case study of group housing

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GROUP HOUSING BUILDING DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE

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Introduction

Group housing refers to a type of residential living where several families or individuals reside in a single building or complex, typically sharing common areas and amenities such as parking lots, gardens, and recreation facilities.

The purpose of group housing is to provide affordable and efficient housing solutions for individuals and families. By sharing living spaces and amenities, residents can save on expenses and reduce their environmental footprint. Group housing also provides opportunities for social interaction and community building among residents.

Group housing building design in architecture is a complex and important field that deals with the design and construction of buildings intended to accommodate multiple households. It involves a wide range of considerations such as spatial planning, site selection, user comfort, sustainability, and community engagement.

Importance of good building design in group housing

Good building design is crucial in group housing for several reasons

• Space efficiency: With multiple families or individuals sharing a building, space utilization is critical. Well-designed group housing buildings maximize space usage and create functional living spaces for residents.
• Privacy: While group housing involves shared living spaces, residents also require privacy. Good building design should incorporate measures that allow residents to have their own private spaces.
• Security: Group housing buildings need to provide a secure living environment for residents. Proper building design can ensure the safety and security of the building’s residents.
• Accessibility: Group housing buildings need to be accessible for all residents, including those with disabilities or mobility issues. Good building design can incorporate features such as ramps, lifts, and other accessibility solutions.
• Social interaction: Group housing provides residents with opportunities to socialize and interact with each other. Good building design can create common areas that foster social interaction, creating a sense of community among residents.

In summary, good building design is essential in group housing to create functional, secure, accessible, and social living spaces for residents.

1) Key Elements of Group Housing Building Design

Group housing building design involves a wide range of elements that must be considered to create a successful and functional living space for multiple households. Here are the essential elements of group housing building design:

• Spatial planning: This involves the allocation and arrangement of space within the building to maximize functionality, efficiency, and comfort. It includes considerations such as the placement of rooms, the flow of traffic, and the use of natural light and ventilation.
• Site selection: The selection of an appropriate site is crucial to the success of a group housing building design. The site must be chosen based on factors such as access to public transportation, proximity to amenities and services, and environmental factors such as sun orientation, wind patterns, and soil quality.
• Sustainability: The design of a group housing building should incorporate sustainable practices and materials to minimize environmental impact and promote energy efficiency. This can include the use of green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient HVAC systems.
• User comfort: The design should prioritize the comfort and well-being of the residents. This can be achieved through the use of natural light, soundproofing, efficient temperature control, and appropriate ventilation.

The significance of each of these elements lies in their contribution to the overall success and functionality of the group housing building design. Spatial planning, for example, ensures that the space is well-utilized and optimized for the residents’ needs. Site selection ensures that the building is conveniently located and environmentally appropriate.

Sustainability helps to minimize environmental impact and reduce energy costs, while user comfort ensures that the residents’ well-being and quality of life are prioritized. By prioritizing these elements, architects and design professionals can create successful and functional group housing building designs that meet the needs of the residents while also promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility.

2) Latest Trends in Group Housing Building Design

There are several latest trends in group housing building design that are gaining popularity in the field. Here are some of them:

• Mixed-use development: This trend involves incorporating different uses into a single development, such as residential, commercial, and retail spaces. This allows residents to live, work, and shop in the same vicinity, promoting a more sustainable and convenient lifestyle.
• Energy-efficient designs: Energy-efficient designs involve using materials and systems that reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. This includes using insulation, passive solar heating, energy-efficient appliances, and smart home technology.
• Communal spaces: Communal spaces promote social interaction among residents and can include shared amenities such as community gardens, rooftop lounges, and fitness centers.
• Technology integration: Technology is being integrated into group housing building design in a variety of ways, including smart home systems, energy management systems, and security systems.

These trends impact the design of group housing buildings in several ways. For instance, mixed-use development requires a more integrated approach to design, with consideration given to how different uses will interact and how the building can promote a sense of community.

Energy-efficient designs require careful consideration of building orientation, insulation, and the selection of energy-efficient materials and systems. Communal spaces require designers to consider how the building’s layout can promote social interaction, while technology integration requires consideration of the latest technological developments and how they can be incorporated into the design.

Overall, these latest trends in group housing building design are aimed at creating more sustainable, convenient, and comfortable living spaces that promote a sense of community and encourage social interaction among residents. Architects and design professionals who are able to successfully incorporate these trends into their designs can create buildings that are highly desirable among residents and are more likely to attract attention in the competitive real estate market.

3) Challenges in Group Housing Building Design

Architects face several challenges in designing group housing buildings.

Here are some of the most common challenges:

• Budget constraints: Group housing building design can be expensive, and architects must often work within strict budget constraints. This can limit the scope of the project and make it more difficult to incorporate certain design elements.
• Zoning regulations: Zoning regulations can limit the size and height of buildings, as well as dictate where they can be located. This can make it difficult to find suitable sites for group housing building designs.
• Social issues: Group housing buildings must be designed with the needs and preferences of residents in mind. This can be challenging as residents may have diverse needs and preferences.
• Design standards: Group housing building designs must meet certain design standards, including safety codes and accessibility requirements. Meeting these standards can add complexity and cost to the design process.

To overcome these challenges, architects can take several steps:

• Conduct thorough research: Architects should conduct thorough research on the site, zoning regulations, and the needs of potential residents. This can help to identify potential challenges early in the design process.
• Prioritize design elements: Architects should prioritize design elements that are most important to the project’s success, and work to incorporate these within the available budget.
• Collaborate with stakeholders: Architects should collaborate with stakeholders, including residents, developers, and city officials, to ensure that the design meets everyone’s needs.
• Use technology: Architects can use technology, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software and building information modeling (BIM), to help streamline the design process and reduce errors.
• Stay up-to-date on regulations and standards: Architects should stay up-to-date on zoning regulations and design standards to ensure that their designs meet all legal requirements.

