conclusion
The insignificant variables (corporate identity, public relation and trustworthiness) were excluded from equation 1. After excluding the insignificant variables from the model equation 1, the final equation becomes as follows;
Customer loyalty = α + 0.074 (Brand image) + 0.991 (Perceived quality) + €
The above equation suggests that a 1 unit increase in brand image is likely to result in 0.074 units increase customer loyalty. In comparison, 1 unit increase in perceived quality can result in 0.991 units increase in customer loyalty.
To further explore the results, the demographic variables’ data were cross-tabulated against the respondents’ responses regarding customer loyalty using SPSS. In this regards the five demographic variables; gender, age group, annual income, marital status and education level were cross-tabulated against the five questions regarding customer loyalty to know the difference between the customer loyalty of five-star hotels of UK based on demographic differences. The results of the cross-tabulation analysis are given in the appendix. The results are graphically presented in bar charts too, which are also given in the appendix.
The gender was cross-tabulated against question 1 to 5 of the questionnaire to identify the gender differences between male and female respondents’ responses regarding customer loyalty of five-star hotels of the UK. The results indicated that out of 100 males, 57% were extremely agreed that they stay at one hotel, while out of 100 females, 80% were extremely agreed they stay at one hotel. This shows that in comparison with a male, females were more agreed that they stayed at one hotel and were found to be more loyal towards their respective hotel brands.
The cross-tabulation results further indicated that out of 100 males, 53% agreed that they always say positive things about their respective hotel brand to other people. In contrast, out of 100 females, 77% were extremely agreed. Based on the results, the females were found to be in more agreement than males that they always say positive things about their respective hotel brand to other people.
It was further found that out of 100 males, 53% were extremely agreed that they recommend their hotel brand to others, however, out of 100 females, 74% were extremely agreed to this statement. This result also suggested that females were more in agreement than males to recommend their hotel brand to others.
Moreover, it was found that out of 100 males, 54% were extremely agreed that they don’t seek alternative hotel brands, while out of 100 females, 79% were extremely agreed to this statement. This result also suggested that females were more agreed than males that they don’t seek alternative hotel brands, and so were found to be more loyal than males.
Furthermore, it was identified that out of 100 male respondents 56% were extremely agreed that they would continue to go to the same hotel irrespective of the prices, however out of 100 females 79% were extremely agreed. Based on this result, it was clear that females were more agreed than males that they would continue to go to the same hotel irrespective of the prices, so females were found to be more loyal than males.
After cross tabulating ‘gender’ against the response of the 5 questions regarding customer loyalty the females were found to be more loyal customers of the five-star hotel brands than males as they were found to be more in agreement than the man that they stay at one hotel, always say positive things about their hotel brand to other people, recommend their hotel brand to others, don’t seek alternative hotel brands and would continue to go to the same hotel irrespective of the prices.
Afterward, the second demographic variable, ‘age groups’ was cross-tabulated against questions 1 to 5 of the questionnaire to identify the difference between the customer loyalty of customers of different age groups. The results indicated that out of 78 respondents between 20 to 35 years of age, 61.5% were extremely agreed that they stayed at one hotel. While out of 113 respondents who were between 36 to 60 years of age, 72.6% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. However, out of 9 respondents who were above 60 years of age, 77.8% agreed that they always stay at one hotel. This indicated that customers of 36-60 and above 60 age groups were more loyal to their hotel brands as they were keener to stay at a respective hotel brand.
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The third demographic variable, ‘annual income’ was cross-tabulated against questions 1 to 5 of the questionnaire to identify which of the customers were most loyal based on their respective annual income levels. The results indicated that out of 26 respondents who had annual income up to 30000 GBP, 84.6% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. However, out of 54 respondents who had annual income from 31000 to 50000 GBP, 98.1% agreed that they always stay at one hotel. Although out of 105 respondents had annual income from 50000 to 100000 GBP, 49.5% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. While out of 10 respondents who had annual income from 50000 to 1000000 GBP, 66.7% agreed that they always stay at one hotel. This indicated that customers of annual income levels from 31000 to 50000 GBP were more loyal to their hotel brands than the customers having other annual income levels.
Furthermore, the fourth demographic variable the ‘marital status’ was cross-tabulated against questions 1 to 5 of the questionnaire to understand the difference between married and unmarried respondents regarding customer loyalty of five-star hotels of the UK. The cross-tabulation analysis results indicated that out of 122 single respondents, 59.8% were extremely agreed that they stay at one hotel. However, out of 78 married respondents, around 82% of respondents agreed that they stay at one hotel. Thus, the married customers were more loyal to their hotel brands than unmarried customers because, in comparison, married customers prefer to stay at one hotel brand.
To proceed with the cross-tabulation results, out of 122 single respondents, 55.7% were extremely agreed upon always saying positive things about their hotel brands to other people. On the other hand, out of 78 married respondents, 79.5% were extremely agreed. Hence, upon evaluating the results, it can be said that married customers have more customer loyalty as they are in more agreement than singles. They always give positive feedback regarding their respective hotel brand to other people.
