authors caution that their methodology for adjusting for lack of blinding is adapted from medical trials and not validated in field trials. However, at the very least this analysis would suggest that if the full impact of chlorination is from survey bias, these biases would be very large as compared to what is seen in medical trials.)
Two recent studies which at least partially try to address issues of survey bias have shown strong positive results of water treatment: (1) Null et. al.’s study (in preparation for publication) includes infrequent surveys, which minimize survey bias and (2) Ercumen et. al. 2015 use placebo outcomes (ear infection, skin conditions) which do not improve with water treatment, even though diarrhea does.
Luby et al. (2015) assess the impact of the microbiological quality of water on childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh and found that E. coli contamination was associated with increased childhood diarrhea in the period immediately following testing. This study was conducted only within the control group of a larger study, so there was no risk of bias because participants were recipients of an intervention. The timing of effects also suggests a link from contamination to diarrhea and not the other way around. This is consistent with other studies which suggest that reduced contamination leads to less or less severe intestinal diseases – e.g. Gruber et al. show that E. Coli concentrations are positively correlated with diarrhea incidence, and Mintz et al. show that salmonella incubation period and severity is strongly correlated with dose of contaminated food consumed in a disease outbreak.
As mentioned above, all three systematic reviews which consider the issue draw a link between adoption of water treatment (which is objectively verifiable, in the case of chlorine treatment) and health impact

Blinded Studies

In most epidemiological studies on water treatment, the key outcome is one that is reported rather than objective – i.e. a parent (usually a mother’s) reports diarrhea instances in children. The concern is that in the absence of blinding, all or most reductions in diarrhea are subject to survey response bias, especially because of the few studies that do blind treatment, most do not show that water treatment reduces diarrhea.

Clasen et al. (2015) , the most recent Cochrane Review that covers 55 studies, explicitly considers the potential bias from the fact that the majority of the studies are not blinded. It adopts techniques from the medical trial literature to adjust meta-analysis results for the lack of blinding. The results are attenuated (approximately 20 percent reduction in diarrhea from chlorine treatment instead of an approximately 25 percent reduction if lack of blinding is not accounted for) but still positive and significant even when this potential is accounted for. The review also specifically considers nine trials that were blinded and notes that all had significant problems with either study design or “power” (i.e. the sample size being large enough to detect outcome differences between treatment and control groups, given actual diarrhea rates and adoption). Five were in areas with high quality water, including four in developed countries (three in the USA ( Colford et al, 2002, Colford et al, 2006 , Colford et al, 2009 ), one in Australia [ Reller et al. 2011 ] and one in Ghana [ Jain et al. 2010 ], but with relatively low levels of contamination). The study in Ghana by Jain et al. 2010 also included a placebo arm which itself may have reduced up to 90% of the contamination, and one other study also had a placebo that likely reduced contamination. In addition to having an effective placebo, this study also had high rates of reported water consumption from untreated sources. Two other studies [Austin, 1993] and [ Boisson et al. 2013 ] had low adoption rates and were hence likely underpowered to detect effects. The Boisson (2013) study also had much lower than anticipated diarrhea rates and the other [Austin, 1993] is not peer reviewed. The remaining study [ Krichhoff et al. 1985 ] included only 112 people from 16 households.

While many studies have problems, the above-mentioned are fundamental issues which undermine the extent to which studies can be informative. For example, what can one say about the effectiveness of water treatment if water is not contaminated in the first place? What can one say about the comparative effectiveness of a treatment if the placebo control intervention also removed the vast majority of microbes? The issue of adoption is also a very important one. Most epidemiological studies are designed to be able to detect effects at the 5 percent significance level with 80 percent power (i.e. detect effects 80 percent of the time that they are actually present). They are also typically designed to achieve take-up rates of 60 percent or higher. With adoption rates that are lower than projected, the risk of missing a real effect is increased significantly beyond 20 percent. If take-up rate is more like 30 percent (e.g. Boisson, 2013 [15]), then your treatment group consists of 70 percent people who are not using the intervention and diluting any effects on the 30 percent of users. Hence, any effects experienced by those 30 percent of users become very hard to detect without large sample sizes.

Our Take on Blinding

While blinding remains an important issue, and more studies with blinding and/or with objective outcomes would be useful, the concern seems exaggerated for the following reasons:

(1) Recent research suggests that diarrhea reduction and diarrhea rates do seem to be correlated with real outcomes such as the sustained use of water treatment and microbial contamination; we would not expect this to be the case if reductions were driven primarily by survey response bias.

(2) For all or most of the diarrhea reduction from chlorine to come from survey effects, the effects of blinding would be much larger than typically seen in most medical studies

(3) The existing blinded studies have fundamental flaws, which make them unable to provide much information on whether water treatment reduces diarrhea; hence, their not showing impacts of water treatment is neither surprising, nor a reason to rethink the entire (much larger and more robust) body of work on water treatment

In summary, while we think that the need for blinded trials and more trials with objective measures is real, we think that it is overstated. Assuming that all or most of the estimated effects of chlorination come from survey effects in the absence of blinding (a) ignores some nuances in recent literature which suggest otherwise; (b) ignores an established link between lower microbial contamination and disease; (c) suggests that survey effects are very large and (d) gives undue weight to a few blinded studies that cannot provide much information on diarrheal disease and health at the expense of a larger and more robust body of work. A more reasonable approach seems to be that followed by the Cochrane review authors, with possibly some reasonable discounting of impacts due to biases from lack of blinding.

If you made it this far…

Congratulations! We are motivated and inspired to emerge from this review process with confidence in the evidence behind our program, and we invite you to follow our progress.

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WATER DISPENSER: A UNIQUE INNOVATIVE DESIGN THAT MATTERS

Any individual is basically moved to do a particular task when in need or when challenged by the environment (Amabile, 2013). Cebu Technological University had been experiencing scarcity of instructional equipment for the last decade due to budget constraint. To enhance its instruction for the students in refrigeration and air conditioning majors both for industrial technology and mechanical engineering, the study was conducted making use of stock scrap water dispenser. Innovative design, construction and function were validated and results revealed that the design of water dispenser was Highly Acceptable implying that the design meets the required competency (Friedman, 2003). It increases the students' performances during pre-test (moderately satisfactory and effective) to very satisfactory and highly effective in the post test after having a practical application on the use of the innovative water dispenser. Thus, an innovative design is recommended to be utilized and duplicated for similar use.

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From the Heart to Higher Education: The 2021 College Essays on Money

Each year, we ask high school seniors to send us college application essays that touch on money, work or social class. Here are five from this year’s incoming college freshmen.

Credit... Robert Neubecker

Supported by

By Ron Lieber

June 18, 2021

When the most selective — or, even better, rejective — schools in the United States are accepting under 10 percent of the people pleading for a spot in the next freshman class, it eventually becomes impossible to know why any one person receives an offer, or why a student chooses a particular school.

So in this particularly unpredictable season — as we publish a selection of application essays about money, work or social class for the ninth time — we’ve made one small but permanent change: We (and they) are going to tell you where the writers come from, but not where they are headed.

Our overarching point in publishing their essays isn’t to crack the code on writing one’s way into Yale or Michigan, as if that were even possible. Instead, it’s to celebrate how meaningful it can be to talk openly about money and write about it in a way that makes a reader stop and wonder about someone else’s life and, just maybe, offers a momentary bit of enlightenment and delight.

One writer this year helps her mother find a new way of bringing joy into the world, while another discovers the cost of merely showing up if you’re a female employee. A young man reflects on his own thrift, while a young woman accepts a gift of ice cream and pays a price for it. Finally, caregiving becomes a source of pride for someone young enough to need supervision herself.

Each of the writers will make you smile, eventually. And this year in particular, we — and they — deserve to.

“She began to cry and told me it was too late for her. I could not bear to watch her struggle between ambition and doubt.”

New York — Bronx High School of Science

My mom finds a baffling delight from drinking from glass, hotel-grade water dispensers. Even when three-day-old lemon rinds float in stale water, drinking from the dispenser remains luxurious. Last year for her birthday, I saved enough to buy a water dispenser for our kitchen counter. However, instead of water, I filled it with handwritten notes encouraging her to chase her dreams of a career.

As I grew older, I noticed that my mom yearned to pursue her passions and to make her own money. She spent years as a stay-at-home mom and limited our household chores as much as she could, taking the burden upon herself so that my brothers and I could focus on our education. However, I could tell from her curiosity of and attitudes toward working women that she envied their financial freedom and the self-esteem that must come with it. When I asked her about working again, she would tell me to focus on achieving the American dream that I knew she had once dreamed for herself.

For years, I watched her effortlessly light up conversations with both strangers and family. Her empathy and ability to understand the needs, wants and struggles of a diverse group of people empowered her to reach the hearts of every person at a dinner table, even when the story itself did not apply to them at all. She could make anyone laugh, and I wanted her to be paid for it. “Mom, have you ever thought about being a stand-up comedian?”

She laughed at the idea, but then she started wondering aloud about what she would joke about and how comedy shows were booked. As she began dreaming of a comedy career, the reality of her current life as a stay-at-home mom sank in. She began to cry and told me it was too late for her. I could not bear to watch her struggle between ambition and doubt.

Her birthday was coming up. Although I had already bought her a present, I realized what I actually wanted to give her was the strength to finally put herself first and to take a chance. I placed little notes of encouragement inside the water dispenser. I asked my family and her closest friends to do the same. These friends told her other friends, and eventually I had grown a network of supporters who emailed me their admiration for my mom. From these emails, I hand wrote 146 notes, crediting all of these supporters that also believed in my mom. Some provided me with sentences, others with five-paragraph-long essays. Yet, each note was an iteration of the same sentiment: “You are hilarious, full of life, and ready to take on the stage.”

On the day of her birthday, my mom unwrapped my oddly shaped present and saw the water dispenser I bought her. She was not surprised, as she had hinted at it for many years. But then as she kept unwrapping, she saw that inside the dispenser there were these little notes that filled the whole thing. As she kept picking out and reading the notes, I could tell she was starting to believe what they said. She started to weep with her hands full of notes. She could not believe the support was real, that everyone knew she had a special gift and believed in her.

Within two months, my mom performed her first set in a New York comedy club. Within a year, my mom booked a monthly headlining show at the nation’s premier comedy club.

I am not sure what happened to the water dispenser. But I have read the notes with my mom countless times. They are framed and line the walls of her new office space that she rented with the profits she made from working as a professional comedian . For many parents, their children’s careers are their greatest accomplishment, but for me my mom’s is mine.

Adrienne Coleman

“The intense Saturday night crucible of the restaurant, with all the unwanted phone numbers, catcalls and wandering hands, jolted me into an unavoidable reckoning with feminism in a professional world.”

Locust Valley, N.Y. — Friends Academy

“Pull down your mask, sweetheart, so I can see that pretty smile.”

I returned a well-practiced smile with just my eyes, as the eight guys started their sixth bottle of Brunello di Montalcino. Their carefree banter bordered on heckling. Ignoring their comments, I stacked dishes heavy with half-eaten rib-eye steaks and truffle risotto. As I brought their plates to the dish pit, I warned my female co-workers about the increasingly drunken rowdiness at Table 44.

This was not the first time I’d felt uncomfortable at work. When I initially presented my résumé to the restaurant manager, he scanned me up and down, barely glancing at the piece of paper. “Well, you’ve got no restaurant experience, but you know, you package well. When can you start?” I felt his eyes burn through me. That’s it? No pretense of a proper interview? “Great,” I said, thrilled at the prospect of earning good money. At the same time, reduced to the way I “package,” I felt degraded.

I thought back to my impassioned feminist speech that won the eighth-grade speech contest. I lingered on the moments that, as the leader of my high school’s F-Word Club, I had redefined feminism for my friends who initially rejected the word as radical. But in these instances, I realized how my notions of equality had been somewhat theoretical — a passion inspired by the words of Malala and R.B.G. — but not yet lived or compromised.

The restaurant has become my real-world classroom, the pecking order transparent and immutable. All the managers, the decision makers, are men. They set the schedules, determine the tip pool, hire pretty young women to serve and hostess, and brazenly berate those below them. The V.I.P. customers are overwhelmingly men, the high rollers who drop thousands of dollars on drinks, and feel entitled to palm me, a 17-year-old, their phone numbers rolled inside a wad of cash.

Angry customers, furious they had mistakenly received penne instead of pane, initially rattled me. I have since learned to assuage and soothe. I’ve developed the confidence to be firm with those who won’t wear a mask or are breathtakingly rude. I take pride in controlling my tables, working 13-hour shifts and earning my own money. At the same time, I’ve struggled to navigate the boundaries of what to accept and where to draw the line. When a staff member continued to inappropriately touch me, I had to summon the courage to address the issue with my male supervisor. Then, it took weeks for the harasser to get fired, only to return to his job a few days later.

When I received my first paycheck, accompanied by a stack of cash tips, I questioned the compromises I was making. In this physical and mental space, I searched for my identity. It was simple to explore gender roles in a classroom or through complex characters in a Kate Chopin novel. My heroes, trailblazing women such as Simone de Beauvoir and Gloria Steinem, had paved the road for me. In my textbooks, their crusading is history. But the intense Saturday night crucible of the restaurant, with all the unwanted phone numbers, catcalls and wandering hands, jolted me into an unavoidable reckoning with feminism in a professional world.

Often, I’ve felt shame; shame that I wasn’t as vocal as my heroes; shame that I feigned smiles and silently pocketed the cash handed to me. Yet, these experiences have been a catalyst for personal and intellectual growth. I am learning how to set boundaries and to use my professional skills as a means of empowerment.

Constantly re-evaluating my definition of feminism, I am inspired to dive deeply into gender studies and philosophy to better pursue social justice. I want to use politics as a forum for activism. Like my female icons, I want to stop the burden of sexism from falling on young women. In this way, I will smile fully — for myself.

Hoseong Nam

“I feel haunted, cursed by the compulsion to diligently subtract pennies from purchases hoping it will eventually pile up into a mere dollar.”

