sample acknowledgement of research paper

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Published on May 3, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.

The acknowledgements section is your opportunity to thank those who have helped and supported you personally and professionally during your thesis or dissertation process.

Thesis or dissertation acknowledgements appear between your title page and abstract  and should be no longer than one page.

In your acknowledgements, it’s okay to use a more informal style than is usually permitted in academic writing , as well as first-person pronouns . Acknowledgements are not considered part of the academic work itself, but rather your chance to write something more personal.

To get started, download our step-by-step template in the format of your choice below. We’ve also included sample sentence starters to help you construct your acknowledgments section from scratch.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

Who to thank in your acknowledgements, how to write acknowledgements, acknowledgements section example, acknowledgements dos and don’ts, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the acknowledgements section.

Generally, there are two main categories of acknowledgements: professional and personal .

A good first step is to check your university’s guidelines, as they may have rules or preferences about the order, phrasing, or layout of acknowledgements. Some institutions prefer that you keep your acknowledgements strictly professional.

Regardless, it’s usually a good idea to place professional acknowledgements first, followed by any personal ones. You can then proceed by ranking who you’d like to thank from most formal to least.

• Chairs, supervisors, or defense committees
• Funding bodies
• Other academics (e.g., colleagues or cohort members)
• Editors or proofreaders
• Librarians, research/laboratory assistants, or study participants
• Family, friends, or pets

Typically, it’s only necessary to mention people who directly supported you during your thesis or dissertation. However, if you feel that someone like a high school physics teacher was a great inspiration on the path to your current research, feel free to include them as well.

Professional acknowledgements

It is crucial to avoid overlooking anyone who helped you professionally as you completed your thesis or dissertation. As a rule of thumb, anyone who directly contributed to your research process, from figuring out your dissertation topic to your final proofread, should be mentioned.

A few things to keep in mind include:

• Even if you feel your chair didn’t help you very much, you should still thank them first to avoid looking like you’re snubbing them.
• Be sure to follow academic conventions, using full names with titles where appropriate.
• If several members of a group or organization assisted you, mention the collective name only.
• Remember the ethical considerations around anonymized data. If you wish to protect someone’s privacy, use only their first name or a generic identifier (such as “the interviewees”)/

Personal acknowledgements

There is no need to mention every member of your family or friend group. However, if someone was particularly inspiring or supportive, you may wish to mention them specifically. Many people choose to thank parents, partners, children, friends, and even pets, but you can mention anyone who offered moral support or encouragement, or helped you in a tangible or intangible way.

Some students may wish to dedicate their dissertation to a deceased influential person in their personal life. In this case, it’s okay to mention them first, before any professional acknowledgements.

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

After you’ve compiled a list of who you’d like to thank, you can then sort your list into rank order. Separate everyone you listed into “major thanks,” “big thanks,” and “minor thanks” categories.

• “Major thanks” are given to people who your project would be impossible without. These are often predominantly professional acknowledgements, such as your advisor, chair, and committee, as well as any funders.
• “Big thanks” are an in-between, for those who helped you along the way or helped you grow intellectually, such as classmates, peers, or librarians.
• “Minor thanks” can be a catch-all for everyone else, especially those who offered moral support or encouragement. This can include personal acknowledgements, such as parents, partners, children, friends, or even pets.

How to phrase your acknowledgements

To avoid acknowledgements that sound repetitive or dull, consider changing up your phrasing. Here are some examples of common sentence starters you can use for each category.

Note that you do not need to write any sort of conclusion or summary at the end. You can simply end the acknowledgements with your last thank you.

Here’s an example of how you can combine the different sentences to write your acknowledgements.

A simple construction consists of a sentence starter (in purple highlight ), followed by the person or entity mentioned (in green highlight ), followed by what you’re thanking them for (in yellow highlight .)

Acknowledgements

Words cannot express my gratitude to my professor and chair of my committee for her invaluable patience and feedback. I also could not have undertaken this journey without my defense committee, who generously provided knowledge and expertise. Additionally, this endeavor would not have been possible without the generous support from the MacArthur Foundation, who financed my research .

I am also grateful to my classmates and cohort members, especially my office mates, for their editing help, late-night feedback sessions, and moral support. Thanks should also go to the librarians, research assistants, and study participants from the university, who impacted and inspired me.

Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my parents, spouse, and children. Their belief in me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this process. I would also like to thank my cat for all the entertainment and emotional support.

• Write in first-person, professional language
• Thank your professional contacts first
• Include full names, titles, and roles of professional acknowledgements
• Include personal or intangible supporters, like friends, family, or even pets
• Mention funding bodies and what they funded
• Appropriately anonymize or group research participants or non-individual acknowledgments

Don’t:

• Use informal language or slang
• Go over one page in length
• Mention people who had only a peripheral or minor impact on your work

Don't submit your assignments before you do this

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.

Try for free

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Anchoring bias
• Halo effect
• The Baader–Meinhof phenomenon
• The placebo effect
• Nonresponse bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

 (AI) Tools

• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.

Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.

Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .

Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you must acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.

The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis , directly after the title page and before the abstract .

In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.

You may acknowledge God in your dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

George, T. (2023, July 18). Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/acknowledgements/

Is this article helpful?

Tegan George

Other students also liked, dissertation layout and formatting, thesis & dissertation title page | free templates & examples, how to write an abstract | steps & examples, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

Reference management. Clean and simple.

Dissertation acknowledgments [with examples]

What are dissertation acknowledgements?

What to consider when writing your dissertation acknowledgments, who to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments, what (and what not) to write in your dissertation acknowledgments, good examples of dissertation acknowledgments, a final word on writing dissertation acknowledgments: have fun, frequently asked questions about dissertation acknowledgments, related articles.

While you may be the sole author of your dissertation, there are lots of people who help you through the process—from your formal dissertation advisors to the friends who may have cooked meals so that you could finish your last chapter . Dissertation acknowledgments are a chance to thank everyone who had a hand in the completion of your project.

Dissertation acknowledgments are a brief statement of your gratitude to advisors, professors, peers, family, and friends for their help and expertise.

In this guide, we’ll cover:

• the most important things to consider when you’re writing your dissertation acknowledgments
• who to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments
• what (and what not) to write in your dissertation acknowledgments
• short examples of dissertation acknowledgments

Once you’re at the stage where you’re writing your dissertation acknowledgments, you may be tempted to kick back and relax. After all, the hard part of writing the dissertation itself is over and a list of thanks should be simple to churn out.

However, the acknowledgments are an important part of your overall work and are something that most people who read your dissertation, including prospective employers, will look at.

Tip: The best dissertation acknowledgements are concise, sincere, and memorable.

Approach this part of the process, brief as it may be compared to the long haul of writing the dissertation, with the same high level of care and attention to detail. It’s an explicit and permanent statement of who made a real impact on your work and contributed to your academic success.

Plus, the people you thank are often deeply moved by being included—some even go so far as to frame the acknowledgments. Aim to make yours sincere, memorable and something that people will be touched by.

First things first: who should you include in your dissertation acknowledgments? If you’re not sure who to thank, try the brainstorming technique to generate some ideas. Consider these two approaches:

• Make a list of everyone, both professional and personal, who was involved at any point during your work on your dissertation, and then thin down the list from there.
• Make a list of the pivotal aspects of your process and think about who was involved and how they helped.

As you select the people and groups to include in your dissertation acknowledgments, keep in mind that it’s essential to acknowledge your supervisor and anyone else with a visible connection to your work.

It’s an unfortunate reality that not every supervisor goes above and beyond to provide feedback and guidance to the students they are supposed to supervise. However, leaving them out, even if you personally felt disappointed by their involvement or lack thereof, could be seen as a snub.

You should end up with a fairly short list of people to thank. While being mindful of professional etiquette and personal feelings, be choosy about who makes the final cut since your acknowledgments should be limited to no more than a page.

Now that you have your list of people and groups to thank, it’s time to start writing. Before your first pen or keystroke, however, check your university’s guidelines as your institution may have specific rules around what can and cannot be included.

The standard practice is to begin with the formal and then progress to the informal, so the first people to mention would be:

• supervisors
• committee members
• other professional contacts

Use their full names and titles and go into brief detail about how they contributed to your work.

Once those are done, you can move on to the personal thanks, which can include friends, family, even pets. If you are so inclined, it is also considered appropriate to thank God or make mention of spiritual support.

You may also choose to inject a little humor at this point, but don’t get carried away and definitely don’t include sarcasm or critical comments of any kind, including self-critical ones. Remember that the acknowledgments precede your dissertation, so you want to be taken seriously.

A couple more basics that are essential when creating your acknowledgments:

• Position: Acknowledgments should be placed after the title page and before the abstract.
• Perspective: Write from the first-person perspective and speak in your own voice.

A really good way to get a sense of how to write your own dissertation acknowledgments is to read ones written by others. Notice which ones you respond particularly well to and use them as a model upon which to base your own.

Here are some good examples to help you get started:

I couldn’t have reached this goal without the help of many people in my life. I’d like to take this opportunity to thank them for their support.

First, my sincere thanks to my dissertation committee. The value of their guidance cannot be overstated. Dr. Elaine Gooding and Dr. Matthew Hunter provided much wisdom that helped me chart my course. I couldn’t have asked for a better supervisor than Dr. Fiona Moore, whose knowledge and experience guided me every step of the way.

Next, I’d like to thank my partner, Elliott. Your votes of confidence kept me going when my spirits dipped. I couldn’t have done this without you.

Last but not least, I’d like to acknowledge the emotional support provided by my family and friends. We made it to the top of the mountain! I look forward to celebrating with all of you.