Subsequently, the fifth demographic variable, ‘education level’ was cross-tabulated against questions 1 to 5 of the questionnaire to identify which of the customers were most loyal based on their respective education levels. The results indicated that out of 50 respondents who were diploma holders, 67.6% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. While out of 64 respondents who were graduates, 69.6% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. Although out of 22 respondents who were masters, 68.8% were extremely agreed that they always stay at one hotel. However, out of 2 respondents with doctorates, 50% were extremely agreed to always stay at one hotel. This indicated that customers who were graduates were more loyal than the customers with diplomas, masters, or doctorates.
Moreover, 66.2% of the diploma holders were extremely agreed that they always say positive things about their hotel brand to other people. In comparison, 64.1% of the respondents who were graduates were extremely agreed. However, 65.5% of the respondents who had masters were extremely agreed, and 50% of the respondents who had doctorates agreed with the statement. Based on this result customers having masters were the most loyal customers of their respective five-star hotel brands.
In this subsection, the findings of this study are compared and contrasted with the literature to identify which of the past research supports the present research findings. This present study based on regression analysis suggested that brand image can have a significant positive effect on the customer loyalty of five-star hotels in the UK. This finding was supported by the research of Heung et al. (1996), who also suggested that the hotel’s brand image can play a vital role in preserving a high ratio of customer loyalty.
Moreover, this present study also suggested that perceived quality was the second factor that was found to have a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. The perceived quality was evaluated based on; service quality, comfort, staff courtesy, customer satisfaction, and service quality expectations. In this regard, Tat and Raymond (2000) research supports the findings of this study. The staff service quality was found to affect customer loyalty and the level of satisfaction. Teas (1994) had also found service quality to affect customer loyalty. However, Teas also found that staff empathy (staff courtesy) towards customers can also affect customer loyalty. The research of Rowley and Dawes (1999) also supports the finding of this present study. The users’ expectations about the quality and nature of the services affect customer loyalty. A study by Oberoi and Hales (1990) was found to agree with the present study’s findings, as they had found the quality of staff service to affect customer loyalty.
The customers who had bachelor degrees and the customers who had master degrees were more loyal to the customers who had a diploma or doctorate.
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How To Write A Complete Final Year Project From Chapter One, Chapter Two, Chapter Three, Chapter Four, To Chapter Five.
The final year research project is an independent effort required of students in every tertiary institution. The students, under supervision by academic staff, are to carry out a pre-determined research work within the constraints of their studies.
The supervisor primarily is to receive project proposals of the research interest, approve it, provide guidance, and assess the work at the end. An external supervisor is usually and primarily to provide an external and independent assessment of the research works.
The proposal for the research topic is to include the intended subject of study, a brief description, justification for the work, aims and milestones, software and hardware to be employed, assumptions to be made, the methodologies involved, and the references.
There are standards in the research build-up, actual research, and presentation, and print submissions. These, surely put the students in shape for the strict rules they are to face after-school.
In developing the content, there are certain guidelines that would be beneficial to every student. The work is usually divided into five chapters (broadly) before any further divisions. Hence the typical formats as such:
Title page: Here, the title of the research project will come in, the name of the institution is added, including the name of the Author, then the reason for the report (this is why it is required that students add that it is 'in partial fulfillment of the course requirement required for the award of the B.Sc degree, Higher National Diploma or any other degree.' Then the date is added.
Approval page: The name of the institution and department, then a statement signifying approval for the work by the supervisor, head of the department, and external supervisor. Space is reserved for signatures of all listed parties as well.
Dedication page: This is where the researcher dedicates the research to a deity, someone, dead, or/and alive. This is different from the acknowledgment.
Acknowledgment: The researcher here writes to appreciate all that contributed, (technical, financial, moral, and otherwise) to the success of the research.
Abstract: This is the synopsis of the research work. It is often written last with the tense in past. Usually, less than 100 words summarizing the problem statement, the methodology employed the findings, conclusion, and recommendations. This should be in a single paragraph and the word limit not exceeded. Click here for more Info on Writing a Good Abstract
Table of content: The main heading s and sub-headings and page numbers are listed. This allows for easy page identification and reference. The table of content should be edited at the final stage as well, to correctly capture the reflections in the work. Click here for more info on developing a table of content
List of tables/figures/symbols: The list is to aid the reader in locating tables/figures/symbols. It should contain the tag numbers, a tag that reflects the content, and the page numbers. It should be well-numbered and unambiguous. In the main content, the figure/table should be well-labeled. (The body of the work)
Chapter One: This is usually the introduction. This describes the background, scope, and purpose of the research. A good introduction of the final year project should tell the reader what the project is all about without assuming special knowledge and without introducing any specific material that might obscure the overview. It should anticipate and combine the main points described in more detail in the rest of the project report. The rest of the report should be tied to the information supplied. The researcher should strive to present sufficient details regarding why the study was carried out. It shouldn't be rushed, a gradual build-up of the content from bottom to top is ideal. It should be closed with a linking paragraph that would disclose the objectives, constraints, and limitations. Click Here for More Info on How To Write Your Final Year Project Chapter One (Introduction To A Research Project)
Chapter two: This is usually the theoretical literature review.
A literature review is a survey of academic sources on a particular project topic. It gives an overview of the ebb and flows information, permitting you to distinguish significant hypotheses, strategies, and holes in the current research.
A literature review is to show your reader that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field.
