needs
assessed
NA = data not available (i.e., not reported)
ND = no data collected
Studies find that participants frequently have 2 or more social needs, even though most assess a relatively small number of needs ( 38 , 41 , 62 , 64 , 86 ). Studies that screen a broader patient population tend to find fewer social needs per person ( 50 ). In Table 1 , findings are grouped into two types of social need studies. Studies in clinical settings assess social needs during healthcare visits. This screening usually occurs in person but sometimes through other modalities such as online surveys ( 48 ). Studies in a community or non-clinical setting assesses social needs either independently from healthcare, among individuals who are seeking assistance through social service helplines, or through phone outreach to members of a healthcare plan or system.
Social needs related to housing, food, childcare and general financial strain are among the most common social needs experienced. In Table 1 , 5-43% of participants screened in clinical settings had housing stability needs. Other housing related needs, including low-quality housing or limited space in the home, are often more prevalent than housing instability in studies that assess both ( 50 , 64 , 92 , 105 ). However, many studies report housing stability alone and do not assess quality separately ( 11 , 16 , 27 , 37 , 38 , 79 , 80 , 88 , 95 , 99 ).
Food insecurity, operationally defined in various studies as eating less, skipping meals, not having enough food for one’s family, or running out of food before having money or food stamps to buy more, is one of the most highly prevalent needs ( 11 , 27 , 41 , 48 , 79 , 88 , 95 ). In Table 1 , 6-41% of participants screened in clinical settings had food-related needs.
Among adults with young children, the need to find quality and/or affordable childcare is highly prevalent ( 37 , 38 , 62 , 86 ), although it often appears less so in general population screening when the denominator includes those without young children ( 27 , 50 , 80 , 92 ). In Table 1 , 29-50% of adults with young children reported childcare needs while only 2-3% reported childcare needs in general population studies that also included those without young children.
General financial strain is one of the most commonly identified social needs across studies in many different settings, although screening questions for financial strain vary widely, making comparisons of prevalence across groups difficult. For example, Kreuter et al found that not having enough money for unexpected expenses was the most prevalent social need (47-89%) in four independent studies ( 62 ). Other studies also found that financial strain was the most common social need, either in the context of paying for health care ( 11 , 16 , 99 ) or general employment and income concerns ( 27 , 37 , 38 , 58 ).
These rates of housing, food, childcare and financial needs among low-income samples are generally higher than population-wide estimates from public health surveillance efforts. In the U.S., slightly more than 10% of households experience food insecurity at some time each year ( 106 ). Around 7% of U.S. households are cost burdened and around 0.2% of Americans are homeless ( 108 ).
The most prevalent needs can vary widely by study setting. Among helpline callers, for example, social needs related to utility bill payment and transportation are more common than they are among populations screened in healthcare settings ( 30 , 62 , 64 ). This may be because screening in healthcare settings often assesses transportation needs in the specific context of healthcare access, and because those who arrive for a healthcare visit have overcome, at least temporarily, whatever transportation need they may have.
Studies in clinical and community settings have identified several common correlates of having more unmet social needs, including lower income, less education, and unemployment ( 11 , 47 , 62 , 64 , 95 , 105 ). For other demographic characteristics, however, findings are mixed. Some studies have found that older participants report more social needs ( 62 ), while other studies have found that younger participants have more social needs ( 87 ). There have also been conflicting findings about the association between gender and social needs ( 11 , 50 , 62 ).
Although national surveillance data suggest that members of racial and ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for food insecurity and housing instability ( 107 , 108 , 109 ), studies of social needs have not found a consistent association. One study among helpline callers found that White participants were more likely to have social needs ( 62 ), while other studies have found no association between race and social needs ( 47 , 62 , 95 ) or that Black or Hispanic participants are more likely to have social needs ( 11 , 50 , 62 , 87 ). The conflicting findings may be explained, at least in part, by differences in study samples and/or measures.
Both in the U.S. and globally, broad social determinants such as income and education are associated with health outcomes including chronic disease and mortality ( 1 , 20 , 21 , 68 , 69 , 98 ). There is also a growing body of research linking individual social needs to a range of health outcomes from behaviors to mortality to health care utilization and costs ( 76 ). For example, material need has been associated with lesser access to and use of treatment and prevention services, later diagnosis and resolution, and greater hospitalization, length of stay, readmission, complications, and mortality ( 60 ). These associations may be mediated by lack of health insurance ( 111 ). Because much of this research is based upon cross-sectional data, causality often cannot be established and could be bi-directional or reversed ( 72 ). For example, longitudinal studies have shown basic needs predict depressive symptoms ( 18 ), but also vice versa ( 52 ).
Many studies have examined the relationship between a single social need and a particular set of health outcomes. Most commonly, this research has focused on social needs related to food and housing. Food insecurity is associated with negative health consequences across the life span including obesity, stunting, wasting, and cardiometabolic disease ( 24 ). It has been associated with sleep problems ( 44 ), inflammation ( 43 ), poor diabetes control among diabetic patients ( 12 ), and poor health among children ( 7 , 89 ). Among the general U.S. population, adults reporting food insecurity have higher subsequent health care expenditures ( 10 ), whereas low-income adults who participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program have lower health care expenditures compared to those who do not ( 13 ).
Housing insecurity and homelessness are also associated with negative health outcomes among adults ( 66 , 100 ) and children ( 26 ). Low-income adults that receive rent assistance have three-fold lower odds of rating their health as “fair” or “poor” compared to peers on a waitlist for rest assistance ( 59 ). Among Canadian adults with HIV, having at least one unmet need (for food, clothing, or housing) was associated with lower physical and mental health quality of life ( 95 ).
There is strong evidence for a dose-response relationship between social needs and health. Studies show that increased social needs are associated with worse physical, mental and self-rated health, more chronic conditions, depressive symptoms, and higher perceived stress ( 11 , 16 , 62 , 64 , 95 , 105 ). Among children, higher levels of unmet needs are associated with lower levels of child wellness ( 34 ).
Social needs are also associated with a range of health-related behaviors including smoking, illicit drug use, eating fewer fruits and vegetables, getting less exercise, getting less sleep, and not seeking preventive healthcare ( 16 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 84 , 105 ). For many of these behaviors, the association with social needs also follows a dose-response gradient.
Although most research linking social needs with health behaviors and health outcomes has been cross-sectional, longitudinal studies have also established that social needs predict negative health outcomes. In community-dwelling adults, higher levels of unmet social needs were associated with increases in depressive symptoms ( 18 ), increases in problems with physical functioning ( 90 ) and higher mortality ( 17 ).
This accumulation of evidence has led the National Academies to conclude, “The consistent and compelling evidence on how social determinants shape health has led to a growing recognition throughout the heath care sector that improving health and reducing health disparities is likely to depend—at least in part—on improving social conditions and decreasing social vulnerability” ( 76 ; p. 27).
More evidence is needed about the mechanisms through which unmet needs affect health. Several conceptual models and frameworks have been proposed to explain the indirect effects of addressing social needs on health outcomes: through reduced stress and competing demands for resources and improved adherence to medication and physician visits ( 46 , 75 ), and through improved health behaviors, physiologic functioning, and psychosocial factors ( 8 , 9 , 21 , 72 , 98 ).
Some social needs interventions focus on addressing a particular need, while others are increasingly addressing a range of needs ( 9 , 35 , 42 ). Among interventions addressing multiple social needs identified through screening, the simplest approaches compile and distribute social needs resource guides, often with little follow up or evaluation. More comprehensive “linkage” interventions involve systematic approaches to screening for social needs followed by social prescriptions or referrals for specific resources available from independent or partner community organizations (e.g., food bank, YMCA) or a co-located service provider (e.g., medical-legal partnerships).
Given eligibility requirements and limited resources at many social service provider agencies, however, there is no guarantee that linking patients with community programs will resolve the patient’s social needs. Although some patients may be able to resolve their unmet need independently using a resource information booklet or following a verbal or written referral for an assistance program, others will be more successful with personal help from someone like a case manager or social needs navigator ( 72 ) who can advise them on the documentation needed to meet eligibility criteria, help them connect with the agency, and assist them with applications.