This example is shorter, but still contains the key components:

Several people played a decisive role in my success and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them.

My chair, Dr. Ronald Saulk, provided invaluable support and infinite patience and I am truly grateful for all of his wisdom and guidance. I also owe the entire staff of the Wilhelm Library a debt of gratitude. From tracking down books and arranging for interlibrary loans to keeping the coffee maker in the lobby well-stocked and in good working order, they offered the practical help and kind gestures that made all the difference.

I’d also like to thank my family and God, for always being there for me.

One final piece of advice: enjoy this process. Writing a dissertation doesn’t happen every day, and the opportunity to acknowledge the important people in your life in a published format is as rare as it is wonderful.

What’s more, this part of your dissertation is unlike any other. It’s unbounded by the conventions that apply to the formal work. It’s a chance to really flex some creative muscle and let your personality shine through. So make the most of it and have fun!

In your dissertation acknowledgments, you thank everyone who has contributed to your work or supported you along the way. Who you want to thank is a very personal choice, but you should include your supervisors and anyone else with a visible connection to your work. You may also thank friends, family, and partners.

First, you need to come up with a list of people you want to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments. As a next step, begin with the formal and then progress to the informal, so the first people to mention would be supervisors, mentors, committees, and other professional contacts. Then, you can move on to the personal thanks, which can include friends, family, even pets.

Who you acknowledge in your dissertation is ultimately up to you. You should, however, thank your supervisor and anyone else with a visible connection to your work. Leaving them out, even if you personally felt disappointed by their involvement or lack thereof, could be seen as a snub. In addition, you can thank friends, partners or family.

There are many ways so you can acknowledge your dissertation supervisor. Some examples can be found in this article above. If you need more examples, you can find them here .

While acknowledgments are usually more present in academic theses, they can also be a part of research papers. In academic theses, acknowledgments are usually found at the beginning, somewhere between abstract and introduction. In research papers, acknowledgments are usually found at the end of the paper.

• Resources Home 🏠
• Try SciSpace Copilot
• Search research papers
• Add Copilot Extension
• Try AI Detector
• Try Paraphraser
• Try Citation Generator
• April Papers
• June Papers
• July Papers

How to Write Acknowledgement in Research Paper

Table of Contents

Writing an acknowledgement in a research paper is an integral part of the process. It is a formal way of expressing gratitude to the individuals and institutions that contributed to the completion of your research.

This section, though not mandatory, holds significant value as it acknowledges the efforts of those who assisted you in the successful completion of your project. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of writing an effective acknowledgement for your research paper.

Introduction

Acknowledgements serve a crucial role in research papers . They not only express gratitude but also provide a sense of credibility to your work. Acknowledging the contributions of others shows that your research is a collective effort, which can enhance the perceived validity of your findings.

Moreover, acknowledgements can also serve as a platform for you to demonstrate your professional courtesy and respect for the individuals and institutions that have supported your research. This can help in fostering positive relationships, which can be beneficial for your future research endeavors.

Who to acknowledge in your research paper ?

Deciding who to acknowledge in your research paper can be a challenging task. It is important to ensure that you do not overlook anyone who has contributed to your research. Here are some categories of individuals and institutions that you might consider acknowledging:

Academic advisors and supervisors:

Your academic advisors and supervisors are likely to be your first point of contact for guidance and support during your research. They provide valuable insights, feedback, and direction, which can significantly influence the outcome of your research.

Therefore, acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of expressing your gratitude for their assistance and guidance. It also shows your respect for their expertise and dedication to your research.

Research participants and collaborators

Research participants and collaborators play a crucial role in the success of your research. They provide the data or information necessary for your research, making their contribution invaluable.

Acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of showing your appreciation for their time and effort. It also symbolizes your respect for their contribution to your research.

Funding bodies and institutions:

Funding bodies and institutions provide the financial support necessary for conducting your research. Without their support, it might be challenging to carry out your research effectively.

Therefore, acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of expressing your gratitude for their financial support. It also shows your appreciation for their trust in your research capabilities.

How to write acknowledgements for your research paper?

Writing acknowledgements for your research paper involves more than simply listing names. It requires a thoughtful and sincere expression of gratitude. Here are some steps to guide you in writing effective acknowledgements:

Start with the most significant contributions:

Begin your acknowledgements by expressing gratitude to those who have made the most significant contributions to your research. This could be your academic advisors, supervisors, or funding bodies. Starting with the most significant contributions helps to set the tone for the rest of your acknowledgements.

Ensure that you express your gratitude sincerely and professionally. Avoid using overly emotional or informal language as this can undermine the professionalism of your acknowledgements.

Acknowledge other contributors:

After acknowledging the most significant contributors, proceed to acknowledge other individuals and institutions that have supported your research. This could include research participants, collaborators, and other supportive individuals or institutions.

When acknowledging these contributors, be sure to express your gratitude sincerely and professionally. Also, ensure that you acknowledge each contributor individually to show your appreciation for their unique contribution.

Use appropriate language and tone:

The language and tone you use in your acknowledgements can significantly influence how they are perceived. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate language and maintain a professional tone throughout your acknowledgements.

Use formal language and avoid using jargon or colloquial expressions. Also, maintain a consistent tone throughout your acknowledgements to ensure that they are coherent and easy to read.

Examples of acknowledgements in research papers

Here are a few examples that demonstrate how to acknowledge different contributors effectively:

"I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Professor ABC, for his invaluable guidance and support throughout this research. His expertise and dedication have been a source of inspiration and motivation."

Research participants and collaborators:

"I am deeply grateful to all the participants who generously shared their time and experiences for this research. Their contributions have been instrumental in the success of this study."

"This research was made possible by the generous funding from ABC Foundation. I am profoundly grateful for their support and trust in my research capabilities."

Writing acknowledgements in a research paper is a thoughtful process that requires careful consideration of who to acknowledge and how to express gratitude. By following the guidelines and examples provided in this article, you can write effective acknowledgements that reflect your appreciation and respect for the contributions of others to your research.

Remember, acknowledgements are more than just a formality. They are an opportunity to express your gratitude and respect for the individuals and institutions that have supported your research journey. So, take the time to write acknowledgements that are sincere, professional, and reflective of your gratitude.

Frequently Asked Questions

In a research paper, the acknowledgment section is where the author shows appreciation to those who helped with the research. It's usually found at the start of the paper, before the main text begins. However, the exact location varies depending on the university guidelines.

Citations are formal ways to acknowledge the sources you used, while acknowledgments are more personal and can serve as a confidential way to thank someone for their help or contribution.

The purpose of including acknowledgement is to express gratitude to everyone who assisted with the research but didn't meet the criteria for being listed as an author.

There is no minimum length for writing an acknowledgement in a research paper but it should not be more than one page.

If you conducted the research entirely by yourself and received no assistance or support from others, it's not necessary to include acknowledgements. However, if you received any form of support or assistance, even if minimal, it's appropriate to acknowledge it.

Yes, it's appropriate to acknowledge funding sources in your research.

You might also like

This ChatGPT Alternative Will Change How You Read PDFs Forever!

Smallpdf vs SciSpace: Which ChatPDF is Right for You?

Adobe PDF Reader vs. SciSpace ChatPDF — Best Chat PDF Tools

• Discoveries
• Right Journal
• Journal Metrics
• Journal Fit
• Abbreviation
• In-Text Citations
• Bibliographies
• Writing an Article
• Peer Review Types
• Acknowledgements
• Withdrawing a Paper
• Form Letter
• ISO, ANSI, CFR
• Google Scholar
• Journal Manuscript Editing
• Research Manuscript Editing

Book Editing

• Manuscript Editing Services

Medical Editing

• Bioscience Editing
• Physical Science Editing
• PhD Thesis Editing Services
• PhD Editing
• Master’s Proofreading
• Bachelor’s Editing
• Dissertation Proofreading Services
• Best Dissertation Proofreaders
• Masters Dissertation Proofreading
• PhD Proofreaders
• Proofreading PhD Thesis Price
• Journal Article Editing
• Book Editing Service
• Editing and Proofreading Services
• Research Paper Editing
• Medical Manuscript Editing
• Academic Editing
• Social Sciences Editing
• Academic Proofreading
• PhD Theses Editing
• Dissertation Proofreading
• Proofreading Rates UK
• Medical Proofreading
• PhD Proofreading Services UK
• Academic Proofreading Services UK

Medical Editing Services

• Life Science Editing
• Biomedical Editing
• Environmental Science Editing
• Pharmaceutical Science Editing
• Economics Editing
• Psychology Editing
• Sociology Editing
• Archaeology Editing
• History Paper Editing
• Anthropology Editing
• Law Paper Editing
• Engineering Paper Editing
• Technical Paper Editing
• Philosophy Editing
• PhD Dissertation Proofreading
• Lektorat Englisch
• Akademisches Lektorat
• Lektorat Englisch Preise
• Wissenschaftliches Lektorat
• Lektorat Doktorarbeit

PhD Thesis Editing

• Thesis Proofreading Services
• PhD Thesis Proofreading
• Proofreading Thesis Cost
• Proofreading Thesis
• Thesis Editing Services
• Professional Thesis Editing
• Thesis Editing Cost
• Proofreading Dissertation
• Dissertation Proofreading Cost
• Dissertation Proofreader
• Correção de Artigos Científicos
• Correção de Trabalhos Academicos
• Serviços de Correção de Inglês
• Correção de Dissertação
• Correção de Textos Precos
• 定額 ネイティブチェック
• Copy Editing
• FREE Courses
• Revision en Ingles
• Revision de Textos en Ingles
• Revision de Tesis
• Revision Medica en Ingles
• Revision de Tesis Precio
• Revisão de Artigos Científicos
• Revisão de Trabalhos Academicos
• Serviços de Revisão de Inglês
• Revisão de Dissertação
• Revisão de Textos Precos
• Corrección de Textos en Ingles
• Corrección de Tesis
• Corrección de Tesis Precio
• Corrección Medica en Ingles
• Corrector ingles

Select Page

Acknowledgements Example for an Academic Research Paper

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Sep 1, 2021 | How To Get Published | 0 |

Acknowledgements Example for an Academic or Scientific Research Paper This example of acknowledgements for a research paper is designed to demonstrate how intellectual, financial and other research contributions should be formally acknowledged in academic and scientific writing. As brief acknowledgements for a research paper, the example gathers contributions of different kinds – intellectual assistance, financial support, image credits etc. – into a single Acknowledgements section. Do note, however, that the formats preferred by some scholarly journals require the separation of certain contributions such as financial support of research into their own sections.

