bloodstain pattern analysis research topics

Original Article
Open access
Published: 21 May 2021

Blood pattern analysis—a review and new findings

Prashant Singh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1340-1789 1 ,
Nandini Gupta 1 &
Ravi Rathi 2

Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences volume 11 , Article number: 9 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

24k Accesses

2 Citations

1 Altmetric

Metrics details

Blood is one of the most common pieces of evidence encountered at the crime scene. Due to the viscous nature of blood, unique bloodstain patterns are formed which when studied can reveal what might have happened at the scene of the crime. Blood pattern analysis (BPA), i.e., the study of shape, size, and nature of bloodstain. The focus of this paper is to understand blood and BPA. An experimental finding to understand blood stain formation using Awlata dye was conducted within the university premises under laboratory conditions. Awlata ( Alta ), an Indian dye used for grooming of women, was used to create fake blood stains to understand the formation of bloodstains with respect to varying heights, and their relation with spines and satellite stains was determined.

When the height of dropping fake blood increased, the distance of satellite stains emerging from the fake blood stains was also increasing. From the experimental finding, it was found that satellite stains were directly proportional to height of blood stain and spines were inversely proportional.

It can be concluded that blood is a vital source of information and when interpreted correctly it can be used as a source of information that can aid in investigations. Thus, a relation between formation of blood stains with relation to height was established. This finding using fake blood stains can help in carrying out future studies.

The study aims to determine the relationship between spines and satellites stains in accordance with varying heights using Awlata dye. It involves creation of fake bloodstains using Awlata dye to determine this relation. The study also seeks to suggest the use of Awlata dye for studying bloodstains for conducting future studies.

Blood is an organic fluid circulating in our body that is essential to maintain life; it includes blood cells and plasma that accounts for approximately 8% of body weight. Blood ranges from 4–5 L (female) to 5–6 L (male). Blood has few bodily capabilities which can be required for its morphological interpretation like specific weight, viscosity, and surface tension (Peschel et al. 2011 ; Bevel and Gardner 2012 ). Viscosity in terms of blood may be described as the pressure of the flow of blood, due to shear stress or extensional stress inside the body (Bevel and Gardner 2012 ). An elastic-like property of a fluid due to cohesive forces between liquid molecules is surface tension (Larkin et al. 2012 ). Blood possesses fluid nature inside the body or when it exits from the body due to an impact/injury (James et al. 2005 ). If there were blood clots in the blood found at the crime scene, it suggests that the victim was exposed to an extended injury (Peschel et al. 2011 ; Bevel and Gardner 2012 ).

Blood can exit from the body as drip, spurt, etc., or can even ooze from wounds depending on the type of infliction/damage. BPA is a type of examination that includes the interpretation of shapes of the bloodstains (James et al. 2005 ). Blood pattern analysis aims to reveal the physical events that might have occurred at the crime scene. These bloodstains can be interpreted by their shape, size, and distribution (Brodbeck 2012 ). The facts acquired from BPA can help in crime scene reconstruction, corroborating witness statements, for the investigative procedure (James et al. 2005 ). If bloodstains at a crime scene are either dried or removed by the assailant, they can still be recovered by spraying luminol. Luminol (5-amino-2,3 dihydro-1,4-pthalazine-dione) can be used to detect the presence of minor, unnoticed, or hidden bloodstains diluted down to a level of 1:10 6 (1 μL of blood in 1 L of solution) which gives chemiluminescence or glowing effect when it reacts with dried bloodstains (Quickenden and Creamer 2001 ).

Luminol solution is usually directly sprayed in completely dark environments, and then UV (ultra violet) light visualizes the sample (blood). The fluorescence obtained is then photographed or filmed. Luminol can be used to identify minor, unnoticed, or hidden bloodstains, and it also has a high sensitivity to old blood or completely dried blood but, unfortunately, luminol can react with detergents, metals, and vegetables to give false-positive results (Barni et al. 2007 ). Sometimes, there are probabilities that the bloodstain recovered had been created using certain substances (dyes/stains) to deceive the investigators. To distinguish whether a sample is blood or not, assays like Kastle-Meyer (phenolphthalein test), Medinger reaction (Leuco malachite Green), and Tetramethylbenzidine test are used, but they cannot satisfactorily confirm blood (preliminary tests). So, for the confirmatory evaluation of blood, Teichmann and Takayama tests are performed to distinguish if the samples were blood or not (Saferstein and Hall 2020 ). It is also very important for the analyst to determine the origin of species of blood (whether human or animal) by precipitin test; this is often necessary to avoid confusion in investigative findings. There are several conditions in which the bloodstain patterns are disturbed/altered and in such cases, no useful information can be interpreted. So, DNA analysis is utilized for providing investigative leads (Saferstein and Hall 2020 ). When the bloodstains are suspected to be from multiple sources, the investigator can often rely on DNA to reveal valuable details about the crime. So, in the case of multiple victims, analysts often use DNA profiling to determine whose blood it was (James et al. 2005 ; Karger et al. 2008 ).

Bloodstain patterns distributed at the crime scene can be used for the reconstruction of an event (Comiskey et al. 2016 ). Before reconstruction, an analyst must have a comprehensive view of the overall picture and use the step-by-step approach to differentiate and analyze the bloodstain patterns and search for the informative points (James et al. 2005 ). It is also required that the investigator must create a hypothesis on the formation of blood patterns due to injuries. Reconstruction can be further improved by the contribution of case descriptions and statements (witnesses/perpetrators) that can provide insights on the sequence of events. Hence, to carry out an effective reconstruction, both casework experience combined with knowledge of injuries should be known (Karger et al. 2008 ; Kunz et al. 2013 ; Kunz et al. 2015 ).

Types of bloodstains

Passive patterns.

It is a type of bloodstain pattern formed due to gravity, patterns like drip stain, flow stain, blood pool, and serum stain are observed. A drip stain is a drop falling without any disturbance that can take a spherical shape without disintegrating into smaller droplets. Bloodstains, depending on the angle, can cause the blood drop to have a circular or slightly elongated shape; this helps in the determination of the angle of impact (Swgstain 2009 ). Sometimes, a trail can be formed due to the dripping of blood from a weapon as well as in case of blunt or trauma injuries, due to which large volume of blood can be encountered at the crime scene (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Spatter patterns

These are patterns formed when hard objects are used to strike the victim (example: a pipe). Forward spatter on the other hand is a pattern formed towards the direction of damage (example: bullet creating an exit wound) (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ). Back spatter is a pattern formed by blood when damage is to a hard surface like the skull by a bullet, and the bloodstains will be pointing away from the impact. Gunfire spatter can also vary on the caliber of the weapon used, location of impact, and the location of the victim (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Projected patterns are irregular patterns that are due to the motion of weapon (example: stabbing). If in case at the crime scene there was existence of droplets of blood of varied sizes, it is called a cast-off pattern (example: injuries by hammers) (James et al. 2005 ). In case of injury to the artery, the blood from the blood vessel flows like a fountain (upward to downward flow), a zig-zag pattern will be observed until the pressure of the lungs reduces. If there was injury internally, expiration from the mouth/nose releases blood that creates a pattern very small to see (fine mist-like) (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Altered patterns

Bloodstain patterns that indicate that a physical change had occurred can be said as altered patterns. This change can be due to physical activity, diffusion, dilution, or insects’, which can misguide the investigators to consider them as drip patterns. In case if the body was dragged over pre-existing blood, it leaves a tangential path (James et al. 2005 ). Contact prints may also be recovered on clean surfaces at the crime scenes (bloody shoe prints, fingerprints, or the entire palm) that can help investigators in determining what might have occurred at the crime scene. This can help investigators to determine what object could have been at the crime scene (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Void patterns on the other hands are formed when an object is placed between the blood source and projection area, it is likely to receive some of the stains, which consequently leads to an absence of the stains in an otherwise continuous bloodstain pattern, which can indicate that an object or person would have been a part of the pattern (like a missing object from the wall) that if recovered can help in completing the pattern (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Insects that move over the blood can also create a unique pattern that can often confuse the investigators to what pattern it could be. When blood comes into contact with clothing and fabric it spreads via diffusion, often leaving an irregularly shaped pattern which is difficult to interpret, especially in that cases the surface could be collected and send for examination to forensic labs (James et al. 2005 ; Peschel et al. 2011 ).

Moreover, to reconstruct the events that caused bloodshed, the investigators use the direction and angle of the spatter to calculate the areas of convergence (it is the starting point of the bloodshed) and area of origin (point from where the blood immerged) to mark the location of the victim and perpetrator (James et al. 2005 ) (Fig. 1 ).

Fake blood stains that were made using Awlata dye

Different works have been carried in blood pattern analysis, a study showed that when determining area of origin from blood stains, larger drops which are elliptical should be given more consideration (de Bruin et al. 2011 ). In another study, the velocities of blood were considered with factors like air drag and gravity which was used to predict the back-spatter formation by carrying the experiment using a blood-soaked sponge (Comiskey et al. 2016 ).