Social needs navigators are often affiliated with a healthcare organization or community agency (e.g., social workers, nurses, community health workers, volunteers) and provide ongoing support and follow up in person and/or by phone. In many healthcare organizations, patients with high acuity or utilization are offered case management or navigation services to address health and social needs (i.e., hotspotting ( 33 )), but it is less common for navigation programs to be made available universally to a patient or member population, without regard to individual differences in health risk profiles.
Several reviews of the literature have identified and summarized interventions designed to address social needs. Most studies report the prevalence of needs and what percent of needs were resolved through referrals over a particular time period ( 19 , 38 ); fewer report health outcomes or cost savings. Results have varied based on which needs were addressed. In one review, intervention studies addressing housing needs found effects on health outcomes, costs, or both, whereas studies of nutrition, income, or care coordination supports were more sparse and had mixed effects ( 104 ). Several interventions have focused on housing and childhood asthma triggers; some reported reductions in the use of urgent health care services and increases in symptom-free days and quality of life ( 9 ). Incorporating social work interventions within primary care has shown promising effects on subjective health measures, self-management of chronic conditions, and reduced psychosocial morbidity and barriers to care ( 70 ).
There is also evidence for benefits of social needs navigator programs that address multiple needs. For example, one study determined that having a university-affiliated navigator for 3 months led to greater improvement in parents’ evaluation of overall child health than a printed community resource guide ( 41 ). Another found that having a community health worker provide navigation for 6 months was more effective and cost-effective in reducing hospitalization and costs compared with standard care ( 56 , 57 ). A comparative-effectiveness study showed that delivering navigation via a clinic setting vs. a community setting did not differentially affect psychosocial outcomes ( 85 ). An evaluation of Health Leads programs across three sites found that patients who screened positive for unmet social needs and agreed to participate in navigation showed improvements in blood pressure and cholesterol (but not HbA1c) over time compared to those who declined participation ( 11 ). Providing a medical-legal intervention to parents with newborns increased access to supports (e.g., food, utility assistance, public assistance), increased rates of immunization and preventive care, and decreased emergency department visits ( 93 ).
Although individual studies provide promising results for navigation interventions, reviews of the literature identify multiple areas for methodological improvement to strengthen our knowledge of what works ( 9 , 42 , 104 ). Most trials to-date have used social needs screening tools with unknown reliability and validity and focused on process outcomes. Few involved large samples or included cost-effectiveness analysis, some lacked appropriate comparison groups to provide rigorous results that are generalizable to broad patient populations, and long-term follow-up varied. Additionally, many trials involve pre-post designs among high-risk or high-utilizing patients; thus results may be confounded by regression to the mean, as seems to be the case in hotspotting interventions ( 33 ). It is also important to evaluate whether interventions to reduce healthcare utilization (less ED use) are beneficial and not potentially harmful (e.g., having unintended consequences such as reducing preventive care) ( 14 , 92 ).
In addition to the need for more rigorous studies evaluating whether social needs interventions are effective, there is an equally important need for research seeking to explain how these interventions influence health and social needs outcomes. Fichtenberg and colleagues (2019) suggest four potential pathways: increasing patient access to resources, reducing patient stress, helping healthcare providers give better care, and reducing provider burnout ( 32 ). The latter two of these are provider-related, and have received less attention in research conducted to date. It’s possible that knowing a patient’s social needs could alter in a quality-enhancing way a provider’s approach to medication management, behavior change recommendations, or other patient interactions, or that knowing your healthcare system has an infrastructure and resources to assist with social needs reduces providers’ stress and worry when treating patients with unmet social needs. Studies exploring these and other mechanisms of effect will advance the science and practice of addressing social needs.
A key assumption underlying the strategy to address social needs through screening and referral interventions is that social service agencies have sufficient capacity to address the demand in their communities. A few longitudinal studies have tracked the outcomes of social needs referrals and found that overall, only about one-third of those receiving a referral end up getting assistance from the referral agency ( 19 , 91 ). But the capacity of social service agencies can vary widely by community and type of social need ( 86 ), with community capacity higher in urban versus rural areas, for example, or higher for responding to food-related needs compared to housing needs ( 63 ). Screening and referral interventions may not be suitable for social needs that cannot be reliably addressed due to limited capacity of the local social service system.
Our current knowledge of how a person’s social needs change over time is limited. In both research and practice to date, screening or assessment of social needs is at best sporadic, and when it is assessed at multiple time points there are often long gaps between assessments. This is not a problem if social needs are relatively stable, but there is no evidence supporting that. Rather, studies examining the financial needs of low-income individuals suggest that they fluctuate frequently and often dramatically ( 73 , 103 ). Thus changing needs over time cannot be resolved by a one-time intervention and may perhaps be more effectively addressed by longer-term interventions such as ongoing navigation. Understanding the patterns, timing and sequences in which some social needs rise and others fall could also help social needs interventions shift from being reactive to proactive, and could even help identify issues that require addressing underlying causes a population level. Longitudinal research measuring dynamic needs and their effects on each other and on health is needed.
Current screening and referral interventions tend to treat each social need a person reports as independent. In other words, if a person has food and transportation needs, they would likely receive one referral for food assistance and another for transportation services. While having the advantage of being simple and straightforward, this approach ignores possible links among different social needs and may use limited community resources inefficiently. As an example, needing utility payment assistance and money for daily necessities like food, clothing and shelter are highly correlated across multiple social needs studies ( r s = .49 to .71) ( 62 ). When planning social needs interventions, it’s possible that addressing one need – say transportation, by providing a needed car repair or bus pass – would leave enough money in the person’s budget to help meet food needs or increase their ability to get to food stores. Future work should identify and test promising alternative strategies that solve individual needs while preserving limited community resources.
It is also plausible that certain social needs may cluster in certain population sub-groups ( 61 ). For example, a proof-of-concept analysis showed that compared to others in a low-income sample, women with children were more likely to report not having enough space in their home and needing help with utility bills, men under 50 were more likely to report being physically threatened and needing a place to stay, and adults 50 and older in fair or poor health were more likely to need food and transportation ( 62 ). Hudson and colleagues argue that Black men may experience distinct stressors over the life course and may benefit from social needs interventions that address their particular social, legal, or economic needs (e.g., getting disability benefits or clearing criminal and credit histories) ( 53 ). If certain combinations of social needs occur more commonly in distinct population sub-groups, healthcare and other organizations could develop integrated packages of interventions supported by coalitions of community partners to increase effectiveness. We found no published studies comparing effects of one-size-fits-all social needs interventions with interventions that are highly targeted for specific population sub-groups with similar social needs experiences.
Understanding the complex and dynamic relationships among social needs could also make screening for social needs more efficient. For example, compared to those who do not express transportation needs when calling a community helpline, individuals who do express transportation needs have three times greater odds of also having food needs and twice the odds of needing health insurance or a regular doctor, even though they had not sought help for food or healthcare needs from the helpline (N. Verdecias, R. Garg, J. Steensma, A. McQueen, R. Greer, M.W. Kreuter, manuscript in review). Identifying such interdependencies could lead to adaptive social needs assessment tools that are at once shorter and more informative.
All of these considerations – community capacity, temporal patterns and clusters of social needs, common social needs experiences of different population sub-groups, and smart social needs screening tools that are adaptive and conditional – have practical implications for delivering social needs interventions. They help answer key questions for advancing the field, including which social needs to target and when, which individuals might benefit most from which interventions, and which strategies can identify and address social needs most efficiently, cost-effectively, and sustainably ( 32 ).
At the same time, even if social needs interventions in healthcare evolve and are increasingly guided by a robust science of social needs, they should be understood in a broader context and optimized through complementary partnerships and policies. Not all people have health insurance or access to healthcare. Integration of healthcare and social services provides a useful example of the range of collaborative possibilities. On a continuum of degrees of integration, screening and referral interventions that send patients from a health plan to certain social service agencies would rank low compared to community-wide collaborations that reach and benefit all people, not just health plan members ( 31 ). In fact, different health plans that implement similar social needs referral programs may ultimately compete with each other for the same social services for their own members.
Addressing people’s social needs in a way that works and lasts will be difficult and likely expensive. Results may be modest and the time horizon for seeing health benefits long, or perhaps never if underlying causes are not addressed upstream. There is a real risk that the healthcare sector could lose interest along the way, decide that the investment is not worth it, or conclude that others are better suited to address social needs. That would be a tremendous missed opportunity. Sustaining the attention, interest and investment of the health care sector must be a high priority. Public health professionals and organizations are needed to help build, lead, or participate with healthcare organizations in cross-sector and multi-level community efforts to improve population health and reduce disparities by addressing SDOH and social needs.