Hanoi, Vietnam — British Vietnamese International School

Despite the loud busking music, arcade lights and swarms of people, it was hard to be distracted from the corner street stall serving steaming cupfuls of tteokbokki — a medley of rice cake and fish cake covered in a concoction of hot sweet sauce. I gulped when I felt my friend tugging on the sleeve of my jacket, anticipating that he wanted to try it. After all, I promised to treat him out if he visited me in Korea over winter break.

The cups of tteokbokki, garnished with sesame leaves and tempura, was a high-end variant of the street food, nothing like the kind from my childhood. Its price of 3,500 Korean won was also nothing like I recalled, either, simply charged more for being sold on a busy street. If I denied the purchase, I could console my friend and brother by purchasing more substantial meals elsewhere. Or we could spend on overpriced food now to indulge in the immediate gratification of a convenient but ephemeral snack.

At every seemingly inconsequential expenditure, I weigh the pros and cons of possible purchases as if I held my entire fate in my hands. To be generously hospitable, but recklessly drain the travel allowance we needed to stretch across two weeks? Or to be budgetarily shrewd, but possibly risk being classified as stingy? That is the question, and a calculus I so dearly detest.

Unable to secure subsequent employment and saddled by alimony complications, there was no room in my dad’s household to be embarrassed by austerity or scraping for crumbs. Ever since I was taught to dilute shampoo with water, I’ve revised my formula to reduce irritation to the eye. Every visit to a fast-food chain included asking for a sheet of discount coupons — the parameters of all future menu choice — and a past receipt containing the code of a completed survey to redeem for a free cheeseburger. Exploiting combinations of multiple promotions to maximize savings at such establishments felt as thrilling as cracking war cryptography, critical for minimizing cash casualties.

However, while disciplined restriction of expenses may be virtuous in private, at outings, even those amongst friends, spending less — when it comes to status — paradoxically costs more. In Asian family-style eating customs, a dish ordered is typically available to everyone, and the total bill, regardless of what you did or did not consume, is divided evenly. Too ashamed to ask for myself to be excluded from paying for dishes I did not order or partake in, I’ve opted out of invitations to meals altogether. I am wary even of meals where the inviting host has offered to treat everyone, fearful that if I only attended “free meals” I would be pinned as a parasite.

Although I can now conduct t-tests to extract correlations between multiple variables, calculate marginal propensities to import and assess whether a developing country elsewhere in the world is at risk of becoming stuck in the middle-income trap, my day-to-day decisions still revolve around elementary arithmetic. I feel haunted, cursed by the compulsion to diligently subtract pennies from purchases hoping it will eventually pile up into a mere dollar, as if the slightest misjudgment in a single buy would tip my family’s balance sheet into irrecoverable poverty.

Will I ever stop stressing over overspending?

I’m not sure I ever will.

But I do know this. As I handed over 7,000 won in exchange for two cups of tteokbokki to share amongst the three of us — my friend, my brother and myself — I am reminded that even if we are not swimming in splendor, we can still uphold our dignity through the generosity of sharing. Restricting one’s conscience only around ruminating which roads will lead to riches risks blindness toward rarer wealth: friends and family who do not measure one’s worth based on their net worth. Maybe one day, such rigorous monitoring of financial activity won’t be necessary, but even if not, this is still enough.

Neeya Hamed

“In America, we possess all the tangible resources. Why is it, then, that we fruitlessly struggle to connect with one another?”

New York — Brooklyn Friends School

Sitting on monobloc chairs of various colors, the Tea Ladies offer healing. Henna-garnished hands deliver four cups of tea, each selling for no more than 10 cents. You may see them as refugees who fled the conflict in western Sudan, passionately working to make ends meet by selling tea. I see them as messengers bearing the secret ingredients necessary to truly welcome others.

On virtually every corner in Sudan, you can find these Tea Ladies. They greet you with open hearts and colorful traditional Sudanese robes while incense fills the air, singing songs of ancient ritual. Their dexterous ability to touch people’s lives starts with the ingredients behind the tea stand: homegrown cardamom, mint and cloves. As they skillfully prepare the best handmade tea in the world, I look around me. Melodies of spirited laughter embrace me, smiles as bright as the afternoon sun. They have a superpower. They create a naturally inviting space where boundless hospitality thrives.

These humble spaces are created by people who do not have much. Meanwhile, in America, we possess all the tangible resources. Why is it, then, that we fruitlessly struggle to connect with one another? On some corners of Mill Basin, Brooklyn, I discovered that some people don’t lead their lives as selflessly.

I never imagined that the monobloc chair in my very own neighborhood would be pulled out from under me. Behind this stand, the ingredients necessary to touch my life were none but one: a friendly encounter gone wrong. While waiting for ice cream, a neighbor offered to pay for me. This deeply offended the shop owner glaring behind the glass; he resented my neighbor’s compassion because his kindness is reserved for those who do not look like me. The encounter was potent enough to extract the resentment brewing within him and compelled him to project that onto me.

“I guess Black lives do matter then,” he snarked.

His unmistakably self-righteous smirk was enough to deny my place in my community. It was enough to turn a beautiful sentiment of kindness into a painfully retentive memory; a constant reminder of what is to come.

Six thousand three hundred and fifty-eight miles away, Sudan suddenly felt closer to me than the ice cream shop around the corner. As I walked home, completely shaken and wondering what I did to provoke him, I struggled to conceptualize the seemingly irrelevant comment. When I walk into spaces, be it my school, the bodega or an ice cream shop, I am conscious of the cardamom mint, and cloves that reside within me; the ingredients, traits and culmination of thoughts that make up who I am, not what I was reduced to by that man. I learned, however, that sometimes the color of my skin speaks before I can.

I realized that the connotations of ignorance in his words weren’t what solely bothered me. My confusion stemmed more from the complete lack of care toward others in his community, a notion completely detached from everything I believe in. For the Tea Ladies and the Sudanese people, it isn’t about whether or not people know their story. It isn’t about solidarity in uniformity, but rather seeing others for who they truly are.

Back in Khartoum, Sudan, I looked at the talents of the Tea Ladies in awe. They didn’t necessarily transform people with their tea, they did something better. Every cup was a silent nod to each person’s dignity.

To the left of me sat a husband and father, complaining about the ridiculous bread prices. To the right of me sat a younger worker who spent his days sweeping the quarters of the water company next door. Independent of who you were or what you knew before you got there, their tea was bridging the gap between lives and empowering true companionship, all within the setting of four chairs and a small plastic table.

Sometimes, that is all it takes.

“I was the memory keeper, privy to the smallest snippets that go forgotten in a lifetime.”

Lafayette, Calif. — Miramonte High School

I was the ultimate day care kid — I never left.

From before I could walk to the start of middle school, Kimmy’s day care was my second home. While my classmates at school went home with stay-at-home moms to swim team and Girl Scouts, I traveled to the town next door where the houses are smaller, the parched lawns crunchy under my feet from the drought.

At school, I stuck out. I was one of the few brown kids on campus. Both of my parents worked full time. We didn’t spend money on tutors when I got a poor test score. I’d never owned a pair of Lululemon leggings, and my mom was not versed in the art of Zumba, Jazzercise or goat yoga. At school, I was a blade of green grass in a California lawn, but at day care, I blended in.

The kids ranged from infants to toddlers. I was the oldest by a long shot, but I liked it that way. As an only child, this was my window into a sibling relationship — well, seven sibling relationships. I played with them till we dropped, held them when they cried, got annoyed when they took my things. And the kids did the same for me. They helped as I sat at the counter drawing, and starred in every play I put on. They watched enviously as I climbed to the top of the plum tree in the backyard.

Kimmy called herself “the substitute mother,” but she never gave herself enough credit. She listened while I gushed about my day, held me when I had a fever and came running when I fell out of the tree. From her, I learned to feed a baby a bottle, and recognize when a child was about to walk. I saw dozens of first steps, heard hundreds of first words, celebrated countless birthdays. Most importantly, I learned to let the bottle go when the baby could feed herself.

And I collected all the firsts, all the memories and stories of each kid, spinning elaborate tales to the parents who walked through the door at the end of the day. I was the memory keeper, privy to the smallest snippets that go forgotten in a lifetime.

I remember when Alyssa asked me to put plum tree flowers in her pigtails, and the time Arlo fell into the toilet. I remember the babies we bathed in the kitchen sink, and how Kimmy saved Gussie’s life with the Heimlich maneuver. I remember the tears at “graduation,” when children left for preschool, and each time our broken family mended itself when new kids arrived.

When I got home, I wrote everything down in my pink notebook. Jackson’s first words, the time Lolly fell off the couch belting “Let It Go.” Each page titled with a child’s name and the moments I was afraid they wouldn’t remember.

I don’t go to day care anymore. Children don’t hide under the table, keeping me company while I do homework. Nursing a baby to sleep is no longer part of my everyday routine, and running feet don’t greet me when I return from school. But day care is infused in me. I can clean a room in five minutes, and whip up lunch for seven. I remain calm in the midst of chaos. After taming countless temper tantrums, I can work with anyone. I continue to be a storyteller.

When I look back, I remember peering down from the top of the plum tree. I see a tiny backyard with patches of dead grass. But I also see Kimmy and my seven “siblings.” I see the beginnings of lives, and a place that quietly shapes the children who run across the lawn below. The baby stares curiously up at me from the patio, bouncing in her seat. She will be walking soon, Kimmy says. As will I.

Ron Lieber has been the Your Money columnist since 2008 and has written five books, most recently “The Price You Pay for College.” More about Ron Lieber

Essay on Drinking Water

Students are often asked to write an essay on Drinking Water in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Drinking Water

Importance of drinking water.

Water is life’s essential ingredient. Our bodies are about 60% water. Drinking water keeps us hydrated, which is vital for our bodily functions.

Benefits of Drinking Water

Drinking water aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintains body temperature. It also helps in flushing out toxins and keeps our skin healthy.

How Much Water to Drink?

Experts suggest drinking 8-10 glasses of water daily. However, this can vary based on physical activity and climate.

Drinking water is crucial for our health. So, let’s make a habit of consuming enough every day.

Also check:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Drinking Water

250 Words Essay on Drinking Water

The importance of drinking water.

Water is a fundamental element of life. Covering about 70% of the Earth’s surface, it’s also the primary component of the human body. However, the importance of drinking water extends beyond mere existence. It plays a vital role in our physical and mental health, and even in societal development.

Physiological Benefits

Water is the medium of all metabolic processes in the body. It aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. It regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, and maintains skin health. Dehydration, on the other hand, can lead to fatigue, headaches, and impaired cognitive function.

Mental Health Implications

The brain is approximately 75% water. Hence, adequate hydration is necessary for optimal brain function. Studies suggest that even mild dehydration can affect mood, concentration, and memory. Furthermore, it can exacerbate symptoms of certain mental disorders.

Societal Relevance

Access to clean drinking water is a global concern. It’s not just about health, but also about social equality and economic growth. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts and migration, while waterborne diseases can cripple communities.

In essence, drinking water is not just a basic need, but a cornerstone of human health and societal progress. As we delve deeper into the intricacies of our bodies and societies, the importance of this clear, tasteless liquid becomes even more apparent. We must therefore strive for its conservation and equitable distribution, recognizing it as a critical component of our collective wellbeing.

500 Words Essay on Drinking Water

Introduction.

Water is the essence of life, a fundamental element for all living organisms on Earth. The significance of drinking water cannot be overstated. It is a critical component of our diet, directly linked to our health and wellbeing. This essay will delve into the importance of drinking water, its health benefits, the challenges of water scarcity, and the need for sustainable management of this vital resource.

Water makes up about 60% of the human body, highlighting its role in maintaining bodily functions. It aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. It also helps regulate body temperature, lubricate joints, and protect sensitive tissues. Dehydration, or the lack of adequate water in the body, can lead to serious health issues such as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and even cognitive impairment.

Health Benefits of Drinking Water

Drinking sufficient water has numerous health benefits. It boosts skin health and beauty, flushing out toxins and promoting a clear complexion. It aids in weight loss by enhancing metabolism and suppressing appetite. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health by facilitating the flow of oxygen and nutrients in the blood.

Challenges of Water Scarcity

Despite the critical role of water, it is a scarce resource for many. According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water services. Water scarcity can lead to a range of health issues, including malnutrition and waterborne diseases. It also exacerbates socio-economic disparities, as the poor and marginalized are often the most affected by water scarcity.

Sustainable Water Management

Given the importance and scarcity of water, sustainable water management is imperative. It involves the efficient use of water resources, reducing waste, and promoting conservation. For instance, rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment can provide alternative sources of water. Additionally, awareness campaigns can educate the public about the importance of water conservation and the dire consequences of wastage.

In conclusion, drinking water is a fundamental human need and a critical component of our health and wellbeing. However, water scarcity is a pressing issue that threatens our ability to meet this basic need. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable water management, promoting water conservation, and ensuring equitable access to clean, safe drinking water for all. By doing so, we can safeguard our health and secure a sustainable future for generations to come.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on Clean Water and Sanitation
Essay on Challenges of Clean Water and Their Solutions
Essay on Bottled Water

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

469 Water Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for interesting topics related to water? This study field is broad, exciting, and definitely worth exploring!

🏆 Best Water Topic Ideas & Essay Examples

👍 top water essay examples, 📌 easy topics related to water, 💡 water essay topics, ✍ water topics for research papers, 🥇 interesting water topics to write about, ❓ essay questions about water.

In your essay about water, you might want to focus on water as one of the most valuable natural resources. Consider exploring the issues of water pollution, purification, conservation, or management. Whether you need to prepare an essay, a research paper, or a presentation, our article will be helpful. Here we’ve collected water essay topics and titles. Water essay examples are added to inspire you even more!