It is very important to note that your review should not be simply a description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries but should take the form of a critical discussion, showing insight and an awareness of differing arguments, theories, and approaches. It should be a synthesis and analysis of the relevant published work, linked at all times to your own purpose and rationale.
Conducting a literature review involves collecting, evaluating, and analyzing publications (such as books and journal articles) that relate to your research question. There are five main steps in the process of writing a literature review:
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources – it analyzes, synthesizes, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
According to Causley (1992) of La Trobe University, the literature review should:
• compare and contrast different authors’ views on an issue • group authors who draw similar conclusions • criticize aspects of the methodology • note areas in which authors are in disagreement • highlight exemplary studies • highlight gaps in research • show how your study relates to previous studies • show how your study relates to the literature, in general, • conclude by summarizing what the literature says Chapter two basically presents, the work done by others. It is on the groundwork done by others that the current research is to be based, hence the review. It sums up the pros and cons of all past work but due credit should be given to the various Authors (see the guide on referencing on this website). The use of quotations should be less in use, more of paraphrasing (reading and making out meaning in your own words), making comments in the review is great as well, it just depends on the context. Click Here for More Info on How To Develop Your Research Project Chapter Two Effectively (Literature Review)
Chapter three: This is usually the research methodology.
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
You can choose a survey design when you want to survey a particular location or behavior by administering instruments such as structured questionnaires, interviews or experimental; if you intend manipulating some variables.
The purpose of chapter three (research methodology) is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate the study. Some supervisors do not understand this and require students to write what is, in effect, a textbook.
A research design is used to structure the research and to show how all of the major parts of the research project, including the sample, measures, and methods of assignment, work together to address the central research questions in the study. The chapter should begin with a paragraph reiterating the purpose of the study.
It is very important that before choosing a method, try and ask yourself the following questions:
Will I generate enough information that will help me to solve the research problem by adopting this method?
For instance, you are attempting to identify the influence of personality on a road accident, you may wish to look at different personality types, you may also look at accident records from the FRSC, you may also wish to look at the personality of drivers that are accident victims, once you adopt this method, you are already doing a survey, and that becomes your methodology.
Your methodology should aim to provide you with the information to allow you to come to some conclusions about the personalities that are susceptible to a road accident or those personality types that are likely to have a road accident. The following subjects may or may not be in the order required by a particular institution of higher education, but all of the subjects constitute a defensible methodology chapter.
Here the language used should be in the past tense. It is a sum-up of the research design, procedures, the area, and the population of the study. The data sampling and data sources are detailed as well. The method used, from all alternatives, should also be justified. The materials and equipment used are also included. Click Here for More on How To Write Chapter Three Of Your Research Project (Research Methodology)
Chapter four: This is usually for data presentation and analysis (results and discussion).
The purpose of this chapter four in your final year project is to summarize the collected data and the statistical treatment, and or mechanics of analysis. The first paragraph should briefly restate the problem, taken from Chapter one, and explain the object of each experiment, question, or objective, point out salient results, and present those results by the table, figure, or other forms of summarized data. Select tables and figures carefully. Some studies are easier to defend if all the raw data is in this chapter; some are better if the bulk of the raw data is in an appendix.
Chapter four of a Qualitative Research work carries different titles such as ‘Analysis of Data’, ‘Results of Study’, ‘Analysis and Results’ and so forth but the keywords are ‘analysis’ and ‘results’ which implies that you have ‘analyzed’ the raw data and presenting the ‘results’ or what you discovered in the fieldwork carried out, in this Chapter.
The results obtained in the research are presented here in chapter four. Visual aids like graphs, charts, and the likes should be used as well. The results should be discussed then compared with the results of past Authors. The effects and applications of the results should be detailed as well. Click Here for More on How To Write Chapter Four Of Your Final Year Project (Data Analysis And Presentation)
Chapter five: This chapter summaries the research findings, discusses the limitations, and reflect the recommendations of the study.
The easier way of getting your research project work done is to understand how to SAY what you are going to say, SAY IT, and SAY what you have already said
In writing chapter five of your final year research project. You are meant to say what you’ve already said. Here, you are reminding the reader where he or she is coming from.
It is always ideal to start your research project chapter five by reminding your readers of the purpose of the study (Say what you’ve said already), this will refresh their memory of what the research study is all about.
In my previous writing on How To Write Chapter Four Of Your Final Year Project (Data Analysis and Presentation), I took my time to thoroughly explain how to report your research project analysis. And at this very point of your research project documentation, it is assumed that you have already done with your study and now into reporting
First of all, you will have to tell your readers what you are able to understand your analysis of the variables used. Then relate that to what other researchers had found out from their research (as related to your own studies). Then you make your recommendations based on your own findings and finally your conclusions.
In writing chapter five (5) of your research project, it is recommended that you check with your institution on their preferred title for research project chapter five(5). Chapter five has been titled in different ways. Here in this writing, it is suggested that the chapter is titled as Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations since institutions vary in their chapter five (5) of the final year research project.
Chapter five houses the conclusions and recommendations. From the results of the research, conclusions are made, then suggestions for improvement for other researchers with similar interests. Based on the whole happenings, recommendations are proffered. Click Here for More on How To Write Chapter Five Of Your Final Year Project ( Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation).