By taking these steps, architects can overcome the challenges of designing group housing buildings and create successful designs that meet the needs of residents, comply with regulations, and fit within available budgets.

4) Types of group housing buildings

Different types of group housing buildings:.

• Apartments: Apartments are a type of group housing building where individual units are rented out to tenants. Apartments can vary in size and design, ranging from studio apartments to multi-bedroom units. They often feature shared amenities such as fitness centers, swimming pools, and laundry facilities.
• Condominiums: Condominiums are similar to apartments in that individual units are owned by different residents. However, in condominiums, the common areas and amenities are owned and maintained by a homeowners’ association. Condominiums often offer shared amenities such as rooftop decks, party rooms, and storage units.
• Co-housing: Co-housing is a type of intentional community where residents share common spaces and amenities such as kitchens, gardens, and laundry facilities. While each resident has their own private living space, the community is designed to foster social interaction and a sense of community.
• Dormitories: Dormitories are group housing buildings that are designed to provide affordable housing options for college students. Dormitories often feature shared spaces such as lounges, study rooms, and laundry facilities.

Unique design considerations for each type of group housing building:

• Apartments: Architects designing apartments need to consider how to maximize living space within each unit while also providing shared amenities that meet the needs of residents. They also need to consider how to provide privacy and security for individual units while still creating a sense of community among residents.
• Maximizing natural light and views from each unit
• Designing efficient and functional kitchens and bathrooms
• Providing storage space within each unit
• Incorporating sound insulation to minimize noise from adjacent units
• Designing common areas that are accessible and easy to maintain
• Condominiums: Architects designing condominiums need to consider how to create a sense of community among residents while also ensuring that each unit feels private and secure. They also need to consider how to provide shared amenities that are functional and meet the needs of residents.
• Creating distinct entrances and elevator access for each unit
• Incorporating security measures such as security cameras and controlled access points
• Designing shared amenities that are spacious and well-equipped
• Providing ample storage space for each unit
• Incorporating green spaces and outdoor areas for residents to enjoy
• Co-housing: Architects designing co-housing communities need to consider how to create shared spaces that are functional and promote social interaction, while also providing private living spaces that allow residents to have their own personal space. They also need to consider how to create a sense of community among residents.
• Designing communal spaces that are flexible and can be easily reconfigured for different activities
• Creating a sense of community through shared meals and group activities
• Incorporating sustainable features such as renewable energy sources and green roofs
• Designing private spaces that are flexible and can be adapted to different needs
• Incorporating storage spaces within each unit and communal storage areas
• Dormitories: Architects designing dormitories need to consider how to create functional and efficient living spaces that meet the needs of college students. They also need to consider how to provide shared spaces that promote social interaction, while also providing private areas for studying and sleeping.
• Designing compact and efficient living spaces that maximize the available square footage
• Creating shared spaces that are conducive to studying and socializing
• Providing ample storage space for each student
• Incorporating technologies that support modern learning and communication
• Incorporating security measures such as access control systems and on-site security staff

Overall, architects designing group housing buildings need to consider a range of factors such as space efficiency, privacy, security, and accessibility, as well as the specific needs of residents for each type of building. By considering these unique design considerations, architects can create group housing buildings that provide a safe, comfortable, and affordable living environment for residents.

5) Design considerations for group housing buildings

Design considerations for group housing buildings:.

• Space efficiency: Group housing buildings need to be designed to maximize space efficiency, particularly in urban areas where space is at a premium. Architects need to consider how to make the most of each unit, as well as shared spaces and amenities.
• Privacy: Privacy is a crucial consideration in group housing buildings. Architects need to design spaces that allow residents to have their own private areas and minimize noise and disruption from shared spaces.
• Security: Group housing buildings need to be secure to provide a safe living environment for residents. Architects need to consider how to design buildings that prevent unauthorized entry, protect residents from external threats, and provide secure areas for residents to store their belongings.
• Accessibility: Group housing buildings need to be accessible to all residents, regardless of their physical abilities. Architects need to consider how to design buildings that are accessible for people with disabilities or mobility issues.

Examples of how architects have addressed these design considerations:

• Space efficiency: Architects have addressed space efficiency in group housing buildings by designing multi-functional spaces that can serve multiple purposes. For example, a living room in an apartment could double as a workspace or guest room.
• Privacy: Architects have addressed privacy concerns in group housing buildings by designing layouts that separate living spaces from shared spaces. For example, some co-housing communities have individual units with their own private entrances and balconies, while also providing shared spaces for socializing.
• Security: Architects have addressed security concerns in group housing buildings by incorporating secure entryways, surveillance systems, and secure storage areas. For example, some student housing buildings have keycard entry systems and on-site security personnel to ensure resident safety.
• Accessibility: Architects have addressed accessibility concerns in group housing buildings by designing units that are accessible to people with disabilities or mobility issues. For example, some co-housing communities have units with wider doorways, accessible bathrooms, and accessible parking spots.

Overall, architects play a crucial role in designing group housing buildings that meet the needs of residents while maximizing efficiency and functionality. By considering important design considerations such as space efficiency, privacy, security, and accessibility, architects can create group housing buildings that provide a safe, comfortable, and affordable living environment for residents.

6) Case Studies of Successful Group Housing Building Designs

There are several examples of successful group housing building designs that have been able to overcome design challenges and incorporate key elements and latest trends to create functional and appealing living spaces. Here are three examples:

Sky Habitat, Singapore:

Sky Habitat is a residential complex in Singapore that incorporates innovative design elements to create a functional and attractive living space. The building features a unique “Habitat Matrix” design that creates sky gardens and communal spaces throughout the building.