Should Bottled Water Be Banned? Plastics is one of the products that are leading in polluting the environment. Plastics are detrimental to the environment; they affect the soil, water, air and eventually lead to climate change and global warming.
Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions This is why clean water is required in all the places to make sure the people and all the living creatures in the planet live a good and healthy life.
Air and Water Pollution in the Modern World The high number of vehicles in the city has greatly promoted air pollution in the area. Poor sewerage system, high pollution from industries and automobiles are among the major causes of air and water pollutions […]
Water Scarcity as a Global Issue: Causes and Solutions Common causes of water scarcity include overpopulation e in regions that have limited water resources, global warming, destruction of water catchment areas by human activities, and pollution of water sources.
Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Farmers should be encouraged to embrace this kind of farming which ensures that the manure used is biodegradable and do not end up accumulating in the water bodies once they are washed off by floods.
Water Recycling Recycled water is obtained from waste water and contaminated water that has been subjected to thorough treatment to ensure that it is proper for use for different purposes.
The Process of the Water Cycle It is the primary process that drives the movement of water from water bodies into the atmosphere in form of water vapor.
Fire and Water Symbols in “Sula” by Toni Morrison Water and fire are used by the author as symbols of destruction and purification respectively, which allows the readers to better understand the main characters in the context of the communist oppression.
Water Advertisement The waterfall in the background reinforces the psychological need for water and adds to the freshness of the advertisement and water itself.
Water Purification Process Since the process is aimed at eliminating all the impurities present in the water, it is necessary to apply chemical and physical methods of separation in an orderly manner.
Evian Water Company’s Analysis Due to the popularity of its water, the company managed to expand, and in 1978, it made its way to the market of the United States of America.
Water Cycle: Lesson Plan for 5th Graders The purpose of the program is to introduce students to the water cycle systems, stages, and importance. The student should be able to define and explain the water cycle stages.
The Effect of Plastic Water Bottles on the Environment In addition, the proponents of plastic use have argued that recycling is an effective method of mitigating the effects of plastic to the environment.
The Thematic Concept in Water Names Like the narrator, a reader may think that the story presents a happy ending, as the young woman “went to join the kingdom of her beloved”. The woman wants the girls to find the answer […]
Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area In this brief economic analysis of water pollution in Metro Manila, it is proposed to look at the industrial use of waters and the household use to understand the impact that the population growth and […]
How Does Water Hyacinth Harm the Local Ecosystem? Water hyacinth Flowers Water hyacinth has great harm on the local ecosystem and affects aquatic life and water quality. The life of other plants and animals is jeopardized by the rapid growth of water hyacinth.
Water Cycle Process On the reaching the atmosphere water molecules bond together again and come back to the earth surface through the process of precipitation.
Accessibility to Safe Drinking Water The first is to dig wells in the rural and arid areas to aid the people to have access to water. The other alternative is to treat water and use it in the home.
Fiji Water Report The aim of this report is to analyze the future options of Fiji waters company growing up as a company that will be conscious to the environment and ensure its’ sustainability.
Coca-Cola India and Water Pollution Issues The first difficulty that the representatives of the Coca-Cola Company happened to face due to their campaign in the territory of India was caused by the concerns of the local government.
Fiji Water: A Comprehensive Analysis The paper is analytical in nature and it displays some of the aspects that make the product unique and relevant in the market, some of the challenges that the product’s company encounters, how the company […]
Saving Water and Methods of Its Protection That is, the plan will effectively manage the water usage at the current state of the company as well as in the future. If protection and conservation of water is not done, there will be […]
Water Transport Systems in the World The development of the three and four Masted ships in the 16th century was a major event in the history of the water transportation system.
Masafi Water Company and Al Ain Water Company Manufacturing of Masafi and Al Ain Water: The resource of Masafi water is the mountain and this is why the water is rich in minerals.
Determination of Quinine in Tonic Water with Fluorescence Spectroscopy In general, luminescence is understood as the glow of substances not accompanied by heat production but initiated by the absorption of photons.
Water Shortage’ Major Causes and Implication Summary of the article This article is a discussion regarding one major problem that is an issue of concern in the 21st century which according to the author, the world is currently facing a major […]
Muslim Civilisation: The Mechanical Water Clock of Ibn Al-Haytham This forth stage is the one that determines the survival of the state, as the society is already discontented with the rule, hence disintegration of the state.
Fiji Water Strategic Analysis The second alternative could involve the idea of putting underground and sea bed pipes to facilitate the transportation of the water commodity from Fiji to the lucrative international markets, such as the US.
Water Resource Management: How to Save Water Resources We need to address the difficult problems of evaluating and protecting the global commons, which are complicated and interrelated while maintaining the free trade systems of the world.
Roman Aqueducts “The Relevance of Water to the Social Political Climate of the Roman” The main question in this paper is: what were the names and functions of the aqueducts in ancient Rome? The need to build aqueducts in Rome was prompted by the need for mass supply of […]
Tipperary Mineral Water Company In addition, consumers’ desire to lead a healthy lifestyle has greatly increased the market growth and demand for mineral water by a rate of 8. The main consumers of mineral water in this market are […]
Environmental Impact of Bottled Water The process of manufacturing the water bottles, such as the dependence on fossil fuels, is causing a lot of direct as well indirect destructing to the environment.
Analysis of Lab: Heat of Fusion of Water In this experiment, information was collected regarding the mass of the calorimeter and bowl, the mass of the empty calorimeter, the water, and the contents: all raw data are shown in Table 1.
Las Vegas Water Shortage The lake happens to be the primary source of water for Las Vegas and this is an alarming development for the urban area which has a rapid population growth and is projected to be about […]
Key Factors of Competitive Success in the Water Bottling Industry The introduction of enhanced or functional water products, by a number of major bottling firms such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, has provided further competition, threatening to squeeze profitability for them.
Water Transportation Industry’s Impact on Wildlife It is possible to note that emissions and the use of ballast water can be seen as serious issues that pose hazards to maritime animals.
Bottled Water Industry and Aquafina Another reason of the boom in the consumption of bottled water is its taste because a large number of people prefer its taste to that of tap water.
Third World War Will Be Over Water The severity of the case of water scarcity can be best explained by the inclusion of the problem of water as one of the main goals of one of the greatest development frameworks in the […]
The Effect of pH on Water Holding Capacity of Chicken In the present laboratory work, the main issue is to investigate the potential relationship between WHC as a measure of moisture content and chicken pH; specifically, the question is to identify the effect of meat […]
The Water System: Rivers, Streams and Lakes The techniques used to compare rivers in the world involve an analysis of the size of the drainage area, the length of the main stem and the mean discharge.
Anomalous Expansion of Water: A Home Experiment This investigation proves the hypothesis that water expands anomalously when cooled and increases in volume as it nears its freezing point of zero degree Celsius.
Synopsis of “Water” Short Story by Lee Hoffman From the story it is clearly indicated that, Evan was very disappointed with what Redmor treated the people of this area; and decided to take a ravage especially because his friend Hank was shot.
Ethics of Bottled Water The manufacture of bottled water began in Europe in the 1970s. The availability of bottled water allows consumers to buy water when they need it.
Integrated Sustainable Water Management in the UAE The UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 was unveiled by the Ministry of Energy in 2017 to ensure that access to water during an emergency and normal conditions are sustainable within the internal standards, local regulations, […]
Best Water Management Practices The use of spray irrigations to water gardens contributes to the loss of water. The government has invested in the creation of public awareness of the various water conservation strategies.
The Water Cube Project and Design-Build Approaches Despite the variety of designs that the engineers could use in the construction, the choice of a Water Cube helped to embolden the Chinese culture in the building.
Cashion Water Quality: Spatial Distribution of Water Pollution Incidents This essay discusses the quality of water as per the report of 2021 obtained from the municipality, the quality issue and the source of pollution, and how the pollution impacts human health and the environment […]
Seawater vs. Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis The concentrations of seawater and brackish water differ considerably; hence, there is a distinction involving the concentrate acquired from seawater desalination plants and brackish water desalination plants.
Water Consumption by Individuals and Households Water demand rate for a household differs from that by industry within the same day and as well differs from the entire per-capital demand of a community.
Water-Saving Technologies in the Middle East Our planet is made of 70% water and yet most areas of the world are without water. However, to conserve the cost of this important resource, certain steps are being taken by the respective governments […]
Dehydration and Importance of Water There are plenty of fluids in the body that mainly consist of water; one of these is saliva. Water also transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body that are in need […]
Water and Its Role in Biochemical Processes The goal of this paper is to discuss the chemical properties of water that are most important for life on Earth.
Motivations to Choose Bottled Water The growth of the bottled water industry is attracting a lot of global attention because more companies are jostling to have a significant share of the market.
Demo Park Water Administration Project Management In this assignment, the main areas for group work were the creation of a project plan and the identification, as well as the demonstration of its importance.
Water and Environment Engineering The village is situated in the Northwestern part of the state, near the seacoast. However, one of the village residents made an offer to the turtle and the latter allowed humans to use water from […]
Modern Water Purification Methods for the Middle East In this study, we will learn about the methods of water purification and the need to purify water. The specific purpose of the study is to describe and explain the methods of water purification in […]
Water: Nature’s Gift to Humanity However, the role of this element is not only in the formation of life but also its maintenance since this seemingly ordinary liquid plays an enormously essential role in the existence of the human and […]
Case Study: Human Body Water Balance Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick climbing appendage of the loop of Henle. The rest of the Na+ retention happens in the distal nephron.
Water Properties as a Solvent: An Experiment Lab In the second part of the work, a mixture of 10 g of solid calcium hydroxide and 50 mL of drinking water in a beaker was initially created.
Bling H2O: Brand of Mineral Water Besides, it has a median age of 35 and is the economic hub of Australia, for example, out of the 54 banks operating in the continent, 44 have their headquarters in Sydney.
Water Pollution: OIL Spills Aspects The effects of the oil spill on a species of ducks called the Harlequin ducks were formulated and the author attempted to trace out the immediate and residual effects of the oil on the birds.
Project Management: Sydney Water Company Besides, from the start of the project, there were unclear procedures on how the project was to be reported to the board of directors.
Fiji Water Company Analysis The differences in the kind of approach a company adopts in the handling of its CSR communication is due to an apparent sensitivity of the CSR topic, as well as company ambiguity and inadequate knowledge […]
Behavior Change: More Water, No Coffee By the way, this was the first day when I did not feel any lack of energy due to the lack of coffee.
Water Conservation and Drought Issues in Resorts The idea of the conservation of natural resources and water, in particular, became popular in the previous century. The understanding of the need for nature protection commenced in the 1960s.
Clean Water Problem in Singapore Consequently, half of the water requirements are supplied via a dike channeling water from “the southern peninsula state of Johor,” a source that lies at the center of a diplomatic row between the island and […]
Understanding the Water Regulations in Kenya The Constitution, therefore, mandates the national government the role of ensuring that all the water resources, including the international waters, are well managed and utilized to better the lives of the citizens in the nation.
The Flint Water Crisis From Marxist Perspective To understand the causes of the crisis and ways to prevent such problems in the future, it is possible to employ the Marxist approach.
Importance of Mercury Water Pollution Problem Solutions The severity of the mercury contamination consequences depends on the age of the person exposed to the contamination, the way of contamination, the health condition, and many other factors.
Water Cycle and Environmental Factors The phrase “water cycle” refers to the continuous movement of water from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere, and then back to the surface of the Earth.
Irrigation and Sustainable Water Use for Improved Crop Yield Irrigation refers to the artificial use of water to assist in agriculture and is important in the suppression of weeds especially in grain fields and in the deterrence of soil hardening.
Kantian Perspective on Water Privatisation According to the extant literature, this is a response to the experience of the global water crisis. In this case, there is the tendency to exploit in the selling of water, and the positions are […]
Como Agua Para Chocolate: Like Water for Chocolate At the end of the film, they finally find a way to be together, but after marriage Pedro dies and Tita kills herself.
Mountain Valley Spring Water Advertising The present campaign is to suggest a new type of product, mineral water in plastic bottles for children of primary school age within the existing brand category.
Sunflower Plant Growth With Minimal Water Requirements During the growth of the plant, water is necessary for transpiration and evaporation. The objective of the study was to determine whether plant type affects growth rate when using minimum water requirements.
Environmental Science: Smart Water Management Among the essential elements in human life is water, which is required for maintaining the water balance in the body and for cleanliness, as well as for many economic sectors, from agriculture to metallurgy.
Systemic Effects (Risks) of Water Fluoridation: Fluoridation Assignment Fluoride contributes to teeth development depending on the site where it is applied and the mode of entry into the system. Thus, proponents argue it is one of the safest and most effective solutions to […]
Ineffective Water Resource Management in the Hotel Industry In the context of the problem of water overuse for service production and revenue generation, the most appropriate type of assessment is a water audit.
Innovations on Energy and Water Co-Benefits In addition, the number of harmful emissions that are harmful to both people and the planet will be significantly reduced. The introduction of social innovations is to develop strategies that will solve social problems.
The Himalayan Melting Glacier Contribution to Water Scarcity in Mount Everest Planetary phenomena such as the tilt of the Earth, its distance from the Sun, temperature, and atmospheric cycles belong to the first category.
Food and Water Shortage: The Negative Effects As a result, one of the biggest challenges in the 21st century is the food and water shortage, which might lead to violence and the death of many people.
Sustaining Our Water Resources: Pharmaceuticals in Water Supply The presence of pharmaceuticals in the water supply is primarily harmful to fish and aquatic wildlife as they may impact the hormone system of living creatures, causing reproductive failure.
The Article “Where the Water Goes” by David Owen This paper highlights misconceptions about the drying of lake Mead, the importance of the Colorado River, and the causes of its scarcity in Las Vegas.
Plan Elements for Sustainable Management of Water Resources It was taken into account because it provides greater imperiousness, where the rising development of Arzaville community structures and roadways disrupts the local water cycle and floods bays and guts with significant amounts of stormwater […]
Clouds: The Water Cycle and Social Sciences As a result, when the weight increases and the droplets grow, they are released in the form of precipitations. Moreover, the movement of the water can be applied to a sociological element.
Water Pollution as a Crime Against the Environment In particular, water pollution is a widespread crime against the environment, even though it is a severe felony that can result in harm to many people and vast territories.
Water’s Role in Society and Its Applications The water table is forced higher by a dam to intensify the force of the water’s descent. In the future, water should be modified to act as a source of fuel for different machinery to […]
Water Contamination Issue in Medical Anthropology The role of water is so important that any economic or political disturbance can result in the worsening health problems of the population. The most recent and evident example of the failure in disease management […]
Water Consumption and Sleep Hygiene Practices First, I will discuss that safe and sufficient water facilitates the practice of hygiene and well-being and is a critical determining factor for health.
India’s Water Supply Improvement Plan In India, the concept of a “water crisis” is firmly established, and the future of the country largely depends on how it will be possible to dispose of the available sources of fresh water.
Water and Energy Problems in Mining Industry The goal is to find and recommend solutions for mining companies to easily access quality ore deposits in inaccessible areas. According to the second interviewee, accessibility to water and electricity are among the major challenges […]
The Water Treatment System Project The purpose of this project was to create a water treatment system that will allow for establishing and maintaining the provision of high-quality drinking water. In turn, the second part of the project includes information […]
Sustainable Development and Water-Food-Energy Nexus in Sweden The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations states that the securities of food, energy, and water are interconnected and depend on each other.
Water Quality Issues: Case Study Analysis The quality of water is an essential part of the infrastructure of a city or state, which affects the health of the population and the level of well-being.
America’s Growing Clean Water Crisis and the Resulting Diseases The current water crisis in Flint, Michigan, has focused a lot of attention on the state of water infrastructure. Lastly, there will be a not adequate amount of water to help in dissolving the nutrients […]
The Sea Water Impact on the Human Cell Hence, consuming it causes a high amount of salt without the human cell, which leads to a steep concentration gradient within the cell, thereby causing water to be drawn out, which is detrimental to the […]
Factors of the Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan The factors that caused the water crisis in this city can be considered negligence of the authorities, ambiguous and contradictory instructions of environmental protection agencies, and corruption.
Increasing Global Access to Clean Water and Sanitation As noticed by researchers, innovative solutions to achieve global clean water and sanitation are needed, and the positive partnership of various organizations and groups from different spheres and levels may help with this task.
Environmental Racism: The Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan The situation is a manifestation of environmental racism and classism since most of the city’s population is people of color and poor. Thus, the water crisis in Flint, Michigan, is a manifestation of environmental racism […]
Flint Water Crisis: Municipal Water Supply System The city of Flint was a thriving industrial center in the third quarter of the last century; however, it had economic difficulties due to the closure of several General Motors factories in the 1980s and […]
Water Quality Report: Overview Water quality reports provide information in regards to the quality of the drinking water, possible contaminants, and ways to reduce risks.
The Flint Water Crisis and Its Impact The contaminated water has lead to a number of diseases and disabilities, which, in turn, has left the city’s population with a large number of healthcare bills. In conclusion, the Flint Water Crisis is an […]
Overcoming Shortage of Drinking Water It is also possible to process saltwater into freshwater, which is the most promising way to solve the problem of water scarcity.
Financial Attractiveness of Domestic Solar Hot Water Systems: Article Review The peculiarity of the article is that the study of the authors aims to resolve urgent needs by increasing the demand for goods.
Singapore International Water Week A good example of these conferences is the Singapore International Water Week and it forms the basis for this detailed report The SIWW 2022 brings together professionals, technocrats, and government leaders to share their experiences […]
The Safe Drinking Water Act 1974: The Main Concept The act also directs EPA to report on the eminence of drinking water in the U. The SDWA calls for the EPA to publish an annual report on the drinking water in the US.
The Safe Drinking Water Act 1974: Overview The main provisions in this law were to ensure that water supplied from the source to the faucets was free from natural and artificial contaminants through water treatment and consistent supply to the public.
Is Tap Water Better and Safer for People and the Environment Than Bottled Water? In this study, I have decided to explore if tap water is better and safer for people and the environment than bottled one. Further, I will look at the impact of bottled water on people […]
The Influence of Water Quality on the Population of Salmonid Fish It is expected that populations of wild salmonid fish may decline rapidly due to water pollution instead of farmed species because the effects of water pollution are deleterious.
Rainwater Harvesting to Replenish Underground Water in India Due to the increased rates of deforestation in Rajasthan monsoon, rains started to wash down the surface levels of the soil, making the ground less fertile and eroded.
Typical Reasonably Homogeneous Equilibrium in Water It is important that the diffusion coefficient used to link the iodine concentrations in one phase to that in another account for the existence of iodide and polyiodide salts.
Creative and Critical Thinking in Case of Lack of Water In order to identify the significance of creative and critical thinking in the situation presented, it is necessary to dwell on the definition of the process of creative thinking.
Water Scarcity in Africa and Mental Disorders Partially, the reason for the lack of meaningful changes in the policies preventing the causes lies in the social stigma towards patients with mental problems.