Although authors often write acknowledgements hastily, the Acknowledgements section is an important part of a research paper. Acknowledging assistance and contributions establishes your integrity as a researcher as well as your connections and collaborations. It can also help your readers with their own research, affect the influence and impact of the researchers and other professionals you thank, and demonstrate the value and purpose of the agencies that fund your work. The contents of the example I have prepared here are appropriate for a research paper intended for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, but the author, the research project, the manuscript studied, the journal publishing the paper and all those to whom gratitude is extended are entirely fictional. They were created for the purpose of demonstrating the following key concerns when writing the acknowledgements for a formal research paper:

•   Writing in the first person (‘I’ for a single author or ‘we’ for two or more) to offer concise but sincere acknowledgements of specific contributions to your research. •   Maintaining formal language, complete sentences and a professional tone to give specific and thorough information about contributions and convey collegial gratitude. •   Expressing respect and appreciation in an appropriate fashion for each and every contribution and avoiding artificial or excessive flattery. •   Using the complete names and preferred name formats for individuals, funding agencies, libraries, businesses and other organisations. Here, for example, I posit that the library holding the relevant manuscript has indicated that the name of the collection (lengthy though it is) should not be abbreviated. •   Acknowledging contributions to your research and paper in the order that best represents the nature and importance of those contributions. The assistance of the author’s mentor comes first here, for instance, whereas the language editor is acknowledged much further down the list. •   Meeting the requirements for acknowledgements set by the journal or other publisher of the research paper. For the example below, the goal is to record all relevant contributions to the research and paper in a single brief Acknowledgements section of 500 words or less – a set of parameters that would suit the acknowledgement requirements or expectations of many academic and scientific journals and even fit into a footnote or endnote if necessary.

Example Acknowledgements for an Academic Research Paper This paper and the research behind it would not have been possible without the exceptional support of my supervisor, Lawrence Magister. His enthusiasm, knowledge and exacting attention to detail have been an inspiration and kept my work on track from my first encounter with the log books of British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 to the final draft of this paper. Margaret Kempis and Matthew Brown, my colleagues at Western University, have also looked over my transcriptions and answered with unfailing patience numerous questions about the language and hands of British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77. Samantha McKenzie, head librarian of the Southern Region Central Collegiate Library Special Collections and Microfilms Department where British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 currently resides, not only provided colour images of the manuscript overnight, but unexpectedly shared the invaluable information on the book that she has been gathering for almost twenty years. I am also grateful for the insightful comments offered by the anonymous peer reviewers at Books & Texts. The generosity and expertise of one and all have improved this study in innumerable ways and saved me from many errors; those that inevitably remain are entirely my own responsibility.

Studying British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 has proved extremely costly and I am most thankful for the Western University Doctoral Fellowship that has provided financial support for the larger project from which this paper grew. A travel grant from the Literary Society of the Southern Region turned the hope of working in person with British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 into a reality, and the generous offer of free accommodation from Ms McKay (Samantha McKenzie’s aunt) allowed me to continue my research with the book much longer than I could have hoped. The final design of the complicated transcription tables in Appendices I–III is the creative and technical work of Sam Stone at A+AcaSciTables.com, and the language and format of the paper have benefited enormously from the academic editing services of Veronica Perfect. Finally, it is with true pleasure that I acknowledge the contributions of my amazing partner, Kendric James, who has given up many a Friday evening and Sunday afternoon to read every version of this paper and the responses it has generated with a combination of compassion and criticism that only he could muster for what he fondly calls ‘my odd obsession with books about the sea.’

You might be interested in Services offered by Proof-Reading-Service.com

Journal editing.

Journal article editing services

PhD thesis editing services

Scientific Editing

Manuscript editing.

Manuscript editing services

Expert Editing

Expert editing for all papers

Research Editing

Research paper editing services

Professional book editing services

Related Posts

Choosing the Right Journal

September 10, 2021

Example of a Quantitative Research Paper

September 4, 2021

What Is a Good H-Index Required for an Academic Position?

September 3, 2021

Free Sample Letters for Withdrawing a Manuscript

August 31, 2021

Our Recent Posts

Our review ratings

• Examples of Research Paper Topics in Different Study Areas Score: 98%
• Dealing with Language Problems – Journal Editor’s Feedback Score: 95%
• Making Good Use of a Professional Proofreader Score: 92%
• How To Format Your Journal Paper Using Published Articles Score: 95%
• Journal Rejection as Inspiration for a New Perspective Score: 95%

Explore our Categories

• Abbreviation in Academic Writing (4)
• Career Advice for Academics (5)
• Dealing with Paper Rejection (11)
• Grammar in Academic Writing (5)
• Help with Peer Review (7)
• How To Get Published (146)
• Paper Writing Advice (17)
• Referencing & Bibliographies (16)

How to Write an Acknowledgement for a Research Paper

Hey guys, Phill Collins here! Today, I will teach you how to write an acknowledgment section in a research paper. Let’s do this!

Acknowledging contributions is a crucial aspect of creating a thorough research paper. It provides an opportunity to convey appreciation and acknowledge the support from individuals and institutions throughout your work. This piece will explore the intricacies of crafting acknowledgments for papers, offering valuable insights, practical advice, and sample acknowledgments. It aims to assist you in expressing gratitude to those who have played a substantial role in your research journey. As usual, I recommend those of you who struggle with your writings to pay for a research paper to save time and have a stress-free evening.

What Is Acknowledgement in a Research Paper

Acknowledgment in a research paper is a section dedicated to expressing gratitude and recognizing the individuals, institutions, or resources that have contributed to the completion of the research. This section is an opportunity for the author to appreciate the support, guidance, or assistance received during the research process. Acknowledgments go beyond the academic content of the paper and serve as a personal and professional gesture of recognition for those who played a significant role in the research endeavor.

In this section, researchers typically acknowledge the contributions of mentors, advisors, colleagues, or peers who provided valuable insights, feedback, or assistance in shaping the research project. Additionally, institutions, funding agencies, or organizations that supported the research financially or through resources may be acknowledged. The acknowledgment section reflects the collaborative and communal nature of academic work, highlighting the interconnected web of individuals and entities that contribute to the scholarly pursuit.

While there is no strict format for writing acknowledgments, it is important to balance professionalism and sincerity. Authors can use this space to express genuine gratitude, share personal reflections on the collaborative process, and convey the impact of the support received. The acknowledgment section adds a human touch to the paper, recognizing the collective effort that goes into the creation of academic knowledge.

The Role of an Acknowledgment in a Research Papers

The acknowledgment section in a paper plays a vital role in recognizing and appreciating the various contributors and influences that have shaped the research journey. Beyond the academic rigor captured in the main body of the paper, acknowledgments offer a space to express gratitude for the support and guidance received during the research process. This section often serves as a heartfelt acknowledgment of the collaborative effort to bring a research project to fruition.

Essentials of an Acknowledgement in Research Paper

An essential component of a complex paper, the acknowledgment section serves as a heartfelt expression of gratitude towards individuals and entities who have contributed significantly to the research process. In this section, authors typically recognize mentors, advisors, colleagues, and peers who provided valuable insights, guidance, or support. Additionally, institutions, funding sources, or organizations that played a role in the research project are acknowledged. The acknowledgment is a personal touch within the scholarly document, acknowledging the collaborative nature of academic work and underscoring the importance of communal support in the research journey. It adds a human element to the paper, recognizing the interconnected network of individuals and resources that contribute to the scholarly endeavor.

How to Write an Acknowledgement for Research Paper Using 8 Simple Tips

Keep in mind that acknowledgments offer a chance to express gratitude and acknowledge the valuable contributions of those who assisted you. Dedicate time to creating a genuine and thoughtful acknowledgment section that mirrors the collaborative and supportive nature of your research endeavor.

Sincerity and Authenticity

Write your acknowledgments with heartfelt gratitude, conveying genuine appreciation for the support and contributions you received throughout your research journey.

Specific Individuals and Institutions

Identify key figures and entities that played a substantial role in your research, including mentors, advisors, collaborators, and funding agencies. Acknowledge institutions that provided resources or facilities.

Conciseness and Focus

Keep your acknowledgments brief and to the point. Concentrate on highlighting the pivotal individuals and organizations that significantly influenced your research.

Formal Tone

Maintain a professional and formal tone throughout your acknowledgments. Remember that this section serves as a formal recognition of support, not a casual conversation.

Ethical Considerations

Adhere to ethical guidelines and norms when acknowledging individuals and organizations. Respect the privacy and confidentiality of those who may prefer not to be mentioned.