The design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as natural ventilation, rainwater harvesting, and solar shading. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of limited space in a densely populated urban area, creating a sense of community and greenery in the heart of the city.

Via Verde, New York City:

Via Verde is a mixed-use development in New York City that combines affordable housing with commercial and retail spaces. The building features a unique design that incorporates green roofs, gardens, and communal spaces to promote social interaction among residents. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of limited space in an urban area, creating a sustainable and community-oriented living space.

The Collective Old Oak, London:

The Collective Old Oak is a co-living space in London that incorporates communal spaces, technology integration, and sustainability features to create a modern and attractive living space. The building features a variety of communal spaces, including a cinema, rooftop terrace, and shared kitchens, to promote social interaction among residents.

The building’s design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as rainwater harvesting and solar panels. The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of creating affordable housing in a high-cost city, creating a sense of community and affordability for residents.

These successful group housing building designs all incorporate innovative design elements, communal spaces, and sustainability features to create functional and appealing living spaces. To apply these strategies to future group housing building designs, architects can prioritize the needs and preferences of residents, incorporate the latest technological advancements, and prioritize sustainable and energy-efficient features.

Additionally, architects can use innovative design elements such as green roofs, communal spaces, and mixed-use development to create a sense of community and promote social interaction among residents. By prioritizing these design elements, architects can create successful group housing building designs that meet the needs of residents and provide a sense of community and sustainability.

There are also several successful group housing building designs in India that have incorporated key elements and latest trends to create functional and appealing living spaces. Here are three examples:

DLF Magnolias, Gurugram:

DLF Magnolias is a luxury residential complex in Gurugram that incorporates innovative design elements to create a functional and attractive living space. The building features large balconies, spacious interiors, and expansive green areas. The design also incorporates energy-efficient features such as rainwater harvesting and solar power.

The building’s design was able to overcome the challenge of creating luxury housing in a crowded urban area, providing residents with a sense of luxury and comfort.

Godrej Platinum, Mumbai:

Godrej Platinum is a residential complex in Mumbai that combines sustainable design with luxury living. The building features green roofs, solar power, and rainwater harvesting, as well as amenities such as a clubhouse, gym, and swimming pool. The design was able to overcome the challenge of creating sustainable housing in a crowded urban area, providing residents with a sense of luxury and environmental responsibility.

Brigade Orchards, Bangalore:

Brigade Orchards is a mixed-use development in Bangalore that combines residential units with commercial and retail spaces. The building features a variety of communal spaces, including a cricket pitch, swimming pool, and jogging track, as well as sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting and solar power. The design was able to overcome the challenge of creating a sense of community in a sprawling urban area, providing residents with a sense of community and sustainability.

These successful group housing building designs in India all incorporate innovative design elements, communal spaces, and sustainability features to create functional and appealing living spaces. To apply these strategies to future group housing building designs in India, architects can prioritize the needs and preferences of residents, incorporate the latest technological advancements, and prioritize sustainable and energy-efficient features.

Additionally, architects can use innovative design elements such as green roofs, communal spaces, and mixed-use development to create a sense of community and promote social interaction among residents. By prioritizing these design elements, architects can create successful group housing building designs in India that meet the needs of residents and provide a sense of community and sustainability.

7) Sustainability and group housing design

Sustainability is an increasingly important consideration in all aspects of architecture, including group housing design. Sustainable design aims to minimize the environmental impact of buildings while also creating healthy and comfortable living spaces for residents. In group housing design, incorporating sustainability is particularly important because these buildings have the potential to impact a large number of people.

Architects can incorporate sustainability into group housing design in a number of ways. Here are a few examples:

• Green roofs: A green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation. Green roofs help to reduce the heat island effect in urban areas, as they absorb heat and provide natural insulation. They also help to filter air and water, reducing pollution and improving air and water quality. Additionally, green roofs can provide residents with outdoor space and a connection to nature.
• Energy-efficient lighting: Energy-efficient lighting such as LED lights use less energy than traditional lighting, reducing electricity usage and lowering energy bills. Additionally, by using sensors and timers, lighting can be controlled to turn off when not needed, further reducing energy usage.
• Water conservation: In group housing buildings, water conservation can be achieved through features such as low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets. These features use less water, reducing water bills and conserving this important resource. Rainwater harvesting systems can also be installed to collect rainwater for irrigation and other non-potable uses.
• Solar panels: Solar panels can be installed on the roof of group housing buildings to generate electricity from the sun. This renewable energy source can significantly reduce the building’s reliance on fossil fuels and lower energy bills for residents.
• Passive design strategies: Passive design strategies include features such as natural ventilation, shading, and orientation to maximize natural light and reduce the need for heating and cooling. These strategies help to create comfortable living spaces while also reducing energy usage.

By incorporating these sustainability features into group housing design, architects can create buildings that are not only comfortable and functional but also environmentally responsible. Additionally, incorporating sustainability into group housing design can provide cost savings for residents, improve the health and well-being of occupants, and create a positive impact on the environment.

8) Future of Group Housing Building Design

The potential future of group housing building design is exciting, with a focus on sustainable and eco-friendly materials, the integration of technology for smart living, and the creation of more communal and shared spaces.

One significant trend in group housing building design is the use of sustainable and eco-friendly materials. Architects are increasingly using materials such as bamboo, recycled steel, and cross-laminated timber to reduce the environmental impact of building construction.

These materials are also durable and cost-effective, making them a popular choice for sustainable construction. Architects can prepare for this trend by keeping up-to-date with the latest sustainable materials and methods of construction, collaborating with manufacturers to create new sustainable building materials, and incorporating sustainable design principles into their projects.