Efforts at all levels of the continuum will work better if there are investments in and modernization of the social service sector, including social safety net policies and resource allocation to sustain them ( 40 ). As health care interventions to address social needs continue to be developed, refined, and tested, it is crucial for public health professionals to also strive to shape the upstream SDOH that drive both health disparities and the inequitable distribution of unmet social needs ( 65 ).
Matthew W. Kreuter, The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis.
Tess Thompson, The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis.
Amy McQueen, School of Medicine and The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis.
Rachel Garg, The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis.
Erickson’s theory of social emotional development, explains that between the age of three and half to four years, children go through the stage of learning versus guilt. During the stage, the child learns to imagine in order to broaden his or her skills through playing, to cooperate with others and to lead as well as to follow. If the child does not develop initiative and instead develops guilt, he or she will be fearful, continues to depend on adults, follows groups and is not developed in her imagination and playing skills (Harder, 2009). During this stage the child learns the skills of imagination; this is important since in later life, it will broaden the child’s perspective. Another important skill that a child needs is the skill of cooperation, this will help boost the child’s team spirit and enable him/her to participate in teamwork. Another important skill is the leadership skill; this enables an individual to organize and manage people effectively in order to be able to achieve something positive in social development.
For the effective development of a child, nurture plays a very crucial role. Maslow’s theory classifies human needs into a hierarchy; he explains that the needs are satisfied in a stepwise manner. The needs in their order of satisfaction include; physiological needs, Safety needs, need for love, affection and belonging, need for esteem and the highest level of need is the need for self actualization (Simons, Donald, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The family environment should be rich in terms of learning opportunities so as to bring out the best in the children. One of the important qualities of a family will be one that has a varied learning and educational materials and activities. These can be televisions, newspapers and the internet. These are likely to increase a child’s imagination capability and broaden his or her perspective. A family where every member of the family plays a role in having an activity done instill the values of cooperation in the children. For instance, the family members could be helping each other with the cleaning, meal preparation and so on; but not leaving all the activities to an individual, for instance, the mother or the nanny. The parents should also allow their children to take personal initiative without hindrance; the parents can also consider making the children be in control of given activities in the house, this will encourage the development of leadership skills.
When the heads of the family are dictatorial and do not allow the children to make their own decisions, then it means the children will grow to become followers and not leaders; it also narrows the children’s imagination and innovative capability since the children have almost all of their decisions made by the parents. This will also impact negatively on the child’s development of cooperation skills because the parents act as an autonomous authority and the children are not allowed to cooperate and contribute to decision making in the family.
In order to develop the learners’ imagination, cooperation and leadership skills, the educator can divide the learners in the class and then allow them to select a topic about a challenge in the society that needs a solution. He or she should also organize the learners work in such a way that each of the learners has an active role in the group. The work should also be divided into segments and each of the segments should be headed by a member of the group. This will enhance the learners’ leadership skills.
When the teacher pays a lot of attention on delivering the content to the learners, he will tend to ignore the importance of the learners in the learning process and as a result the learners would have been reduced to listeners instead of being active participants in the learning process. This method of teaching becomes one way – from the teacher to the learners. It reduces the learners’ imaginative skills since they are expected to take in everything the teacher says without questioning. It also reduces cooperation in learning since all the attention is based on the teacher. Finally, it does not enhance the learners leadership skills; this is seen in the way it is executed, the teacher leads and the learners follow, this will make the learners feel like followers and not leaders.
Children have a lot of needs to be met both at school and at home so as to enhance their development. As described in Vygotsky social theory, a child’s development is determined by those he or she interacts with and his or her cultural background. It is therefore important that the interactions are guided and made healthy so as to enhance a positive development in the child. When a child’s needs are met, he or she will feel satisfied, safe, loved and so on, but if the needs are not met then the child will develop restlessness, thus affecting learning process.
Harder, A. F. (2009). The Developmental Stages of Erik Erickson . Web.
Simons, J. Donald, Irwin, B. and Drinnien, B. A. (1987). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs . Web.
IvyPanda. (2024, March 21). Common Social Needs of Children. https://ivypanda.com/essays/common-social-needs-of-children/
"Common Social Needs of Children." IvyPanda , 21 Mar. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/common-social-needs-of-children/.
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IvyPanda . 2024. "Common Social Needs of Children." March 21, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/common-social-needs-of-children/.
1. IvyPanda . "Common Social Needs of Children." March 21, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/common-social-needs-of-children/.
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What is maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the most prominent psychological theories that explain individual motivation . Published in his seminal paper, ‘A theory of human motivation’, Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist and professor, depicted human needs as five hierarchical levels within a pyramid (Maslow, 1943).
Source: Campbell and Craig (2012, p.609)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs implies that individuals must satisfy their lower-level needs before they can attend a higher set of needs. As you can see from the figure above, there are five levels of needs, which depict individuals’ inborn desire to self-actualise. Let’s take a closer look at these needs.
The lowest level of human needs, also known as physiological needs, is made up of the most basic, biological needs, which represent the basic physical requirements of any individual. Amongst other things, these requirements include the need for food, oxygen, shelter, and water and form the basis for the pyramid. Within the scope of Maslow’s framework, these needs are the strongest ones since if an individual is deprived of all needs, they will strive to address the physiological needs in the first place. Indeed, you are unlikely to think about personal growth if you are starving, for example (Maslow, 1981). All you can think about in this situation is how to eat something because without food your body cannot function optimally. At this point, all other needs become of secondary importance until your stomach is full again.
Once the needs for food (and other physiological needs) are met, the need for safety and security becomes prominent. According to Maslow, individuals strive to minimise risks and uncertainty, meaning they want predictability and order in their lives. They also want to be secure in the knowledge that this safety and security need will be addressed in the future too (Campbell and Craig, 2012). For example, medical care, police, business, and education are amongst the things that allow us to fulfil our safety and security needs. In the organisational context, this need is often addressed by financial remuneration and a safe workplace. Social and financial stability is what provides safety against external pressures and accidents. Together, the first two levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs make up the basic needs.
At the third level in the hierarchy of needs by Maslow is social needs, which involves feelings of love and belongingness (Smith, 2017). Once the needs for security and safety are addressed, individuals strive to establish a give-and-take relationship with others in their attempt to overcome the feeling of alienation, depression, and loneliness. Examples of social needs include friendship, acceptance, trust, and love. The role of these needs in the organisational context is also significant since a lack of acceptance and poor relationships with colleagues can have a devastating effect on one’s motivation, engagement, and productivity in the workplace.
Similarly to the first three levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, esteem needs are attributed to deficiency needs, which arise because of deprivation. In other words, these needs are said to motivate individuals when they are unaddressed (Smith, 2017). Maslow categorised the esteem needs into two groups, namely (a) esteem for oneself and (b) the desire for respect and reputation from others. Have you ever wanted your efforts to be recognised by others? This is an example of the esteem need. It is quite natural to need to sense that you are valued and that your contribution to the world is important to others. Your personal hobbies, the acquisition of an academic degree, and participation in social and professional activities can all contribute to the satisfaction of your esteem needs.
Self-actualisation, according to Maslow’s classification, is a being or growth need. What distinguishes it from the lower-level needs is that it does not stem from a lack of something. Instead, the need for self-actualisation is driven by one’s desire to realise their potential to its fullest. This need can be developed and addressed only after all the aforementioned needs are addressed. It does not mean, however, that need satisfaction is an ‘all-or-none’ phenomenon. In his later works, Maslow (1987) admitted that a need must not be satisfied 100% before the subsequent need emerges. That means that you can feel a desire to become the most you can be even if your self-esteem needs are not fully addressed.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be used in a variety of contexts, making it a really useful model when it comes to analysing employee motivation and engagement. But you should not think about this framework as a process or instrument when exploring the issue of employee motivation. Instead, it is more beneficial to approach Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as an idea of what drives employees. From this standpoint, workers have numerous needs that must be met to build and maintain a high level of motivation. You should remember that salary and financial bonuses only address the first two levels of the pyramid. Even if employees are well-paid and provided with a high level of job security, they can still experience a lack of motivation and satisfaction. This is because their higher-level needs are not addressed. Job enrichment, cross-training, involvement in the decision-making process, and recognition are just a few examples of how it is possible to address one’s esteem and self-actualisation needs (Smith, 2017).