Personal Touches

If appropriate, include personal anecdotes or specific instances where individuals or organizations made a noteworthy impact on your research.

Tailor to Research Context

Consider the nature of your research and customize your acknowledgments accordingly. For instance, if your research is interdisciplinary, recognize experts from various fields who provide valuable insights.

Appreciation Beyond Formal Requirements

While an acknowledgement in research paper has to list individuals and institutions, extend your appreciation to others who indirectly supported you. This may include family, friends, or colleagues who provided emotional support during your research journey.

Example of Acknowledgement in Research Paper

An Additional Example of Acknowledgement in Research Paper

Final Words

In my opinion, acknowledgements in a research paper provide an avenue to convey appreciation and recognize the indispensable contributions of individuals and institutions that have bolstered your work. In this article, I did my best to offer tips and a sample acknowledgment to assist you in authentically expressing your gratitude. Keep in mind that acknowledgments are a chance to genuinely convey appreciation and attribute credit where it is rightfully due.

How to write acknowledgement in research paper?

Begin your acknowledgment section with a formal salutation, expressing gratitude to those who contributed to your research. Use a sincere and appreciative tone, mentioning specific individuals and institutions, and keep it concise.

What is the purpose of the acknowledgement section in a research paper?

The acknowledgment section serves to express gratitude and recognize the contributions of individuals and institutions who supported the research. It reflects the researcher's appreciation for guidance, resources, and collaboration during the project.

What should the acknowledgement section of a research paper include?

An acknowledgement for research paper includes thanks to advisors, committee members, funding agencies, collaborators, institutions providing resources, and anyone who significantly contributed. Maintain a formal tone, adhere to ethical considerations, and, if appropriate, add a personal touch or anecdotes.

How to acknowledge someone in a research paper?

Acknowledge individuals by mentioning their names, roles, and specific contributions. Follow a formal and respectful tone, adhering to ethical guidelines. If applicable, express personal appreciation and consider tailoring acknowledgments to the nature of the research and relationships involved.

Frequently asked questions

She was flawless! first time using a website like this, I've ordered article review and i totally adored it! grammar punctuation, content - everything was on point

This writer is my go to, because whenever I need someone who I can trust my task to - I hire Joy. She wrote almost every paper for me for the last 2 years

Term paper done up to a highest standard, no revisions, perfect communication. 10s across the board!!!!!!!

I send him instructions and that's it. my paper was done 10 hours later, no stupid questions, he nailed it.

Sometimes I wonder if Michael is secretly a professor because he literally knows everything. HE DID SO WELL THAT MY PROF SHOWED MY PAPER AS AN EXAMPLE. unbelievable, many thanks

New posts to your inbox!

Stay in touch

Free Download

Acknowledgements Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft an acknowledgements section for your dissertation, thesis or research project.

Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format 4.9 star rating, 5000 + downloads

Step-by-step instructions

Tried & tested academic format

Fill-in-the-blanks simplicity

Pro tips, tricks and resources

What It Covers

This template provides a tried and tested structure for the acknowledgements section of a typical dissertation, thesis or research project.

In line with academic best practice , the acknowledgements are structured from most formal (supervisor, committee, etc.) to least formal (family and friends). Each section has easy to use placeholders that allow you to create your acknowledgements section in just a few minutes. 

The acknowledgements template can be copied to your Google Drive 0r downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), adaptable to LaTeX.

download your copy

100% Free to use. Instant access.

I agree to receive the free template and other useful resources.

Download Now (Instant Access)

FAQs: Acknowledgements Template

Dissertation & thesis conclusion faq, what format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The acknowledgements section template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. As always, be sure to check your university’s requirements and norms in terms of document structure.

What types of dissertations/theses can this be used for?

The acknowledgements section template template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the majority of dissertations, theses and research projects (especially those within the sciences).

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the conclusion chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. So, be sure to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalize your structure.

How long should the acknowledgement section be?

Typically, the acknowledgements section comprises a few paragraphs at most. Keep it short and sweet.

Do you have any examples of real acknowledgements sections?

Yes, we have a few examples here .

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, please reference this page as your source.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

Additional Resources

If you’re working on a dissertation or thesis, you’ll also want to check these out…

1-On-1 Private Coaching

Research Bootcamps

The Grad Coach YouTube Channel

The Grad Coach Podcast

Recognizing Contributions: Acknowledge In Research Paper

Learn how to acknowledge in research paper with our simple guide, and ensure that your work gains recognition.

When we work on any project, it’s not just about our individual effort, it’s about teamwork as well. It’s important to acknowledge the contributions of others who have helped you along the way. This is where the acknowledgment section comes in. In this part of your paper, you can express your gratitude to those who have supported you throughout the research process, such as funders, advisors, assistants, collaborators, participants, and editors.

However, it’s important to be mindful of ethical considerations and avoid any promotion or advertising of specific individuals or organizations. In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about acknowledgments, including how to acknowledge in research paper ,  tips for writing them, common mistakes to avoid, and ethical considerations. So, let’s get started!

What Is Acknowledgement In A Research Paper?

The acknowledgment section in a research paper credits individuals, institutions, or organizations that aided in the research or manuscript preparation. It’s usually found after the conclusion.

While optional, acknowledgments are commonly added to recognize and thank contributors for their efforts. This section typically starts with a statement thanking those who funded or supported the project, along with colleagues, research assistants, or other contributors who provided valuable feedback or assistance.

Being specific and detailing the contributions of each individual or organization is crucial to show their importance in the research process. However, it’s unnecessary to acknowledge everyone who helped, and acknowledgments should be kept brief and relevant to the project.

Why Is Acknowledgment Important?

Acknowledgment holds significant importance in research as it acknowledges and provides credit to individuals or organizations who have contributed to the research project. It expresses gratitude for their guidance, support, and assistance during the research process.

Acknowledgments are commonly included in research papers to build relationships and encourage future collaborations with those who have supported the research. By acknowledging their contributions, researchers demonstrate their appreciation for the input of others and the importance of collaboration in the research process.

Moreover, the acknowledgment section ensures academic integrity by recognizing and crediting all contributors to the research project. It also prevents any potential issues related to plagiarism or lack of attribution. 

Who Should Be Acknowledged?

Acknowledgments in a research paper should recognize and give credit to individuals, organizations, or institutions that contributed to the research project in some way. This can include: 

• Funding sources: Acknowledge those who provided financial support for the research project.
• Academic advisors or mentors: Acknowledge those who provided guidance or supervision throughout the research process.
• Research assistants: Acknowledge those who provided technical or administrative support during the research.
• Participants : Acknowledge those who took part in the research study, such as survey respondents.
• Collaborators : Acknowledge colleagues or other researchers who contributed to the research project in some way.
• Editors or proofreaders: Acknowledge those who helped with editing or proofreading the manuscript .
• Institutions or organizations: Acknowledge the institution or organization that provided resources or support for the research project. 

Types Of Acknowledgement

Acknowledgment in a research paper can take various forms, depending on the purpose and context of the project. Here are some common types of acknowledgments: 

1. Formal Acknowledgments

These are typically written in a formal tone and are used to recognize and give credit to people, organizations, or institutions that provide financial or technical support to the research project. These acknowledgments often appear at the beginning or end of the research paper and may include formal language and formatting.

2. Informal Acknowledgments

These acknowledgments are often more personal and informal in tone. They may include acknowledging friends, family members, or colleagues who provided emotional support or helped in some way during the research process.

3. Professional Acknowledgments

These acknowledgments are typically used in academic or professional settings and are aimed at giving credit to individuals or organizations that contributed to the research project. These acknowledgments may include thanking mentors, colleagues, research assistants, or funding agencies.

4. Collaborative Acknowledgments

These acknowledgments are used to recognize the collaborative nature of research projects. They may include acknowledging co-authors, collaborators, or other researchers who contributed to the project in some way.

Tips For Writing An Acknowledgement

When writing acknowledgment in a research paper, it’s important to keep the following tips in mind: 

• Be specific: Clearly mention the contributions made by individuals or organizations, and how they helped in the research process.
• Use appropriate tone: Write in a professional tone and avoid using overly emotional language.
• Keep it concise: Avoid lengthy paragraphs and keep the acknowledgment section brief and relevant.
• Follow the required format: Check the guidelines provided by the journal or institution and ensure that you follow the required format.
• Proofread: Carefully proofread the acknowledgment section for any errors or typos.
• Be grateful: Show appreciation and gratitude to the individuals or organizations who contributed to the research project.
• Avoid self-promotion: The acknowledgment section should not be used to promote oneself or one’s organization.

 Examples Of Acknowledgement

Examples of acknowledgments in a research paper include thanking the funding sources, academic advisors or mentors, research assistants, participants, collaborators, editors or proofreaders, and institutions or organizations that provided support. Here are some sample acknowledgments that are concise and relevant to the research project:

Acknowledge In Research Paper: Example 1

“I would like to thank Dr. Ram for his invaluable guidance and support throughout this project. I am also grateful to my research assistant, Priya, for her technical expertise and administrative assistance. This project would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the XYZ Foundation. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the study participants who generously shared their time and insights.”

Acknowledge In Research Paper: Example 2

“I am indebted to Dr. Mary for her continuous support and feedback throughout the research process. I also want to thank my colleagues, Shahin and Sarah, for their valuable input and suggestions. The editorial assistance provided by XYZ Editing Services was also greatly appreciated. I am also grateful to the ABC Institution for providing the necessary resources for this research project.”