Another trend is the integration of technology for smart living. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, home automation, and energy management systems are becoming increasingly popular in group housing buildings. These technologies can enhance the quality of life for residents, improve energy efficiency, and reduce maintenance costs. Architects can prepare for this trend by designing buildings that can accommodate these technologies and working with technology companies to create custom solutions for group housing buildings.

Finally, the creation of more communal and shared spaces is a trend that is gaining popularity in group housing building design. Architects are creating communal spaces such as shared kitchens, dining areas, gardens, and co-working spaces to promote social interaction among residents. These spaces can also help to reduce costs, as residents can share resources and amenities. Architects can prepare for this trend by designing buildings with communal spaces in mind, considering the needs and preferences of residents, and creating flexible spaces that can be adapted to meet changing needs.

In conclusion, the potential future of group housing building design is exciting, with a focus on sustainability, technology, and communal living. Architects can prepare for these trends by keeping up-to-date with the latest sustainable materials and methods of construction, designing buildings that can accommodate new technologies, and creating flexible spaces that can be adapted to meet changing needs. By embracing these trends, architects can create successful and innovative group housing building designs that meet the needs of residents and promote a sustainable and interconnected future.

9) Conclusion

In conclusion, designing group housing buildings requires careful consideration of essential elements, latest trends, design challenges, and potential future developments. Architects can create successful and innovative designs by incorporating sustainable materials and design principles, integrating technology, and creating communal spaces.

The call to action for architects and designers is to approach group housing building design with a focus on the needs and preferences of residents. By doing so, they can create living spaces that are comfortable, functional, and enjoyable while also incorporating sustainable features to reduce the environmental impact. Ultimately, this will result in more successful and satisfying group housing communities for residents.

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Interactional spaces of a high-rise group housing complex and social cohesion of its residents: case study from Kolkata, India

• Published: 12 March 2021
• Volume 36 , pages 781–820, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

• Soumi Muhuri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-936X 1 &
• Sanghamitra Basu 2  

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A Correction to this article was published on 28 April 2021

This article has been updated

From concerns of mental health problems and behavioural issues of residents of high-rises, this research tries to explore the association of interactional spaces (the spaces of interaction in a high-rise housing) with dimensions of social cohesion (the social relations) of the residents. Presuming social cohesion is an important determinant of their mental health. To have both the researchers’ and users’ perspectives while an investigation, this research incorporates perception of the residents, analysis of layout plan, behaviour observation and space syntax analysis. Later, with the help of hierarchical linear regression model it identifies the significant attributes and uses of interactional spaces (both at outdoor and indoor) that facilitate or inhibit social cohesion. The finding indicates that the arrangement and use of the streets and tot-lots within a housing complex have a significant contribution in strengthening social cohesion of the residents. Further, more than actual use, the opportunities of a chance encounter and opportunities of use of the spaces appear to be more effective. The findings of the research would have a wider application not only in high-rise group housing but other instances as well.

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Change history, 28 april 2021.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09842-z

It encompasses the terms of high-rise (ten-storeyed or more than ten storied high building), group housing and residential complex. Group housing is ‘Housing for more than one dwelling unit, where land is owned jointly….and the construction is undertaken by one Agency’ (National Building Code of India, 2016, part 3, p.11). A residential complex means a building or buildings with more than twelve residential units (place of residence in the form of house or apartment) with a common area and one or more facilities or services within “a premises” (p.17); the entire layout is approved by any legal authority but not intended for personal use of an individual (Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 2016).

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur for providing us with the necessary support and facilities for the research that was funded by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), India.

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The original online version of this article was revised: The heading of the Table 1 was incorrectly published as “Sense of belonging to a group (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.889, composite reliability = 0.890)”. However, it is intended only for the first nine entries. The correct heading of the table 1 is "Dimensions/Subdimensions”.

Appendix A: Details of characteristics of residents

Appendix B: Details of attributes of the physical environment

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Muhuri, S., Basu, S. Interactional spaces of a high-rise group housing complex and social cohesion of its residents: case study from Kolkata, India. J Hous and the Built Environ 36 , 781–820 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09830-3

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09830-3

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Group Housing Development by Ravisha Rathore

The project was co designed by Ravisha Rathore and Arti Varma as part of their design studio in 4 th year. The studio focused on a large scale multi-facility group housing development project placed in a larger urban setting.

Architects : Ravisha Rathore | Arti Varma Location : Gurgaon, Haryana, India Status : Concept

CONTEXT+SITE

The design followed contextual diagonal grids to form the basic axes on the site. These axes were used to divide the site into public and private pockets, with the public pocket facing the commercial block and the plaza opening towards the city. Also opening up the built form diagonally towards the city.

The tower form was developed using a unit system that was repeated in a clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangement for every alternate floor, giving the units different views towards the city from all sides of the tower. The stack effect also created huge terraces for each unit on every floor, providing a garden space for all residents even in a high-rise building.  These  spaces  overlooked  one  another  increasing  the  interaction  between residents while providing a level of privacy as they were on different levels.

An additional requirement of the studio was to create podium level residence along with the towers. The podium here was designed as stacked units that merged into the towers from the two ends and opening up as they reached the centre, to create a semi-open green space for the residents. Each of the podium unit also had a garden space from the stack effect.

Both the tower and podium units were designed in a way to provide natural light to all the bedrooms and the living+dining areas.

The elevation system was developed further to highlight the alternate stacking effect to make it look like Jenga blocks. Each tower had a core separated from the units. This core was further highlighted to make the form more prominent. The finish is exposed concrete in different colors keeping the elements to a minimal focusing the attention on the brutalist form.

Ravisha Rathore

Ravisha Rathore an undergraduate student pursuing architecture from Sushant School of Art and Architecture, (India) currently in her 5 th year of study.