Fluid dynamics was also given consideration in blood pattern analysis to understand how the blood behaves as a liquid when in air and the factors that are affecting the formation the blood drop (Attinger et al. 2013 ). Study of spines and satellite on basis of velocity has also depicted the formation of bloodstains (Attinger et al. 2013 ).

In a real-time setting, studying bloodstains and its patterns using real blood can be a tedious task, as it requires a large amount of blood. Moreover, in order to carry out such a study, it will require ethical clearance as well as financial support. Using Awlata dye for studying bloodstains can solve these problems because of its easy availability, low cost, and it can be made under laboratory conditions. Thus, investigators and scientists can use this for experimental purposes and to carry future studies.

Article selection criteria for review

The initial criteria for selecting literature were based on searching different keywords on Google searching engine for blood, blood pattern analysis, and blood pattern analysis in forensic science. Then, after screening of articles based on the title and abstract of papers, papers were sorted. Articles and relevant internet sources that matched the relevant criteria of the review were also selected.

Article eligibility criteria for review

Eligibility of articles was finalized by analyzing whether the papers were discussing about BPA and its related methodology or not.

On basis of analyzing existing literature, it was decided that a study needs to be conducted by creating fake bloodstains using Awlata, so as to understand the formation of stains if the angle is kept fixed and the height is varied (Buck et al. 2011 ; Attinger et al. 2013 ). An Indian dye (Awlata/Alta) was used to make fake blood stains to depict similar patterns as that of blood. Awlata (Alta) is a traditional Indian red dye used by women in the festive season and is applied to hands and feet. For the experiment Awlata dye, a Pasteur pipette and white chart papers were used. The experiment was carried within the university premises in the university laboratory.

Preparation/composition of Awlata

In cultural practices, Awlata dye was made from Betel leaves which is a vine from the family Piperaceae. Awlata is also made from the extract of lac that is a red dye obtained from the scale of an insect Laccifer Lacca. Nowadays, Awlata can be made chemically by using Vermillion (red powder) with water to make a liquid.

Source of Awlata for the experiment

For this experiment, a ready-made Awlata dye (Pari) was bought from the local market which had its composition defined and came packed in a 50-ml bottle. The reason for taking Awlata for experiment, was Awlata dries within a few minutes and its life span is about 1–2 months, after which it starts to fade. But if it is preserved and stored properly, it can stay intact for long durations.

Formation of fake bloodstains

In this experiment, we conducted different height variations to create fake bloodstains using Awlata dye (Buck et al. 2011 ; Attinger et al. 2013 ). The experiment aimed to study the shape (morphology) of these fake bloodstains at different heights (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet) so that an approximate estimation of actual blood stain formation can be studied (Attinger et al. 2013 ). A Pasteur pipette was used for this experiment and about 0.5 ml of Awlata dye was taken for making a single fake blood stain.

The amount of Awlata dye that was used to make a single fake blood stain was ascertained using the indications labeled on the Pasteur pipette. Ninety-degree angle was maintained and the Awlata dye was dropped from different heights and observations were made. For each height, two stains were made and labeled drop 1 and drop 2; this was done to compare the observation and confirm the findings.

After Awlata dye was dropped from different heights to create fake blood stains, it was observed that as the height was increased, the distance of satellite stains emerging from the fake blood stains was also increasing. It can be observed that fake blood stain created from three feet has many numbers of spines and less satellite stains and they are very close to the parent stain. Similarly, as the height was increased, the numbers of spines were reduced and the number of satellite stains was increased.

The experimental observation noted was that as the height was increased, the force of gravity acting on the Awlata dye was also increasing, and hence when the Awlata dye was dropped from a height to create fake blood stains, the impact of the dye on the surface due to gravitational forces, inertial forces, and viscous forces (Attinger et al. 2013 ) could be the possible cause of formation of such stains. To ascertain the formation of these fake blood stains, we retook the height experiment and the observations were very similar to that of the first drop (see Table 1 ).

Discussions

After the experiment carried with Awlata dye, it was observed that height was directly proportional to the number of satellite stains (stains that are small droplets moving away from the parent stain, they are partially/not attached to the parent stain), i.e., more distant the satellite stains from the parent drop, more will be the height. Whereas relation of spines (these are small projections coming out from the parent stain, they remain attached to the parent stain) and height was inverse in nature, i.e., when the height was increased the number of spines reduced.

Though Awlata was used to study the formation of fake blood stains, care must be taken that this dye should be kept away from contact with moisture/water as repeated moisture/water tends to fade the dye and also wash it off. So, if Awlata dye is used for future studies, the observations made from this dye should be properly stored and preserved. This will help ensure the integrity of experimental findings is not altered.

Factors like size, age, and health of the individual should also be given consideration while studying the blood stain formation. Moreover, surface tension also plays an important role in the formation of bloodstains (Larkin et al. 2012 ). Surface tension is also varied if there is some chemical or other chemical present in the blood (Raymond et al. 1996 ). The surface roughness, permeability, and porosity also effect the formation of bloodstain formation. So, these factors are also needed to be given consideration when studying bloodstains (Bear 1975 ).

Study of fake bloodstains using Awlata dye highlights these potential aspects and on basis of existing literary works carried by other scientists a more definite version of BPA can be worked upon. Study of fluid dynamics should also be given consideration while studying bloodstain formation (Attinger et al. 2013 ). To open new gateways of research in BPA and support investigative observations, the findings depicted in this paper can be used as a source to validate actual blood stains and also carry out future studies. Domains like how angle variation with respect to height effects formation of blood stains can be explored on the basis of these findings. This finding can help to understand the formation of blood stains for future research and development.

The future of BPA is promising and more research needs to be done to improve BPA. A more precise method of blood interpretations should be created to make investigations more accurate, so that crime scene reconstruction can be carried out efficiently. The study conducted using Awlata dye can be a contributor to the existing literature on BPA. This paper is a review work which can be utilized by students, scientists, or experts as a reference for carrying out future studies or to enhance their knowledge. Blood pattern analysis is indeed a useful tool in forensic science which can help in crime scene reconstruction and if BPA is coupled with DNA analysis and other investigative findings, more conclusive and thorough details of the sequence of events can be obtained from blood evidence.

Limitations of Awlata dye

The composition of Awlata dye (Alta) and blood vary; hence, Awlata dye (Alta) cannot be considered as blood. Awlata was used to create fake bloodstains which can give an approximate idea towards BPA and resemblance somewhat similar to actual blood stains. The actual scenario at the crime scene that led to the formation of blood stains and that made by Awlata dye has scope for human errors too as studying blood stains in real and that in experimental conditions differ.

Awlata dye use in the forensic scenario

Studying BPA is a very skillful task, and at the crime scene when real blood is concerned, the scenarios are simultaneous and unpredictable. To carry studies to understand bloodstains is not always possible; it requires a large amount of blood which is subjected to ethical clearance. Awlata dye can be an emerging substitute to this problem, as it is cost-effective, readily available, and can also be made in the lab. Awlata dye can be used to create experimental conditions to study different forensic scenarios. Fake blood created with Awlata dyes can be used to make simulated crime scenes from forensic and investigative findings to derive case supportive conclusions.

From the experiment done using Awlata dye ( Alta ), it can be concluded that blood stains can help experts estimate the approximate height of the assailant. The formation of the bloodstain can correspond to the height it originated from, thus being a vital source of information. A relation of formation of blood stains with change in varying height was established in accordance with interpretation of spines and satellite stains. Though Awlata is not similar to blood, it can be used to carry out experimental studies to explore more about BPA. Existing studies on BPA depict that blood patterns are very useful source of information and it can help investigators to examine the crime scene precisely.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable

Abbreviations

Blood pattern analysis

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ultra violet

Attinger D, Moore C, Donaldson A, Jafari A, Stone H (2013) Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities. Forensic Sci Int 231(1-3):375–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018

Article PubMed Google Scholar

Barni F, Lewis S, Berti A, Miskelly G, Lago G (2007) Forensic application of the luminol reaction as a presumptive test for latent blood detection. Talanta 72(3):896–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.12.045

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Bear J (1975) Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Soil Sci 120(2):162–163. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197508000-00022

Article Google Scholar

Bevel T, Gardner R (2012) Bloodstain pattern analysis with an introduction to crime scene reconstruction, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken

Google Scholar

Brodbeck S (2012) Introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis. SIAK J J Police Sci Pract 2:51–57 Avaialble via DIALOG. https://www.bmi.gv.at/104/Wissenschaft_und_Forschung/SIAK-Journal/internationalEdition/files/Brodbeck_IE_2012.pdf

Buck U, Kneubuehl B, Näther S, Albertini N, Schmidt L, Thali M (2011) 3D bloodstain pattern analysis: Ballistic reconstruction of the trajectories of blood drops and determination of the centres of origin of the bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int 206(1-3):22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.010

Comiskey P, Yarin A, Kim S, Attinger D (2016) Prediction of blood back spatter from a gunshot in bloodstain pattern analysis. Phys Rev Fluids. 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043201

de Bruin K, Stoel R, Limborgh J (2011) Improving the point of origin determination in bloodstain pattern analysis. J Forensic Sci 56(6):1476–1482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01841.x