Applying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs when writing a business or marketing report or a dissertation might be a tricky and challenging task. This is because the framework is usually used in conjunction with other strategic management instruments, adding to the overall complexity of the analysis process. If you are looking for the help of a reliable academic writing service with guaranteed top grades , we believe that your search is over. With a team of highly experienced academic writers , we make sure your report or dissertation meets the highest quality requirements and standards of your university.
Campbell, D. and Craig, T. (2012) Organisations and the business environment , London: Routledge.
Maslow, A. (1943) “A theory of human motivation”, Psychological Review , 50 (4), pp. 370-396.
Maslow, A. (1981) Motivation and personality , New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan.
Maslow, A. (1987) Motivation and personality , 3 rd ed., Delhi: Pearson Education.
Smith, L. (2017) Meet Maslow: How understanding the priorities of those around us can lead to harmony and improvement , Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent.
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David osinde
South Pacific Journal of Psychology
Don Munro , Miles Bore
babak nemati
Michael Sosteric
A short article on our essential human interdependence and our essential human needs. The article discusses Maslow's theorization of human needs and proposes a more modern visual icon, the Circle of Seven Essential Needs, to replace the dated and distorted pyramid. Includes a video presentation.
Journal of Vocational Behavior
Felix Mwendwa
In a two-part test of Maslow's theory of human motivation, two relationships were explored: (1) the relationship between need importance and need deficiencies, and (2) the relationship between need deficiencies and life satisfaction. The subjects were groups of women college graduates in three types of occupations: professional-managerial, clerical-sales, and homemaking. In the first study, group differences in actual deficiencies did not support the hypothesis that need importance is negatively correlated with need deficiencies. Rankings of the deficiencies for the three groups, however, were consistent with the hypothesized relationship, as were the small but significant correlations that were obtained between need importance and deficiency values. In the second study, the findings gave partial support to Maslow's theory in that a significant relationship was found between need fulfillment and life satisfaction for two of the three occupational groups. The findings of both studies are discussed in relation to considerations in women's career development.
Review of General Psychology
Mark E Koltko-Rivera
The conventional description of Abraham Maslow’s (1943, 1954) hierarchy of needs is inaccurate as a description of Maslow’s later thought. Maslow (1969a) amended his model, placing self-transcendence as a motivational step beyond self-actualization. Objections to this reinterpretation are considered. Possible reasons for the persistence of the conventional account are described. Recognizing self-transcendence as part of Maslow’s hierarchy has important consequences for theory and research: (a)a more comprehensive understanding of worldviews regarding the meaning of life; (b) broader understanding of the motivational roots of altruism, social progress, and wisdom; (c) a deeper understanding of religious violence; (d) integration of the psychology of religion and spirituality into the mainstream of psychology; and (e) a more multiculturally integrated approach to psychological theory.
AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND SOCIAL WORK
Peter Choate , Roy Bear Chief
INTRODUCTION: Abraham Maslow created one of the most enduring psychological constructs, the hierarchy of needs. Maslow, himself, did not create the oft-shown pyramid but it is the image that comes to mind when the construct is mentioned. There have also been reports that Maslow’s work fails to give due credit to the Blackfoot peoples of Southern Alberta for their seminal contribution to the hierarchy. There is a vibrant debate in the literature and in public spaces regarding this. Such a debate may not matter as Maslow’s construct does not represent Blackfoot philosophy. Hierarchical needs of understanding are not representative of their world view and the place of self-actualisation is very contrary to Maslow’s understanding. Maslow’s own writings do not support the notion that Blackfoot knowledge influenced him greatly in respect of the construct. In concert with the Elder knowledge keeper in the project, we explore the history of Maslow and the Blackfoot people along with knowledge held by Elder wisdom. APPROACH: The article concludes by suggesting that Blackfoot ways of knowing represent their own views and that Maslow’s hierarchy has never been their understanding. IMPLICATIONS: Social workers are, thus, invited to critically assess the theories used in practice and their relevance and validity for the populations engaged in their work.
Muhammad Saeed
Is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs a Valid Model of Motivation? This is paper attempts to answer the question “Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs a Valid model of Motivation?”. We begin by reviewing Maslow’s life and the basic structure of his Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Then continue by explaining what inspired his theory. The use of this theory is examined as applied in business, Psychotherapy, the healthcare industry, and social science. Similar theories are reviewed including Frederick Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory and Ken Wilbur’s theory as interpreted by Rowan. Then we take a look at Empirical testing of Maslow’s work to try to determine if his model is valid. A study by Hall and Nougian did not support Maslow’s theory. However, there are some studies that show support or partial support. A literature review includes reviews of studies done by Porter, Alderfer, Reiss and Havercamp, and Ghiselli and Johnson as well as the Guttman scale test. Although some argue that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is restricted by national and cultural boundaries, we look at its use across cultures. Finally we reach our conclusion that Maslow’s hierarchy is a valid model of motivation, though some modification might be warranted. It is a simple but powerful concept that can help us understand, develop and utilize human potential.
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Innocent Chingombe
محمد المركاز
Rowan Joseph
Rodrigo Falbo
Fabien Collin
Perspectives on Psychological Science
Douglas Kenrick
Gery A. Misbah
Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization
mohd warid hussin
Journal of Business Ethics
Alma Acevedo
vVadimiras Gražulis
Diana Genkova
Daniel Raphael, PhD
Lightning Path Institute
Gina Ratkovic
Keerthi Manathunga
Mega Listyorini
Alexis Ubilla
Chief Editor
Abu Haitham
The Hyper-Polarization Challenge to the Conflict Resolution Field We invite you to participate in an online exploration of what those with conflict and peacebuilding expertise can do to help defend liberal democracies and encourage them live up to their ideals.
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By Sandra Marker
August 2003
"[H]uman needs are a powerful source of explanation of human behavior and social interaction. All individuals have needs that they strive to satisfy, either by using the system[,] 'acting on the fringes[,]' or acting as a reformist or revolutionary. Given this condition, social systems must be responsive to individual needs, or be subject to instability and forced change (possibly through violence or conflict)." -- The Power of Human Needs in World Society |
Humans need a number of essentials to survive. According to the renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow and the conflict scholar John Burton, these essentials go beyond just food, water, and shelter. They include both physical and non-physical elements needed for human growth and development, as well as all those things humans are innately driven to attain.
For Maslow, needs are hierarchical in nature. That is, each need has a specific ranking or order of obtainment. Maslow's needs pyramid starts with the basic items of food, water, and shelter. These are followed by the need for safety and security, then belonging or love, self-esteem, and finally, personal fulfillment.[1] Burton and other needs theorists who have adopted Maslow's ideas to conflict theory, however, perceive human needs in a different way -- as an emergent collection of human development essentials.[2] Furthermore, they contend needs do not have a hierarchical order. Rather, needs are sought simultaneously in an intense and relentless manner.[3] Needs theorists' list of human essentials include:
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Human needs theorists argue that one of the primary causes of protracted or intractable conflict is people's unyielding drive to meet their unmet needs on the individual, group, and societal level.[4] For example, the Palestinian conflict involves the unmet needs of identity and security. Countless Palestinians feel that their legitimate identity is being denied them, both personally and nationally. Numerous Israelis feel they have no security individually because of suicide bombings, nationally because their state is not recognized by many of their close neighbors, and culturally because anti-Semitism is growing worldwide. Israeli and Palestinian unmet needs directly and deeply affect all the other issues associated with this conflict. Consequently, if a resolution is to be found, the needs of Palestinian identity and Israeli security must be addressed and satisfied on all levels.
Human needs theorists offer a new dimension to conflict theory. Their approach provides an important conceptual tool that not only connects and addresses human needs on all levels. Furthermore, it recognizes the existence of negotiable and nonnegotiable issues.[5] That is, needs theorists understand that needs, unlike interests, cannot be traded, suppressed, or bargained for.[6] Thus, the human needs approach makes a case for turning away from traditional negotiation models that do not take into account nonnegotiable issues. These include interest-based negotiation models that view conflict in terms of win-win or other consensus-based solutions, and conventional power models (primarily used in the field of negotiation and international relations) that construct conflict and conflict management in terms of factual and zero-sum game perspectives.[7]
The human needs approach, on the other hand, supports collaborative and multifaceted problem-solving models and related techniques, such as problem-solving workshops or an analytical problem-solving process. These models take into account the complexity of human life and the insistent nature of human needs.[8] Problem-solving approaches also analyze the fundamental sources of conflict , while maintaining a focus on fulfilling peoples' unmet needs. In addition, they involve the interested parties in finding and developing acceptable ways to meet the needs of all concerned.