She defines herself as a caffeine dependent life form who believes a great design is the result of collaborative work combined with passionate, innovative and sensitive values that transform a thought into a unique solution that responds to human needs. She is a firm believer in architectures power to create a more comfortable and efficient life for people and thus work on designs based on programmatic innovations and concepts while also answering the questions of contextual fit.

Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard acknowledging the projects among creative and influential industry professionals.

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Charles Correa: Tara Group Housing

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Principles of Design for Sustainable Group Housing Projects in India

2020, Civil Engineering and Architecture

There are three rating systems available to assess the sustainability of Group Housing in India provided by three agencies, namely the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), and Eco Housing Assessment Criteria's. The parameters for all three rating systems have some differentials. The building rated under one rating system may not obtain a rating under another rating system. It means that designers' attention is restricted to the rating system's criteria and has lost the sustainable design process's true spirit. This paper aims to establish the Principles of Design that meet all the rating system's maximum criteria. The methodology followed for this paper includes a brief review of all rating systems and a comparative analysis of similarity and dissimilarity to understand the key focus areas of all three rating systems. The Principles of Design are applied to fulfill all the three-rating system requirements with each focus area. The applications of design principles in the project indicate that only a certain number of Principles of Design are applied to achieve the rating system in each project, and many Principles of Design are overlooked. This was due to the designer's approach to sustainable buildings as a product based on the rating system. The Principles of Design generated in this paper will be a ready source of guidance for India's sustainable housing design. The designer should initially approach sustainable design as a design process and, later on, achieve a sustainable design for a specific rating system.

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The sustainability is very wide area and all kind of sectors are trying to integrate sustainability in their respective field as per definition given in various forums. The architects or building designer have also tried to define sustainable for their field but architecture itself is not very well defined subject so it is really difficult to workout the design process or design principles in achieving sustainability. Recently attempt to quantify or measurement of sustainability through rating system has given a hope to architects or designers but these are also misleading because these rating system only define the evaluation criteria not the design criteria's. The design process or design principles are known to architects or designers but achieving sustainability in these design principle is new area and still to be explored. This paper will discuss briefly about important design process or principles such site planning, block design or unit design in housing by defining first sustainable principles of design with the help of rating system and will also showcase in achieving the design objective in proposed housing project of sector 53 housing.

Design of a building is essential and it becomes crucial when we talk about affordable housing. For affordable housing, the optimum design is essential as it serves large families belonging to common and middle income group in a limited/ restricted space. India needs not only affordable housing, but also homes that are energy efficient and designed using sustainable techniques. The design of a housing project has two main components viz. structural and architectural, but sustainable design that make it affordable has three main components viz. structural, architectural and environmental. Therefore, the design components should be evolved with great care for developing safe, durable, cost effective and eco-friendly housing. The inadequate structural design may lead to destruction due to natural calamities like earthquakes, flood, cyclone, etc. and cause mass causalities and economical loss. Similarly, the improper architectural design may cause poor space utilization, deprived ventilation and day light due to improper orientation of the building. Further, a design without eco-friendly inputs deprives sustainability and ultimately defeats the vision of affordable housing. In this paper, efforts have been made to elaborate different aspects of design for developing safe, economical, least maintainable and environmental friendly housing in India.

1, 2, 3Student, Dept. of Energy and Environmental Engineering, UTD, CSVTU, Chhattisgarh, India 4Assist. Prof., Dept. of Energy and Environmental Engineering, UTD, CSVTU, Chhattisgarh, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Rapid increase in population and growth in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), has given rise to a vast demand for buildings in Chhattisgarh, with a subsequent pressure on convenience of resources. To be sustainable, the environmental pressures of inflated demand for resources coupled with a rapidly changing climate are need to be addressed. With an overall objective to optimize resource consumption, minimize greenhouse gas emissions, enhance renewable and recycle resources by the building sector. TERI has developed the national rating system GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) for green buildings, approved by Government of India ...

Traditional architectural principles always respected nature, and was climate conscious, user-friendly, reflected the culture and tradition of the community at large and most important was contextual. Various parameters such as geographical location, climatic conditions, occupation, culture and tradition of the society/ community decide these principles in a specific set up and make the structures sustainable in all respect. So, a specific case study example was selected and explored to understand these principles adopted in the structures and their performances over a long period of time in an identified study area in Thanjavur region of Tamil Nadu, India and assessing their appropriateness in the present context. The selected sample was analysed based on its architectural qualities in terms of spatial design, scale and proportion of the building components, integration with nature and thermal performance study during hottest day and the coldest day of the year using ECOTECT software. This paper specifically aims at identifying and understanding the generic sustainable principles in traditional and vernacular architecture that could be imbibed and incorporated by designers and builders at large to create appropriate buildings suitable to that particular context.

Chapter 2:The concern for Sustainability Understating of the word ‘sustainable’ ‘sustainable architecture’, its need , various ideas and approach to sustainable architecture. Chapter 3: Green Building Understanding the ideology of Green Buildings, its benifts and its importance. Chapter 4: Rating Systems The need for rating systems and an overview of green building rating systems such as LEED, IGBC, GRIHA with their role and limitations. Chapter 5:Comparison Detailed comparison and points of improvement Chapter 6: Strategies The cost eff ective sustainable strategies which can be implemented in various building typologies , brief details, benefi ts and their cost analysis. Chapter 7: Inference The study ends with brief comments on how the growth in sustainable architecture in India can be enhanced and what are the points of improvements in rating systems

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2018

The growth and development of our society has a large impact on our natural environment. The research, design stage, construction and operation of the buildings in which we live and work are responsible for the consumption of many of our natural resources. The rating systems set benchmarks for green initiatives for constructing and using buildings to make them sustainable and energy efficient buildings thus to reduce their negative impacts on environment. The most recommended green building evaluation criteria in India are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). This paper focus on the study of LEED, IGBC and GRIHA rating system and compare those rating systems with regards to their evaluation methods; scopes, performance criteria and energy rating measures. Through this study, an attempt is made to make clear understanding of LEED, IGBC and GRIHA rating system evaluation criteria that need to be considered during comparison. From this comparative study one can make a general checklist study which cover each and every aspect required for evaluation and certification for any building project.