James S, Kish P, Sutton T (2005) Principles of bloodstain analysis. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039467

Book Google Scholar

Karger B, Rand S, Fracasso T, Pfeiffer H (2008) Bloodstain pattern analysis—casework experience. Forensic Sci Int 181(1-3):15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.07.010

Kunz S, Brandtner H, Meyer H (2013) Unusual blood spatter patterns on the firearm and hand: a backspatter analysis to reconstruct the position and orientation of a firearm. Forensic Sci Int 228(1-3):e54–e57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.012

Kunz S, Brandtner H, Meyer H (2015) Characteristics of backspatter on the firearm and shooting hand-an experimental analysis of close-range gunshots. J Forensic Sci 60(1):166–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12572

Larkin B, El-Sayed M, Brownson D, Banks C (2012) Crime scene investigation III: exploring the effects of drugs of abuse and neurotransmitters on bloodstain pattern analysis. Anal Methods 4(3):721. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ay05762j

Article CAS Google Scholar

Peschel O, Kunz S, Rothschild M, Mützel E (2011) Blood stain pattern analysis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 7(3):257–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9198-1

Quickenden T, Creamer J (2001) A study of common interferences with the forensic luminol test for blood. Luminescence 16(4):295–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.657

Raymond M, Smith E, Liesegang J (1996) The physical properties of blood–forensic considerations. Sci Justice 36(3):153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(96)72590-x

Saferstein R, Hall A (2020) Forensic science handbook. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Milton. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315119939

Swgstain S (2009) Scientific Working Group on bloodstain pattern analysis: recommended terminology. Forensic Sci Commun 11(2):14–17 Available via DIALOG. http://theiai.org/docs/SWGSTAIN_Terminology.pdf

Download references

Acknowledgements

Author information, authors and affiliations.

School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

Prashant Singh & Nandini Gupta

Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Manesar, Haryana, India

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PS and NG worked on researching relevant data and writing of this review paper. RR was our guide and mentor who constantly guided us and helped formulate the different sections of the review and did the final check. We clarify that all authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Prashant Singh .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate, consent for publication, competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Singh, P., Gupta, N. & Rathi, R. Blood pattern analysis—a review and new findings. Egypt J Forensic Sci 11 , 9 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00224-8

Download citation

Received : 28 September 2020

Accepted : 09 May 2021

Published : 21 May 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00224-8

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Bloodstains

bloodstain pattern analysis research topics

About the IABPA
Bylaws and Ethics
Executive Board - 2024
Distinguished Members
Past Presidents of the IAPBA
Daniel J. Rahn
Alfred L. Carter, Ph.D.
Norman H. Reeves
Dr. Michael C. Taylor
Dr. Tony Raymond
Donald Ray Schuessler
Awards and Grants
Michael C. Taylor Distinguished Member Award
Daniel J. Rahn Research Grant
Daniel J. Rahn Research Grant - Recipients
2023 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipients
2022 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipient
2021 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipients
2019 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipients
2017/2018 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipient
2016/2017 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipient
2014/2015 Daniel Rahn Grant Recipient
Conferences
2024 Annual Conference
Past Conferences
2023 Annual Conference
2022 Annual Conference
2022 Annual Conference Agenda
Our Sponsors
2022 European Conference
2021 Annual Conference
2021 Annual Conference - Zoom Video Recordings
2020 Annual Conference
2019 Annual Conference
2019 European Conference
2018 Annual Conference
2018 South American Conference
2017 Annual Conference
BPA Training Standards
Training Courses
Current Research Studies
Call for Participants

Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

ASB/ANSI - BPA Consensus Body
Forensic News/Articles
BPA/Forensic Resource Links
Employment Opportunities
My MEMBER Page
Membership Information
Membership Lapsed? - Rejoin Now!
Eligibility Requirements
Online Store

Member Login

Copyright 2023 by the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. All rights reserved.

Journal of bloodstain pattern analysis , the journal of bloodstain pattern analysis is the official publication of the international association of bloodstain pattern analysts and is published quarterly., the journal of bloodstain pattern analysis is committed to the dissemination of information relevant to the association, its members, and the discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis.* , * neither the international association of bloodstain pattern analysts nor its editor(s) assume any responsibility for the statements and opinions contained within this publication. , publication committee, editor celestina rossi, associate editors alison gingras jeff gurvis, if you are interested in submitting a manuscript for publication, or to submit news, announcements, events or any other material, please complete and submit the jbpa submission form using the link below. , for other questions or general inquiries regarding the journal, you may also use this form to contact the editor. .

JBPA SUBMISSION FORM

Current Issues of the JBPA

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000, for jbpa issues published prior to 2000, click here, some editions contain numerous photographs and may be up to 15mb in size..

(Volume 38, No. 1)

December 2022

(Volume 37, No. 4)

September 2022

(Volume 37, No. 3)

June 2022

(Volume 37, No. 2)

(Volume 37, No. 1)

December 2021

(Volume 36, No. 4)

The December 2021 issue contains the following content:

Abstracts for presentations and workshops at the 2021 conference
Education Committee update
Translation committee update
Book review
Update from the IAI BPA certification board
Update from the BPA subcommittee of OSAC
Upcoming BPA training courses
Online resources
Recently published BPA related articles
BPA related standards

September 2021

(Volume 36, No. 3)

The September issue contains the following content:

Two requests for assistance
Research article - A preliminary investigation into the influence of case information and surface

material effects on the judgments of forensic science undergraduate students

within the discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis

Research article - A Large-Scale Study of Bloodstain Ellipse Marking
Training opportunities
Published articles and published BPA standards

(Volume 36, No. 2)

(Volume 36, No. 1)

Elected Officers and Committees

Author Submission Guidelines,

Call for BPA Photos

Organizational Notices

2021 Training Conference

Membership application info

Daniel Rahn Memorial Grant

Association Bylaws

Code of Ethics

Past Presidents and Distinguished Members

Training in North America, Europe, and Oceanic-Asia

Online Resources

Translations of Bloodstain Terms

Recently published BPA articles

Published Standards for BPA

December 2008 - Comparison of the Luminol and BlueStar Reagents in Detecting Blood in Soil Nearly Four Years After Deposition - Research Project into the Error Rates Associated with BPA - Photos and Presentation Abstracts from the 2008 Training Conference - Annual General Meeting Minutes

September 2008 - Highlights and Presentation Abstracts from the European Training Conference

June 2008 - High Speed Digital Analysis of Bloodstain Pattern Formation from Common Bloodletting Mechanisms - SWGSTAIN Draft Document: "Recommended BPA Terminology" - Proposed Changes to IABPA Bylaws

March 2008 - Case Report - Bloodstains of Gettysburg (The use of Chemiluminescent Blood Reagents) - SWGSTAIN Documents: Guidelines for Minimum Training Guidelines for Quality Assurance Admissibility Hearing Topics

June / September 2000 An Advocate's Approach to Bloodstain Analysis Evidence: Parts I and II

2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 / 1983-1999

Help & FAQ

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Chemical & Biological Engineering
Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics
Molecular Biology
High Meadows Environmental Institute
Princeton Materials Institute

Research output : Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

This comparative review highlights the relationships between the disciplines of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) in forensics and that of fluid dynamics (FD) in the physical sciences. In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, or with other liquids or solids. Five aspects of BPA related to FD are discussed: the physical forces driving the motion of blood as a fluid; the generation of the drops; their flight in the air; their impact on solid or liquid surfaces; and the production of stains. For each of these topics, the relevant literature from the BPA community and from the FD community is reviewed. Comments are provided on opportunities for joint BPA and FD research, and on the development of novel FD-based tools and methods for BPA. Also, the use of dimensionless numbers is proposed to inform BPA analyses.

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Pathology and Forensic Medicine
Bloodstain pattern analysis
Dimensionless number
Drop generation

Access to Document

10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018

Fingerprint

Hydrodynamics Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Air Medicine & Life Sciences 23%
Natural Science Disciplines Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
air Social Sciences 19%
flight Social Sciences 12%
Coloring Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 11%
Joints Medicine & Life Sciences 10%
contact Social Sciences 8%

T1 - Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis

T2 - Comparative review and research opportunities

AU - Attinger, Daniel

AU - Moore, Craig

AU - Donaldson, Adam

AU - Jafari, Arian

AU - Stone, Howard A.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge financial support from Iowa State University, the US National Institute of Justice (award 2010-DN-BX-K403) and the US National Science Foundation (award CBET 1211187). Several undergraduate and graduate students at Columbia and Iowa State University have participated to the early stages of the literature review, Max Gilmore, Martin Li, Seth Aaron, Junfeng Xiao, Liqun Fu, Ashish Shah and Ying Xing. D.A. acknowledges that Herb MacDonell and then David Baldwin have introduced him to the challenges involved with BPA. D.A. is thankful to have been able to read reference [42] in his mother tongue. This solid and enlightening introduction to BPA deserves a better English translation.