Human needs theorists further understand that although needs cannot be compromised , they can be addressed in a generally win-win or positive-sum way.[9] An example of this win-win or positive sum process can be gleaned from the Kosovo conflict. When the Albanians obtained protective security, the Serbs also gained this protection, so both sides gained.[10]
However, many questions and uncertainties surround the human needs approach to solving conflicts. For instance, how can one define human needs? How can one know what needs are involved in conflict situations? How can one know what human needs are being met and unmet? Are human needs cultural or universal in nature? If they are cultural, is the analysis of human needs beneficial beyond a specific conflict? Are some needs inherently more important than others? If some needs are more important, should these be pursued first?
Other critics of the human needs approach assert that many conflicts involve both needs and interests. So, conflict resolution cannot come about by just meeting human needs. For example, when looking at the Palestinian/Israeli conflict, it is understood that both needs (identity, security, freedom) and interests (i.e., resource allocation, international boundaries) are involved. Consequently, even if the needs of both parties get met, the conflict will probably not be resolved. Resolution can only come about when both needs and interests are dealt with.[11]
Nevertheless, most scholars and practitioners agree that issues of identity , security , and recognition , are critical in many or even most intractable conflicts. They may not be the only issue, but they are one of the important issues that must be dealt with if an intractable conflict is to be transformed . Ignoring the underlying needs and just negotiating the interests may at times lead to a short-term settlement, but it rarely will lead to long-term resolution.
[1] Jay Rothman, Resolving Identity-Based Conflict in Nations, Organizations, and Communities (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1997)
[2] John Burton, Conflict Resolution and Prevention (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990)
[3] Jay Rothman, 1997
[4] Terrell A. Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict," in Intractable Conflicts and their Transformation , ed. Louis Kriesberg, Terrell A. Northrup and Stuart J. Thorson (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55-82.
[5] Roger A. Coate and Jerel A. Rosati, "Human Needs in World Society," in The Power of Human Needs in World Society, ed. Roger A. Coate and Jerel A. Rosati (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1988), 1-20.
[6] David J. Carroll, Jerel A. Rosati, and Roger A. Coate, "Human Needs Realism: A Critical Assessment of the Power of Human Needs in World Society," in The Power of Human Needs in World Society, ed. Roger A. Coate and Jerel A. Rosati (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1988), 257-274.
[9] Jay Rothman, 1997.
[10] "Kosovo Leaders Agree to Pact Against Violence," in PeaceWatch 6, no. 5. (August 2000): 1-3. Article also available on-line at http://www.usip.org/peacewatch/pdf/pw0800.pdf (accessed 11 February 2003); Internet.
[11] David J. Carroll, Jerel A. Rosati, and Roger A. Coate, 1988.
Use the following to cite this article: Marker, Sandra. "Unmet Human Needs." Beyond Intractability . Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: August 2003 < http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/human-needs >.
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Home — Essay Samples — Education — Importance of Education — The Importance of Education for Personal and Social Development
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Published: Sep 7, 2023
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Introduction, the value of education in personal development, the impact of education on society, educational solutions to social issues.
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September 6, 2023
Students applying to college this year will inevitably confront the community essay. In fact, most students will end up responding to several community essay prompts for different schools. For this reason, you should know more than simply how to approach the community essay as a genre. Rather, you will want to learn how to decipher the nuances of each particular prompt, in order to adapt your response appropriately. In this article, we’ll show you how to do just that, through several community essay examples. These examples will also demonstrate how to avoid cliché and make the community essay authentically and convincingly your own.
Do keep in mind that inherent in the word “community” is the idea of multiple people. The personal statement already provides you with a chance to tell the college admissions committee about yourself as an individual. The community essay, however, suggests that you depict yourself among others. You can use this opportunity to your advantage by showing off interpersonal skills, for example. Or, perhaps you wish to relate a moment that forged important relationships. This in turn will indicate what kind of connections you’ll make in the classroom with college peers and professors.
Apart from comprising numerous people, a community can appear in many shapes and sizes. It could be as small as a volleyball team, or as large as a diaspora. It could fill a town soup kitchen, or spread across five boroughs. In fact, due to the internet, certain communities today don’t even require a physical place to congregate. Communities can form around a shared identity, shared place, shared hobby, shared ideology, or shared call to action. They can even arise due to a shared yet unforeseen circumstance.
In a nutshell, the community essay should exhibit three things:
It may look like a fairly simple equation: 1 + 2 = 3. However, each college will word their community essay prompt differently, so it’s important to look out for additional variables. One college may use the community essay as a way to glimpse your core values. Another may use the essay to understand how you would add to diversity on campus. Some may let you decide in which direction to take it—and there are many ways to go!
To get a better idea of how the prompts differ, let’s take a look at some real community essay prompts from the current admission cycle.
1) brown university.
“Students entering Brown often find that making their home on College Hill naturally invites reflection on where they came from. Share how an aspect of your growing up has inspired or challenged you, and what unique contributions this might allow you to make to the Brown community. (200-250 words)”
A close reading of this prompt shows that Brown puts particular emphasis on place. They do this by using the words “home,” “College Hill,” and “where they came from.” Thus, Brown invites writers to think about community through the prism of place. They also emphasize the idea of personal growth or change, through the words “inspired or challenged you.” Therefore, Brown wishes to see how the place you grew up in has affected you. And, they want to know how you in turn will affect their college community.
“NYU was founded on the belief that a student’s identity should not dictate the ability for them to access higher education. That sense of opportunity for all students, of all backgrounds, remains a part of who we are today and a critical part of what makes us a world-class university. Our community embraces diversity, in all its forms, as a cornerstone of the NYU experience.
We would like to better understand how your experiences would help us to shape and grow our diverse community. Please respond in 250 words or less.”
Here, NYU places an emphasis on students’ “identity,” “backgrounds,” and “diversity,” rather than any physical place. (For some students, place may be tied up in those ideas.) Furthermore, while NYU doesn’t ask specifically how identity has changed the essay writer, they do ask about your “experience.” Take this to mean that you can still recount a specific moment, or several moments, that work to portray your particular background. You should also try to link your story with NYU’s values of inclusivity and opportunity.
“Our families and communities often define us and our individual worlds. Community might refer to your cultural group, extended family, religious group, neighborhood or school, sports team or club, co-workers, etc. Describe the world you come from and how you, as a product of it, might add to the diversity of the UW. (300 words max) Tip: Keep in mind that the UW strives to create a community of students richly diverse in cultural backgrounds, experiences, values and viewpoints.”
UW ’s community essay prompt may look the most approachable, for they help define the idea of community. You’ll notice that most of their examples (“families,” “cultural group, extended family, religious group, neighborhood”…) place an emphasis on people. This may clue you in on their desire to see the relationships you’ve made. At the same time, UW uses the words “individual” and “richly diverse.” They, like NYU, wish to see how you fit in and stand out, in order to boost campus diversity.
Begin by picking which community essay you’ll write first. (For practical reasons, you’ll probably want to go with whichever one is due earliest.) Spend time doing a close reading of the prompt, as we’ve done above. Underline key words. Try to interpret exactly what the prompt is asking through these keywords.
Next, brainstorm. I recommend doing this on a blank piece of paper with a pencil. Across the top, make a row of headings. These might be the communities you’re a part of, or the components that make up your identity. Then, jot down descriptive words underneath in each column—whatever comes to you. These words may invoke people and experiences you had with them, feelings, moments of growth, lessons learned, values developed, etc. Now, narrow in on the idea that offers the richest material and that corresponds fully with the prompt.
Lastly, write! You’ll definitely want to describe real moments, in vivid detail. This will keep your essay original, and help you avoid cliché. However, you’ll need to summarize the experience and answer the prompt succinctly, so don’t stray too far into storytelling mode.