References: This is a list of all the relevant journals, books, and all sources of information consulted in the research work, either online or print. Plagiarism should be avoided at all costs, all quoted and exact words of different sources should be properly referenced, in-text, and at the references' list/bibliography. MLA, APA, and Chicago style are the commonest referencing styles. (See a comprehensive guide on this blog). Click Here for More on All You Need To Know On References Before Writing A Final Year Project
Appendices: This is for all extra materials that were not added to the body of the work. This encapsulates extensive proofs, official data from the case study, a list of parameters, et al. P.S: After writing, the researcher should painstakingly proofread the whole content for grammatical and spelling errors. This could be very distracting while reading the material. The page numbers are easily distorted by changing font size and type, spacing et al. The final submission should be very clear, error-free(to a large degree), and as required by the standard.
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For qualitative studies (dissertations & theses).
By: Jenna Crossley (PhD). Expert Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | August 2021
So, you’ve collected and analysed your qualitative data, and it’s time to write up your results chapter. But where do you start? In this post, we’ll guide you through the qualitative results chapter (also called the findings chapter), step by step.
The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods ). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and discuss its meaning), depending on your university’s preference. We’ll treat the two chapters as separate, as that’s the most common approach.
In contrast to a quantitative results chapter that presents numbers and statistics, a qualitative results chapter presents data primarily in the form of words . But this doesn’t mean that a qualitative study can’t have quantitative elements – you could, for example, present the number of times a theme or topic pops up in your data, depending on the analysis method(s) you adopt.
Adding a quantitative element to your study can add some rigour, which strengthens your results by providing more evidence for your claims. This is particularly common when using qualitative content analysis. Keep in mind though that qualitative research aims to achieve depth, richness and identify nuances , so don’t get tunnel vision by focusing on the numbers. They’re just cream on top in a qualitative analysis.
So, to recap, the results chapter is where you objectively present the findings of your analysis, without interpreting them (you’ll save that for the discussion chapter). With that out the way, let’s take a look at what you should include in your results chapter.
As we’ve mentioned, your qualitative results chapter should purely present and describe your results , not interpret them in relation to the existing literature or your research questions . Any speculations or discussion about the implications of your findings should be reserved for your discussion chapter.
In your results chapter, you’ll want to talk about your analysis findings and whether or not they support your hypotheses (if you have any). Naturally, the exact contents of your results chapter will depend on which qualitative analysis method (or methods) you use. For example, if you were to use thematic analysis, you’d detail the themes identified in your analysis, using extracts from the transcripts or text to support your claims.
While you do need to present your analysis findings in some detail, you should avoid dumping large amounts of raw data in this chapter. Instead, focus on presenting the key findings and using a handful of select quotes or text extracts to support each finding . The reams of data and analysis can be relegated to your appendices.
While it’s tempting to include every last detail you found in your qualitative analysis, it is important to make sure that you report only that which is relevant to your research aims, objectives and research questions . Always keep these three components, as well as your hypotheses (if you have any) front of mind when writing the chapter and use them as a filter to decide what’s relevant and what’s not.
Now that we’ve covered the basics, it’s time to look at how to structure your chapter. Broadly speaking, the results chapter needs to contain three core components – the introduction, the body and the concluding summary. Let’s take a look at each of these.
The first step is to craft a brief introduction to the chapter. This intro is vital as it provides some context for your findings. In your introduction, you should begin by reiterating your problem statement and research questions and highlight the purpose of your research . Make sure that you spell this out for the reader so that the rest of your chapter is well contextualised.
The next step is to briefly outline the structure of your results chapter. In other words, explain what’s included in the chapter and what the reader can expect. In the results chapter, you want to tell a story that is coherent, flows logically, and is easy to follow , so make sure that you plan your structure out well and convey that structure (at a high level), so that your reader is well oriented.
The introduction section shouldn’t be lengthy. Two or three short paragraphs should be more than adequate. It is merely an introduction and overview, not a summary of the chapter.
Pro Tip – To help you structure your chapter, it can be useful to set up an initial draft with (sub)section headings so that you’re able to easily (re)arrange parts of your chapter. This will also help your reader to follow your results and give your chapter some coherence. Be sure to use level-based heading styles (e.g. Heading 1, 2, 3 styles) to help the reader differentiate between levels visually. You can find these options in Word (example below).
Before we get started on what to include in the body of your chapter, it’s vital to remember that a results section should be completely objective and descriptive, not interpretive . So, be careful not to use words such as, “suggests” or “implies”, as these usually accompany some form of interpretation – that’s reserved for your discussion chapter.
The structure of your body section is very important , so make sure that you plan it out well. When planning out your qualitative results chapter, create sections and subsections so that you can maintain the flow of the story you’re trying to tell. Be sure to systematically and consistently describe each portion of results. Try to adopt a standardised structure for each portion so that you achieve a high level of consistency throughout the chapter.
For qualitative studies, results chapters tend to be structured according to themes , which makes it easier for readers to follow. However, keep in mind that not all results chapters have to be structured in this manner. For example, if you’re conducting a longitudinal study, you may want to structure your chapter chronologically. Similarly, you might structure this chapter based on your theoretical framework . The exact structure of your chapter will depend on the nature of your study , especially your research questions.