PY - 2013/9/10

Y1 - 2013/9/10

N2 - This comparative review highlights the relationships between the disciplines of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) in forensics and that of fluid dynamics (FD) in the physical sciences. In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, or with other liquids or solids. Five aspects of BPA related to FD are discussed: the physical forces driving the motion of blood as a fluid; the generation of the drops; their flight in the air; their impact on solid or liquid surfaces; and the production of stains. For each of these topics, the relevant literature from the BPA community and from the FD community is reviewed. Comments are provided on opportunities for joint BPA and FD research, and on the development of novel FD-based tools and methods for BPA. Also, the use of dimensionless numbers is proposed to inform BPA analyses.

AB - This comparative review highlights the relationships between the disciplines of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) in forensics and that of fluid dynamics (FD) in the physical sciences. In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, or with other liquids or solids. Five aspects of BPA related to FD are discussed: the physical forces driving the motion of blood as a fluid; the generation of the drops; their flight in the air; their impact on solid or liquid surfaces; and the production of stains. For each of these topics, the relevant literature from the BPA community and from the FD community is reviewed. Comments are provided on opportunities for joint BPA and FD research, and on the development of novel FD-based tools and methods for BPA. Also, the use of dimensionless numbers is proposed to inform BPA analyses.

KW - Bloodstain pattern analysis

KW - Dimensionless number

KW - Drop generation

KW - Impact

KW - Review

KW - Trajectory

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84880807025&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84880807025&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018

DO - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018

M3 - Review article

C2 - 23830178

AN - SCOPUS:84880807025

SN - 0379-0738

JO - Forensic Science International

JF - Forensic Science International

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: comparative review and research opportunities

Affiliation.

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA. [email protected]
PMID: 23830178
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.018

Keywords: Bloodstain pattern analysis; Dimensionless number; Drop generation; Impact; Review; Stain; Trajectory.

Publication types

Comparative Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Biophysical Phenomena
Blood Stains*
Blood Viscosity
Gravitation
Hydrodynamics*
Permeability
Surface Tension

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

Advanced Search
Journal List
v.22; 2019 Feb

A data set of bloodstain patterns for teaching and research in bloodstain pattern analysis: Gunshot backspatters

Daniel attinger.

a Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 50010 Ames, IA, USA

b Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, 50010 Ames, IA, USA

Ricky Faflak

c Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 50010 Ames, IA, USA

Bryce A. Struttman

Kris de brabanter, patrick m. comiskey.

d Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607-7022, USA

Alexander L. Yarin

Associated data.

This is a data set of blood spatter patterns scanned at high resolution, generated in controlled experiments. The spatter patterns were generated with a rifle or a handgun with varying ammunition. The resulting atomized blood droplets travelled opposite to the bullet direction, generating a gunshot backspatter on a poster board target sheet. Fresh blood with anticoagulants was used; its hematocrit and temperature were measured. The main parameters of the study were the bullet shape, size and speed, and the distance between the blood source and target sheet. Several other parameters were explored in a less systematic way. This new and original data set is suitable for training or research purposes in the forensic discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis.

Specifications table

Value of the data

• The data set can be used by researchers. One research purpose is to test crime scene reconstruction models [1] , [2] , [3] . Briefly, these models pursue at least two purposes. First, they classify patterns with respect to their generation mechanism (e.g. beating vs. shooting [4] ). Second, they determine the region of origin of the blood spatter [5] , [6] . Recently, the US National Academies emphasized [7] the need to develop more accurate bloodstain pattern analysis methods, with stronger fluid dynamics foundations. Accessibility to large amounts of bloodstain patterns produced under controlled conditions is thus important for the development of the needed science base. The data in this manuscript addresses the above issues by systematically documenting the experimental conditions. Data of this manuscript can also inform studies investigating conditions for the presence of spatter stains on the firearm or the shooter [8] , [9] .
• The data helps dissemination of blood spatters for teaching and instructional purposes. Indeed, generation and transport of blood spatters is cumbersome. A large space, the size of a habitation room, is needed to generate a realistic blood spatter; and care should be taken to have reproducible and realistic experimental conditions. Shooting comes with its own strict safety rules, and is best done at an indoor shooting range to prevent draft from atmospheric winds. Blood sourcing and handling is not trivial either. Blood needs to be used under strict safety conditions because of the risk of blood-borne diseases and pathogens. Since travelling across borders is common for BPA instructors, both alternatives of travelling with blood spatters through customs or having the blood spatters prepared at the site and time of the workshop involve logistic efforts, costs and safety risks. Also blood ages within days [10] . All the experiments here use blood drawn less than 3 days before the experiment and spiked with anticoagulant. This database provides BPA instructors with a safe set of spatters ready to be printed at high resolution for their classes.
• This data set is new and original, and the data has not been published elsewhere.
• The experimental design and methods described in this manuscript can be readily reproduced and used to generate additional blood spatters. Note that there is still no consensus on which experimental setup is best to simulate the complexity of gunshot spatters in realistic conditions, where blood is located within a complex structure involving body tissues and blood vessels, covered by skin. Head of calves have been used [11] , a human cadaver filled with blood [12] , foams or sponges soaked in blood [4] , [13] , or cavities filled with blood have been used [14] . Experiments reported here used both soaked foams and cavities filled with blood as the blood source, and the information on which blood source was used is specified.

Blood spatters are a subset of bloodstain patterns, with stains generated when an impacting object causes drops to go airborne [1] , [2] , [3] before hitting the surface of a solid object called the target. Gunshot backspatters are spatters where blood is atomized by a bullet, in a direction opposite to that of the bullet [2] . Discussion and physical description on the dynamics of a fluid impacted by a high-speed projectile can be found in Ref. [15] . Those events of atomization and airborne transport are rarely observable in a crime scene, and distinguish spatters from other bloodstain patterns, such as transfers where stains are produced by contact between the blood source and the target. Fig. 1 shows a typical gunshot blood spatter, as provided in this work.

Example of blood spatter Rp42, with scale on top. The size of the target cardstock board is 140 cm × 110 cm, left. The high resolution of the stain edges is well visible, as well as the bullet hole in the middle picture, top left. Image segmentation software such as the one used in Ref. [16] can count and measure more than 10,000 individual spots in the image, within a few minutes of processing time.

Fig. 2 describes the geometry and setup used to generate the spatters. Most spatters were produced on a vertical target, with the bullet hole indicating the bullet impact location. The travel direction of the bullet was perpendicular to both the blood source and the target. For such a system, the visible location of the bullet hole and the orientation of the image – the image width corresponding to the horizontal direction of the experiment – defines the geometry. For the cases where muzzle gases were allowed to interact with the spatter process, the barrel of the gun was perpendicular to the cardstock target, and at the same distance from the blood source as the target, centered into a cutout of about 1 in. in size. The cutout in the cardstock is also visible in the scans, and determines the geometry of the spatter. Few spatters were produced on horizontal targets, where the angle between the bullet trajectory and a horizontal line was varied between 0° and 60°.

Description of the experimental geometry used to generate spatters on a vertical cardstock target (a) and on a horizontal one (b). Picture (c) shows the preparation of a vertical backspatter from a handgun, using a cavity filled with blood and the muzzle gas diffuser.

The conditions of each experiment are documented in a text file located in the same directory as the spatter image. For spatters on a vertical target, the conditions are summarized in Table 1 , with the range of each parameter, and the reason for documentation of each parameter. Fig. 3 provides a synthetic view of the main variables investigated, the velocity of the impact that atomized the blood, and the distance between blood source and spatter target. For spatters on a vertical target, each test was denoted using the nomenclature described in Fig. 3 . For spatters on a horizontal target, each test was denoted using the nomenclature in Table 2 . The investigated conditions are summarized in Table 2 . Some spatters names end with a number in parenthesis which our research team has used as an alternate name. Note that some spatters have been described in a general manner and compared to numerical models in Refs. [16] , [17] .

Description of the variables documented. Ranges of parameters are indicated, and parameters that have been systematically varied during the investigation are in bold. Most commonly used values of parameters are underlined.

Synthetic view of the spatters on vertical targets. X -axis is the horizontal distance between blood source and cardstock target; Y -axis is velocity of the bullet. Blood spatters are designated with symbols R (rifle), H (handgun), p (pointy bullet), f (flat tip bullet), r (round tip bullet). Symbols after spatter number are m (muzzle gases interacting with spatter), h (horizontal spatter), # (blood source in soaked foam). The asterisk denotes spatters analyzed in an earlier study on the fluid dynamics of backspatters [16] .

Description of the spatters on horizontal targets. The first position denotes the gun ( H standing for handgun, and R, for rifle); the second position indicates the initial inclination angle δ between bullet trajectory and the horizontal (e.g., a0 denotes a zero bullet inclination angle δ = 0°), and the third position describes the horizontal distance D from the gun barrel exit to the blood source in cm. The height H is measured from the center of the blood source to the floor. For example, H-a0-D300 stands for a horizontal cardstock target (placed on the floor) with an initial bullet inclination angle δ = 0° and a distance from the gun barrel exit to the target of 300 cm. Trial numbers for each test case were appended at the end of the experimental nomenclature, e.g., as −1 and −2. Muzzle gases were either allowed to interact with the spatter or suppressed with a diffuser plate. The asterisk denotes spatters analyzed in our earlier study on the fluid dynamics of backspatters [17] .