Common Mistakes To Avoid When Writing An Acknowledgement

When writing acknowledgment, it’s important to avoid certain mistakes, such as:

• Forgetting to acknowledge someone who contributed to the research project.
• Using vague language instead of specific details about how someone contributed.
• Focusing too much on personal anecdotes or stories, rather than keeping the acknowledgment concise and relevant to the research project.
• Using the acknowledgment section to promote or advertise specific individuals or organizations.
• Forgetting to proofread the acknowledgment section for errors in grammar or spelling.
• Including acknowledgments that are not relevant to the research project.
• Making it too formal or too casual, rather than matching the tone of the rest of the research paper.

To avoid these mistakes, it’s important to carefully consider who should be acknowledged, what specific contributions they made, and to keep the language concise and relevant to the research project. It’s also helpful to have someone else review the acknowledgment section to ensure that it’s free of errors and strikes the right tone.

How To Acknowledge In Research Paper? 

• When citing an acknowledgment in a research paper, it should be listed as a separate section at the end of the paper, following the references section. It should be titled “Acknowledgement” and be placed after the conclusion but before the reference list.
• Acknowledgment section should not be included within the text citation or reference list. However, if a person or organization mentioned in the acknowledgment section was cited within the text, it should be included in the in-text citation and reference list.
• It’s important to make sure that acknowledgments are cited correctly in order to give credit to those who contributed to the research project. This will help to ensure academic integrity and avoid plagiarism. Learn more about Plagiarism here .

Ethical Considerations For Acknowledging Others In Your Research Paper

It is essential to consider ethical principles when acknowledging others in your research paper. First and foremost, ensure that you acknowledge all individuals and organizations that made significant contributions to your research. This acknowledgment must be honest and accurate and should not falsely claim credit for the work of others.

Additionally, it is crucial to obtain consent from individuals before acknowledging them in your research paper, particularly when using their personal information. Ensure that you have informed them about how their contribution will be acknowledged and seek their permission to do so.

The Best Infographic Maker And Overall Full-Stack Design Tool

Have you ever wondered how confused your audience would be if you published a plain text-based research paper with complex terms used within it? This is where the importance of visuals and graphics comes in. They help amplify your work by breaking the information with pictorial representation. Mind the Graph is the best infographic maker and full-stack design tool that helps to exemplify your research work. Sign up for free now!

Subscribe to our newsletter

Exclusive high quality content about effective visual communication in science.

Sign Up for Free

Try the best infographic maker and promote your research with scientifically-accurate beautiful figures

no credit card required

About Sowjanya Pedada

Sowjanya is a passionate writer and an avid reader. She holds MBA in Agribusiness Management and now is working as a content writer. She loves to play with words and hopes to make a difference in the world through her writings. Apart from writing, she is interested in reading fiction novels and doing craftwork. She also loves to travel and explore different cuisines and spend time with her family and friends.

Content tags

Academia Bees

Best Acknowledgement for Dissertation (10 Samples and Guide)

January 15, 2024

No Comments

By Mohsin Khurshid

Embark on a journey through the art of crafting heartfelt acknowledgments for your dissertation. Explore examples and a comprehensive guide on acknowledging those who made your project possible. Uncover the best practices in expressing gratitude, from family to mentors.

Table of Contents

• 1.1 Acknowledgement for Dissertation
• 1.2 Dissertation Acknowledgement Sample
• 1.3 Acknowledgement for Dissertation Paper
• 1.4 Acknowledgement Sample for Dissertation
• 1.5 Acknowledgement in Dissertation to Family
• 1.6 Acknowledgement for Masters Dissertation
• 1.7 Undergraduate Dissertation Acknowledgements
• 1.8 Dissertation Acknowledgements Funny
• 1.9 Example of Dissertation Acknowledgement to God
• 1.10 Sample Acknowledgement for Dissertation File
• 2 How to Write Acknowledgement for Dissertation:
• 3 Conclusion

Ten Best Samples of Acknowledgement for Dissertation Project

Discover diverse examples showcasing gratitude in dissertation acknowledgments. Explore samples ranging from traditional expressions to unique acknowledgments for family, masters, and even humorous takes. Find inspiration for your own heartfelt acknowledgment.

Acknowledgement for Dissertation

I express my deep appreciation to my advisor for their unwavering guidance in shaping this dissertation. Their expertise and encouragement were vital throughout the research journey. Gratitude extends to my family, whose unwavering support made this academic endeavor possible.

I also acknowledge the contributions of colleagues and friends, creating a collaborative atmosphere that enriched my work. This acknowledgment is a heartfelt tribute to those who played a pivotal role in the success of this dissertation.

Dissertation Acknowledgement Sample

My sincere gratitude goes to all who contributed to this dissertation. Special thanks to my advisor, whose mentorship was invaluable. The support from family, friends, and colleagues created an uplifting environment. This acknowledgment is a token of appreciation to those who stood by me.

Each contributor, whether big or small, has left an indelible mark on this academic journey, and for that, I am truly thankful.

Acknowledgement for Dissertation Paper

In expressing gratitude for this dissertation, my heartfelt thanks go to my advisor for their continuous support and guidance. The collaborative efforts of colleagues and friends added depth to the research. Special acknowledgment is due to family, whose unwavering support sustained me.

This dissertation acknowledgment is a tribute to the combined efforts that made this academic endeavor possible.

Acknowledgement Sample for Dissertation

This acknowledgment is a sincere expression of gratitude to my advisor, mentors, and peers who contributed significantly to the completion of this dissertation. Their unwavering support, valuable insights, and encouragement have been pivotal in shaping the project.

I extend special thanks to [Advisor’s Name] for their guidance and patience, which made this journey a rewarding experience. This acknowledgment is a token of appreciation for the collaborative effort that made this dissertation possible.

Acknowledgement in Dissertation to Family

In the completion of this dissertation, my family has been a pillar of support and encouragement. Their unwavering belief in my capabilities and understanding during challenging times were instrumental. This acknowledgment extends heartfelt thanks to [Family Members’ Names] for their constant encouragement and unwavering support. Their role in this academic endeavor goes beyond words, and I am deeply grateful for their presence throughout this journey.

Acknowledgement for Masters Dissertation

Completing this master’s dissertation wouldn’t have been possible without the support and guidance of [Advisor’s Name]. Their mentorship and expertise played a crucial role in shaping this academic work.

I also extend my thanks to [Mention Other Contributors] for their contributions. This acknowledgment is a reflection of the collaborative effort that went into the successful completion of this master’s dissertation.

Undergraduate Dissertation Acknowledgements

Completing my undergraduate dissertation was a journey marked by invaluable support from various corners. I express my deep gratitude to my advisor for their guidance and patience throughout the process. Thanks are also due to [Mention Other Contributors], whose insights enriched my research.

The support from friends and family played a crucial role in navigating the challenges. This acknowledgment is a tribute to the collective effort that made my undergraduate dissertation a reality.

Dissertation Acknowledgements Funny

Embarking on the serious task of dissertation writing, a touch of humor lightens the load. Special thanks to my caffeine companion, coffee, for being a constant ally during those late-night writing sessions. Gratitude to my computer for not crashing during critical moments.

Humorous acknowledgment goes to [Include Something Funny], who brought laughter to the stressful times. This funny dissertation acknowledgment is a lighthearted nod to the quirks and challenges that made the academic journey memorable.

Example of Dissertation Acknowledgement to God

In completing this dissertation, I humbly acknowledge the divine guidance of God. My gratitude extends to the Almighty for providing strength, wisdom, and inspiration throughout this academic journey.

The acknowledgment to God is a heartfelt expression of faith, recognizing the unseen hand that guided me in moments of doubt and challenge. This dissertation stands as a testament to the divine support that made the impossible possible.

Sample Acknowledgement for Dissertation File

As I present this dissertation file, I express my sincere appreciation to all who contributed to its creation. Special thanks to my advisor and mentors for their guidance. This acknowledgment extends to family, friends, and colleagues whose support shaped this document. The acknowledgment for the dissertation file is a recognition of the collaborative effort that turned ideas into written words.

It’s a token of gratitude to those who played a role, big or small, in bringing this document to completion.

How to Write Acknowledgement for Dissertation:

Crafting an effective dissertation acknowledgment involves thoughtful consideration of those who contributed to your academic journey. Begin with a genuine expression of gratitude to those who played significant roles:

1. Primary Advisor:

Start with your primary advisor. Acknowledge their guidance, support, and mentorship.

2. Thesis Committee:

Extend gratitude to other committee members . Recognize their valuable insights and contributions.

3. Academic Mentors:

Acknowledge mentors, professors, or colleagues who provided guidance and support.

4. Fellow Students:

Include fellow students for their camaraderie and shared academic experiences.

5. Family and Friends:

Express appreciation for the unwavering support of family and friends. Acknowledge their understanding and encouragement.

6. Institutions or Funding Sources:

If applicable, acknowledge any institutions, organizations, or funding sources that supported your research.

7. Colleagues or Collaborators:

Recognize any collaborators or colleagues who contributed to the project.

8. Professional Contacts:

If relevant, include professionals in the field who provided assistance or insights.

When structuring your acknowledgment, consider starting with the most influential contributors, such as your primary advisor and committee members. Progress to those who played supporting roles, ensuring that each acknowledgment is sincere and specific. Use warm and appreciative language, keeping the acknowledgment concise and focused on those directly related to the dissertation.

In crafting your dissertation acknowledgments, draw inspiration from these examples. Express gratitude thoughtfully to create a meaningful acknowledgment section that reflects the collaborative spirit of your academic journey.

Acknowledgement for PhD Thesis (5 Samples and Guide)

Leave a comment cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Acknowledgement in Research Paper | How to Write | Perfect Example

Advertisement

What is acknowledgement in research paper?