As you work through the body of your chapter, make sure that you use quotes to substantiate every one of your claims . You can present these quotes in italics to differentiate them from your own words. A general rule of thumb is to use at least two pieces of evidence per claim, and these should be linked directly to your data. Also, remember that you need to include all relevant results , not just the ones that support your assumptions or initial leanings.
In addition to including quotes, you can also link your claims to the data by using appendices , which you should reference throughout your text. When you reference, make sure that you include both the name/number of the appendix , as well as the line(s) from which you drew your data.
As referencing styles can vary greatly, be sure to look up the appendix referencing conventions of your university’s prescribed style (e.g. APA , Harvard, etc) and keep this consistent throughout your chapter.
The concluding summary is very important because it summarises your key findings and lays the foundation for the discussion chapter . Keep in mind that some readers may skip directly to this section (from the introduction section), so make sure that it can be read and understood well in isolation.
In this section, you need to remind the reader of the key findings. That is, the results that directly relate to your research questions and that you will build upon in your discussion chapter. Remember, your reader has digested a lot of information in this chapter, so you need to use this section to remind them of the most important takeaways.
Importantly, the concluding summary should not present any new information and should only describe what you’ve already presented in your chapter. Keep it concise – you’re not summarising the whole chapter, just the essentials.
Now that you’ve got a clear picture of what the qualitative results chapter is all about, here are some quick tips and reminders to help you craft a high-quality chapter:
If you have any questions, leave a comment below and we’ll do our best to help. If you’d like 1-on-1 help with your results chapter (or any chapter of your dissertation or thesis), check out our private dissertation coaching service here or book a free initial consultation to discuss how we can help you.
This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...
This was extremely helpful. Thanks a lot guys
Hi, thanks for the great research support platform created by the gradcoach team!
I wanted to ask- While “suggests” or “implies” are interpretive terms, what terms could we use for the results chapter? Could you share some examples of descriptive terms?
I think that instead of saying, ‘The data suggested, or The data implied,’ you can say, ‘The Data showed or revealed, or illustrated or outlined’…If interview data, you may say Jane Doe illuminated or elaborated, or Jane Doe described… or Jane Doe expressed or stated.
I found this article very useful. Thank you very much for the outstanding work you are doing.
What if i have 3 different interviewees answering the same interview questions? Should i then present the results in form of the table with the division on the 3 perspectives or rather give a results in form of the text and highlight who said what?
I think this tabular representation of results is a great idea. I am doing it too along with the text. Thanks
That was helpful was struggling to separate the discussion from the findings
this was very useful, Thank you.
Very helpful, I am confident to write my results chapter now.
It is so helpful! It is a good job. Thank you very much!
Very useful, well explained. Many thanks.
Hello, I appreciate the way you provided a supportive comments about qualitative results presenting tips
I loved this! It explains everything needed, and it has helped me better organize my thoughts. What words should I not use while writing my results section, other than subjective ones.
Thanks a lot, it is really helpful
Thank you so much dear, i really appropriate your nice explanations about this.
Thank you so much for this! I was wondering if anyone could help with how to prproperly integrate quotations (Excerpts) from interviews in the finding chapter in a qualitative research. Please GradCoach, address this issue and provide examples.
what if I’m not doing any interviews myself and all the information is coming from case studies that have already done the research.
Very helpful thank you.
This was very helpful as I was wondering how to structure this part of my dissertation, to include the quotes… Thanks for this explanation
This is very helpful, thanks! I am required to write up my results chapters with the discussion in each of them – any tips and tricks for this strategy?
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Watch CBS News
By Melissa Quinn , Jacob Rosen
Updated on: July 11, 2024 / 9:40 AM EDT / CBS News
Washington — Voters in recent weeks have begun to hear the name "Project 2025" invoked more and more by President Biden and Democrats, as they seek to sound the alarm about what could be in store if former President Donald Trump wins a second term in the White House.
Overseen by the conservative Heritage Foundation, the multi-pronged initiative includes a detailed blueprint for the next Republican president to usher in a sweeping overhaul of the executive branch.
Trump and his campaign have worked to distance themselves from Project 2025, with the former president going so far as to call some of the proposals "abysmal." But Democrats have continued to tie the transition project to Trump, especially as they find themselves mired in their own controversy over whether Mr. Biden should withdraw from the 2024 presidential contest following his startling debate performance last month.
Here is what to know about Project 2025:
Project 2025 is a proposed presidential transition project that is composed of four pillars: a policy guide for the next presidential administration; a LinkedIn-style database of personnel who could serve in the next administration; training for that pool of candidates dubbed the "Presidential Administration Academy;" and a playbook of actions to be taken within the first 180 days in office.
It is led by two former Trump administration officials: Paul Dans, who was chief of staff at the Office of Personnel Management and serves as director of the project, and Spencer Chretien, former special assistant to Trump and now the project's associate director.
Project 2025 is spearheaded by the Heritage Foundation, but includes an advisory board consisting of more than 100 conservative groups.
Much of the focus on — and criticism of — Project 2025 involves its first pillar, the nearly 900-page policy book that lays out an overhaul of the federal government. Called "Mandate for Leadership 2025: The Conservative Promise," the book builds on a "Mandate for Leadership" first published in January 1981, which sought to serve as a roadmap for Ronald Reagan's incoming administration.
The recommendations outlined in the sprawling plan reach every corner of the executive branch, from the Executive Office of the President to the Department of Homeland Security to the little-known Export-Import Bank.