The scanned images of the spatters are provided electronically in the appendix. Some of the spatters contain well over 10,000 stains, each produced by the same single bullet. The high resolution of the stain edges is well visible. Image segmentation software such as the one used in Ref. [16] can count and measure more than 10,000 individual spots in the image, within a few minutes of processing time.

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

Most backward spatters were generated at the Izaak Walton League Park indoor shooting range (Ames, Iowa, USA) and a few spatters at an indoor range used by the Fort Dodge (Iowa, USA) Police Depatment. The air was quiescent.

The rifle was held in position with an ad hoc metallic structure. The handgun was mounted in a fixed position with a Ransom rest (Master Combo Series, Ransom International Corp.). Ammunition and gun description is in Table 3 .

Guns and bullets used in the experiments with manufacturer number. Velocities are either as per manufacturer data (and preceded with the symbol “~”) or measured with a chronograph at the shooting range. The grain is a measure of mass, and can be converted to SI units as 1 grain ≅ 64.8 mg. Pictured ruler has cm units.

Most blood spatters were generated on flat cardstock poster board sheets (UCreate, Walmart Inc., each 22 in. × 28 in.). Targets of larger sizes were assembled by juxtaposing several poster board sheets using masking tape at the back of the joints. The smooth side of the cardstock was used. An optical profilometer (Zygo Newview 6300) measured the roughness of the target, with results reported in Table 1 . Spreading correlations, which link drop sizes, stain sizes and impact velocities together, have been characterized on this substrate according to the methods in Ref. [19] .

The blood source was either a foam or sponge soaked with blood, or a closed blood filled cavity reservoir. The latter was prepared as follows. A section of paper was peeled back from one side of foam board (Elmer׳s, USA). The foam board in a central cylindrical section (either one or two in. in diameter) was then removed; the cavity was filled with blood. Clear packaging tape was utilized to affix the paper back over the blood-filled cavity. This latter setup became the source of choice because of apparent improved reproducibility of the spatters, in comparison with the ones obtained with the soaked foam or sponge. The type of blood sources are in Table 2 and Fig. 3 , with details in the text files describing the individual spatters provided as supplementary documentation.

Spatters on vertical targets were generated as follows: A cardstock target was used to collect the backward spattered drops and was placed vertically between the muzzle of the gun and the target (see Fig. 3 a). The bullet trajectory was parallel to the ground at a height of typically 50–70 cm. Spatters on horizontal targets were generated according to the geometry described in Fig. 3 b and [17] , and summarized in Table 2 .

To suppress or at least minimize the interaction of the muzzle gases with the back spatter process, a high-density fiberboard diffuser plate pierced with a hole twice the diameter of the bullet was placed between the gun and the target. For a few spatters, interaction with muzzle gases was allowed by removing the diffuser plate; for vertical spatters, the gun barrel was placed at the same distance from the blood source as the cardstock target, in a cutout made at the center of the cardstock target.

The experiments utilized ethically-sourced swine blood with an anticoagulant of either heparin or ACD. The blood was drawn less than 72 h prior to any experiment. The blood was placed on a rocker and was at room temperature. Hematocrit was measured with a dedicated centrifugation device (STI, HemataStat-II). Room temperature and relative humidity were measured with a Mannix PTH8708 temperature-humidity pen.

The choice of swine blood can be explained as a compromise between safety and relevance to BPA in a public university laboratory. Indeed, human blood is a biohazard, requiring extensive testing and handling precautions to avoid risks such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and hepatitis B and C, which can be deadly if untreated. Artificial blood is still in a development phase, and it is not clear whether it will ever be able to match all the complex – and still partly unknown [24] – characteristics of actual blood [3] . Among available animal blood, swine blood is the closest to human blood in terms of comparable physical properties [25] , such as hematocrit range, shear viscosity of whole blood and plasma, and erythrocyte aggregation behavior. Since swine blood has not been associated with risks of HIV or hepatitis B, it is a safer substitute to human blood. Thus, swine blood was drawn from healthy pigs screened for zoonotic diseases at the Ames USDA facilities. Blood was stored refrigerated when not in use and allowed to reach room temperature before use. Personal protection equipment for the biohazard while producing the spatters included coveralls, gloves, face shields, surgical masks, and goggles, while gloves were used for manipulating dried spatters, e.g. during scanning.

After the spatter was produced, the target was removed from the holding fixture and the bloodstains were allowed to dry. Spatters were then digitized with a flatbed scanner at 600 DPI. That resolution is slightly better than what has been obtained with high-end photography [4] , and allows a clear definition of the edges of most stains. The use of a scanner also avoids issues of parallax, which are often present on crime scene photographs. The spatters were scanned in a piecewise manner, by cutting the tape joining the poster board sheets (tape was at their backside), because the maximum scanning area of the scanner was European A3 format (297 mm × 420 mm), significantly smaller than the largest target posters. Poster board sheets were never cut in that process. Scans were assembled using the image processing software Adobe Photoshop, and saved as high-quality JPG׳s. A sticker was placed at the center of each sheet, to allow precise assembly of the scans. Adobe Photoshop was used to remove most marks that were not stains, such as the sticker, tape, or pencil marks. On vertical targets, the bullet hole or the cutout for the barrel is visible. That hole and the fact that in the experiments with vertical targets, gravity goes vertically from top to the bottom of the scanned image fully describes the geometry of the spatter generation, because bullets travelled horizontally and normally through the vertical target and blood source. In experiments with horizontal spatters, the top of the scanned image correspond to the location of the blood source.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the US National Institute of Justice, United States (award no. NIJ 2014-DN-BX-K036). This work was also partially funded by the Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence (CSAFE), United States through Cooperative Agreement No. 70NANB15H176 between NIST and Iowa State University, which includes activities carried out at Carnegie Mellon University, University of California Irvine, and University of Virginia. We acknowledge the contribution of Officer Darin Van Ryswyk and Sgt Christopher O’Brien who performed the shootings; the help of Sungu Kim, Prashant Agrawal, John Polansky and Reetam Das to perform the experiments; useful discussions with William Ristenpart, Craig Moore and Kevin Winer; and the roughness measurements by Ashraf Bastawros and Bishoy Dawood.

Transparency document Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.075 .

Appendix A Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.075 .

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Supplementary material

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities

Related Papers

American Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (AJCSIT)

Warwick Duncan

A B S T R A C T The interaction of blood and fabrics is currently a 'hot topic', since the understanding and interpretation of these stains is still in its infancy. A recent simplified perpendicular impact experimental programme considering bloodstains generated on fabrics laid the foundations for understanding more complex scenarios. Blood rarely impacts apparel fabrics perpendicular; therefore a systematic study was conducted to characterise the appearance of drip stains on inclined fabrics. The final drip stain appearance for 45 and 15 impact angles on torso apparel fabrics (100% cotton plain woven, 100% polyester plain woven, a blend of polyester and cotton plain woven and 100% cotton single jersey knit) that had been laundered for six, 26 and 52 cycles prior to testing was investigated. The relationship between drop parameters (height and volume), angle and the stain characteristics (parent stain area, axis 1 and 2 and number of satellite stains) for each fabric was examined using analysis of variance. The appearance of the drip stains on these fabrics was distorted, in comparison to drip stains on hard-smooth surface. Examining the parent stain allowed for classification of stains occurring at an angle, however the same could not be said for the satellite stains produced. All of the dried stains visible on the surface of the fabric were larger than just after the impacting event, indicating within fabric spreading of blood due to capillary force (wicking). The cotton-containing fabrics spread the blood within the fabrics in all directions along the stain's circumference, while spreading within the polyester plain woven fabric occurred in only the weft (width of the fabric) and warp (length) directions. Laundering affected the formation of bloodstain on the blend plain woven fabric at both impact angles, although not all characteristics were significantly affected for the three impact conditions considered. The bloodstain characteristics varied due to the fibre content and fabric structure for both impact angles investigated. It is therefore necessary to consider the age of the fabric (which is fabric specific), the fibre type (including blends) and the fabric structure, before interpreting bloodstain patterns. An understanding of this simplified inclined drip stain interaction has been investigated to generate a basis for more complex interactions, such as spatter bloodstains.