Concept of Water Companies Furthermore, in this market formation, it is assumed that the prices do not control the market, which is contrary to the search for a life partner.
The Safe Drinking Water Act: The Discussion Post The discussion post acknowledges that the Safe Drinking Water Act has remained a powerful guideline that must be followed by different stakeholders to ensure quality and clean drinking water is available to the greatest number […]
Dehydration and Water in People’s Life It is of utmost importance since it cannot be stored in the body and replenishing of the water must occur constantly.
Energy and Air Emission Effects of Water Supply Contemporary systems meant to heat water/air explore both the heat pumps and the solar plates that are combined to form a unit with the aim of optimizing on the energy efficiency as well as solar […]
Adjustable Speed Drives Improving Circulating Water System This was concluded to be because of the many vortices that were generated as a result of the hindrance in the flow of water due to the shape defect.
Effect of Sea Water and Corrosion on Concrete On the other hand, substantial tautness, for instance due to meandering will shatter the tiny firm pattern, ending up in fracturing and disjointing of the concrete.
Oil and Water Flow in a Petroleum Reservoir While the physical model is to the scale of the original reservoir’s dimensions, a mathematical model is different. The mathematical model allows one to learn the fluid flow equation without having to develop a laboratory […]
Efficient Solar Refrigeration: A Technology Platform for Clean Energy and Water Refrigeration cycle capable to be driven by low grade energy, substituting gas-phase ejector used in conventional mechanical compressor.
Salt and Drinking Water Shortage Therefore, humanity could reveal that given that the salt would not be willing to negotiate, it is possible to extort the water from the Martians as the resources of Earth are not as essential.
Flint Water Crisis: Environmental Racism and Racial Capitalism The Flint crisis is a result of the neoliberal approach of the local state as opposed to the typical factors of environmental injustice; a polluter or a reckless emitter cutting costs. The two main factors […]
Oil-Water Separation Techniques in Qatar’s Desalination Plants In many areas of the Middle East, the proper functioning of the vital social mechanism depends on the stable supply of fresh water.
Annotated Bibliography on Water Management The importance of water management and its application in the oil industry is the primary focus of Adham et al.in this article.
Recycled Water – Is It Safe for Drinking? There are a number of barriers that always work against the desire to obtain safe drinking water from recycling plants.
Remote Sensing Monitoring the Ground Water Quality The overall view of the water quality index of the present study area revealed that most of the study area with > 50 standard rating of water quality index exhibited poor, very poor and unfit […]
A Means of Water Conservation: Irrigation System Strategy An irrigation system strategy is a cost effective strategy that achieves water efficiency that crops get sufficient water whilst minimizing negative effects of irrigation.
The Consequences of Using Tap and Bottled Water Using the word ‘walking’, the professor means searching for the required information, while ‘talking’ is a dialogue with the authors of the sources.’Cooking’ is implementing the information in the paper to achieve new conclusions, and […]
Thirstier Mineral Water: Australian Market Analysis Due to the demand of the pure water, a group of students carried out research to come up with a natural drinking mineral water to meet Australian population demands.
The Health Condition of Water Filtration for the Prevention of Gastroenteritis The medical care authorities prescribe that to lessen the danger of burning-through dirtied or defiled water is satisfactorily sifting water prior to drinking. The properties of the water channel should be checked to ensure that […]
Marketing of the Bottled Water Industry in the US The growth of the industry can then be attributed to the level of comfort that people have become accustomed to. The bottled water industry is a feasible option for investors who would like to concentrate […]
Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority The subject of the contract is the performance of construction works by Contractor for ADWEA. The term of the contract includes the time needed to execute and complete all works.
Proper Water Flow Requirements In order to ascertain the proper flow of water, standard typical sprinkler testing should be carried out on all the established water systems.
Water Scarcity Problem in Sub-Saharan Africa Since the world has water in abundance, it is necessary that more be done to address the shortage of clean water.
Water Quality Importance In a lot of areas, the water available to the public is contaminated; that is it has substances that can be of great harm to public health.
Anglo American PLC: Water Usage Sustainability Anglo American PLC, which is a well-known mining company operating as the second-largest mining company in the industry, intends to embellish the rate of sustainability to retain its global position in the critical competitive mining […]
Newark Water Crisis: Water Pollution Problem The main problem was rooted in the fact that lead levels in the drinking water were highly elevated, which is dangerous and detrimental to the population’s health.
Water Quality and the Water Board Scenario As a member of this water board one first needs to find out the level of quality of water and its source before the eruption of the drought, the clear cause of water shortage, impacts […]
Water Fluoridation Plant Analysis On the other hand, the flow meter provides the rates of water flow to the dosing facility, which interprets the amount of fluoride needed in the water.
Determination of M2+ Ions in Mineral Water Titrometry is one of the techniques that chemical analysts use to determine the concentration of metal ions in mineral water. A buffer is necessary to provide suitable pH for the complexing of EDTA with metal.
House Energy Audit: Water and Energy Consumption Review for the House 265 kWh/kL water supply The actual daily consumption in a period of 8 days of the above-mentioned utilities are calculated and recorded in the following table 2.
Pre-Construction Design Specifications: Water Piping Sub-System The criteria of complexity and implementation are related to the flexible PDS criteria of the system being powering set-up, repeatability of measurement, reduced temperature setup time, and progressive heating/cooling supply temperature.
Woburn’s Municipal Water Supply System During the subsequent 20years, “problems with the taste, odor, and supply of water from the city wells continued to arise”. To remove the fine particles, chemicals such as polymers, salts and aluminum are included in […]
Toxicology: Is Water a Toxic Substance? It is well known that the solubility of ethanol in water is unlimited. Toxicity could be a characteristic of the formation of the reactive oxygen species which can also be present in water.
The Effects of a High Consumption of Water The null hypothesis would be that increasing the daily intake of water to eight glasses a day has a positive effect on the body, especially on the skin.
FIJI Water: The Leading Producer of Bottled Water At the same time, the overall corporate culture and the company’s contribution to the development of the community are rather effective.
The Physical and Chemical Properties of Water Considering the structure in the figure above, it is evident that a molecule of water has a line of symmetry that can be traced through the water molecule, acting as a bisector of the angle […]
Biorefinery Processes and Products (Microalgae and Water Hyacinth) The biomass pulp is directed to the second biorefinery process where grains and enzymes are fed into the tank. The fermentation and bio-reactions lead to the formation of bio-products which are fed into the fourth […]
Water-Absorbing Polymers: Review Thus, to improve wetting properties of the sandy soils, prevent leaching of nutrients, and improve the yields of onions, the use of water-absorbing polymers is essential.
How a Desalination Plant Removes Salts, Minerals From Water The main objective of such processes is to convert salty water into one that is suitable for human use or in some cases for irrigation purposes.
Water for Environmental Health and Promotion The recognition of the effect of the epidemiological triangle is quite crucial, as people ought to realize the interrelationship of the host, environment and agent in the process of spreading diseases and the effect that […]
Conventional Water Treatment It is essential to note the contrast between the quality of source water and the quality of the desired treated water for better selection of the treatment process.
Water Supply and Sanitation Systems Devikilum Village The rate of pumping will depend on the rate of water recovery from the sources, and hence prior arrangement of pumping rate must be considered when installing the pump. Due to its availability and low […]
Reduced Flow of Stream Water The algae will flourish almost to the surface of the stream and this may appear like scum that is easy to notice.
“Nutrient Water” Type Drinks and Whole Milk: Evidence-Based Claims The report then goes on to conclude as to the findings of the various journals on which of the two is the better option and finally a recommendation as to the circumstances when their use […]
Women Groups in Ikombe County: Water Tanks Delivery Funding Phase one which will be implemented in the first year will target to provide four women groups with water tanks. The last phase will be accomplished in the fifth year and will provide tanks to […]
Diet and Water as an Overlooked Essential Nutrient Water is a very important nutrient in the body because it maintains homeostasis, and enhances the transport of other nutrients and minerals from their point of absorption to other parts of the body.
Parent Purchase Bottled Water With all the sweat and tears, I can feel that you must be really tired with all the work that you do. This total number of bottled water consumed excludes the water that you take […]
Designing a Controlled Water Cooling System The scope of the project is to design and build a system for cooling and heating water in tanks/reservoirs for domestic customers.
Warm Water and the Characteristics of Plaster
Aquadaf Technology – High Rate Water Clarification
Fluoride in Drinking Water, Its Costs and Benefits to Oral Health
Water Desalination in Saudi Arabia
Irrigation Water and Carbon Footprint
Domestic Water Usage Monitoring System
Nutrition: The Importance of Water for Daily Life
Water Policy Design in Toronto
People Affected by Fires and Natural Disasters Need Help With Food, Water, Shelter
Landscaping Membranes for Oil-Water Separation
Water Treatment System for Saline Bores in Cape York
Testing the Safety of Water in Canada
The Mega Corporation: Clean Water
Clean Water Change the Lives of People in Developing Countries
Sustainability: Domestic Water Usage
Privatization of Water in St. Louis
Finance for Drinking Water Infrastructure
BP: Water Use in Oil and Gas Industry
Visiting Black Rock Water Reclamation Plan
Water Scarcity: Industrial Projects of Countries That Affect the External Environment
Mapping Environmental Justice: Water and Waste Management
Virtual Water and Water-Energy-Food Nexus
California and Water Shortage
Water Policy: The Impacts of Water Trading
Water Services and Fire Fighting in Maryland
Water Service in the UK: History and Sources
Water Distribution in California
Monet’s Water Lilies: What Would Clive Bell Say?
Western Region Water Corporation’s Analysis
Water: The Element of Life
Evaluation of the Popularity of Bottled Water Over the Tap Water
Water and Energy Requirements of Curcubita Maxima
Water Purification in Saudi Arabia
321 Water as a Bottle With a Built-in Filter
Energy, Water and Capital as Factors Influencing Business
Water Purification: Process and Other Nuances
Thomas Cole’s Revelations Through Landscape and Water
Thames Water Company’s Pollution Issue and Ecocentrism
Restoration of the Natural Water Flow in the Everglades
Fresh Water System for El Salvador
Las Vegas Water Policy
Water Pollution in a Community: Mitigation Plan
Mediterranean Deep Water & Levantine Intermediate Water
North California Water Problem and Solution to It
Modern Global Issues: Drinking Water Shortage
Sharjah Electricity & Water Authority’s Creative Improvement Strategies
Domestic Water Consumption : Effect, Outcome, Feedback
Liquid Waste Disposal and Ground Water Contamination
Polluted Water and Human Diseases
Water Resource Exploitation in the Arid Lands as an Global Political Problem
Water-Based Recreational Opportunities
Market Analysis of Bottled Water
Water Efficiency in Food Production: Food Security, and Quality of Life
Food Distribution and Water Pollution
Water, Energy and Food Sustainability in Middle East
Domestication of Water: History of Swimming Pools
Analysis of Water in Wetlands for Phosphate, Nitrite, and Bacteria
Food and Water Access. Human Security Perspective
Flow: For Love of Water
Environmental Policy: Water Sanitation
Masafi Alkalife pH9 Water Advertisement
The Ongoing Problem of Lead in Drinking Water in Newark, New Jersey
Jordan’s Water Crisis and Response
Baja California Water Crisis and Its Impact
Columbia Roxx Water Company: Operations and Management Plan
The Documentary Film “Flow: For Love of Water”
Natural Sciences: Water Expansion During Freezing
Water Treatment Impact on Wheat Plant Growth
Insects and Walking on Water
Water Shortage in Somalia: Reasons and Solutions
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Internship
Fiji Water’ Environmental Effects
Bolivian Water Price Determination
Energy and Water Projects in the Middle East and North Africa
Irrigation Water Reduction Using Water-Absorbing Polymers
Public Water Supply System in New York
The Paths of Water: Hydrological Cycle
Website Usage: Bottled Water Company in Nigeria Case
All the Water on Europa: Astronomy Picture of the Day
Battled Water and Jewelry: Product Analysis
Water Management: Soft-Path Approach in Abu Dhabi
Integrated Sustainable Water Resource Management
Heavy Crude Oil Emulsification in Water
Year-Round Water Access in South Asian Countries
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority: Sustainable Management
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Strategic Options
Trends in Water Supply and Sustainable Consumption
Water Management: Best Practices
Water Maze Experiment for Hydergine Drugs Testing
Ablution Water Recycling in Mosques
Privatized Kuwaiti Ministry of Electricity and Water
Abu Dhabi Climate, Water Usage and Food Production
Chemical Contamination of Ground or Surface Water
Water Billing IT Solutions Company Business Plan
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Water Quality
Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids of Water: Lentic and Lotic Sites
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Tech Innovations
Dubai Electricity & Water Authority’s Asset Lifecycle
Dubai Electricity & Water Authority’s Cost Management
Drinking Water Distribution System
The Chippewa Cree Tribe’s Water Rights
Tribal Water Rights and Influence on the State Future
Water Quality as a Concern for Urban Areas
Solar-Powered Water Cooler System
How Saudi Arabia Can Overcome Economic Water Crisis?
Water Pollution and Associated Health Risks
California Water Shortages and Long-Term Solutions
Lake Erie Water Pollution
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority: Consultation
Preserving of the Drinkable Water Worldwide
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Employees
Drinking Water Availability and Quality in the USA
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s Empowerment
American Water Company: Users and Systems Specialists Role
Water Price Hike and Its Effects on the UK Economy
Water Drinking Increasing Skin Moisture Balance
Water Crisis Resolution and Investments
Food and Water Quality Testing Device
UAE Federal Electricity and Water Authority’s Policies
Water and Soil Resources Issues in the Middle East
Water & Air Pollution and Health Issues in Brazil
Pure Home Water Company: Business Model
Pure Home Water Company’s Environment
Disposable Water Bottle Usage by Youth Population
The Gardens of Islam: Water and Shade
Potable Water Supply in the Gulf Region
Water Resources: History and Potential Impacts
Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
The Jordan River Water Issues and Hydropolitics
Water-Energy Nexus Explained
Water Pollution in the US: Causes and Control
Smart Water Grids and Water Sustainability
Water Control Issue in the United Arab Emirates
Food and Water Waste Disposal in NYC
Dubai Electricity and Water Authority: Employee Performance
Economic View on Water and Pollution
Barwon Water Company’s Management and Service Analysis
The Nile River: Water Issues and Hydropolitics
Sustainable Strategies in Water Quality Control
Water Crisis, Oceans and Sea Turtles Issues
Water Tailing Technologies Issues
Sharjah Electricity & Water Authority’s Customer Satisfaction
Water Pollution and Management in the UAE
Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority’s Pre-Assessment Audit
EPA Rules Effect on Perchlorate in Drinking Water
Quality Management of the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority
Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company’ Demand Forecasting
Environmental Health: Lead Exposure in Water
Water Yield Re-Estimation From the Catchment Due to Bushfire
The Human Right to Water: History, Meaning and Controversy
“Vitamin-Enriched” Bottled Water: PEST Analysis
World Water Needs: Water Scarcity Problem in Australia
The Water Nexus Model in the UAE
Water Related Conflicts in Africa
Water Consumption on the Household Level
Water Paradox: “The Wealth of Nations” by Adam Smith
Water Scarcity, Marketing, and Privatisation
Reduce Chemical Spills by Using Green Water Purification
Reducing Chemical Contamination on Water
Effective Methods to Increase Water Quality
Sanitation of Reserve Resources: Unsafe Drinking Water
Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority’ Quality Planning
Water Resources Ecology: Current Issues and Strategies
Blue Gold: World Water War Documentary
Thirstier Mineral Water – Marketing
Safe Drinking Water Importance
Water Crisis in the Documentary “Chinatown”
Mars: Water and the Martian Landscape
Saving Energy Systems: Water Heater Technology
Jordan River’ Water Issues and Hydropolitics
Water Symbolism in Christianity and Islam
Banning Hosepipe Use as a Poor Solution to a Water Shortage
Criminology: Water Boarding Torture
Blue Gold: Global Water Crisis
City of Newark Public Water Supply System
Water Distribution in Boston
Environmental Studies: Water Contamination in China
Is Bottled Water Ethical?
Water Purification Process
Water Quality & Drinking Water Treatment
Dialysis Water Treatment System
Kant’s Philosophy: Water and Ethics
Water Pollution and Its Challenges
The Three Methods of Water Supply
Management of Water Supply Projects in Malaysia
Drinking and Bathing Water in Sabah
Perchlorate in Drinking Water
Impact of PPP Projects in Energy and Water Sectors in the MENA Region
Potential Reduction in Irrigation Water Through the Use of Water-Absorbent Polymers in Agriculture in UAE
Water Pollution Sources, Effects and Control
Water Resources Deterioration Consequences in the GCC Countries
Marketing Plan for Water Sensitive Nail Polish
Society’s Impact on Water Recourses
Effects of Lead and Lead Compounds on Soil, Water, and Air
Knowledge Management: Maroochy Water Services
Promotional Strategy for the New Water Based Theme Park in Darling Harbor
Marketing Strategy for Bottled Water in Hong Kong
Water Boarding as a Form of Criminal Interrogation in the US
Scarcity of Water in Saudi Arabia, Africa and Australia
The Ancient and the Medieval Worlds: The Use of Water Power
Power Water Corporation (PWC): Compiling a Business Strategy
Availability of Water Resources in United Arab Emirates
Water Shortages in the World
Chloramine in Drinking Water: When the Threat of Pollution Emerges
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water on Earth
British Petroleum Company: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Chloramine Breakdown in Drinking Water and Possible Consequences
Water Management in Houston
Cold Water Creek Comprehensive Case
“Water and Pollution” Class Game
Global Water Scarcity Causes and Solutions
Technologies in Improving Air Quality Management Due to Waste Water
Environmental Justice and Water: Quality, Affordability and Sustainable Use. Facing the Dilemmas of the XXI Century
Water Quality and Treatment
Water in Crisis: Public Health Concerns in Africa
Water War in the Middle East
Reclamation of Grey Water & Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment
Factors Affecting Access to Water Resources in South Asia, the Middle East and the Nile River Basin
Water War in Bolivia
Bottled Water: Tropical Spring Water Company
Protecting Water Resources in South Asia
Can Hot Water Freeze Faster Than Cold Water?
Water Wars in Bolivia
Water Consumption in the World
Political Ecology and Water Resources
The Issue of Bottled Water Consumption
Design Systems. Water Supply & Sanitation
Drinking Water and Culture in the Valley of Mexico
Water Usage in University of Ottawa
Air and Water Pollution
Critical Book Analysis – Blue Gold: The Battle Against Corporate Theft of the World’s Water by Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke
Green Buildings and Their Efficiency Water Consumption
Water Resources and Usage
The Planning Action to Bring Water to the Town Population
The “Bling H2O” as the Luxury Bottled Water
Privatization of the World’s Water and Wars of Water
The Effect of Animal Reburial on the Soil Structure and Water
Analysis of High Recovery Brackish Water Desalination Processes using Fuel Cells by Rajindar Singh
The Entrance of Bling H2O Into the Bottled Water Market
Australian, Perth Water Supply Crisis
Bottled Water Effect on Environment and Culture
Environmental and Cultural Impact of Bottled Water
The Privatization or Commodification of Water
Western Water Company Overview
Water Resources in Economic
Water Regional Police Services Project Implementation
Biblical Living Water Explained
Providing Access to Clean Water
The Global Water Shortage
Water Consumption in the UAE: Analyzing the Past Mistakes, Designing the Future Strategy
Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins
Mineral and Water Function
Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution
Water Balance in Berkeley and Terre Haute
Water Pollution & Diseases (Undeveloped Nations)
Trend Analysis: Water Scarcity Issue
Water and Water Pollution in Point of Economics’ View
Water Scarcity and Its Effects on the Environment
The Water Distribution System of Springfield City
Safety of Recycled Water for Drinking
Diffusion of Water as the Important Factor in the Development Egypt and in United States
Environmental Justice Issues Affecting African Americans: Water Pollution
Threats to Water Availability in Canada
Economics of Water Bottling
Dubai Water & Electricity Company
Pesticide Usage and Water Scarcity
Why the Water Bears are the Most Appropriate Animals to Send to Mars for Human Research
Water Pollution and Wind Energy
Description of the Water Resource Problem (Origins)
Air and Water Pollution in Los Angeles
Classification of Water-Related Diseases
Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts
Water Distribution System in Spain
Water Distribution System Used by the State of Texas
Company Profile: Western Water
Water Crisis in UAE
Water Pollution Origins and Ways of Resolving
Mud Lick Creek Project – Fresh Water Pollution
Water Quality Issues in Developing Countries
Comparison of Secondary and Tertiary Waste Water Management
Housing; Safety of Beach Water Users
Water Distribution System in Boston
Water Resources Management
Does Salt Affect the Freezing Point of Water?
What Is the Biggest Problem Concerning Water Today?
Does Too Much Water Help Plants Grow More Rapidly?
How Can Leaders Tackle With Water Pollution in China?
How Are Farmers Growing More Crops With Less Water Than Before?
What Is the Healthiest Type of Water to Drink?
How Does Human Activity in Watersheds Affect the Water Quality of Lakes?
Will We Ever Run Out of Water?
How Does the Temperature of Water Affect How Fast Sugar Can Dissolve?
How Harmful Can Bottled Water Be?
What Factors Affect the Cooling of Hot Water in a Container?
What Are the Two Main Problems With Water?
Why Diverting Water From the Great Lakes Region Is a Bad Idea?
What Are the Benefits of Drinking Water?
How Much Water Should People Drink?
Why Bottled Water Should Be Free?
What Is the Proper Way to Drink Water?
What Is the Best Time to Drink Water?
Who Is the Biggest Water Company?
What Are the Challenges for Water Industry?
What Is the Value of the Water Industry?
Why Do 785 Million People Lack Access To Clean Water?
What Is the Best Selling Water?
Which Type of Water Is the Purest and Safest To Drink?
How Are Water Companies Funded?
How Does Drinking Water Pollution Impact the World?
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Essay on Water for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water.