Acknowledgement in a research paper is the section where the author expresses gratitude to individuals and organizations who have contributed to the completion of the study. This section is usually placed at the beginning or end of the paper and is an important part of the research process. It allows the author to recognize the support, assistance, and guidance they have received from others in the course of their research.

What is the purpose of acknowledgement in research paper?

The acknowledgement section is an opportunity for the author to show appreciation for anyone who has helped them in the research process, including mentors, advisors, colleagues, and funding agencies. It is also a way to acknowledge the contributions of participants, interviewees, or anyone else who has played a role in the study.

Acknowledgements can also include thanks to individuals who have provided critical feedback, technical assistance, or resources that have been essential to the research project. Overall, this section is a way for the author to show their appreciation for the collaborative and supportive nature of the research community.

How to write acknowledgement in research paper?

• Identify Key Contributors : Make a list of individuals and organizations that have contributed significantly to your research. This includes advisors, mentors, collaborators, funders, participants, and institutions.
• Understand the Purpose : Acknowledgments are meant to recognize and thank those who have supported or contributed to your research in various ways. Understand the purpose of this section is to express gratitude and recognize their contributions.
• Be Genuine and Specific : Your acknowledgments should be sincere and specific. Avoid generic expressions of thanks and instead, mention the specific contributions each person or organization made to your research.
• Start with Formality : Begin your acknowledgment section with a formal tone and expression of gratitude. Address individuals with their appropriate titles, such as Dr., Prof., Mr., or Ms., and mention any institutional affiliations if relevant.
• Personalize Your Thanks : Tailor your acknowledgments to acknowledge each individual’s specific contributions. Mention how their support, guidance, or expertise influenced your research or contributed to its success.
• Maintain Professionalism : While acknowledgments can be personal, maintain a professional tone and avoid overly informal language or colloquialisms. Remember that this section is part of your scholarly work.
• Consider Cultural Sensitivities : Be mindful of cultural norms and sensitivities when expressing gratitude, especially if your research involves international collaborations. Tailor your acknowledgments to reflect cultural expectations or customs, as appropriate.
• Proofread Carefully : Ensure your acknowledgments are free of grammatical errors and typos. Take the time to review and edit this section to ensure clarity and coherence.
• Respect Space Limitations : While it’s important to acknowledge all key contributors, be mindful of space limitations in your research paper. Prioritize mentioning those who made significant contributions while being respectful of length constraints.
• End on a Positive Note : Conclude your acknowledgment section with a positive and appreciative tone. Express your gratitude to everyone who supported your research journey, including family, friends, colleagues, and institutions.

Example of Acknowledgement in Research

I am immensely grateful to the individuals and organizations whose support and guidance have been instrumental in the completion of this research paper. Their assistance and expertise have significantly contributed to the development and refinement of my study.

Firstly, I extend my heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Aurora Rivera, my mentor and advisor throughout this research journey. Her insightful feedback, encouragement, and scholarly guidance have been invaluable in shaping the direction and methodology of my study.

I am also deeply thankful to Mr. Santiago Cruz, Director of Research at the Philippine Social Sciences Institute, for his generous support and assistance in accessing research resources. His expertise and encouragement have greatly facilitated the progress of my research.

Special gratitude is extended to my research collaborators, including Dr. Sofia Ramirez and Mr. Miguel Hernandez, for their collaborative efforts and insightful perspectives that have enriched the depth and analysis of my research findings.

I would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the staff and researchers at the Philippine Research Center for Social Sciences, whose support and expertise have been indispensable in navigating complex research methodologies and data analysis.

Furthermore, I extend my sincere appreciation to the participants of my study for their cooperation and willingness to share their experiences, which have provided essential insights and perspectives.

I wish to express my profound gratitude to my family and friends for their unwavering support, encouragement, and understanding throughout this research endeavor. Their belief in my abilities has been a constant source of motivation and inspiration.

Acknowledgement in Research Paper Example

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the individuals and institutions whose unwavering support has been indispensable in the completion of this research paper. Their guidance, encouragement, and expertise have greatly contributed to the success of our study.

Firstly, we express our sincere appreciation to Dr. Juanita Cruz, Professor of Economics at the University of the Philippines, for her invaluable mentorship and insightful feedback throughout the research process. Her expertise in the field has been instrumental in shaping the direction of our study.

We are also indebted to Dr. Manuel Reyes, Director of the Philippine Economic Development Institute, for his generous assistance and provision of research resources. His support has been pivotal in enhancing the quality and depth of our analysis.

Special thanks are extended to our research collaborators, including Dr. Sofia Garcia from the Department of Political Science at Ateneo de Manila University, and Dr. Miguel Hernandez from the Department of Sociology at Mapua University. Their collaboration and expertise have enriched our research with diverse perspectives and profound insights.

We would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance provided by the staff and researchers at the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, who generously shared their knowledge and resources throughout the duration of our study.

Furthermore, we extend our gratitude to the participants of our study, whose cooperation and willingness to share their experiences have been instrumental in shaping our findings.

• Acknowledgement for Thesis
• Acknowledgement for Dissertation

Similar Posts

Acknowledgement for assignment (6 sampels with pdf).

Advertisement Acknowledgement is a pivotal aspect of any assignment, showcasing gratitude towards those who have contributed to its…

Acknowledgement for Portfolio | How to Write | With Sample

Advertisement Acknowledgement for portfolio is crucial for recognizing the contributions and efforts of others. It serves as a…

Acknowledgement for Investigatory Project [5 Samples with PDF]

Advertisement Acknowledgement in an investigatory project play a crucial role in recognizing and appreciating the individuals or organizations…

Acknowledgement for Thesis [Sample and Best Practice]

Advertisement What is Acknowledgement in Thesis? Writing a thesis is a significant milestone in a student’s academic journey….

Acknowledgement for Group Project [PDF Sample]

Advertisement When it comes to group projects, acknowledging the individual contributions of each team member is not just…

Acknowledgement for Internship Report 📝

Advertisement Writing an acknowledgment for your internship report may seem like a small and insignificant task, but it…

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Published on 4 May 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 4 November 2022.

The acknowledgements section is your opportunity to thank those who have helped and supported you personally and professionally during your thesis or dissertation process.

Thesis or dissertation acknowledgements appear between your title page and abstract  and should be no longer than one page.

In your acknowledgements, it’s okay to use a more informal style than is usually permitted in academic writing , as well as first-person pronouns . Acknowledgements are not considered part of the academic work itself, but rather your chance to write something more personal.

To get started, download our step-by-step template in the format of your choice below. We’ve also included sample sentence starters to help you construct your acknowledgments section from scratch.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.

Table of contents

Who to thank in your acknowledgements, how to write acknowledgements, acknowledgements section example, acknowledgements dos and don’ts, frequently asked questions.

Generally, there are two main categories of acknowledgements: professional and personal .

A good first step is to check your university’s guidelines, as they may have rules or preferences about the order, phrasing, or layout of acknowledgements. Some institutions prefer that you keep your acknowledgements strictly professional.

Regardless, it’s usually a good idea to place professional acknowledgements first, followed by any personal ones. You can then proceed by ranking who you’d like to thank from most formal to least.

• Chairs, supervisors, or defence committees
• Funding bodies
• Other academics (e.g., colleagues or cohort members)
• Editors or proofreaders
• Librarians, research/laboratory assistants, or study participants
• Family, friends, or pets

Typically, it’s only necessary to mention people who directly supported you during your thesis or dissertation. However, if you feel that someone like a secondary school physics teacher was a great inspiration on the path to your current research, feel free to include them as well.

Professional acknowledgements

It is crucial to avoid overlooking anyone who helped you professionally as you completed your thesis or dissertation. As a rule of thumb, anyone who directly contributed to your research should be mentioned.

A few things to keep in mind include:

• Even if you feel your chair didn’t help you very much, you should still thank them first to avoid looking like you’re snubbing them.
• Be sure to follow academic conventions, using full names with titles where appropriate.
• If several members of a group or organisation assisted you, mention the collective name only.
• Remember the ethical considerations around anonymised data. If you wish to protect someone’s privacy, use only their first name or a generic identifier (such as ‘the interviewees’).

Personal acknowledgements

There is no need to mention every member of your family or friend group. However, if someone was particularly inspiring or supportive, you may wish to mention them specifically. Many people choose to thank parents, partners, children, friends, and even pets, but you can mention anyone who offered moral support or encouragement, or helped you in a tangible or intangible way.

Some students may wish to dedicate their dissertation to a deceased influential person in their personal life. In this case, it’s okay to mention them first, before any professional acknowledgements.

The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.

Correct my document today

After you’ve compiled a list of who you’d like to thank, you can then sort your list into rank order. Separate everyone you listed into ‘major thanks’, ‘big thanks’, and ‘minor thanks’ categories.

• ‘Major thanks’ are given to people who your project would be impossible without. These are often predominantly professional acknowledgements, such as your advisor , chair, and committee, as well as any funders.
• ‘Big thanks’ are an in-between, for those who helped you along the way or helped you grow intellectually, such as classmates, peers, or librarians.
• ‘Minor thanks’ can be a catch-all for everyone else, especially those who offered moral support or encouragement. This can include personal acknowledgements, such as parents, partners, children, friends, or even pets.

How to phrase your acknowledgements

To avoid acknowledgements that sound repetitive or dull, consider changing up your phrasing. Here are some examples of common sentence starters you can use for each category.

Note that you do not need to write any sort of conclusion or summary at the end. You can simply end the acknowledgements with your last thank-you.