Research Square (Research Square), 2024

Bengaluru is one of the fastest growing cities in India spearheading the globalization of the country. Adverse changes are being observed with respect to ecological degradation as well as isolation of culture and traditional roots in architecture. In the most common understanding, tradition and modernization are perceived to be progressing in opposite directions. Many architects today, claim to bridge the gap between the two notions. This approach will be tested in the social context of city. The dissertation throws light on the current scenario of Bengaluru with respect to environmental as well as social implications of rapid urbanization. A brief history of architecture of the city is vital to understand the importance and need for cultural appropriateness of architecture within a society. This is followed by critique of the current methods of assessment of sustainability in India and Bengaluru city and establishes reasons for the need for alternative methods of assessment which takes into consideration the social aspect as well. Three houses have been chosen which represents the pioneering practices of sustainable architecture of the city. In addition of survey data collection, interviews were conducted with the architects to assess the relationship between the design approaches and relevance to the social needs of the occupants. This tries to give more specific information on the intentions and approaches of the projects, which sometimes is overlooked in the sustainable buildings. In a rush to portray cultural and environmental aspects in buildings, some architects employ the tactics of overt cultural references or technical innovations without considering the sustainable issues. These are termed as „cultureclamps‟ and „ecogadgets‟ respectively. These notions will be exposed in the process of analysis. The conclusion of the analysis establishes the relationship between the designers‟ approach and the expectations of relevant clientele. The factors which influence the design of sustainable buildings are elaborated and it is largely hinted at social expectancy and acceptability in the city. Most importantly the claims of sustainability of each building is tested and assessed individually and in comparison which lead to the conclusions that have been put forward and recommendations given for future developments within the city.

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Different Strategies of Housing Design [Working Title]

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Living in Community: 13 Projects That Promote Shared Spaces

• Written by Susanna Moreira | Translated by Tarsila Duduch
• Published on August 28, 2020

Due to population growth and an increase in urban density and real estate prices, architects and urban planners have been pursuing alternatives for new spatial configurations for settling and housing in the cities. The multiplication of shared housing and workspaces is an example of how the field of architecture is adapting to new ways of living in society. 

Not only co-working and co-coliving facilities, but mixed-use buildings, flexible spaces, and temporary installations are also associated, each in its own way, with the idea of sharing spaces. In an intervention under the pilotis of MAR (Rio Art Museum) , for example, Estúdio Chão raises a question closely related to living together : "What if we refused to accept the idea that in order to live together we would have to lock ourselves behind walls and avoid the danger we believe to be living outside, the frightening threat of others?”

Following, we have gathered 13 projects around the world, including mixed-use buildings, temporary installations, co-workings, and co-livings, which promote shared spaces in different ways.

Mixed-use buildings

Concordia design wrocław / mvrdv.

"Concordia Design is a mixed-use building containing co-working spaces, an event venue, a food hall, a café, and a rooftop terrace on Słodowa Island in Wrocław, Poland. The project is a renovation and extension of a 19th-century listed building, retaining the façade of the existing building and adding a contemporary extension to create a focal point for the neighboring park and a destination that will enhance the experience of the island for visitors."

Sesc 24 de Maio / Paulo Mendes da Rocha + MMBB Arquitetos

"The new unit of SESC - a complex set of recreational facilities and services - that will occupy the headquarters building of the old Mesbla, found on the corner of 24 de Maio Street and Dom José de Barros Street, downtown São Paulo , is an exemplary problem of transformation in the built urban heritage."

WERK12 / MVRDV + N-V-O Architekten

"Forming the nucleus of the Werksviertel-Mitte district, an urban regeneration plan on a former industrial site, the 7,700m2 mixed-used development located close to Munich’s East Station stands out with its bold and expressive art façade featuring five-meter-tall verbal expressions found in German comics."

Punggol Neighbourhood and Polyclinic / Serie Architects + Multiply Architects

"Oasis Terrace is a new generation of community centers developed by Singapore’s Housing and Development Board to serve its public housing neighborhoods. It comprises communal facilities, shopping, amenities, and a government polyclinic. The gardens play more than just an aesthetic role in the community; they are a collective horticultural project. By bringing residents together to plant, maintain, and enjoy them, the gardens help nourish community bonds."

Temporary installations

Sava installation / openact architecture + sara palomar studio.

"Due to increasing water levels which occur several times a year, no permanent structure or object can be placed on the riverbanks. Under the main theme of the competition topic of 'Adaptable City,' the project focused on revitalizing the 7 km long riverbank area through ephemeral programmatic injections to experiment with the inclusion of this waterfront public space to the city, enhancing the east-west connection through the river."

TransBorda Intervention / Estúdio Chão

"Invited by the Museum of Art of Rio(MAR) to create an arena for the public programming, debates, and performances during the period of the exhibition 'If you don't fight you die - art democracy utopia,' we set ourselves to provoke the very limits of the museum with the public space. We imagined a set of bleachers and platforms that transformed the act of occupying the pilotis of the museum in a gesture of crossing of walls and activation of the public space."

Urban Bloom / AIM Architecture + URBAN MATTERS

"Urban Bloom is an experiment in urban space and activities taking precedent over a design’s intention or infrastructure’s needs. The only need here was for freedom, and the intention is joy. Urban Bloom renews, and invigorates, urbanism – in fact, the original location was a parking lot. Transformed into an ideal urban garden, and constructed entirely from artificial means, it is a project for a city that emphasizes people." 