Water is one of the most important substances for life on earth to function. It is equally important for humans as well as animals. Water does not merely help us survive, but it is significant for our day to day functioning. It has numerous uses when we come to think about it. Majority of our earth is covered with water itself, but, not all of it is safe for consumption. Therefore, it makes it essential for us to utilize this transparent substance chemical wisely. Moreover, if we look at the shortage of water happening in our country, it makes it all the more important to conserve it immediately.

Uses of Water

As we have already said that water has numerous uses, we will see where it is used. This part will most importantly help us realize the importance of water . It will make humans aware of what absence of water in the following areas can do to human life. As India’s main occupation is agriculture, water is exhaustively used here. Irrigation and cattle rearing requires a lot of water. Thus, a lot of farmers’ livelihood depends on it.

Further, industries use water for various purposes. It comes in handy when cooling, manufacturing and transporting several goods. For instance, thermal power plants consume quite a substantial amount of water for their running.

Furthermore, the domestic use of water cannot be left behind. In the day to day life of the common man, water plays a vital role. That is to say, from drinking water to washing utensils, we need water every step of the way.

After that, plants need water to survive and make food. It is one of the main elements which help them grow. Hence, water is extremely important for humans, animals, and plants to survive .

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Do not Waste Water

While water is quite essential and yet so scarce, however, people fail to realize this fact. They waste water with little or no care for the results of this activity. There are various ways in which one can avoid wasting water . To begin with, all households must get their leaking taps checked. They should fix them immediately as every drop is precious.