Once your first essay is complete, you’ll need to adapt it to the other colleges involving community essays on your list. Again, you’ll want to turn to the prompt for a close reading, and recognize what makes this prompt different from the last. For example, let’s say you’ve written your essay for UW about belonging to your swim team, and how the sports dynamics shaped you. Adapting that essay to Brown’s prompt could involve more of a focus on place. You may ask yourself, how was my swim team in Alaska different than the swim teams we competed against in other states?
Once you’ve adapted the content, you’ll also want to adapt the wording to mimic the prompt. For example, let’s say your UW essay states, “Thinking back to my years in the pool…” As you adapt this essay to Brown’s prompt, you may notice that Brown uses the word “reflection.” Therefore, you might change this sentence to “Reflecting back on my years in the pool…” While this change is minute, it cleverly signals to the reader that you’ve paid attention to the prompt, and are giving that school your full attention.
Brown university community essay example.
I used to hate the NYC subway. I’ve taken it since I was six, going up and down Manhattan, to and from school. By high school, it was a daily nightmare. Spending so much time underground, underneath fluorescent lighting, squashed inside a rickety, rocking train car among strangers, some of whom wanted to talk about conspiracy theories, others who had bedbugs or B.O., or who manspread across two seats, or bickered—it wore me out. The challenge of going anywhere seemed absurd. I dreaded the claustrophobia and disgruntlement.
Yet the subway also inspired my understanding of community. I will never forget the morning I saw a man, several seats away, slide out of his seat and hit the floor. The thump shocked everyone to attention. What we noticed: he appeared drunk, possibly homeless. I was digesting this when a second man got up and, through a sort of awkward embrace, heaved the first man back into his seat. The rest of us had stuck to subway social codes: don’t step out of line. Yet this second man’s silent actions spoke loudly. They said, “I care.”
That day I realized I belong to a group of strangers. What holds us together is our transience, our vulnerabilities, and a willingness to assist. This community is not perfect but one in motion, a perpetual work-in-progress. Now I make it my aim to hold others up. I plan to contribute to the Brown community by helping fellow students and strangers in moments of precariousness.
Here the student finds an original way to write about where they come from. The subway is not their home, yet it remains integral to ideas of belonging. The student shows how a community can be built between strangers, in their responsibility toward each other. The student succeeds at incorporating key words from the prompt (“challenge,” “inspired” “Brown community,” “contribute”) into their community essay.
I grew up in Hawaii, a world bound by water and rich in diversity. In school we learned that this sacred land was invaded, first by Captain Cook, then by missionaries, whalers, traders, plantation owners, and the U.S. government. My parents became part of this problematic takeover when they moved here in the 90s. The first community we knew was our church congregation. At the beginning of mass, we shook hands with our neighbors. We held hands again when we sang the Lord’s Prayer. I didn’t realize our church wasn’t “normal” until our diocese was informed that we had to stop dancing hula and singing Hawaiian hymns. The order came from the Pope himself.
Eventually, I lost faith in God and organized institutions. I thought the banning of hula—an ancient and pure form of expression—seemed medieval, ignorant, and unfair, given that the Hawaiian religion had already been stamped out. I felt a lack of community and a distrust for any place in which I might find one. As a postcolonial inhabitant, I could never belong to the Hawaiian culture, no matter how much I valued it. Then, I was shocked to learn that Queen Ka’ahumanu herself had eliminated the Kapu system, a strict code of conduct in which women were inferior to men. Next went the Hawaiian religion. Queen Ka’ahumanu burned all the temples before turning to Christianity, hoping this religion would offer better opportunities for her people.
I’m not sure what to make of this history. Should I view Queen Ka’ahumanu as a feminist hero, or another failure in her islands’ tragedy? Nothing is black and white about her story, but she did what she thought was beneficial to her people, regardless of tradition. From her story, I’ve learned to accept complexity. I can disagree with institutionalized religion while still believing in my neighbors. I am a product of this place and their presence. At UW, I plan to add to campus diversity through my experience, knowing that diversity comes with contradictions and complications, all of which should be approached with an open and informed mind.
This student also manages to weave in words from the prompt (“family,” “community,” “world,” “product of it,” “add to the diversity,” etc.). Moreover, the student picks one of the examples of community mentioned in the prompt, (namely, a religious group,) and deepens their answer by addressing the complexity inherent in the community they’ve been involved in. While the student displays an inner turmoil about their identity and participation, they find a way to show how they’d contribute to an open-minded campus through their values and intellectual rigor.
For more on supplemental essays and essay writing guides, check out the following articles:
With a BA in Literary Studies from Middlebury College, an MFA in Fiction from Columbia University, and a Master’s in Translation from Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, Kaylen has been working with students on their writing for over five years. Previously, Kaylen taught a fiction course for high school students as part of Columbia Artists/Teachers, and served as an English Language Assistant for the French National Department of Education. Kaylen is an experienced writer/translator whose work has been featured in Los Angeles Review, Hybrid, San Francisco Bay Guardian, France Today, and Honolulu Weekly, among others.
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Music, an expressive medium that transcends boundaries and cultures, has the power to shape emotions, spark conversations, and challenge societal norms. In the realm of creativity, however, the concept of music censorship introduces a discordant note. The discourse around music censorship echoes the clash between...
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Best topics on Social Issues
1. LGBTQ Rights: Navigating Equality and Inclusivity
2. LGBTQ Rights: An Argumentative Landscape
3. LGBTQ Discrimination: Overcoming Prejudice and Fostering Inclusion
4. Racism in the Justice System: Unveiling Disparities
5. How to Help the Homeless in Your Community
6. Feminism in the 21st Century: Empowerment and Progress
7. Why Should We Legalize Abortion: Empowering Women’s Choice and Safety
8. Why Should Abortions Be Made Legal: Advancing Women’s Rights
9. Why I Agree: Abortion from a Supportive Perspective
10. Why Abortion Should Not Be Banned: Preserving Choice
11. The Power of Censorship: Safeguarding Societal Values
12. The Importance of Censorship: The Vital Balancing Act
13. The Evolution and Controversy of Abortion Laws
14. The Controversy Surrounding Abortion Rights
15. The Case for Legal Abortion: Balancing Women’s Rights and Health
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Table of Contents
Social issues and social awareness refer to the various challenges and problems faced by society that require attention and action. These issues can range from poverty and homelessness to discrimination and inequality, and they have a significant impact on the lives of individuals and communities. In this essay, we will explore some of the most pressing social issues and the importance of social awareness.
The importance of social awareness cannot be overstated. Social awareness refers to a heightened understanding of social issues and their impact on society. This includes understanding the root causes of these issues, as well as their consequences and potential solutions. By raising awareness and promoting understanding, individuals and communities can come together to address these challenges and work towards creating a more equitable and just society.
In conclusion, social issues and social awareness are critical components of a healthy and vibrant society. By understanding and addressing the challenges faced by individuals and communities, we can work towards creating a more equitable and sustainable future for all.
Social issues are becoming more and more prevalent in today’s world. From global health crises to the gender pay gap, it’s important to be aware of these issues and how our actions can affect them. In this article, we’ll discuss the different ways we can become socially aware and work towards creating a more equitable society. Read on to learn more about social awareness and why it matters!
There are many social issues that need awareness. Some people are not even aware of the issues that exist in society. It is important to be informed about social issues so that you can take action to make a difference. By being aware of social issues, you can also help to raise awareness and support those who are affected by these issues.
Some social issues include: poverty, homelessness, domestic violence, human trafficking, child abuse, and much more. There are many ways to get involved in social awareness. You can volunteer your time or donate money to organizations that support causes related to social issues. You can also raise awareness by sharing information about social issues with others.
There are many social issues that exist in today’s society. Some of these issues include:
-Racism -Sexism -Homophobia -Ageism -Classism -Ability/Disability discrimination -Ethnicity discrimination -Religious discrimination
These are just a few examples of the social injustices that still exist in our world today. It is important to be aware of these issues so that we can work together to try and resolve them.
There are many factors that can contribute to social issues. One of the most common is poverty. When people are struggling to make ends meet, they may resort to crime or other desperate measures in order to survive. This can create a vicious cycle that is hard to break out of.
Other social issues can be caused by a lack of education or opportunities. If people don’t have access to good schools or jobs, they may turn to illegal activities to make money. This can also lead to a cycle of poverty and crime.