Daniel Bonn , N. Laan

Will Y , K Trumbo

ABSTRACT Forensic science or forensics is the scientific processing of information found at the crime scene. The facts derived from the analysis can be used as evidence in the justice system. Blood is one of the most common types of physical evidence found at a crime scene. Understanding how blood interacts with various surfaces is most important during analysis. This understanding and knowledge can lead to discovering details that are essential too reconstructing events at the crime scene. The process of deducting what events led to a given bloodstain pattern requires exigent and complex analysis. This thesis project seeks not to expound exigently. It presents calculation-based methods that automate point-of-origin and area-of-origin of the bloodstain. Blood leaving the body is subjected to atmospheric conditions: for example specific gravity and force. Surface tension will cause the blood drop to be pulled horizontally and vertically. Because blood droplets are influenced by drag force, the drops will settle into a spherical shape as a result of the surface tension. Determining the angle of impact requires measuring the stains length and width. The angle of impact can be defined as the acute angle which is formed between the area of the blood droplet and the target surface location. Point-of-convergence is the intersection of two bloodstain paths and is important in determining bloodstain directional travel. A stain on a surface can be traced based on the stains long axis. Understanding the bloodstain patterns allows the forensic analyst to interpret and provide the following information: type of weapon used in the crime and movement of victim and assailant after the bloodshed began.

neelam yadav

Vincenzo D Crawford

This Document provide full details on blood spatter analysis. This document reveals information pertaining to the types of blood spatter which is a potential to be found at a crime scene which involved the spilling of blood. The reader of this document will also be educated on the rationale behind blood and blood spatter.

Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging

Dirk Vandermeulen

Dr. Guillaume Boudarham

Forensic Science International

Michael Thali , Ursula Buck , Silvio Näther

International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow

Rajneesh Bhardwaj , Daniel Attinger

RELATED PAPERS

Atomization and Sprays

Andreas Theodorakakos , G. Strotos , Manolis Gavaises

IJAR Indexing

Powder Technology

Miguel Panão , Antonio Moreira

Chemical Engineering Science

Daniele Suzzi

Journal of Forensic Sciences

Daniel Attinger

PhD. Alberto Cervantes Garcia

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

D. Bolleddula , Alberto Aliseda

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Antonio Moreira

Chemical Engineering Journal

Bengt Andersson

Precision Agriculture

Mathieu Massinon

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Konstantinos-Stephen Nikas

Manolis Gavaises

Journal of Heat Transfer

Huseini Patanwala

Analytical Methods

Dale Brownson

Larry Barksdale

New Journal of Physics

Elhameh Narimani

Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science

Marco Marengo

4th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference

Philippe Villedieu

Brian Amphlett

Meteoritics & Planetary Science

John Bush , Linda Elkins-Tanton

Aiche Journal

Vivek Ranade

IPCO Academy , ghannam hajar

International Journal of Legal Medicine

Iain Lamont

Agba Salman , Gavin Reynolds

Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment

International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture

Rene Leroy , Werda Sana

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

reza babaei

Experiments in Fluids

Céline Martin

Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Albert Magnin

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Cary Presser

Improving the Science Behind Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

How bu engineers are changing the way evidence is interpreted at crime scenes.

By Devin Hahn

As fans of all good cop shows know, blood evidence can help detectives crack even the toughest of cases. The century-old science of bloodstain pattern analysis—using the configuration of blood left at a crime scene to reconstruct details of the incident—is as critical to crime scene investigation as fingerprinting or DNA analysis. But it’s having to update its playbook to keep up with the technology of our everyday lives and the modern materials found at crime scenes. A century ago, blood evidence might have been found on plain wooden floors, simple textiles, or carpets; it still is today, but it’s also found on scratch-resistant cell phone screens, anti-glare windshields, and hydrophobic surfaces specifically engineered to repel fluids.

“As with any science, it’s constantly evolving,” says Kenneth Martin, a retired 33-year veteran of the Massachusetts State Police and a clinical instructor in Boston University’s Biomedical Forensic Sciences program . Martin often testifies as an expert witness in court cases that depend on blood evidence, and he is increasingly seeing crime scenes where blood has come into contact with different hydrophobic surfaces. “That has been an area where I’ve thought that we could use a lot more research,” says Martin.

Over at Boston University’s Fluid Lab , James Bird has made a career out of studying the interaction between fluids and their surroundings—and his latest research could help give forensic scientists like Martin new tools for analyzing bloodstains. Bird, a BU College of Engineering associate professor of mechanical engineering , became interested in interpreting blood evidence after attending Martin’s course. With support from a National Institute of Justice grant, his lab is doing a range of experiments designed to simulate the kinds of blood evidence found at crime scenes: everything from the complex scatter patterns associated with stab wounds to the dynamics of a single drop of human blood falling onto a surface. “A lot of the experiments people have done looking at bloodstains have been on clean surfaces,” says Bird. “Well, most surfaces aren’t clean.”

In our deep dive video, we take a seat alongside Bird and his colleagues as they study the complex interactions of human blood on different surfaces—and see how their work could shape future crime scene investigations.

Watch the video at Boston University’s The Brink.

Photo by Cydney Scott

AI-driven robots are making new materials, improving solar cells and other technologies
How Much Heat Can Bouncing Raindrops Leave Behind, or Take Away?
Behind BU Bold: MechE’s Role in the Climate Action Plan
Bird Recognized as an Outstanding Educator in Prism’s 20-Under-40

The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science

Bloodstain pattern analysis subcommittee.

OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis SC icon only

The Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee focuses on standards and guidelines related to the scientific detection and analysis of bloodstain patterns present at crime scenes and on associated evidence.

Officers | Members | Standards | Other Work Products

Holly Latham , Subcommittee Chair, Kansas Bureau of Investigation

Susan Rinehart , Subcommittee Vice Chair, Los Angeles Police Department (Retired)

Vacant , Subcommittee Executive Secretary

David Baldwin , Special Technologies Laboratory, USDOE

Nicole Blackwell , Kansas City Police Crime Laboratory

Todd Crosby , Georgia Bureau of Investigation

David Garber , Chula Vista Police Department

Elizabeth Geddes , US Department of Justice, Affiliate, ( Legal Task Group representative)

Thomas Griffin , Griffin Forensic

Rebecca Hooks , Illinois State Police Crime Scene Services Command

Catherine Knutson , Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension ( Quality Task Group representative)

Zack Kowalske, City of Roswell Police Department

Niki Osborne , Human Factors Training and Consultancy, New Zealand, Affiliate, ( Human Factors Task Group representative)

Jennifer Preisig , Massachusetts State Police Crime Laboratory

Lauren Sautkulis , San Diego Sheriff's Regional Crime Laboratory

LeeAnn Singley , Grayson Singley Associates, LLC

Peter Valentin , University of New Haven

Haonan Wang , Colorado State University ( Statistics Task Group representative)

Kevin Winer , Kansas City Police Department

Jeffrey Wolf , Texas Department of Public Safety

Toby L. Wolson, M.S., F-ABC , Noslow Forensic Consultations, LLC

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Affiliate List

On the osac registry.

ANSI/ASB Standard 032, Standards for a Bloodstain Analyst's Training Program , 2020. 1st. Ed. (added January 5, 2023).
ASB Technical Report 033, Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 2017. 1st. Ed. (added June 3, 2020).
ANSI/ASB Standard 158, Standard for Developing Standard Operating Procedures in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis . 2023. 1st. Ed. (added November 7, 2023).
OSAC 2021-N-0039, Standard for Mentorship Program in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (added April 5, 2022 and sent to ASB for further development and publication).
OSAC 2021-S-0011, Standards for Technical Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Reporting (added April 4, 2023 and sent to ASB for further development and publication).
OSAC 2022-N-0010, Standards for Development of an Accredited Bloodstain Pattern Analyst Certification Program (added December 6, 2022 and sent to ASB for further development and publication).
OSAC 2022-S-0030, Standard Methodology in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (added July 5, 2023 and sent to ASB for further development and publication).

Published by a Standards Developing Organization (SDO) & Eligible for the OSAC Registry

ANSI/ASB Standard 030, Standard for a Quality Assurance Program in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 2019. 1st. Ed.
ANSI/ASB Standard 031, Standards for Report Writing in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 2020. 1st. Ed.
ANSI/ASB Standard 072, Standard for the Validation of Procedures in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 2019. 1st. Ed.
ANSI/ASB Standard 157, Required Components for a Proficiency Testing Program in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 2023. 1st. Ed .

At an SDO for Further Development & Publication

OSAC 2021-N-0039, Standard for Mentorship Program in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (OSAC Proposed Standard on the Registry ).
OSAC 2021-S-0011, Standards for Technical Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Reporting (OSAC Proposed Standard on the Registry ).
OSAC 2022-N-0010, Standard for the Development of an Accredited Bloodstain Pattern Analyst Certification Program (OSAC Proposed Standard on the Registry ).
OSAC 2022-S-0030, Standard Methodology in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (OSAC Proposed Standard on the Registry ).
REVISION to ASB 030, Standard for a Quality Assurance Program in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 20xx. 2nd. Ed.
REVISION to ASB 033, Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 20xx. 2nd. Ed.
REVISION to ASB 072, Standard for the Validation of Procedures in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. 20xx. 2nd. Ed.

Under Development

Standard for Documenting Bloodstains and Bloodstain Patterns at Scenes.
Standard for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis on Textiles (clothing and absorbent materials).
Standard for Determining Area of Convergence and Area of Origin.
Method for Determining Angle of Impact.
Method for Determining Directionality of Stains.

Other Work Products

Process maps.

Bloodstain Pattern Process Map , December 2019.

Research & Development Needs

See the research and development needs identified by the Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee.