Similarly, we must choose buckets instead of showers for bathing. This is a very debatable topic and it needs to be settled. Showers waste a lot of water, so people must prefer buckets. This particular habit is quite commonly found in most of the households. People do not turn off their taps while brushing their teeth and washing utensils. Always remember to keep the tap off when doing so.

In addition, encourage rainwater harvesting system in all homes. This can help conserve water like never before.

In short, water is essential for the survival of mankind. But, it is, unfortunately, being waster rapidly. Every citizen and government must come together to tackle this issue. Governments must ensure all areas get water equally. On the other hand, citizens must keep in mind to use it wisely and not waste it unnecessarily.

FAQs on Water

Q.1 State the importance of water.

A.1 Water is of the utmost importance for human and animal life. It gives us water to drink. It also comes in great use for farmers and industries. Even common man requires water for various purposes like drinking, cleaning, bathing and more.

Q.2 List the ways to avoid wastage of water.

A.2 Everyone must avoid wasting water. We can do so by fixing our leaking taps, avoiding showers for bathing, and turning off taps when brushing. Furthermore, we can adopt rainwater harvesting system to conserve water.

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Water dispenser science project working model for school science exhibition diy easily

Introduction.

In this topic, we are going to show you how to make a water dispenser for your science project or exhibitions.

Water dispenser is designed in such a way that consumers can get both cold and hot water which is free from pollutant or impurity that is usually present in contaminated water.

There is a wide range of water dispensers such as hot, cold water dispenser, floor mounted, bottom loaded and tabletop.

Top loaded water dispenser helps to get clean and pure water at any time. Its storage capacity is generally up to 3 Liters.

How to make An Water Dispenser Model Step by Step Video

In this video, we will show you the following steps and items that can be used to build water dispenser at home by taking help freely from your parents.

Materials Used to make Water Dispenser – DIY

Sketch Pens
White Chart Papers
Water bottle
Hot Glue Gun
Waste Boxes for Water Dispenser
Scissor to Cut
Questions & Answers

Prepare for Science Fair Questions & Answers – Water Dispenser Model

What is the use of water dispenser? A device that dispenses water is called water dispenser. It provides easy access to drinking water.
Who invented water dispenser? The water dispenser was invented by Halsey Willard Taylor and Luther Haws.
What is meant by water dispenser? A water dispenser is a machine that refrigerates and dispenses water with a refrigeration unit.
Is filtered water better than bottled water? Filtered water is healthier than normal tap or bottled water assuming that filters are replaced frequently.
How much electricity does a water dispenser use? Cold water cooler uses 0.3kWh per day whereas hot and cold water cooler uses 2.8kWh per day.
What is the function of water dispenser? Water dispensers play a vital role in the modern world. It basically facilitates the easy supply of pure drinking water. Quite useful equipment and can supply hot, cold and moderate water. It plays a vital role in many places like workplaces, hospitals, restaurants and public places for storing clean and pure drinking water.
Does water dispenser purify water? No, water dispenser is used only to delivers water from the water bottle source. Hence if there are no water bottles available then there is no water available in the dispenser. Bottled dispensers use pre-filtered bottled water hence they do not contain filter inside them.

Conclusions

Water dispensers have helped human beings by providing us with clean purified water by eliminating impurities and dust particles from contaminated water.

Water Essay in English

Introduction.

Can you imagine a day in your life when you have not drunk a single glass of water? It is hard for us to think about life in the absence of water. What is it in life that we do not depend on water – for bathing, drinking, washing? Even though 70% of the Earth is covered by water, our careless use and actions have resulted in rendering much of freshwater unusable due to water pollution. Therefore, we must instil the importance of water in kids from an early age, and the uses of water essay will be suitable for them.

Uses of Water

We have already seen the uses of water in our daily lives, but to understand the importance of water, we must think of a scenario where water becomes scarce. The water essay in English will dive into the different uses of water in various fields, which will help kids know more about water problems due to inadequacy and their consequences.

If you think that only humans require water, you are wrong, as plants and animals also depend on water for many purposes. Just like human beings and all other living beings, plants need water to grow, make food and stay alive. On the other hand, some animals and creatures thrive on water surfaces, and they wouldn’t be able to live without water.

We live in a country where agriculture is the main source of income and food for many families. What do you think will happen if there is no water to cultivate the crops? Just like we won’t get good yields from the farm, we might find it difficult to keep ourselves from starving due to the lack of water. Besides, most industries and factories also require water to run their machines, and it is also a medium of transport for goods and people through the sea. You can also think about the extent of the use of water when a fire breaks out in a building. Thus, it is clear that water is the end of all, and be all of life on Earth.

Concerns about Water Usage

Since water is available to us in plenty, let us see how we misuse it for our needs in this water essay in English. At some point in our lives, we have wasted water; remember when you opened the tap and kept the water running when you were putting soap on your hands or switched on the shower and stood under it for a long time?

Despite the majority of the Earth being covered by water, we must realise that all of it is not safe for consumption. Moreover, polluting the water resources by dumping waste will harm aquatic life. The population is increasing, and so is the water demand. If we conserve water now, we will be saving future generations. To discover more exciting essays , stories and poems for kids, check out BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Water Essay in English

How can we save water.

We can save water by following simple measures, like repairing leaking pipes, turning off the tap while brushing our teeth and switching to using buckets and mugs for bathing instead of showers. We can also install a rainwater harvesting system in our homes to save water.

Why is water considered to be essential?

Water is the most important element on Earth that supports and sustains life. Although water is available in abundance, it cannot be renewed. So, we must use it carefully as we will not be able to live a day without water.

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10 Best Water Dispensers for Home and Commercial Use

Do you know that water can help you lose weight, improve your complexion, and increase your energy levels? But only if it’s clean and of good quality.

We reviewed 32 products and selected 10 best water dispensers with the Avalon A3BLK being our top pick. We looked at different types of dispensers: bottom-loading, top-loading, countertop, and bottleless models because they differ in terms of design and features. We also took into consideration the capacity as you want a dispenser that can hold enough water for your needs. Next, we evaluated the options available for water temperature output so you can customize your drink. After that, we assessed the dimensions that would take up minimal space and the type of bottles that are compatible with these brands.

Quick Summary
Editor’s Choice: Avalon A3BLK "A sleekly designed bottom-loading water dispenser with 3 water temperature options; Energy Star approved"
Premium Pick: Global Water G3-RO "With this unit, you’ll forget about a need to replace the bottle every now and again as it features an integrated reverse osmosis system"
Most Accurate Water Temperature: Brio CLBL520SC "This model features compact design, is compatible with 3- and 5-gallon bottles, and also has a night light"
Best Top-loading Water Dispenser: Magic Chef MCWD30TS "A stylish 5-gallon water dispenser that operates at 42dB and has 2 water temperature output options"
Best Filtration System: Brio CLPOURO420SCV2 "A sleek black water dispenser with an integrated reverse osmosis system to never deal with those bulky water bottles again"
Best for Making Coffee: Primo hTRiO "This appliance is not only a source of piping hot and ice-cold water, but a way to brew single serve beverages with K-Cups or grounds"
Best Value: AQUAWELL WD-002 "An affordable top-loading model with a child safety lock and 2 temperature outputs"
Easiest to Install: hOmelabs HME030236N "3 temperatures outputs, 3/5-gallon bottles compatibility, an LED night light – this unit has everything you need"
Most Compact: Avalon A1 CT "The best solution for those limited on space: this countertop model will become your lifesaver"
Best Bottleless Water Dispenser: Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser "Another bottleless model that can provide you with hot, ambient or cold water and features a separate connect port for coffee makers"

Top 10 Water Dispensers Review 2024

Avalon A3BLK

Type: bottom-loading
Temperatures: 3; crisp cold, cool, or piping hot
Bottle volume: 3/5 gal.
Dimensions: 13 x 12 x 41 inches
Warranty: 1-year limited

More features: empty bottle indicator; UL/Energy Star approved

Our Editor’s Choice is a UL-listed, Energy Star-rated, and bestselling bottom loading water dispenser on Amazon. It comes in a sleek and durable 304 stainless steel tank and 3 adjustable temperature settings for crisp cold, cool, or piping hot water. Avalon A3 dispenses cold water at 47° F and hot water at 185° F. It fits 3 or 5-gallon water bottles, and an indicator light notifies you when the bottle needs to be refilled. The instant water dispenser uses push-button spouts, and the hot water faucet has a child safety lock that prevents scalding accidents. The area below the spout is 9 inches to accommodate large bottles and cups, and a drip tray prevents spillage from overflow. At the back of the unit are power switches that can be turned on or off separately to heat and cool water and a nightlight switch for visibility at night. Another useful function of this bottom loading water dispenser is its self-cleaning capability, which should be carried out weekly to sanitize the water lines and the tank. To do this, press and hold the self-cleaning switch for 5 seconds and then release it. A green light indicator will blink throughout the process, and then stop when the task is completed. The cleaning time is half an hour, and you should avoid dispensing water during that period. Avalon A3 is pretty quiet. The main reported issues include leakage and missing instructions on the initial flushing and the self-cleaning cycle.

Bottom-loading cabinet
Self-cleaning function
Built-in nightlight
3 water output settings
Fits large cups
UL/Energy Star approved
Missing instructions
Our 1 pick for the: best Bottom Loading Water Dispenser

Global Water G3-RO

Type: bottleless
Temperatures: 2; hot and cold
Bottle volume: N/A
Dimensions: 2 x 14.2 x 40.5 inches

More features: analog electronics; integrated reverse osmosis system

This dual temperature water dispenser features a 4-stage integrated reverse osmosis filtration system to ensure you always have constant supply of clean water. These include 3 EZ twist filters of sediment, pre-carbon, and post-carbon and a reverse osmosis membrane made of 50gpd thin film composite. Since the Global Water G3-RO uses analog electronics, there is no learning curve, and the unit will continue to purify your water during a power outage. Push the buttons to dispense cold and hot water. There are also two independent switches in the rear for hot and cold water, and you can toggle them to save energy. Bottleless water dispensers such as the Global Water G3-RO require connection to a supply line and a 1/4 tube connection to a waste line. The Company also offers the option of single supply line for this model and replacement filters. We like the protective scald guard on the hot spout and the inclusion of fittings for the drain for buyers who opt for reverse osmosis, which eliminates all fluoride from the water. The drawbacks of this water cooler dispenser are the flimsy construction and the high cost, which could add up if a professional plumber installs it.

4-stage filtration
Optional single supply line option
Independent switches
Scald guard
Includes fitting kit
Requires water supply and drain lines

Brio CLBL520SC

Temperatures: 3; hot, room, and cold
Dimensions: 5 x 12 x 40.5 inches

More features: night light; child safety lock

The Brio CLBL520SC features a bottom load cabinet that eliminates the strain of flipping over heavy bottles and keeps the bottle out of sight. It comes with a built-in nightlight that enables you to see the spouts and the removable drip tray in a dim environment. The tri-temp water cooler allows you to choose from crisp cold, room-temperature, and piping hot water to quench your thirst and make your favorite beverages. The water temperature output is 170° F for hot and 44.8° F for cold. The room temperature water is dispensed a little slower than hot and cold water. As a protective measure against mishaps, this model is equipped with a child safety lock positioned above the dispensing button. Other useful features include ozone self-cleaning mechanism that is activated by pressing and holding a button at the back of the water dispenser for 5 seconds, and a bacteria-repellent splash guard that protects your water from impurities when refilling your cup or bottle. Brio CLBL520SC has a bottle capacity of 3 to 5 gallons. You should use the two tabs to slide the adapter upwards or downwards to fit smaller bottles. We like the self-sanitizing function and the smudge-proof stainless-steel finish. Some buyers received their water dispensers with dents, and others had issues with the noise and the water tasting funny. However, they praise the outstanding customer support for providing solutions quickly. They are also pleased with the precise temperature output, especially the steaming hot water.

Self-sanitization
Smudge-proof finish
Precise temperature output
Bottom load cabinet
Bacteria-repellent splash guard
Fairly loud
Funny taste
Our 2 pick for the: best Bottom Loading Water Dispenser

Magic Chef MCWD30TS

Type: top-loading
Bottle volume: 5 gal.
Dimensions: 12 x 12.6 x 38.6 inches

More features: 42dB operation; BPA-free parts; food-grade 304 stainless steel tank

The Magic Chef MCWD30TS comes with a food-grade 304 stainless steel tank and certified BPA-free components for water safety. It is compatible with bottles with a capacity of 5 gallons. When you first receive your water dispenser, you should fill it with water, turn on the hot water feature and let the water cycle in the tank for a while, and then use it to flush the unit to avoid and aftertaste. Although there are light indicators when the water dispenser is cooling or heating, there is no nightlight to help you dispense water in dark environments. Magic Chef MCWD30TS is one of the best 5-gallon water dispensers that can operate quietly since it generates only 42 decibels of sound. We like the minimalistic look that blends seamlessly with other appliances, the ability to access cold and hot water whenever we wish, and the safety lock switch on the lever for hot water. The unit can also run with the hot water function turned off to lower your utility bills. The main complaint from owners is the effort and time it takes to peel off the clear plastic film that covers the unit, particular where it is trapped in the crevices, while avoiding scratching the exterior silver finish. Fortunately, this does not affect the performance. As a top-loading water cooler that only works with 5-gallon bottles, refilling it could be inconvenient. Some customers also report an initial chemical taste that disappears after a few uses.

Independent cooling and heating function
BPA-free material
Light indicators
Safety lock
Suits most decor
Difficult to peel off plastic film
Initial chemical taste
No nightlight

Brio CLPOURO420SCV2

Temperatures: 3; cold, room, and hot

More features: integrated reverse osmosis system

The Brio CLPOURO420SCV2 is a bottleless hot water dispenser which comes with an integrated reverse osmosis system with four filters to purify water and eliminate fluoride, bacteria, and other contaminants. Units that utilize reverse osmosis require ¼-inch T-fitting to a permanent drain, although you will have to manually drain the overflow part of the filter that collects in the rustproof BPA-free drip tray. All you have to do is drill the holes to connect to the permanent drain because everything else you need is provided with the unit, including a water line that you can connect to any kitchen sink water supply. To install the tubing, push in the water inlet hole collar at the back of the unit to remove the safety plug. The water tank and lines are sanitized through self-cleaning ozone. The downside to this is the large amount of water that is wasted in the process. There is a red safety child lock handle that you press in while pressing down the lever simultaneously to dispense hot water. Customers like the ease of installation, the exceptional customer service, and the advanced filtration system that purifies water to taste as good as bottled water and make this a top-rated water filter dispenser. You can dispense water at cold, room, and hot temperature. Some of the users wish the water tank was bigger. To keep your water clean, the manufacturer recommends replacing the filter after every 6 months.