Here’s an example of how you can combine the different sentences to write your acknowledgements.

A simple construction consists of a sentence starter (in purple highlight ), followed by the person or entity mentioned (in green highlight ), followed by what you’re thanking them for (in yellow highlight .)

Acknowledgements

Words cannot express my gratitude to my professor and chair of my committee for her invaluable patience and feedback. I also could not have undertaken this journey without my defense committee, who generously provided knowledge and expertise. Additionally, this endeavor would not have been possible without the generous support from the MacArthur Foundation, who financed my research .

I am also grateful to my classmates and cohort members, especially my office mates, for their editing help, late-night feedback sessions, and moral support. Thanks should also go to the librarians, research assistants, and study participants from the university, who impacted and inspired me.

Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my parents, spouse, and children. Their belief in me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this process. I would also like to thank my cat for all the entertainment and emotional support.

• Write in first-person, professional language
• Thank your professional contacts first
• Include full names, titles, and roles of professional acknowledgements
• Include personal or intangible supporters, like friends, family, or even pets
• Mention funding bodies and what they funded
• Appropriately anonymise or group research participants or non-individual acknowledgments

Don’t:

• Use informal language or slang
• Go over one page in length
• Mention people who had only a peripheral or minor impact on your work

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

You may acknowledge God in your thesis or dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the relevant members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.

Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .

Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you still should acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.

In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.

Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.

The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis or dissertation, directly after the title page and before the abstract .

In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

George, T. (2022, November 04). Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/acknowledgements/

Is this article helpful?

Tegan George

Other students also liked, dissertation title page, how to write an abstract | steps & examples, dissertation table of contents in word | instructions & examples.

• Acknowledgements for PhD Thesis and Dissertations – Explained
• Doing a PhD

The Purpose of Acknowledgements

The acknowledgement section of a thesis or dissertation is where you recognise and thank those who supported you during your PhD. This can be but is not limited to individuals, institutions or organisations.

Although your acknowledgements will not be used to evaluate your work, it is still an important section of your thesis. This is because it can have a positive (or negative for that matter) influence the perception of your reader before they even reach the main body of your work.

Who Should I Acknowledge?

Acknowledgements for a PhD thesis will typically fall into one of two categories – professional or personal.

Within these categories, who you thank will ultimately be your decision. However, it’s imperative that you pay special attention to the ‘professional’ group. This is because not thanking someone who has played an important role in your studies, whether it be intentional or accidental, will more often than not be seen as a dismissal of their efforts. Not only would this be unfair if they genuinely helped you, but from a certain political aspect, it could also jeopardise any opportunities for future collaborations .

Professional Acknowledgements

This may include, but is not limited to:

• Funding bodies/sponsorship providers
• Supervisors
• Research group and lab assistants
• Research participants
• Proofreaders

Personal Acknowledgements

• Key family members and friends
• Individuals who inspired you or directly influenced your academic journey
• Anyone else who has provided personal support that you would like to mention

It should be noted that certain universities have policies which state only those who have directly supported your work, such as supervisors and professors, should be included in your acknowledgements. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you read your university guidelines before writing this section of your thesis.

How to Write Acknowledgements for PhD Thesis

When producing this section, your writing style can be more informal compared to the rest of your thesis. This includes writing in first person and using more emotive language. Although in most cases you will have complete freedom in how you write this section of your thesis, it is still highly advisable to keep it professional. As mentioned earlier, this is largely because it will be one of the first things your assessors will read, and so it will help set the tone for the rest of your work.

In terms of its structure, acknowledgements are expected to be ordered in a manner that first recognises the most formal support before moving onto the less formal support. In most cases, this follows the same order that we have outlined in the ‘Who Should I Thank’ section.

When thanking professionals, always write out their full name and provide their title. This is because although you may be on a first-name basis with them, those who read your thesis will not. By providing full names and titles, not only do you help ensure clarity, but it could also indirectly contribute to the credibility of your thesis should the individual you’re thanking be well known within your field.

If you intend to include a list of people from one institution or organisation, it is best to list their names in alphabetical order. The exception to this is when a particular individual has been of significant assistance; here, it would be advisable to list them.

How Long Should My Acknowledgements Be?

Acknowledgements vary considerably in length. Some are a single paragraph whilst some continue for up to three pages. The length of your acknowledgement page will mostly depend on the number of individuals you want to recognise.

As a general rule, try to keep your acknowledgements section to a single page. Although there are no word limits, creating a lengthy acknowledgements section dilutes the gratitude you’re trying to express, especially to those who have supported you the most.

Where Should My Acknowledgements Go?

In the vast majority of cases, your acknowledgements should appear directly after your abstract and before your table of contents.

However, we highly advise you to check your university guidelines as a few universities set out their own specific order which they will expect you to follow.

Phrases to Help You Get Started

We appreciate how difficult it can be to truly show how grateful you are to those who have supported you over the years, especially in words.

To help you get started, we’ve provided you with a few examples of sentences that you can complete or draw ideas from.

• I am deeply grateful to XXX…
• I would like to express my sincere gratitude to XXX…
• I would like to offer my special thanks to XXX…
• I would like to extend my sincere thanks to XXX…
• …for their assistance at every stage of the research project.
• …for their insightful comments and suggestions.
• …for their contribution to XXX.
• …for their unwavering support and belief in me.

Thesis Acknowledgement Examples

Below are three PhD thesis acknowledgment samples from which you can draw inspiration. It should be noted that the following have been extracted from theses which are freely available in the public domain. Irrespective of this, references to any individual, department or university have been removed for the sake of privacy.

First and foremost I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Prof. XXX and Dr. XXX for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my PhD study. Their immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me in all the time of my academic research and daily life. I would also like to thank Dr. XXX and Dr. XXX for their technical support on my study. I would like to thank all the members in the XXX. It is their kind help and support that have made my study and life in the UK a wonderful time. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, my wife and my children. Without their tremendous understanding and encouragement in the past few years, it would be impossible for me to complete my study.

I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. XXX and Dr. XXX for all their help and advice with this PhD. I would also like to thank my sisters, whom without this would have not been possible. I also appreciate all the support I received from the rest of my family. Lastly, I would like to thank the XXX for the studentship that allowed me to conduct this thesis.

I would like to thank my esteemed supervisor – Dr. XXX for his invaluable supervision, support and tutelage during the course of my PhD degree. My gratitude extends to the Faculty of XXX for the funding opportunity to undertake my studies at the Department of XXX, University of XXX. Additionally, I would like to express gratitude to Dr. XXX for her treasured support which was really influential in shaping my experiment methods and critiquing my results. I also thank Dr. XXX, Dr. XXX, Dr. XXX for their mentorship. I would like to thank my friends, lab mates, colleagues and research team – XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX for a cherished time spent together in the lab, and in social settings. My appreciation also goes out to my family and friends for their encouragement and support all through my studies.

Browse PhDs Now

Join thousands of students.

Join thousands of other students and stay up to date with the latest PhD programmes, funding opportunities and advice.

• Buy Custom Assignment
• Custom College Papers
• Buy Dissertation
• Buy Research Papers
• Buy Custom Term Papers
• Cheap Custom Term Papers
• Custom Courseworks
• Custom Thesis Papers
• Custom Expository Essays
• Custom Plagiarism Check
• Cheap Custom Essay
• Custom Case Study
• Custom Annotated Bibliography
• Custom Book Report
• How It Works
• Writing Guides
• +1 (888) 398 0091
• Essay Samples
• Essay Topics
• Research Topics
• Writing Tips

How to Write Acknowledgement in Research Paper

December 27, 2023

In research papers, acknowledgements play a crucial role in recognizing the contributions and support of individuals or organizations who have helped in the completion of the study. They provide an opportunity to express gratitude towards people who provided guidance, resources, or encouragement during the research process.

Acknowledgements serve several important purposes. Firstly, they acknowledge the intellectual and technical support received, ensuring that credit is given where it is due. Secondly, they foster a sense of collaboration and community by recognizing the efforts of others within the research field. Furthermore, acknowledgements help to establish credibility by showcasing the individuals, institutions, or funding bodies that have contributed to the research.

The importance of acknowledgements goes beyond mere courtesy; they are a record of the network of support that exists within the research community. By recognizing the contributions of others, researchers can foster goodwill and build lasting relationships in their field. As such, it is crucial to understand the significance of acknowledgements and to include them thoughtfully and sincerely in research papers.

What to Include in the Acknowledgements

When writing acknowledgements in a research paper, it is important to consider the key elements that should be included. Here are some points to consider when deciding what to include in your acknowledgements:

• Mentors and Advisors: Acknowledge the individuals who provided guidance, advice, or supervision throughout the research process. This could include your research advisor, committee members, or other mentors who played a significant role in shaping your work.
• Funding Sources: Acknowledge any funding bodies or organizations that provided financial support for your research. This could include grants, scholarships, or fellowships.
• Research Participants: If your study involved human participants or subjects, it is important to thank them for their participation and contribution to the research. Ensure that their privacy and confidentiality are maintained by using initials or codes instead of full names.
• Collaborators and Colleagues: If you worked closely with other researchers or colleagues on the project, acknowledge their contributions and highlight their specific roles or expertise.
• Technical and Administrative Support: Recognize individuals or institutions that provided technical assistance, equipment, or administrative support during the research process.
• Family and Friends: It is common to express gratitude to loved ones for their support and understanding throughout the research journey. Although personal acknowledgements should be kept brief, acknowledging their support can be a significant gesture.

Remember to be sincere and genuine in your acknowledgements, recognizing the specific contributions and support each individual or entity provided.