Webinars, Presentations & Training Videos

OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee Update , International Association for Identification (IAI) Conference, August 2021.
OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee Update , IAI Conference, August 2019.
OSAC Priority Action Report , Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction Annual Training Conference, February 2019.
OSAC Priority Action Report , International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA) Annual Training Conference, October 2018.
OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee Update , IAI Conference, August 2018.

The global landscape of biotech innovation: state of play

Analysis of patented biotechnology inventions worldwide shows how the EU positions itself compared to the US and China.

Biochemical researcher working with microscope in a lab

An analysis of the global landscape of biotechnology innovation shows that biotech patents represent about 5% of total patents filed between 2001 and 2020. The vast majority of the biotech patents is related to industrial and medical applications, combining more than 96% of all biotech patents analysed.

The US is leading in the development of biotech patents (39% of total biotech patents in 2020), followed by the EU with a 18% share and China advancing quickly (10% share).

Average number of biotech patents filed worldwide between 2001 and 2020

The findings are published in a new JRC report that investigated innovative biotechnology developments in agriculture, industry, and medicine by looking into patenting activities in different countries over two decades.

The study supports the Commission’s initiative Building the future with nature: Boosting biotechnology and biomanufacturing in the EU , put forward today. It identifies the current challenges and barriers for biotechnology and biomanufacturing in the EU and proposes a series of targeted actions, contributing at the same time to the Union’s competitiveness.

JRC analysis relies on biotech patents filed at multiple offices

To identify the biotech patents, the JRC analysis relies on the European Patent Office’s EPO Patstat database . An additional layer of classification is the OECD selection of technological codes categorised as biotech.

The different biotechnologies are divided into agriculture-related (green biotech), industry-related (white biotech) and healthcare/pharma-related (red biotech). A fourth category is labelled horizontal biotech that includes biotechnologies that potentially have a transversal use.

Most of the biotech patents concern white (industrial) and red (medical) biotechnologies, combining more than 96% of all biotech patents analysed

Of all biotech patent families filed between 2001 and 2020, about 23.1% falls under the C12N category, defined by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as encompassing "Micro-organisms or enzymes; compositions thereof; propagating, preserving, or maintaining micro-organisms; mutation or genetic engineering; culture media".

This category reflects the use of new or improved strains of microorganisms for fermentation of molecules. For example, while fermentation has been traditionally used to produce foodstuffs and beverages like bread, yogurt and beer, precision fermentation, which allows greater control on the process and the output, offers new possibilities.

The second most prominent technological category is C12Q , accounting for around 12.9% of all biotech patents. C12Q refers to "Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or micro-organisms (immunoassay); compositions or test papers therefor; processes of preparing such compositions; condition-responsive control in microbiological or enzymological processes".

This category relates to the detection and diagnosis. For instance, it can be used to determine presence or kind of microorganism or the use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides.

Both technologies are classified as white biotech and collectively account for over a third (36.1%) of all biotech patents filed worldwide during the observation period.

The third most patented biotechnology is A61K 38/00, categorised as red biotech, pertaining to "Medicinal preparations containing peptides". This category accounts for 11.9% of all biotech patents filed.

Different countries seem to have different specialisation patterns…

Japanese and Chinese applicants show relatively high specialisation in white biotech patents, while UK and US applicants are relatively specialised in red biotech patents. While the EU as a single region does not appear to be specialised in a specific biotechnology, at Member State level Germany and Denmark are specialised in white biotech, France and Italy in red biotech, and the Netherlands in green biotech.

Germany and France have the highest number of biotech patent applicants in the EU, accounting for over half of all EU biotech patents.

The single biotechnology most patented falls under the C12Q 1/68 category "Measuring or testing processes involving nucleic acids", which alone represents 5.7% of all the biotech patents analysed. Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses and involve as a major function the storage and expression of genomic information.

…although they all develop similar biotechnologies

Interestingly, the three main biotechnologies in terms of share of patents are the same for the US, the EU, China, and the UK.

This seems to suggest that the competition among major players in biotech patents revolves around the number of patents in each of the main biotechnological domains, rather than the different types of biotechnologies patented.

Large areas face challenging start to the season

12 March 2024

Alternatives to animal testing at the JRC: the 2023 status report is out

Warmer-than-usual temperatures cause a dehardening of winter crops

26 February 2024

Continued weather contrasts with mixed effects on crops

News announcement
22 February 2024

New trade agreements to result in positive cumulative impact on EU agri-food trade balance

Share this page

Intermittent fasting linked to higher risk of cardiovascular death, research suggests

Intermittent fasting, a diet pattern that involves alternating between periods of fasting and eating, can lower blood pressure and help some people lose weight , past research has indicated.

But an analysis presented Monday at the American Heart Association’s scientific sessions in Chicago challenges the notion that intermittent fasting is good for heart health. Instead, researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine in China found that people who restricted food consumption to less than eight hours per day had a 91% higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease over a median period of eight years, relative to people who ate across 12 to 16 hours.

It’s some of the first research investigating the association between time-restricted eating (a type of intermittent fasting) and the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.

The analysis — which has not yet been peer-reviewed or published in an academic journal — is based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 2003 and 2018. The researchers analyzed responses from around 20,000 adults who recorded what they ate for at least two days, then looked at who had died from cardiovascular disease after a median follow-up period of eight years.

However, Victor Wenze Zhong, a co-author of the analysis, said it’s too early to make specific recommendations about intermittent fasting based on his research alone.

“Practicing intermittent fasting for a short period such as 3 months may likely lead to benefits on reducing weight and improving cardiometabolic health,” Zhong said via email. But he added that people “should be extremely cautious” about intermittent fasting for longer periods of time, such as years.

Intermittent fasting regimens vary widely. A common schedule is to restrict eating to a period of six to eight hours per day, which can lead people to consume fewer calories, though some eat the same amount in a shorter time. Another popular schedule is the "5:2 diet," which involves eating 500 to 600 calories on two nonconsecutive days of the week but eating normally for the other five.

A fixed rhythm for meals helps against unwanted kilos on the scales.

Zhong said it’s not clear why his research found an association between time-restricted eating and a risk of death from cardiovascular disease. He offered an observation, though: People who limited their eating to fewer than eight hours per day had less lean muscle mass than those who ate for 12 to 16 hours. Low lean muscle mass has been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular death .

Cardiovascular and nutrition experts who were not involved in the analysis offered several theories about what might explain the results.

Dr. Benjamin Horne, a research professor at Intermountain Health in Salt Lake City, said fasting can increase stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, since the body doesn’t know when to expect food next and goes into survival mode. That added stress may raise the short-term risk of heart problems among vulnerable groups, he said, particularly elderly people or those with chronic health conditions.

Horne’s research has shown that fasting twice a week for four weeks, then once a week for 22 weeks may increase a person’s risk of dying after one year but decrease their 10-year risk of chronic disease.

“In the long term, what it does is reduces those risk factors for heart disease and reduces the risk factors for diabetes and so forth — but in the short term, while you’re actually doing it, your body is in a state where it’s at a higher risk of having problems,” he said.

Even so, Horne added, the analysis “doesn’t change my perspective that there are definite benefits from fasting, but it’s a cautionary tale that we need to be aware that there are definite, potentially major, adverse effects.”

Intermittent fasting gained popularity about a decade ago, when the 5:2 diet was touted as a weight loss strategy in the U.K. In the years to follow, several celebrities espoused the benefits of an eight-hour eating window for weight loss, while some Silicon Valley tech workers believed that extreme periods of fasting boosted productivity . Some studies have also suggested that intermittent fasting might help extend people’s lifespans by warding off disease .

However, a lot of early research on intermittent fasting involved animals. In the last seven years or so, various clinical trials have investigated potential benefits for humans, including for heart health.

“The purpose of intermittent fasting is to cut calories, lose weight,” said Penny Kris-Etherton, emeritus professor of nutritional sciences at Penn State University and a member of the American Heart Association nutrition committee. “It’s really how intermittent fasting is implemented that’s going to explain a lot of the benefits or adverse associations.”

Dr. Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, a cardiologist at Mayo Clinic, said the timing of when people eat may influence the effects they see.

“I haven’t met a single person or patient that has been practicing intermittent fasting by skipping dinner,” he said, noting that people more often skip breakfast, a schedule associated with an increased risk of heart disease and death .

The new research comes with limitations: It relies on people’s memories of what they consumed over a 24-hour period and doesn’t consider the nutritional quality of the food they ate or how many calories they consumed during an eating window.

So some experts found the analysis too narrow.

“It’s a retrospective study looking at two days’ worth of data, and drawing some very big conclusions from a very limited snapshot into a person’s lifestyle habits,” said Dr. Pam Taub, a cardiologist at UC San Diego Health.

Taub said her patients have seen “incredible benefits” from fasting regimens.

“I would continue doing it,” she said. “For people that do intermittent fasting, their individual results speak for themselves. Most people that do intermittent fasting, the reason they continue it is they see a decrease in their weight. They see a decrease in blood pressure. They see an improvement in their LDL cholesterol.”