Includes installation tools and filters
Integrated reverse osmosis system
Self-cleaning ozone
Rustproof drip tray
Great customer support
No aftertaste
Wastes a lot of water

Primo hTRiO

Dimensions: 2 x 14.2 x 43.5 inches

More features: brews single serve beverages in 6, 8, and 10 oz. sizes using K-Cup pods or grounds

The Primo hTRiO incentivizes customers with coupons for Primo water that you can redeem at several retail locations. A built-in storage tray that fits 20 K-Cup pods and the capacity to brew single serve beverages in 6, 8, and 10 ounces makes this model the best instant water dispenser for coffee aficionados. It even includes a reusable coffee filter so you can use your own ground coffee and a nightlight that would be convenient for late-night replenishment. The unit features two temperature settings for hot and cold water and a bottom loading cabinet that makes refilling water effortless. A red button which you have to push to dispense hot water adds an extra layer of safety against accidental operation. The Energy Star rated and UL-listed dispenser is compatible with 3 or 5-gallon bottles, and the removable drip tray is dishwasher safe for quick cleaning. Some of the customers have complained of red light flashing nonstop even when the bottles are full and the coffee maker malfunctioning after a while. This hot water dispenser also brews only two 10-ounce cups of coffee at a time. You have to wait for 12 minutes for the water to reheat before making another batch. Other than that, it is one of the best water dispensers for brewing coffee in small homes and offices.

Water coupons
Reusable coffee filter
Built-in storage
3 or 5-gallon bottle capacity
Dishwasher safe drip tray
Varied single-serve options
Does not self-clean
Some units malfunction
Waiting time between batches

AQUAWELL WD-002

Dimensions: 4 x 14 x 40.2 inches

More features: child safety lock; storage cabinet

The AQUAWELL WD-002 has few reviews because it is a relatively new model that was released in 2018, but majority of the ones we could find have rated it highly as the best water dispenser for homes. It is a freestanding top-loading water dispenser that is compatible with a stand 3 or 5-gallon bottle. This makes it easy to keep an eye on the water level from a distance. It offers two temperature settings of 41℉ and 203℉ for cold and hot water respectively, and the power switches at the rear for heating and cooling work independently. There are three indicator lights located above the two spouts, and the hot water outlet includes a child safety lock feature. The tanks are made of durable food-grade stainless-steel that also eliminates the plastic taste that is common with other brands during initial use. Owners like the silver color, which looks modern and sleek, and the bottom storage cabinet that provides more room for your cups, coffee, and bottles. A sizeable number of potential buyers seem to think this storage compartment is refrigerated, which is not the case. Some of the users find the water lukewarm instead of cold but admit that it makes a good hot water dispenser. We also found the instructions slightly confusing because of the poor English.

Storage cabinet
Food-grade stainless steel material
Hot and cold options
Indicator lights
Independent power switches
No weird taste
Child safety lock
Sleek design
Water is not cold
Unclear instructions

hOmelabs HME030236N

Dimensions: 2 x 14.2 x 40.9 inches
Warranty: 2-year limited

More features: LED night light

The hOmelabs HME030236N is a bottom-loading water dispenser that comes with 3 settings for hot, cold, and room temperature. It dispenses hot water at 185°F and cold water at 49°F. The reservoir is compatible with bottles with a capacity of 3 to 5 gallons, and a red light alerts you when to refill the bottle. The pump runs continuously when you fill the tanks for initial use. This water dispenser also includes a drip tray that can be easily removed and cleaned with gentle soap and warm water. The three push-buttons at the top panel are labeled clearly, and the two On/Off switches at the back work independently so you can disable either of the settings for hot and cold water to conserve energy without having to unplug the water dispenser. This makes it one of the best hot water dispensers with Energy Star rating. Buyers like the easy installation and cleaning, child safety lock feature, and the black stainless steel exterior that does not leave fingerprints. They also appreciate that it does not leak. Unfortunately, the hOmelabs HME030236N does not have self-cleaning ability. Some users have also noted a metallic taste and a rumbling noise when the compressor turns off. A number of them eliminated the strange taste by flushing the unit with more than the one quart of water suggested in the manual. It is also recommended to clean the unit after every 6 months and sanitize it quarterly.

Removable drip tray
Independent on/off switches
3 temperature settings
LED nightlight
Refill indicator
No self-cleaning function
Metallic taste
Slightly loud

Avalon A1 CT

Type: top-loading; countertop
Temperatures: 2; crisp cold and piping hot
Dimensions: 12 x 12 x 19 inches

More features: child safety lock; press-paddle spouts

In addition to the affordable pricing, what makes Avalon A1 CT a contender for the best countertop water dispenser is the generous height of 7 inches that allows you to fit large cups and bottles under the spout and the large drip tray that prevents spillage. The compact model has dimensions of 12 x 12 x 19 inches, so it would be an ideal addition for small hotel rooms and offices. You can get crisp cold and piping hot water at temperature of 47° F and 180° F respectively, and the child safety lock on the hot water faucet deters curious toddlers from accidental burns. Avalon A1 CT features press-paddle spouts and a top-loading design that makes it convenient to monitor the water level. It is compatible with bottles that hold 3 and 5 gallons of water. According to reviews from verified buyers, a few people find the water not cold or hot enough for their liking. Users who may find the water not sufficiently cold are advised to adjust the thermostat at the back of the unit. To do this, you have to remove the coils and the cover to turn the dial. There are also reported leakages with some of the units. Otherwise, majority of the customers are pleased with the small size, sleek appearance and the quiet operation.

Compact size
Fits large cups and bottles
2 temperature settings
3 and 5-gallon bottle capacity
Elegant design
Large drip tray
Water not cold or hot enough

Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser

More features: equipped with Ice/Café connect; ULTRA+3 Filtration System

The Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser is a versatile water dispenser for homes because it is equipped with an ULTRA+3 Filtration System functions that enables it to function as a water purifier, sterilizer, and temperature optimizer. Another noteworthy feature is the Ice/Café Connect port that allows you to supply water to ice makers and coffee machines. The Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser provides purified water at hot, room, and cold temperature. It makes a valuable investment because each set of the four replaceable filter pods purifies approximately 7,200 ½-liter bottles of water and saves you money on bottled water. You will also reduce your utility bills since it is certified by Energy Star for efficient use of energy. You can also turn off the hot water feature at the back. The freestanding bottleless model comes with an installation kit consisting of 25 feet of ¼-inch white tubing, two ¼-inch quick connect shutoff valves, a 3-way sink adapter valve, and a filter flushing attachment. Customers like the spacious fill opening of approximately 9.2 inches, the stainless steel tank that eliminates a plastic taste, and the child safety lock for the hot water faucet. The fact that this water filter dispenser connects to your existing water line and does not require a drain line is a bonus. The disadvantage is that it only uses Kenmore’s proprietary filters. Each of the filters has a different replacement period.

ULTRA+3 Filtration System
Ice/Café Connect
3 temperature options
Stainless steel tank
Ample fill opening
Energy-efficient
Includes installation kit
Not compatible with standard filters
Things to Consider

We cannot stress enough how important it is to consume clean and safe water. A good way to achieve this is by investing in the best water dispenser for homes which will provide instant access to purified cold and hot water on demand. These appliances come with filters, varied temperature settings, and different designs. We will expound on these key features in this buying guide.

Why you need a water dispenser

10 Best Water Dispensers for Home and Commercial Use

Instant clean water: Water filter dispensers provide immediate access to clean and safe water on demand. The Global Water G3-RO , the Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser , and the Brio CLPOURO420SCV2 feature advanced multiple-stage filtration that removes contaminants.
Versatile drinks: The best water dispenser for home and office use dispenses hot, cold and room temperature water so you can customize the output for your soup, coffee, water and other refreshments.
Eco-friendly and cost-saving: These appliances save money and the environment because you reuse and refill the water bottles.
Compact designs: A countertop water dispenser fits easily in small spaces, and a bottom loading water dispenser with a cabinet where you quickly slide in the refilled water bottle and keep it out of sight would be ideal for a busy office.
Low maintenance: The Avalon A3 , the Brio CLPOURO420SCV2 come with self-cleaning features and

Features to consider when choosing a water dispenser

We look at the key features to consider when choosing the best water filter dispenser that will remove fluoride, bacteria, and other impurities from your tap water.

Top- or bottom-loading? Maybe countertop? Or bottleless?

Instant water dispensers are available in a variety of styles which differ in design and features; top-loading, bottom-loading, countertop, and bottleless models.

In top-loading water cooler dispensers such as the Magic Chef MCWD30TS and the AQUAWELL WD-002 , the bottle is positioned on top of the unit, and water is dispensed through gravity. The advantage of this type is that it is cheap, easy to set up, and you can easily monitor the water level. However, you have to lift and flip the filled bottle, and the tank is also exposed.

Bottom-loading water dispensers feature a bottom cabinet that holds 3- or 5-gallon bottles. They use a pump to dispense water, and they are more convenient to refill and load water bottles which are also stored discreetly out of sight. This gives them a clean and elegant appearance as we can see in the hOmelabs HME030236N , the Avalon A3 , and the Brio CLBL520SC .

A countertop water dispenser like the Avalon A1 CT is a compact appliance with a small footprint that would be ideal for small offices and studio houses. It either uses water bottles or connects to an existing water line.

Instead of using bottles, a bottleless water cooler dispenser connects to your existing water supply line and a drain line. It removes impurities through advanced filtration systems such as the reverse osmosis featured in the Global Water G3-RO and the Brio CLPOURO420SCV2 , and the ULTRA+3 Filtration System utilized by the Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser .

Water temperature output

At minimum, the best instant water dispensers should have cooling and heating capabilities to give you more options for water, cold refreshments, and other beverages. Confirm the water temperature for hot and cold settings that is specified by the manufacturer before making your purchase. For instance, the Avalon A3 dispenses cold water at 47° F and hot water at 185° F and the Brio CLBL520SC has water temperature output of 170° F for hot and 44.8° F for cold.

Consider products like the Global Water G3-RO , the AQUAWELL WD-002 , and the hOmelabs HME030236N that have independent power switches for cooling and heating that can be turned on or off separately to save energy.

Which bottles it works with

Knowing the bottle capacity of a water dispenser will help you to find the product that can accommodate a wide range of sizes. For example, the Magic Chef MCWD30TS is only compatible with 5-gallon water bottles, while other 5-gallon water dispensers such as the Primo hTRiO also fit 3 and 4 gallon bottles.

The ideal dimensions will depend on where the instant water dispenser will be positioned, and the level of water demand since dispensers with a high capacity are typically bigger. A countertop water dispenser would suit a small hotel room or a kitchen with several other appliances.

The Avalon A1 CT has dimensions of 12 x 12 x 19 inches compared to the top-loading AQUAWELL WD-002 , which measures 14.4 x 14 x 40.2 inches. Since the water bottle is hidden away in bottom-loading dispensers, this type tends to be relatively smaller than traditional designs.

Warranty provides insurance against defective and malfunctioning units. Some brands offer different lengths of warranty for the compressor and the unit itself.

One year is the general warranty period for most water dispensers for home use. This applies to every product we have featured with the exception of the hOmelabs HME030236N , which comes with a warranty of 2 years.

Other features

Self-cleaning: Models like the Avalon A3 and the Brio CLBL520SC have this capability that reduces maintenance. When you press the switch, ozone is released into the water to kill bacteria and bio-films, and then it is converted to oxygen and emitted out when the cleaning cycle is completed.

Noise: A key feature to look for in the best bottom loading water dispenser is the level of noise produced by the pump and compressor. Top-loading products have fewer components because they use gravity to dispense water and are, therefore, quieter. For instance, the Magic Chef MCWD30TS produces 42 decibels of sound.

Handles: A water cooler dispenser with handles is easy to move around.

Materials used: Plastic free of Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used in water dispensers for small homes and offices because it is light in weight. But stainless steel is the preferred material because it is durable, and your water will not have the initial plastic or chemical taste that is associated with plastic appliances.

Child safety lock: This function is installed in a hot water dispenser to prevent your little ones from operating it.

Night light: A convenient feature that will improve visibility in dim environments to avoid spillage and scalding accidents.

Storage cabinet: This provides additional space for your cups, coffee pods, and other kitchen ingredients. The AQUAWELL WD-002 has a bottom compartment, and Primo hTRiO comes with a built-in storage tray that fits 20 K-Cup pods. This makes it the best hot water dispenser for brewing single serve beverages in 6, 8, and 10 ounces.

Filter lifespan: Bottleless models like the Global Water G3-RO come with multiple filters for advanced water purification. Consider a filter that would last for a minimum of half months to avoid accumulating large expenses on frequent replacement. The ULTRA+3 Filtration set that is included with Kenmore Water Cooler Dispenser purifies approximately 7,200 ½-liter bottles of water before it requires replacement, making this the best water filter dispenser.

Empty-bottle indicator: The light blinks to alert you when you need to refill.

Energy efficiency: Energy Star and UL certifies products that adhere to the guidelines set for safety and efficient energy. A hot water dispenser that includes pumps and compressors can hike your utility bills, but models such as Primo hTRiO that have been approved by authorized bodies would be more efficient. Instant water dispensers with Energy Star rating consume approximately 30 percent less energy than non-certified products.