Discrimination is another major factor that can contribute to social issues. If certain groups are treated unfairly, they may become alienated and resentful. This can cause them to engage in criminal or violent behavior as a way to lash out against those who have oppressed them.
Finally, natural disasters or other catastrophic events can also lead to social issues. When people lose their homes or livelihoods, they may become desperate and turn to crime or violence in order to survive. This can also create a cycle of poverty and desperation that is hard to break out of.
There are many ways in which society can address social issues and social awareness. One way is through education. By educating people about the issues that exist in society, we can help to raise awareness and understanding about these issues. This can lead to changes in attitudes and behaviours, which can ultimately help to address the issues.
Another way in which society can address social issues is through legislation and policy change. By changing the laws and policies that govern our society, we can help to create a more just and equitable society. This can have a direct impact on the lives of those who are affected by social injustice, and can help to bring about long-term change.
There are many other ways in which society can address social issues. We can volunteer our time to support those who are affected by social problems. We can donate money to organisations that work to tackle social injustice. We can speak out against discrimination and bigotry. We can stand up for the rights of all people, regardless of their background or identity.
By working together, we can make a difference. We can create a fairer, more just society for everyone.
The government has a vital role to play in addressing social issues. It is responsible for ensuring the safety and well-being of its citizens, and for providing services that promote the common good.
The government can address social issues directly, through policies and programs that seek to address the root causes of problems. It can also indirectly address social issues by investing in education, health care, and other areas that promote opportunity and upward mobility.
In recent years, the government has been increasingly focused on addressing social issues through direct intervention. This has included initiatives such as the Affordable Care Act, which seeks to provide universal health care coverage; the expansion of early childhood education; and the creation of job training programs.
While direct intervention by the government can be effective in addressing social issues, it is not always the best or most efficient solution. In some cases, private businesses and nonprofits are better positioned to address social needs. For example, many businesses offer employee assistance programs that provide counseling and other support services to employees dealing with personal problems. And nonprofit organizations often have expertise in specific areas such as housing or job placement that can be helpful in addressing social needs.
The most effective way for the government to address social issues is often to partner with private businesses and nonprofits. By collaborating with these organizations, the government can leverage their resources and expertise to more effectively solve problems.
In conclusion, when it comes to social awareness, we are responsible for creating a more informed and empathetic society. By educating ourselves on the issues that matter most, we can become proactive in making a positive change in our world. We must use our voices to support those who are not given the same opportunities as us and push for equitable access to resources for all. As members of a global community, it is up to us to take action and open minds so that social justice can be achieved.
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Updated 20 Jun 2024
If you want to write an effective and engaging controversial essay, you definitely need to take into consideration the best social issue topics or satire topics . We are all members of the society and community where we live, and the events and trends of this year have affected every one of us. This is why you may frequently find yourself faced with the task of writing about social topics in an academic paper, to show your understanding and awareness of the different social issues of today.
Writing research papers and essays or creating presentations is one of many steps to train you to be a functioning adult in your community. Because of this, you need to make an effort to be aware of current changes and trends. Some teens are so caught up in the digital world of online gaming and media that they don’t really pay attention to issues around them. Writing an assignment about current social topics in 2024 is a chance to open one’s eyes and increase one’s knowledge.
Your professor or teacher will ask you to look for interesting social issues essay topics or problem solution essay topics for your upcoming assignment as part of your course work. Such assignments allow teens and young adults to express their opinions about the trendiest topics of 2024. Your classroom is a safe environment where you can discuss your thoughts without being judged; this is a chance you shouldn’t waste.
To write a perfect essay, follow these steps:
Choosing a relevant 2024 social problem topic will pay off. It should cause some controversy and keep your audience interested. You could also easily research it to find enough evidence and proof to support your ideas. Check with your teacher or professor to ensure your topic is acceptable for 2024 and that it can be discussed at school or college.
To help you find a relevant topic, try searching trending hashtags of 2024 on media platforms or check your daily newspaper for news. Pay attention to international news as well. This is a good way to understand what is going on in different parts of the world and how it affects Americans living in the States.
Some relevant global social problems include income inequality (poverty), corruption, the rise in authoritarianism (erosion of democratic values), criminality, unsustainable development, and bullying in schools.
You should always look for academically proven and reliable sources that you can cite in your essay. Listing your opinions without sufficient logical support from outside sources is unacceptable.
Some students simply rely on the media for examples to include in their tasks. It is risky because the world of the media industry is affected by political influence and can be biased. It is recommended to rely on academically approved sources to find relevant examples.
Stay attentive to find relevant examples. Since you are discussing a current social topic, relevant examples are often readily available. Use examples to support your opinion and explain it. They can help make your point relatable and easier to understand.
However, some students simply rely on the media for examples to include in their papers. It is risky because politics often influence the media industry and can be biased. You must rely primarily on academically approved sources for relevant examples.
Your essay is a chance to express your opinion and say what you believe about a current social issue or situation. That is why you must ensure you have used the right words to express your point of view. Use simple and relevant words to explain what you mean to avoid confusing your audience.
Before submitting your assignment, you need must ensure it is flawless and error-free. Complete spelling and grammar checks to review your paper for spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes — or give it to us, as we can do essay revisions for you. Writing errors could alter the meaning of your paper and confuse your readers.
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As we live through the global pandemic, natural disasters worldwide, conversion to safe energy sources, and COVID-19 challenges, the list of relevant social issues in 2024 have also changed. Here are the top 12 social issues with relevant topics that you may consider for your essay:
Of course, you may also consider the problem of evolving employee benefits or how people receive various labor compensation or become fired for no reason. Meanwhile, think about the media sector and the challenges of actors and musicians who are currently left without the means to represent their art. Choose something that inspires you and explain why it is important.
Finding relevant subjects or interesting presentation topics for academic assignments is quite challenging. You must ensure you’ve picked an adequate topic to submit a high-quality essay. You must submit flawless, excellently written essays if you want a degree from a reputable American college or university. Choosing compelling social issues topics can be challenging, but an essay writing service can help you develop and articulate your ideas effectively. Here is a comprehensive list of social issues to browse for ideas on your next academic project.
Connect with our top writers and receive a paper sample on social issues crafted to your needs.
Read also: 200+ Good Argumentative Essay Topics
Didn't find ideas? Read: 150+ Best Sociology Topics
Writing a good essay is a great way to guarantee the best grades. If you can’t finish your writing assignment independently, you can always get help from expert writers who can complete your task on your behalf. Don’t worry if you don’t have great writing skills; you could always hire a professional to do my assignment on time. It takes just minutes to place your order, and you will receive an original, authentic essay about the latest topics. You can even hire an essay writer to revise your draft. Seek professional feedback to improve the quality of your writing.
Writing an interesting essay about a trendy topic allows you to display your knowledge of the world. Browse different subjects and pick one that will impress your readers.
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Social need revisited *.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2009
Considerable debate has taken place as to the nature of social need and ways in which it can best be identified in individual people, but little attention has focussed on the way assessments of need are used in the process of policy formation. The article takes Jonathan Bradshaw's commonly quoted taxonomy of social need and assesses its strengths and weaknesses for use in a practical policy making setting, that of assessment of need for sheltered housing for elderly people by a district housing authority. Some fundamental problems associated with Bradshaw's approach are then discussed, together with those arising from use of a term such as need in the process of policy formation.
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Michaeleen Doucleff
Jane Greenhalgh
Regina G. Barber
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Liz Metzger
In 2009, only about half of teens said they used social media every day. By 2022, 95% of teens said they used some social media — and about a third say they use it constantly, a poll from Pew Research Center found . Daniel de la Hoz/Getty Images hide caption
In 2009, only about half of teens said they used social media every day. By 2022, 95% of teens said they used some social media — and about a third say they use it constantly, a poll from Pew Research Center found .
Rates of depression and anxiety have risen among teens over the last decade. Amid this ongoing mental health crisis, the American Psychological Association issued guidelines for parents to increase protection for teens online last year.
In this encore episode, NPR science correspondent Michaeleen Doucleff looks into the data on how that change has impacted the mental health of teenagers. In her reporting, she found that the seismic shift of smartphones and social media has re-defined how teens socialize, communicate and even sleep.
In 2009, about half of teens said they were using social media daily, reported psychologist Jean Twenge . And by 2022 , 95% of teens said they used some social media, and about a third said they use it constantly.
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The value created when teams work well together is a self-sustaining resource built on mutual respect.