The Heritage Foundation also created a "Mandate for Leadership" in 2015 ahead of Trump's first term. Two years into his presidency, it touted that Trump had instituted 64% of its policy recommendations, ranging from leaving the Paris Climate Accords, increasing military spending, and increasing off-shore drilling and developing federal lands. In July 2020, the Heritage Foundation gave its updated version of the book to then-White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows.
The authors of many chapters are familiar names from the Trump administration, such as Russ Vought, who led the Office of Management and Budget; former acting Defense Secretary Chris Miller; and Roger Severino, who was director of the Office of Civil Rights at the Department of Health and Human Services.
Vought is the policy director for the 2024 Republican National Committee's platform committee, which released its proposed platform on Monday.
John McEntee, former director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office under Trump, is a senior advisor to the Heritage Foundation, and said that the group will "integrate a lot of our work" with the Trump campaign when the official transition efforts are announced in the next few months.
Candidates interested in applying for the Heritage Foundation's "Presidential Personnel Database" are vetted on a number of political stances, such as whether they agree or disagree with statements like "life has a right to legal protection from conception to natural death," and "the President should be able to advance his/her agenda through the bureaucracy without hindrance from unelected federal officials."
The contributions from ex-Trump administration officials have led its critics to tie Project 2025 to his reelection campaign, though the former president has attempted to distance himself from the initiative.
Some of the policies in the Project 2025 agenda have been discussed by Republicans for years or pushed by Trump himself: less federal intervention in education and more support for school choice; work requirements for able-bodied, childless adults on food stamps; and a secure border with increased enforcement of immigration laws, mass deportations and construction of a border wall.
But others have come under scrutiny in part because of the current political landscape.
Abortion and social issues
In recommendations for the Department of Health and Human Services, the agenda calls for the Food and Drug Administration to reverse its 24-year-old approval of the widely used abortion pill mifepristone. Other proposed actions targeting medication abortion include reinstating more stringent rules for mifepristone's use, which would permit it to be taken up to seven weeks into a pregnancy, instead of the current 10 weeks, and requiring it to be dispensed in-person instead of through the mail.
The Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative legal group that is on the Project 2025 advisory board, was involved in a legal challenge to mifepristone's 2000 approval and more recent actions from the FDA that made it easier to obtain. But the Supreme Court rejected the case brought by a group of anti-abortion rights doctors and medical associations on procedural grounds.
The policy book also recommends the Justice Department enforce the Comstock Act against providers and distributors of abortion pills. That 1873 law prohibits drugs, medicines or instruments used in abortions from being sent through the mail.
Now that the Supreme Court has overturned Roe v. Wade , the volume states that the Justice Department "in the next conservative administration should therefore announce its intent to enforce federal law against providers and distributors of such pills."
The guide recommends the next secretary of Health and Human Services get rid of the Reproductive Healthcare Access Task Force established by the Biden administration before Roe's reversal and create a "pro-life task force to ensure that all of the department's divisions seek to use their authority to promote the life and health of women and their unborn children."
In a section titled "The Family Agenda," the proposal recommends the Health and Human Services chief "proudly state that men and women are biological realities," and that "married men and women are the ideal, natural family structure because all children have a right to be raised by the men and women who conceived them."
Further, a program within the Health and Human Services Department should "maintain a biblically based, social science-reinforced definition of marriage and family."
During his first four years in office, Trump banned transgender people from serving in the military. Mr. Biden reversed that policy , but the Project 2025 policy book calls for the ban to be reinstated.
Targeting federal agencies, employees and policies
The agenda takes aim at longstanding federal agencies, like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA. The agency is a component of the Commerce Department and the policy guide calls for it to be downsized.
NOAA's six offices, including the National Weather Service and National Marine Fisheries Service, "form a colossal operation that has become one of the main drivers of the climate change alarm industry and, as such, is harmful to future U.S. prosperity," the guide states.
The Department of Homeland Security, established in 2002, should be dismantled and its agencies either combined with others, or moved under the purview of other departments altogether, the policy book states. For example, immigration-related entities from the Departments of Homeland Security, Justice and Health and Human Services should form a standalone, Cabinet-level border and immigration agency staffed by more than 100,000 employees, according to the agenda.
If the policy recommendations are implemented, another federal agency that could come under the knife by the next administration, with action from Congress, is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
The agenda seeks to bring a push by conservatives to target diversity, equity and inclusion, or DEI, initiatives in higher education to the executive branch by wiping away a slew of DEI-related positions, policies and programs and calling for the elimination of funding for partners that promote DEI practices.
It states that U.S. Agency for International Development staff and grantees that "engage in ideological agitation on behalf of the DEI agenda" should be terminated. At the Treasury Department, the guide says the next administration should "treat the participation in any critical race theory or DEI initiative without objecting on constitutional or moral grounds, as per se grounds for termination of employment."
The Project 2025 policy book also takes aim at more innocuous functions of government. It calls for the next presidential administration to eliminate or reform the dietary guidelines that have been published by the Department of Agriculture for more than 40 years, which the authors claim have been "infiltrated" by issues like climate change and sustainability.