Maintenance tips
Flush the unit with hot water to prime it for initial use and to remove any residual smell. Consult the product’s manual for instructions on how to do this as well as maintenance cleaning.
Even self-cleaning water dispensers for home and office need to be cleaned regularly to prevent accumulation of bacteria and biofilm. The U.S. Department of Energy recommends cleaning your instant water dispenser with every bottle replacement or after every 6 weeks.
Always unplug the unit before you start cleaning it.
Prepare a bleach solution, preferably unscented, consisting of one tablespoon of bleach for each gallon of water. Apply it on stains for up to 5 minutes to prevent abrasion.
Make a solution of vinegar and water in a ratio of 1:3. You could add lemon juice to this mixture if you wish.
Use a wet sponge or soft cloth to clean the internal parts and then wipe it dry before reassembling it.
After reassembling the water cooler dispenser, drain the water through the faucet for a while to remove any remnants of soap, vinegar or bleach.
How often will I have to replace the filter in a bottleless model?
How does self-cleaning work?
How loud is the operation?
Our verdict

The Avalon A3 is a bestseller that provides cold water at a minimum temperature of 47° F and hot water at a maximum temperature of 185° F. It is compatible with 3 and 5-gallon water bottles and a filling area of 9 inches fits large cups. It is also fairly quiet, an impressive feat for a bottom-loading water dispenser that is equipped with a pump and compressor.

The Global Water G3-RO is a Premium bottle-less water cooler dispenser with a multiple-stage reverse osmosis filtration system, user-friendly analog electronics, and a protective scald guard on the hot spot. It comes with the installation kit you need to connect to supply and drain lines.

The Brio CLBL520SC has a compact design is compatible with 3- and 5-gallon bottles, and also has a night light, making it one of the best water dispensers.

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Help library

Lg refrigerator - ice maker and water dispenser troubleshooting.

Troubleshooting

At a Glance

Most issues related to fridge ice or water dispensers can be resolved by following a few troubleshooting steps. If you are experiencing problems related to ice, water or your water filter, this guide will provide you detailed troubleshooting steps to resolve the dispensing issues.

If you are experiencing an error code please note that your ice and water dispenser will not function. Please visit our Error Codes - Refrigerator article to resolve the error code.

Is the issue you are experiencing related to Ice or Water?

Which of the following are you experiencing?

No Ice/Water Supply Issue
Ice Doesn't Dispense/Ice Clumping
Tray Will Not Turn Upright
Cannot Remove Ice Bucket
Not Enough Ice
Ice Tray Overfilling with Water
Ice Tastes/Smell Bad
Particles in the Ice
Dispenses Crushed Ice when Set to Cubed
Not Enough Ice Storage Capacity
Water or Ice Continuously Dispense
The Different Shapes of Craft Ice
Water Leaking from Dispenser
Water Does not Dispense
Slow Water Dispensing
Not Enough Water
Water is Not Cold From Dispenser
Water Tastes/Smells Bad
Controls Don't Work
Water Filter Installation
Order Replacement Water Filter
Remove Stuck Air Filter

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How-To Geek

Need a gpu cooler here's what to know about each type.

The rule of cool.

Quick Links

Axial coolers - best for most people, blower coolers - awesome for cramped cases, water block cooling - the elite choice, hybrid coolers - the best of air and water, passive coolers - hot but quiet.

Along with your CPU, your GPU is one of the hottest components in your computer and its temperature has a direct effect on performance. If you're looking to change your GPU cooler, or don't know what sort of GPU cooler type to get with your next card, you'll want to stick around as we figure out which cooler type is best for the job.

Axial or "open air" coolers consist of one or more fans blowing air directly over the heatsink mounted on the GPU and all the surrounding components. Axial coolers circulate the air inside the case, so for this type of cooler to work correctly, you case must have adequate airflow , and be set up to effectively exhaust hot air from the system.

If you don't have good case airflow, then all the axial coolers will do is circulate the same hot and stagnant air, until there's inadequate cooling capacity left and your card overheats or throttles. That might sound like a major issue, but most standard PC cases with the recommended fan configuration are more than good enough. Axial cooler designs are quieter, easier to service, and less expensive in many cases compared to other styles of cooler. This is likely the most common cooler design you'll run across.

You'll want to avoid using an axial cooler if you're using a small form factor case such as Mini-ITX , or if you're running many hot components inside your system and and you want to isolate hot components from contributing to higher case temperatures.

Blower-style GPU coolers use a shroud that covers the entire card and all of its components. A single fan sucks in air from inside the case, and then exhausts it from vents at the rear of the card. In other words, air heated by the GPU never enters the case. Many small cases that accommodate only a single GPU will have case vents right next to the GPU slot. This allows blower cards to suck cold air from outside the computer directly into the shroud, and then exhaust it from the rear. Creating an isolated air cooling loop.

While blower coolers give great, consistent cooling performance and remove case airflow as a major factor, they do tend to be nosier than axial coolers. The shrouds can also make servicing the card or cooler more of a hassle, but they do look quite good as well, which might matter to some buyers.

A GPU water block is a precision-machined metal block with water channels that sits on the hot components of your card, and uses liquid pumped through the block to cool it down. The block is part of your computer's open-loop liquid cooling system, and the hot liquid is moved through a radiator where ultimately the heat is shifted to the air in the room.

Water block cooling is by far the most expensive and complex cooling solution, and you'll almost never find any cards sold with water blocks pre-installed, so you'll have to do that yourself or get a custom PC builder to do it for you. The end results are often spectacular, however. Water-blocks allow GPUs to run at their best, are only as noisy as your pump and radiator system, and offer very consistent temperatures under load.

You'll need quite a large case to accommodate the cooling system, especially if your CPU is also part of the same cooling loop, or if you have two dedicated loops for each component. Maintenance of open loop cooling in a computer is also somewhat of a pain, and a little risky due to the risk of leaks or spillage. If you're a performance enthusiast or a professional user who needs the best performance, no matter the cost, this is the prime option to consider.

Hybrid GPU coolers combine a closed loop, pre-filled water cooler and traditional air cooling to give you a blend of the advantages of both. You buy these coolers either pre-fitted to a card or as an aftermarket upgrade. There's a small radiator already attached, which you'll mount to a fan vent. The water loop cools the GPU itself, while other components on the card are cooled by traditional air cooling.

While hybrid coolers are more expensive than standard air coolers, compared to water blocks for open loop cooling, they are much cheaper, easier to install, and offer you the primary benefit of liquid cooling for the GPU itself. Now, cooling performance won't be as good, but it will be good enough for most people who want to push their GPUs.

Passive coolers are just heatsinks with no active fan cooling. Passive coolers meant for higher-end cards can have absolutely massive blocks of copper or aluminum attached to the card, as the designers overcome the lack of active air cooling with sheer material mass. The obvious benefit of a passive cooler is that it's completely silent, and depending on the rest of your computer's cooling setup, that could be a big deal. Passive cooling for GPUs has traditionally been popular for home entertainment PCs (which themselves are not popular anymore) or for studio recording computers, or other places where silence is paramount.

I don't recommend that anyone bother with passive coolers anymore though, since GPUs have become quite power efficient over the years. A better overall solution is to buy a graphics card with a "fan stop" feature where the fans do not turn on when the card's load or temperature is below a safe threshold. Alternatively, you can set a custom fan curve where your fans are off or at very low RPMs when idle or under light stress. If you need passive cooling for a high-performance card under heavy load, well, you'll probably need something like The Beast , which is essentially a case-sized heatsink.

There are likely more cooling options for GPUs than you realized, but now you know what the main options are, and which are the best fit for your needs. The only thing I didn't have space to cover here are vapor chamber cooling systems, but that's because the topic deserves its own article .

Stanley has 3 totally new products dropping, and they’ll make carrying your Quencher tumbler even easier

Published: Apr. 15, 2024, 11:41 a.m.

Stanley is dropping new Quencher Carry-Alls and two new soft coolers on Tuesday, April 16. Stanley

Dawn Magyar | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com

Stanley is no stranger to hydration but its latest product drop is a cool new way to carry your Quencher tumbler and you can finally grab it on Tuesday.

The drinkware retailer is dropping a brand new line of multipurpose soft coolers and tumbler carry-alls with the All Day Collection on April 16 at 12 p.m. ET.

After teasing the new soft accessories for weeks, finally you can get your hands on them in this first-come, first-serve online drop on Tuesday.

Related: Stanley is releasing its first Mother’s Day collection and it could be its bestselling Quencher tumblers of all time

Featured in Stanley’s new All Day Collection is the Quencher Carry-All , which is specifically designed to carry those famous 40 oz Quencher tumblers . The Quencher Carry-All is available in four colors — Rose Quartz, Fuchsia, Black and Cream — and has a $40 price tag.

Not only will the versatile Quencher Carry-All help you carry around those hefty tumblers but it also has three integrated pockets for all those extra essentials like your phone, sunglasses, lip balm and more. There’s also a clip for your keys and a detachable crossbody strap to sling it on and go.

Also included in the new All Day Collection are two soft cooler designs — the Julienne Mini Cooler with a 7.2-quart capacity and the Madeline Midi Cooler Backpack with a 14.8-quart size. The retail price of the coolers are $100 and $170, respectively.

The Julienne Mini Cooler is designed to hold 10 drink cans and keep them cool for 12 hours. The cooler also features a hinged-top opening, padded handle, shoulder strap and back pocket. It is available in four colors — Rose Quartz, Fuchsia, Black and Cream — with a patterned liner featuring the Stanley winged bear logo.

If you’re looking for a bigger cooler option, Stanley has you covered with the new Madeline Midi Cooler Backpack . This soft cooler can hold 20 canned beverages and keep them cold for 24 hours. It also has mesh side pockets to carry your Quencher tumbler as well as a hinged-top opening, two zippered pockets (front and back) and adjustable backpack straps.

The Madeline Midi Cooler Backpack also comes in Rose Quartz, Fuchsia, Black and Cream and has a patterned liner with the Stanley winged bear logo.

Here’s where to grab Stanley’s new All Day Collection on April 16 at 12 p.m. ET.

All Day 40 oz Quencher Carry-All for $40
All Day Julienne Mini Cooler for $100
All Day Madeline Midi Cooler Backpack for $170

Shop for more Stanley drinkware and accessories online here.

The Biggest Tumbler & Water Bottle Releases From Stanley, Owala and More in 2024

Owala is releasing a new water bottle the same day as Stanley. Here’s when to grab the new summer color
Hydro Flask has dropped the ‘sweetest’ water bottle color with the new Sugar Crush collection
Stanley is releasing its first Mother’s Day collection and it could be its bestselling Quencher tumblers of all time
Stanley’s new surprise Earth Day collection is nearly sold out but you can still get it for the same price here
Stanley has released a new morning pick-me-up with these Stay-Hot Stacking Cups in 5 colors

Our journalism needs your support. Please subscribe today to NJ.com .

Dawn Magyar can be reached at [email protected] . Have a tip? Tell us at nj.com/tips/ .

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Importance of Clean Water and Advantages of Water Dispensers
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WATER DISPENSER: A UNIQUE INNOVATIVE DESIGN THAT MATTERS
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In Thailand, drinking water provided by dispensers is required by law to be free from any pathogenic microorganism as well as chemical contaminations (Thai Industrial Standards Institute 2006).However, previous investigations found that 76.6% of examined dispensers were contaminated with fecal coliform microbes, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus spp ...
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May 09, 2017. Dispensers for Safe Water provides safe water through a household water chlorination service to four million people in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda. Dispensers represent an important innovation in the rural water sector because they solve several challenges that have traditionally hindered sustainable, quality water services.
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500+ Words Essay on Importance of Water. Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth. It is safe to say that water is the reason behind earth being the only planet to support life. This universal solvent is one of the major resources we have on this planet. It is impossible for life to function without ...
The Water Dispenser: a Case Study
A water dispenser's not much more than a hot water faucet, cold water faucet, and drip tray. But add on a few extra features, and suddenly there's a lot more room for poor user experience.
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The innovative water dispenser is made 123 European Scientific Journal October 2015 edition vol.11, No.29 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 according to how the product is cross-checked by its capacity (product performance) and functioning methods. ... RELATED PAPERS. Bollettino della Società Storica Valtellinese, 62, 2009.
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LG Refrigerator
Place a towel on the ice room to catch any water or ice that may fall when you run the test mode. Press and hold the test button for about three seconds, the ice maker will begin to turn. If water or ice were to fall from the tray the towel is there to catch it. The tray only holds about four or five ounces of water.
Ice Maker and Water Dispenser Troubleshooting
Most issues related to fridge ice or water dispensers can be resolved by following a few troubleshooting steps. If you are experiencing problems related to ice, water or your water filter, this guide will provide you detailed troubleshooting steps to resolve the dispensing issues.
Need a GPU Cooler? Here's What to Know About Each Type
A GPU water block is a precision-machined metal block with water channels that sits on the hot components of your card, and uses liquid pumped through the block to cool it down. ... Hybrid GPU coolers combine a closed loop, pre-filled water cooler and traditional air cooling to give you a blend of the advantages of both. You buy these coolers ...
Stanley has 3 totally new products dropping, and they'll make carrying
Also included in the new All Day Collection are two soft cooler designs — the Julienne Mini Cooler with a 7.2-quart capacity and the Madeline Midi Cooler Backpack with a 14.8-quart size. The ...

Importance of Clean Water and Advantages of Water Dispensers

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INTRODUCTION

Graphical Abstract

Study area and sample collection

Water quality analyses

Questionnaire analysis of environmental conditions

Statistical analysis

Ethical consideration

Drinking water quality

Operational conditions of the drinking water dispensers

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Dispensers for Safe Water: An Updated Review of the Evidence

1. What is the causal link between chlorine treatment and water quality?

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health outcomes?

3. What is the role of user adoption in realizing health benefits?

4. What are the criticisms about survey biases in the literature and where do we stand regarding those?

THE DETAILED EVIDENCE

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health?

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Sustainable Water Management

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10 Best Water Dispensers for Home and Commercial Use

Top 10 Water Dispensers Review 2024

Avalon A3BLK

Global Water G3-RO

Brio CLBL520SC

Magic Chef MCWD30TS

Brio CLPOURO420SCV2

Primo hTRiO

AQUAWELL WD-002