Social capital —the value gained when people work well together — is just as, if not more, important than human or financial capital. At a time, when financial and human capital are in short supply, it is critical that healthcare leaders focus on building social capital to improve performance and gain competitive advantage. This article explains what it takes to build social capital and how to measure it.
Being in the business of providing care means spending a lot of time thinking about the human element of the work. After all, people are at the heart of everything that matters most in healthcare — both those receiving care and those working to provide it. That’s human capital.
A critical analysis of the complex health and social care needs of an adult health service user., popular essay topics.
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We don't know exactly what next year's raise will look like, but there's reason to be hopeful.
Many seniors get most or all of their retirement income from Social Security. Because of this, the program's annual cost-of-living adjustments, or COLAs, are extremely important.
The purpose of the Social Security COLA is to help ensure that benefits keep pace with inflation. And those COLAs are calculated based on inflation data -- specifically, from the third quarter of the year.
Image source: Getty Images.
Based on what we know so far, it's looking like 2025's Social Security COLA will be smaller than the raise seniors received at the start of 2024. But there's some very positive news buried in that projection.
Social Security COLAs are tied directly to increases in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). When there's an increase in the CPI-W during the third quarter of the year, compared to the previous year, Social Security benefits will go up. When there's no increase or a decrease, Social Security benefits will stay the same. They can't decrease from one year to the next.
It's worth noting that some senior advocates feel that the CPI-W isn't a great means of measuring Social Security COLAs. To that end, an alternate measure has been proposed -- the CPI-E, or Consumer Price Index for the Elderly.
An index like this might more accurately reflect the costs that Social Security recipients face, as they might differ substantially from the costs incurred by clerical workers and urban wage earners. And let's also not gloss over the "urban" part. Not all retirees live in urban areas, and many specifically avoid them to keep their living costs low.
But let's get back to the CPI-W. Based on initial inflation data, the current 2025 Social Security COLA estimate is 2.63% . That's below the 3.2% boost retirees got at the start of 2024.
However, a 2.63% COLA is by no means the smallest one on record. And that number has the potential to change, since we're only in the middle of the year's third quarter and don't know what inflation has in store just yet.
But the main reason there's good news on the Social Security COLA front is that a smaller raise is indicative of shrinking inflation. Seniors are now paying less for things like groceries, utilities, and gas. If that trend continues, seniors might still end up benefiting financially, even if 2025's COLA isn't so generous,
Social Security recipients saw their benefits rise by 3.2% at the start of the current year. But if inflation is already easing, it means seniors are now enjoying some relief.
The Social Security Administration won't announce 2025's COLA until October. Until then, seniors will have to sit tight and be patient.
But even if next year's COLA isn't as large as 2024's, it's not necessarily a bad thing. It's actually quite reasonable to spin that as a good thing because of the positive impact of cooling inflation on seniors' day-to-day purchases.
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August 12, 2024
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by Matt Shipman, North Carolina State University
Researchers are calling on the social work community to begin incorporating a methodology called "discrete choice experiments" (DCEs) into their research, to better understand the needs and preferences of key stakeholders. This technique is well established in other fields but is rarely used in social work.
The paper, " How to Use Discrete Choice Experiments to Capture Stakeholder Preferences in Social Work Research ," is published in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research .
"Social workers need to engage with a wide variety of stakeholders, from policy makers to the people who use social services ," says Alan Ellis, an associate professor of social work at North Carolina State University and corresponding author of a paper introducing social work researchers to the DCE methodology.
"But social work, as a research discipline, has not identified a standard technique for eliciting the preferences of those stakeholders—even though this is a critical issue," Ellis says.
"Although traditional survey methods can be used to evaluate stakeholder perspectives, the DCE is one of several methodologies that were specifically designed to assess the degree to which people prioritize one thing over another. In this paper, we propose that social work researchers adopt DCEs as a robust tool for capturing stakeholder preferences on any number of issues."
In a DCE, researchers ask participants to complete a series of choice tasks: hypothetical situations in which each participant is presented with alternative scenarios and selects one or more.
"For example, social work researchers may want to know how parents and other caregivers prioritize different aspects of mental health treatment when choosing services for their children," Ellis says. "A DCE can explore this question by presenting scenarios that include different types of mental health care providers, treatment methods, costs, locations and so on. Caregivers' stated choices in these scenarios can provide a lot of information about their priorities."
DCEs were first developed by marketing researchers and are now widely used in fields ranging from transportation to health care.
"We know that DCEs effectively capture preferences on a wide variety of subjects," Ellis says. "We simply want to begin using them more consistently to address issues that are important to stakeholders in social work.
"From a pure research standpoint, having a better understanding of stakeholder needs and preferences can move the field forward by helping us develop better research questions and better studies," says Ellis. "Beyond that, having a better understanding of our clients' preferences and goals will make us better social workers. Adopting DCEs can strengthen the link between social work research and practice—and ground our research , policy, and practice in the values that are important to the people we serve.
"I'm optimistic that DCEs could help us collaborate with stakeholders to effect positive change."
The paper was co-authored by Qiana Cryer-Coupet of Georgia State University, Bridget Weller of Wayne State University, Kirsten Howard and Rakhee Raghunandan of the University of Sydney, and Kathleen Thomas of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Provided by North Carolina State University
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Norah O’Donnell recently announced that she will be stepping down as anchor of “CBS Evening News” after the election, after five years at the helm. I know her tenure must have been both exhilarating and challenging — seeing a network anchor wearing lipstick and earrings might still be slightly jarring to those viewers who assume that authority figures have to look like Walter Cronkite.
I cheered Ms. O’Donnell as she carried out her duties with intelligence and grace. I was proud of the fact that she tackled topics that were especially important to women, such as sexual assault in the military, and that her work helped prompt the Pentagon to institute wide-ranging reforms. I appreciated her focus on the long-term effects of Covid on women. I watched her interview powerful women chief executives and the four highest-ranking women in the military, all of whom were four-star generals and admirals. I knew viewers were seeing these stories because Norah was the driving force behind telling them.
The same week Ms. O’Donnell revealed she would be leaving the anchor desk to focus on conducting high-profile interviews for CBS, the U.S. Women’s Gymnastics team was crushing it at the Paris Olympic Games. Like so many watching, I marveled at the incredible athleticism of these young women, as well as at their diversity. The team looked like America, and I found that exhilarating. Equally exciting was the fact that this was the first Olympics in history where there were as many women as men competing. We’ve come a long way. And I couldn’t stop watching an Instagram post of a 5-year-old Black gymnast on the balance beam in her living room, performing walkovers and dreaming of becoming an Olympian one day. Wow, I thought — this is why representation matters.
We’re also in the midst of a campaign that could result in the election of the first woman president, and first woman of color as president. It’s a potentially historic story — one that needs a diverse group of journalists covering it.
So it was more than a little disappointing to read that Ms. O’Donnell would be replaced by two men, John Dickerson and Maurice DuBois. Don’t get me wrong: I know, like and respect these two journalists. But soon, on the big three networks, there will be four male anchors. Yes, the talented Margaret Brennan will be contributing stories from the Washington bureau for CBS, but the two people who will be greeting Americans watching the CBS evening newscast will be men.
More important, the three people behind the scenes, making most of the editorial decisions, will be three white men: Bill Owens, Guy Campanile and Jerry Cipriano. Mr. Cipriano was my right-hand writer during my tenure on “Evening News.” I loved working with him and he always had my back.
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Social needs are also referred to as 'love and belonging needs'. Examples include love, intimacy, friendship, family, feedback, acceptance, and belonging. Once people's physiological and safety needs are met, Maslow believes people need to have their social needs covered. By socializing, humans can feel more fulfilled and connected to ...
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Social needs are universal and their fulfilment is considered to be a key human motivation and perquisite for happiness (Lindenberg 2013; Maslow 1943; Tay and Diener 2011).The negative health consequences of unfulfilled social needs (e.g., loneliness) have an effect size on par with the effects of smoking and obesity (Holt-Lunstad et al. 2015; Steptoe 2019).
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Today's social needs screeners are more multidimensional and include a range of screening tools (39, 49, 77, 78) that vary in the total number of questions asked (e.g., 2-23), the time interval assessed (e.g., needs experienced in the past 12 months, current needs, anticipated need in the next month), whether needs are assessed for the ...
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