Immigration
Trump made immigration a cornerstone of his last two presidential runs and has continued to hammer the issue during his 2024 campaign. Project 2025's agenda not only recommends finishing the wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, but urges the next administration to "take a creative and aggressive approach" to responding to drug cartels at the border. This approach includes using active-duty military personnel and the National Guard to help with arrest operations along the southern border.
A memo from Immigration and Customs Enforcement that prohibits enforcement actions from taking place at "sensitive" places like schools, playgrounds and churches should be rolled back, the policy guide states.
When the Homeland Security secretary determines there is an "actual or anticipated mass migration of aliens" that presents "urgent circumstances" warranting a federal response, the agenda says the secretary can make rules and regulations, including through their expulsion, for as long as necessary. These rules, the guide states, aren't subject to the Administration Procedure Act, which governs the agency rule-making process.
In a post to his social media platform on July 5, Trump wrote , "I know nothing about Project 2025. I have no idea who is behind it. I disagree with some of the things they're saying and some of the things they're saying are absolutely ridiculous and abysmal. Anything they do, I wish them luck, but I have nothing to do with them."
Trump's pushback to the initiative came after Heritage Foundation President Kevin Roberts said in a podcast interview that the nation is "in the process of the second American Revolution, which will remain bloodless if the left allows it to be."
The former president continued to disavow the initiative this week, writing in another social media post that he knows nothing about Project 2025.
"I have not seen it, have no idea who is in charge of it, and, unlike our very well received Republican Platform, had nothing to do with it," Trump wrote. "The Radical Left Democrats are having a field day, however, trying to hook me into whatever policies are stated or said. It is pure disinformation on their part. By now, after all of these years, everyone knows where I stand on EVERYTHING!"
While the former president said he doesn't know who is in charge of the initiative, the project's director, Dans, and associate director, Chretien, were high-ranking officials in his administration. Additionally, Ben Carson, former secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Trump; John Ratcliffe, former director of National Intelligence in the Trump administration; and Peter Navarro, who served as a top trade adviser to Trump in the White House, are listed as either authors or contributors to the policy agenda.
Still, even before Roberts' comments during "The War Room" podcast — typically hosted by conservative commentator Steve Bannon, who reported to federal prison to begin serving a four-month sentence last week — Trump's top campaign advisers have stressed that Project 2025 has no official ties to his reelection bid.
Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita, senior advisers to the Trump campaign, said in a November statement that 2024 policy announcements will be made by Trump or his campaign team.
"Any personnel lists, policy agendas, or government plans published anywhere are merely suggestions," they said.
While the efforts by outside organizations are "appreciated," Wiles and LaCivita said, "none of these groups or individuals speak for President Trump or his campaign."
In response to Trump's post last week, Project 2025 reiterated that it was separate from the Trump campaign.
"As we've been saying for more than two years now, Project 2025 does not speak for any candidate or campaign. We are a coalition of more than 110 conservative groups advocating policy & personnel recommendations for the next conservative president. But it is ultimately up to that president, who we believe will be President Trump, to decide which recommendations to implement," a statement on the project's X account said.
The initiative has also pushed back on Democrats' claims about its policy proposals and accused them of lying about what the agenda contains.
Despite their attempts to keep some distance from Project 2025, Democrats continue to connect Trump with the transition effort. The Biden-Harris campaign frequently posts about the project on X, tying it to a second Trump term.
Mr. Biden himself accused his Republican opponent of lying about his connections to the Project 2025 agenda, saying in a statement that the agenda was written for Trump and "should scare every single American." He claimed on his campaign social media account Wednesday that Project 2025 "will destroy America."
Congressional Democrats have also begun pivoting to Project 2025 when asked in interviews about Mr. Biden's fitness for a second term following his lackluster showing at the June 27 debate, the first in which he went head-to-head with Trump.
"Trump is all about Project 2025," Pennsylvania Sen. John Fetterman told CNN on Monday. "I mean, that's what we really should be voting on right now. It's like, do we want the kind of president that is all about Project '25?"
Rep. Jim Clyburn of South Carolina, one of Mr. Biden's closest allies on Capitol Hill, told reporters Monday that the agenda for the next Republican president was the sole topic he would talk about.
"Project 2025, that's my only concern," he said. "I don't want you or my granddaughter to live under that government."
In a statement reiterating her support for Mr. Biden, Rep. Frederica Wilson of Florida called Project 2025 "MAGA Republicans' draconian 920-page plan to end U.S. democracy, give handouts to the wealthy and strip Americans of their freedoms."
Two GOP senators under consideration to serve as Trump's running mate sought to put space between the White House hopeful and Project 2025, casting it as merely the product of a think tank that puts forth ideas.
"It's the work of a think tank, of a center-right think tank, and that's what think tanks do," Florida Sen. Marco Rubio told CNN's "State of the Union" on Sunday.
He said Trump's message to voters focuses on "restoring common sense, working-class values, and making our decisions on the basis of that."
Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance raised a similar sentiment in an interview with NBC's "Meet the Press," saying organizations will have good ideas and bad ideas.
"It's a 900-page document," he said Sunday. "I guarantee there are things that Trump likes and dislikes about that 900-page document. But he is the person who will determine the agenda of the next administration."
Jaala Brown contributed to this report.