Co-working utopic_US Conde de Casal / Izaskun Chinchilla Architects

"According to many studies, the coworking phenomenon is intrinsically associated with the urban lifestyle. The density and diversity of people and opportunities that a big metropolis produces, encourages the apparition of places where its fundamental purpose is sharing creativity. This is why it seemed natural for us that our spaces paid tribute and were inspired by great cities."

Sinergia Cowork Palermo / Emilio Magnone + Marcos Guiponi

"Sinergia Cowork originally started as a real estate development project, with 32 offices and 4 rental meeting rooms. Just another operation inside a recycled space that in its history worked as carpentry, mechanical workshop, movie studio, and warehouse. The offices function as a Cowork: A recent concept in contemporary office spaces, where the user inserts himself into a heterogeneous collaborative environment that enhances his work and social skills."

Co-Working Office / APPAREIL

"The refurbishment of this typical warehouse space provides a simple open working space for a group of independent professionals from the architecture world and neighboring disciplines. It has been designed to propel them in developing their work in a transparent manner, sharing ideas, and stimulating potential collaborations."

The Student Hotel Campus Marina Barcelona / Masquespacio

"The Dutch hotel group The Student Hotel, which provides a unique co-living and co-working hybrid, has just opened its first two student-only Campus properties in the Marina and Poble Sec districts of Barcelona, Spain. The property features communal spaces, such as swimming pools, gaming zones, open and closed seating areas, as well as quiet study rooms to encourage connectivity and exchange while providing enough space for learning and development."

Three Generation House / BETA office for architecture and the city

"Contemplating care between generations, a family comprising of two households decides to build a house together. While the younger couple already lives in the city, the grandparents live in the countryside and are keen to move back to the proximity of urban amenities."

Treehouse Coliving Apartments / Bo-DAA

"Treehouse is a 72-unit co-living complex in the heart of the Kangnam, the start-up hub of Seoul. Composed of micro-studios and micro-lofts, it is designed for single professionals and their animal companions. Treehouse is centered by an interior garden that is lined with collaborative work areas, relaxing lounge spots, communal kitchen, laundry, and pet baths."

This article is part of the ArchDaily Topic: How Will We Live Together . Every month we explore a topic in-depth through articles, interviews, news, and projects. Learn more about our monthly topics here . As always, at ArchDaily we welcome the contributions of our readers; if you want to submit an article or project, contact us .

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Oranje Castle, Lucknow, by Archohm

Note: The contents below are published as provided by the architect/designer.

Oranje Castle, Lucknow, designed by Archohm.

The Oranje castle is a housing project on which Archohm collaborated with the globally-renowned Dutch architectural firm MVRDV. The 7 acre site is situated in one of the upcoming areas of Lucknow, just off the Amar Shaheed path, which is the main artery connecting the city to its Airport.  Overlooking the Gomti River across its green buffer, the Oranje Castle is a self- contained housing development in which there are total of 437 units with a mix of typologies from 3BHK standard apartments to 3 &4BHK units with exclusive terraces as well as luxurious 5BHK penthouses with private terraces.

Conceptually, the design breaks away from the tower morphology, where a typical tower is designed and stamped all over the site with little regard for orientation, massing, variation or privacy. At the Oranje Castle, the dwelling units are arranged in a ring format along the periphery around a large courtyard, the size of two football fields, ensuring a landscape connection for each apartment. The massive courtyard in the centre creates the maximum distance between two apartments in a manner that the window of the neighbor is the farthest possible, thus allowing enough privacy as well as adequate natural light and ventilation to all units.

The standard 3BHK apartments occupy the lower seven floors, while the larger apartments with exclusive terraces are located on the higher floors. The massing of the built form begins to get modulated at the upper floors to make room for private terraces, thus, breaking the monotony in the silhouette. As a result, no two towers are identical. Further, all terraces, which are at different levels, feature gardens that render an additional green dimension to the project. The playfulness of undulating skyline is extended onto the brick-clad facade which is punctuated with balconies that are of two kinds – hollowed out as well as projected from the surface, lending a dynamic mass-void expression to the housing complex.

The landscape design for this project has been done by TOPOTEK 1, a Berlin based firm. The concept for the central courtyard derives from the traditional Indian garden, which features an eclectic combination of live animals, water fountains and lush shade-giving plants. Along with this, the complex geometries of traditional Indian textile design and the evocative forms of contemporary artist Anish Kapoor, form the eclectic elements of inspiration for TOPOTEK1’s Oranje Castle Brick Gardens.

The program of the Brick Gardens comprises of three categories: Activity, Experience and Sport. Activity consists of the play elements in the courtyard, while Experience consists of natural elements – aviary, pond, lawn and pergola, all punctuating the brick gardens. Sports pitches are accommodated in the green band running along the external periphery of the housing. Correspondingly exciting forms have been evolved for the new programs, as is evident the dome of the bird cage and in the play elements – large sculptural brick domes, circular openings in the floor spanned by trampolines and climbing nets.

Project Facts

Typology: Group Housing Name of Project: Oranje Castle    Location: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh              Name of Client: Mr. Ashish Khemka        Name of Client’s Firm: Suraj Infraventure  Pvt. Ltd.        Principal Architect: Mr. Sourabh Gupta Design Team : Amit Sharma,  Sanjay Rawat, Sukhmani Singh, Kriti Aggarwal, Prachi Saxena, Tejpal Singh Site Area:  28878.58 Sqm. Built-Up Area: 131,602.13 Sqm. Start Date: October 2015    Completion Date:  On Going       Structural : Shekhar Design Centre  Mechanical: Consummate Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. Electrical : Consummate Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd. Civil: Archohm Consults Pvt. Ltd.         Landscape: Topotek1            HVAC: Armstrong Engineering Services Plumbing: Consummate Engineering Services Pvt. Ltd.