Kris-Etherton, however, urged caution: “Maybe consider a pause in intermittent fasting until we have more information or until the results of the study can be better explained,” she said.

Aria Bendix is the breaking health reporter for NBC News Digital.

IMAGES

Blood Pattern Analysis
Table 2 from Documenting bloodstain patterns concealed beneath
Figure 1 from Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Applications and Challenges
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Training in Texas
PPT
Our vision of an automated forensic bloodstain pattern analysis. After

VIDEO

Scientific Foundations-BPA
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA): Do you see what I see?
Blood Spatter Lecture Part 4🩸
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Using Bleach Spray on Blood. [email protected]
Blood Spatter
How Do You Process a Bloody Sample?

COMMENTS

Blood pattern analysis—a review and new findings
To open new gateways of research in BPA and support investigative observations, the findings depicted in this paper can be used as a source to validate actual blood stains and also carry out future studies. ... Stone H (2013) Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities. Forensic Sci Int ...
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Bloodstain pattern analysis seeks to define the facts surrounding an investigation by the use of the physical nature of bloodstains. Bloodstain pattern analysis is the use of the size, shape, and distribution patterns of the bloodstains found at a crime scene to reconstruct the bloodshed event(s). Bloodstain patterns reveal not "who" but "what" with regard to the circumstances of ...
Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
-The Development of a Passive, Closed-System Pig Blood Collection Apparatus for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research and Crime Scene Reconstruction. March 2012 - Executive, Awards, Conference and Training submissions only. ... Admissibility Hearing Topics. 2007. December 2007 - Highlights and Presentation Abstracts from the 2007 Annual Training ...
Blood Stain Pattern Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Methods
The classification of detected bloodstains into predetermined categories is a crucial component of the so-called bloodstain pattern analysis. As in other forensic disciplines, deep learning ...
PDF Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography
Literature related to bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) was located in scientific journals, newsletters, technical reports, books, web pages, theses, conference papers, law reports and magazines. This is not considered a complete list on the topic of BPA. The BPA Research Task Group would like to acknowledge initial support for this project ...
(PDF) Current Trends in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis and ...
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) stands as a pivotal discipline in forensic investigations, offering crucial insights into crime scene dynamics. This review explores the current trends shaping ...
Study Assesses the Accuracy and Reproducibility of Bloodstain Pattern
This research is part of a broader portfolio of impression & pattern evidence projects managed by NIJ Physical Scientist, Gregory Dutton, Ph.D. Find more information about impression & pattern evidence research at NIJ. Find more on bloodstain pattern analysis.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: implementation of a fluid dynamic model
This research enables the investigator to determine the location of the blood source in the room, and connect it to the position of the victim (like standing or sitting), or connect specific wounds to certain patterns. ... Jafari A. & Stone H. A. Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities ...
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative
It is our hope that this manuscript will be used to assess the state-of-the-art and to identify untapped research topics at the intersections of FD and BPA. 2. Physical forces at play in bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA)2.1. Description in the BPA literature
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative
The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the FD themes and research topics that affect BPA. It is not intended to be a review of each individual field, but a comparative review of the overlapping areas to facilitate identification of potential inter-community collaborations. ... Bloodstain pattern analysis can provide inceptive evidence or ...
A data set of bloodstain patterns for teaching and research in
This new and original data set is suitable for training or research purposes in the forensic discipline of bloodstain pattern analysis. Specifications Table. Subject area: ... Donaldson A., Jafari A., Stone H.A. Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: comparative review and research opportunities. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013; 231:375 ...
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative
Dive into the research topics of 'Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ... Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities. / Attinger, Daniel; Moore, Craig; Donaldson, Adam et al.
PDF Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research Task Group Revision 1 Updated January 1, 2017 . Contents ... Dynamics Topics in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Comparative Review and Research Opportunities." Forensic Science International 231, no. 1-3 (2013): 375-96. 7. Bandyopadhyay, Samir Kumar , and Nabanita Basu.
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: comparative
This comparative review highlights the relationships between the disciplines of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) in forensics and that of fluid dynamics (FD) in the physical sciences. In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, o …
A data set of bloodstain patterns for teaching and research in
One research purpose is to test crime scene reconstruction models , , . Briefly, these models pursue at least two purposes. ... Jafari A., Stone H.A. Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: comparative review and research opportunities. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013; 231:375-396. [Google Scholar] 4.
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative
Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities Daniel Attinger Arian Jafari In both the BPA and FD communities, scientists study the motion and phase change of a liquid in contact with air, or with other liquids or solids.
PDF A Simplified Guide To Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. To understand how analysts interpret bloodstains, one mustfirst understand the basic properties of blood. Blood contains both liquid (plasma and serum) and solids (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and proteins). Blood is in a liquid state when inside the body, and when it exits the body ...
Researchers Develop Insight Into Blood Droplet Behavior for Bloodstain
Bloodstain pattern analysis is a technique used in crime scene reconstruction to determine the point of origin of a blood droplet, as well as whether it resulted from blunt trauma, a gunshot wound, or some other impact to a victim. This research, conducted by scientists at Georgia Tech, studied the fluid dynamics of the impact and spreading of a blood droplet on flat surfaces of variable ...
bloodstain pattern analysis: Topics by Science.gov
Future research on these topics would deliver new quantitative tools and methods for BPA, and present new multiphase flow problems for FD. Age estimation of bloodstains using smartphones and digital image analysis. PubMed. ... The aim of this study is to provide a quantitative basis for current and future research on bloodstain pattern analysis ...
Improving the Science Behind Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
By Devin Hahn. As fans of all good cop shows know, blood evidence can help detectives crack even the toughest of cases. The century-old science of bloodstain pattern analysis—using the configuration of blood left at a crime scene to reconstruct details of the incident—is as critical to crime scene investigation as fingerprinting or DNA ...
Study Assesses the Accuracy and Reproducibility of Bloodstain Pattern
Although admissible in court for more than 150 years, the validity of bloodstain pattern analysis has recently been questioned. With funding from the National Institute of Justice, researchers sought to assess the validity of bloodstain pattern analysis by measuring the accuracy of conclusions made by actively practicing analysts.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee
The Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee focuses on standards and guidelines related to the scientific detection and analysis of bloodstain patterns present at crime scenes and on associated evidence. ... Bloodstain Pattern Process Map, December 2019. Research & Development Needs. ... BPA Bibliography by Topic 2021;
Study Reports Error Rates for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Bloodstains are commonly encountered at scenes of violent crime. Forensic practitioners known as bloodstain pattern analysts seek to answer questions about the manner and sequence of events of a crime by examining the bloodstains left behind. Their methods are largely based on subjective expert opinion.
The global landscape of biotech innovation: state of play
An analysis of the global landscape of biotechnology innovation shows that biotech patents represent about 5% of total patents filed between 2001 and 2020. The vast majority of the biotech patents is related to industrial and medical applications, combining more than 96% of all biotech patents analysed.
Intermittent fasting linked to risk of cardiovascular death
Intermittent fasting, a diet pattern that involves alternating between periods of fasting and eating, can lower blood pressure and help some people lose weight, past research has indicated.. But ...

Blood pattern analysis—a review and new findings

Types of bloodstains

Spatter patterns

Altered patterns

Article selection criteria for review

Article eligibility criteria for review

Preparation/composition of Awlata

Source of Awlata for the experiment

Formation of fake bloodstains

Discussions

Limitations of Awlata dye

Awlata dye use in the forensic scenario

Availability of data and materials

Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Contributions

Corresponding author

Ethics declarations

Additional information

Rights and permissions

About this article

Share this article

Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

Member Login

Copyright 2023 by the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts. All rights reserved.

Current Issues of the JBPA

December 2022

September 2022

June 2022

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: comparative review and research opportunities

Publication types

A data set of bloodstain patterns for teaching and research in bloodstain pattern analysis: Gunshot backspatters

Ricky Faflak

Bryce A. Struttman

Alexander L. Yarin

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

Acknowledgements

Transparency document. Supplementary material

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Fluid dynamics topics in bloodstain pattern analysis: Comparative review and research opportunities

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS

Improving the Science Behind Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

Watch the video at Boston University’s The Brink.

Related posts:

Share this:

The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Affiliate List

Published by a Standards Developing Organization (SDO) & Eligible for the OSAC Registry

At an SDO for Further Development & Publication

Under Development

Other Work Products

Research & Development Needs

Webinars, Presentations & Training Videos

The global landscape of biotech innovation: state of play

JRC analysis relies on biotech patents filed at multiple offices

Most of the biotech patents concern white (industrial) and red (medical) biotechnologies, combining more than 96% of all biotech patents analysed

Different countries seem to have different specialisation patterns…

…although they all develop similar biotechnologies

Related content

More news on a similar topic

Large areas face challenging start to the season

Alternatives to animal testing at the JRC: the 2023 status report is out

Continued weather contrasts with mixed effects on crops

New trade agreements to result in positive cumulative impact on EU agri-food trade balance

Intermittent fasting linked to higher risk of cardiovascular death, research suggests

IMAGES

VIDEO

COMMENTS