Melissa Quinn is a politics reporter for CBSNews.com. She has written for outlets including the Washington Examiner, Daily Signal and Alexandria Times. Melissa covers U.S. politics, with a focus on the Supreme Court and federal courts.
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In every research project, chapter four is the heart of the research work and sometimes, supervisors do not even start the reading of the research work from chapter one, but they jump to chapter four because that is the chapter that tells the reader all that was done, the instrument you used, how you analyzed your data and finally your findings
from this study. The analysis and interpretation of data is carried out in two phases. The. first part, which is based on the results of the questionnaire, deals with a quantitative. analysis of data. The second, which is based on the results of the interview and focus group. discussions, is a qualitative interpretation.
PDF | On Feb 19, 2020, Teddy Kinyongo published CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.0 Introduction | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Chapter Four is the Chapter where the researcher shows how they have analyzed data. After analysis, data should be presented, interpreted and discussed. This...
Formal Research Structure. These are the primary purposes for formal research: enter the discourse, or conversation, of other writers and scholars in your field. learn how others in your field use primary and secondary resources. find and understand raw data and information. For the formal academic research assignment, consider an ...
This video will explain briefly on how to write the Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) and Chapter 5 (Conclusion) for your Research Project Report
Step 2: Express with an outline. You need to include additional information surrounding your argument, so the readers can answer follow-up questions and have additional details linked to your research question. Step 3: Develop your ideas in a draft. Once you have identified your main argument and have an outline, you need to structure the ...
Sharing an outline of chapter four and five general sections enables dissertation. online mentors teach how to write chapter four and five to dissertation students. Gathering and analyzing data should be fun; the student's passion clearly present in the. last two chapters of the dissertation.
Present Demographics. Present the descriptive data: explaining the age, gender, or relevant related information on the population (describe the sample). Summarize the demographics of the sample, and present in a table format after the narration (Simon, 2006). Otherwise, the table is included as an Appendix and referred to in the narrative of ...
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RES EARCH FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction. The chapter contains presentation, analysis and dis cussion of the data collected by the researcher. during the data ...
In an academic dissertation, chapter 4 is the data analysis chapter—the heart of the research project. That is where you will present the results of your research and analyze them in light of existing literature. In other words, this is where you will explain why your findings are significant and what they mean for the field as a whole.
Chapter 4 - Primer. Chapter 4 introduces you to the research process and its cornerstones. Every research project starts with an open-ended indirect research question, which is implicitly or explicitly accompanied by a research hypothesis. Often a research problem is substantiated by an ad-hoc hypothesis, which advances to a working ...
These parts can also be used as a checklist when working through the steps of your study. Specifically, part 1 focuses on planning a quantitative study (collecting data), part two explains the steps involved in doing a quantitative study, and part three discusses how to make sense of your results (organizing and analyzing data). Research Methods.
The purpose of this chapter four in your final year project is to summarize the collected data and the statistical treatment, and or mechanics of analysis. The first paragraph should briefly ...
4.1 INTRODUCTION. This chapter describes the analysis of data followed by a discussion of the research findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study. Data were analyzed to identify, describe and explore the relationship between death anxiety and death attitudes of nurses in a private acute care hospital and to ...
It is also the most-engaging and time-consuming chapter to complete in a research project. The chapter addresses the research questions or hypotheses and fulfills the pre-stated research objectives. Also, it allows one to draw relevant conclusions and recommendations. In writing your chapter 4, follow these guidelines;
In every research project, chapter four is the heart of the research work and sometimes, supervisors do not even start the reading of the research work from chapter one, but they jump to chapter four because that is the chapter that tells the reader all that was done, the instrument you used, how you analyzed your data and finally your findings
Moreover, the frequency distribution analysis suggested three age groups; '20-35', '36-60' and 'Above 60'. 39% of the respondents belonged to the '20-35' age group, while 56.5% of the respondents belonged to the '36-60' age group and the remaining 4.5% belonged to the age group of 'Above 60'. Furthermore, the annual ...
Step 1: Restate your research problem and research questions. The first step in writing up your discussion chapter is to remind your reader of your research problem, as well as your research aim (s) and research questions. If you have hypotheses, you can also briefly mention these.
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
Chapter 4 Considerations. Topic 1: Chapter 4. How do you organize your chapter? Your chapter needs to be organized in a way that answers your research questions. The information must be organized in a way that is logical and easy to follow for your reader. You may describe your sample here if this is something that emerged from your data ...
The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods ). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and ...
4.1. Introduction. This chapter presents the findings and analysis of this research project. It is essential to. indicate that getting findings is the main goal and objective of a research project, but a. mere producing of research findings is, however, not a final step of the research process, and releasing results for public consumption at ...
We answer some of your questions about the Heritage Foundation's 2025 Presidential Transition Project, also known as "Project 2025." ... During the BET Awards on June 30, host Taraji P. Henson told viewers to do their research on Project 2025, saying, "It's time for us to play chess, not checkers. It's about making decisions that will ...
Project 2025 is a proposed presidential transition project that is composed of four pillars: a policy guide for the next presidential administration; a LinkedIn-style database of personnel who ...
He has said that Project 2025 is "built on four pillars": the 30-chapter, 920-page book Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise, which presents "a consensus view of how major federal agencies must be governed"; a personnel database to "be collated and shared with the President-elect's team", open to the public for submissions;