• Tagged Under - Archohm , Completed , Lucknow , Residential

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GTA housing study: Region on the doorstep of compounding housing crisis. The time for bold action by governments is now.

Greater Toronto Area, September 25, 2024 – The latest Municipal Benchmarking Study from the Building Industry and Land Development Association (BILD) reveals that the number of new homes built in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is lagging significantly behind population growth. The report, developed by Altus Group Economic Consulting for BILD, also identifies that the region is seeing a serious decline in development applications that foreshadows a further deterioration of housing supply.

“The study shows that the gap between housing stock and population growth in the GTA is the widest it has been in over 50 years,” said David Wilkes, President and CEO of BILD. “This a bright red warning light on dashboard for all levels of governments. Without bold steps, the housing crisis in the GTA is going to get far worse in the years ahead.”

This is the third Municipal Benchmarking Study since 2020, and the 2024 study identifies that, on average, municipal approvals for new housing in the GTA take 20 months. Findings also show that each month of delay adds $2,673 to $5,576 in added cost per unit per month. Based on average approval timeframes, this adds between $43,000 and $90,000 to the cost of a new home.

The study also quantifies the fees and charges that municipalities add to the cost of a new home. In the GTA, fees, taxes and charges from all levels of government account for almost 25 per cent of the cost of a new home for the new homebuyer. Municipal fees and charges are a significant portion of that. According to the study, municipal fees rose by an average of $42,000 per unit on low-rise developments and $32,000 on high-rise units since 2022. On average, municipal fees now add $122,387 to the cost of a condominium and $164,920 to the cost of a single-family home in the GTA.

“The GTA housing market faces structural challenges that have driven up construction costs, including unattainably high government fees and taxes – which are among the highest in Canada,” said Wilkes. “To improve housing affordability, governments must act to accelerate approvals and reduce the overall tax burden they are placing on new home buyers. Without bold and immediate action, the region’s housing crisis will be exacerbated, leading to fewer housing starts, reduced jobs, and compounded affordability issues in the years ahead.”

The full report is available here:

Report Background:

This is the third edition of BILD’s municipal benchmarking report. Previous versions were published in 2022 ( download here ) and 2020 ( download here ).

The study looks at 16 different GTA municipalities over a two-year term: Toronto, Vaughan, Markham, Richmond Hill, Brampton, Mississauga, Caledon, Oakville, Burlington, Milton, Whitby, Oshawa, Clarington, Barrie, Innisfil, and Bradford West Gwillimbury.

About BILD:

With 1,200 member companies, BILD is the voice of the home building, residential and non-residential land development and professional renovation industries in the Greater Toronto Area. The building and renovation industry provides 256,000 jobs in the region and $39.3 billion in investment value. BILD is affiliated with the Ontario and Canadian Home Builders’ Associations.

For additional information or to schedule an interview, contact Janis McCulloch at [email protected] or 416-617-7994.

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Bewerbung Consulting: So knackt ihr die Case Study, laut Recruitern

So meistert ihr die case study bei bewerbungen: insider-tipps von coaches und recruitern von mckinsey, bcg und co..

Link kopiert!

Wer Consultant werden möchte, kommt an der Case Study im Bewerbungsgespräch nicht vorbei.

Dabei handelt es sich meist um einen vereinfachten Fall aus der Beratungspraxis – und den geht es im Gespräch mit einem Berater zu lösen.

Dabei ist es laut Recruitern und Coaches wichtiger, im Gespräch Problemlösungsfähigkeiten zu demonstrieren, als genau die richtige Lösung zu treffen oder perfekt im Kopf zu rechnen. Taschenrechner sind oft allerdings nicht erlaubt.

Dieser Artikel ist Teil unserer Serie „Inside Consulting – Euer Karriere-Guide für die Beratung“ .

Wer im Consulting Karriere machen und einen der begehrten Plätze in der Strategieberatung ergattern will, der muss sich zuerst im äußerst kompetitiven Bewerberfeld behaupten. Schon um den richtigen Notendurchschnitt, Lebenslauf und Cover Letter ranken sich daher Mythen – mit einigen davon hat McKinseys Recruiting-Chef bereits an anderer Stelle aufgeräumt.

Doch wer es in die engere Auswahl geschafft hat, auf den kommt das Auswahlgespräch zu. Dessen Herzstück ist neben dem Gespräch zur Persönlichkeit meist die berüchtigte Case Study oder Fallstudie. Mit der wird getestet, wie analytisch Bewerberinnen und Bewerber komplexe Situationen angehen, Probleme erkennen und lösen.

Aber worauf kommt es in der Case Study wirklich an? Wie wichtig sind Kopfrechen-Skills? Werden Fachkenntnisse erwartet? Und was passiert, wenn ihr euch verrechnet? Wir haben dazu mit (Chef-)Recruitern von McKinsey, BCG und Porsche Consulting gesprochen und mit ehemaligen Beratern und Coaches. Sie erklären euch im Folgenden, worauf ihr achten müsst.

McKinsey: Eine Case Study kommt selten allein

Wie das Verfahren bei McKinsey abläuft, hat uns Jonathan Steinbach im Gespräch erklärt. Er ist Director of Recruiting DACH bei der Strategieberatung. Seine Botschaft über das Bewerbungsverfahren: Bei einer Case Study bleibt es nicht. Nach dem Einreichen der Bewerbungsunterlagen und der Teilnahme an einem Online-Spiel habt ihr zwar erstmal ein Gespräch.

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