Structure and Formatting of the Acknowledgements

The structure and formatting of acknowledgements in a research paper play a vital role in conveying gratitude in a clear and organized manner. Here are some guidelines to follow when structuring and formatting your acknowledgements:

• Placement: The acknowledgements section is typically placed towards the end of the paper, after the conclusion but before the references.
• Title: Use a clear and concise title such as “Acknowledgements” or “Acknowledgments” at the top of the section to indicate its purpose.
• Formatting: In general, acknowledgements are written in paragraph form. However, if you have a long list of individuals or organizations to acknowledge, you can also use a bullet-point or numbered list.
• Tone: The tone of acknowledgements should be professional and appreciative. Use a sincere and heartfelt tone to express your gratitude.
• Length: Acknowledgements should be kept concise and to the point. A few paragraphs or a short list of names and institutions are typically sufficient.
• Order: It is customary to acknowledge individuals and organizations in order of their significance and contribution to the research. Start with your most important mentors, advisors, or sponsors, and then proceed to acknowledge collaborators, research participants, and others who provided support.
• Style: Follow the formatting guidelines specified by the journal or academic institution. This may include font type, size, and spacing.

Remember, while acknowledgements provide an opportunity to express gratitude, it is important to maintain professionalism and adhere to the guidelines set by the journal or your academic institution.

Examples of Well-Written Acknowledgements

Example 1: “I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor [Name] for their unwavering guidance, invaluable insights, and constant support throughout this research journey. Their expertise and dedication have been instrumental in shaping this study. I would also like to thank my research committee members, [Names], for their thoughtful feedback and constructive criticism. I am grateful to [Funding Body/Institution] for providing financial support that made this research possible. Special thanks to all the participants who generously volunteered their time and contributed to this study. I would also like to acknowledge [Support Staff/Technicians] for their technical assistance. Lastly, I am indebted to my family and friends for their unwavering support, love, and encouragement throughout this endeavor.”

Example 2: “We extend our sincere appreciation to Professor [Name] for their mentorship and guidance, which have been invaluable in the completion of this research. We would like to thank [Funding Body/Institution] for their financial support, without which this study would not have been possible. We are grateful to the participants who willingly shared their experiences and expertise, providing the foundation for our research. Our gratitude also extends to our collaborators and fellow researchers who provided valuable insights and feedback throughout the project. We would like to acknowledge the technical support provided by [Support Staff/Technicians]. Lastly, we express our heartfelt thanks to our families and friends for their unwavering support and understanding.”

Remember, these examples are just a guide. It is important to personalize your acknowledgements based on the individuals and organizations that have contributed to your specific research project.

Tips for Writing Acknowledgements

• Be specific: Clearly mention the names of individuals, institutions, or organizations that have made significant contributions to your research.
• Focus on contributions: Acknowledge the specific ways in which each person or entity has contributed to your research, whether it’s through mentorship, funding, technical support, or intellectual guidance.
• Maintain professionalism: While expressing gratitude, maintain a professional tone and avoid overly personal or informal language.
• Be concise: Keep your acknowledgements brief and to the point, focusing on the most essential contributors.
• Follow guidelines: Adhere to any specific formatting guidelines provided by the journal or academic institution.
• Review and proofread: Ensure that your acknowledgements are free of spelling or grammatical errors by reviewing and proofreading them carefully.
• Express sincerity: Convey genuine appreciation and gratitude in your acknowledgements to show the true extent of your appreciation.

Remember, acknowledgements are an opportunity to show gratitude to those who have supported your research, so be sure to express your thanks sincerely and respectfully.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Acknowledgements

• Excessive length: Avoid making your acknowledgements overly lengthy. Keep them concise and focus only on those who have made substantial contributions to your research.
• Forgetting important contributors: Take the time to think through all the individuals and organizations that have played a role in your research and ensure that you acknowledge them appropriately. Leaving out key contributors can be unintentionally dismissive.
• Being vague: Be specific when acknowledging the contributions of individuals or institutions. Avoid using generic statements that don’t adequately highlight the specific ways in which they have supported your research.
• Inclusion of personal anecdotes: While it’s important to express gratitude, acknowledgements should remain professional. Avoid including personal anecdotes or unrelated stories that distract from the purpose of the section.
• Neglecting proofreading: Treat acknowledgements with the same level of attention and care as the rest of your research paper. Proofread for spelling and grammatical errors before submitting your final document.
• Inconsistent formatting: Ensure that your acknowledgements follow the same formatting as the rest of your research paper, adhering to any journal or institution guidelines.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure that your acknowledgements accurately reflect the contributions of those involved in your research while maintaining a professional and concise tone.

Struggling with your research paper’s acknowledgement section? Our auto essay writer can make it easy, guiding you to express your gratitude flawlessly.

Sociology Research Topics Ideas

Importance of Computer in Nursing Practice Essay

History Research Paper Topics For Students

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related emails.

Latest Articles

Debating in class or composing a persuasive paper is a fruitful intellectual practice. Doing so, participants and writers are expected...

Most students wonder whether it is possible to cite an article in an essay. The answer is “Yes”! Why not...

Let us explain what is what and how it can be used. An anthology is a published collection of poems...

I want to feel as happy, as your customers do, so I'd better order now

We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept All”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent.

• Essay Editor

Acknowledgments in Research Paper: Thanking Those Who Helped

The acknowledgements in research paper are a way to say thank you to the people and groups that helped with the study. This part of the paper lets writers show their thanks and point out the teamwork, support, and guidance they received while doing their research.

Why Include Acknowledgements in a Research Paper?

The acknowledgement section of the paper does more than just talk about the research. It gives writers a chance to thank the many people and groups that helped them write their paper.

While the main part of the paper shows what was found and studied, the acknowledgments in the research paper point out the help from teachers, partners, money givers, schools, and even family and friends who supported the work. This section does a few things:

• It shows that science is often a team effort
• It helps people in the research world appreciate each other
• It makes the research process more personal by showing all the different kinds of help
• It helps make work connections and show kindness
• It can make the writer look good in the research world

In the end, this part of the paper shows how working together and giving back are important for learning new things.

Who Should You Thank?

When thinking about how to write acknowledgments for research paper, include:

• Teachers and advisors who gave advice or helped guide the work
• Partners and co-writers who helped plan, do, or understand the research
• Groups that gave money for the research
• People who took part in collecting information, doing tests, or answering questions
• Tech helpers who assisted with numbers, lab work, or computer programs
• Office workers who helped get resources or gave other help
• Schools or groups that provided tools, machines, or places to work
• Family and friends who gave emotional support or understanding
• Other researchers who gave feedback or helpful criticism

Who Should You Not Thank?

When writing your research paper acknowledgment, be careful not to include:

• People you don't know well or only met briefly
• Unknown reviewers, since their names are often kept secret
• People you don't get along with or have had arguments with
• People with strong political views that might make the research look bad
• Family or friends who didn't really help with the work
• Thank-yous that are too general and don't say exactly what someone did
• Yourself, since the point is to thank other people

How to Format the Acknowledgment Section

When putting together your acknowledgment in research paper, think about this setup:

• Clear title: "Acknowledgments"
• Short opening paragraph saying thanks in general
• Organized list of specific thank-yous, starting with the most important helpers
• Details about what each person did, like helping gather information, understand it, give money, teach, or help with tech stuff
• Professional and formal writing, not using casual words
• Same style of writing throughout
• You can add personal stories or feelings to show how much you appreciate the help

Here's an example:

Acknowledgments

This research couldn't have been done without help from many people and groups. I want to give a big thank you to...

[List of specific thank-yous]

Lastly, I want to thank my family from the bottom of my heart for always being there for me during this work.

Before you finish, read it over carefully to make sure everything is correct, clear, and complete, including the right spelling of names, titles, and where people work.

Helpful Hints for Writing Acknowledgement for Research Paper

Here are ten easy tips to help you figure out how to write acknowledgment for research paper:

• Start by saying a sincere thank you to those who helped
• Clearly name and thank each person, school, or group
• Put the thank-yous in order, with the most important help first
• Keep the writing professional
• Make the thank-yous short and to the point
• Give a quick description of what each person did to help
• Double-check the spelling of names, titles, and where people work
• Include all the important people who helped
• Show personal connections where it makes sense
• Read it over to make sure it's clear and makes sense

Wrapping Up

Writing good acknowledgments in research is a skill that balances saying thanks with being professional. It's a chance to recognize the often hidden support behind your work and to help create a culture of appreciation in the world of research. Well-written acknowledgments for research papers can lead to working together in the future, more people seeing your work, and more support for your ongoing research.

Remember, if you're having trouble figuring out how to write acknowledgment for paper, tools like Aithor can help. Aithor can assist you in creating acknowledgments that are both heartfelt and professional, making sure you give credit where it's due while keeping the scholarly tone of your research paper.

Related articles

How to write a table of contents for research paper: a complete guide.

After hundreds of hours of non-stop working, the research essay is finished! Unfortunately, it is not the time to celebrate. That’s when you must get down to one of the least pleasant things in professional college or high school writing – a table of contents. The following article will define table of contents, discuss its purpose, and provide guidance on how to make a table of contents for a research paper. What is a research paper table of contents? Academic essays can be from 2–3 to hundr ...

Why Homework Is Good for Students: 20 No-Nonsense Reasons

Is homework beneficial in education? It has long been a cornerstone, often sparking debates about its value. Some argue it creates unnecessary stress, while others assert it’s essential for reinforcing in-class learning. Why is homework important? The reality is, that homework is vital for students' personal and academic growth. It not only improves their grasp of the material but also develops crucial skills that extend well beyond the classroom. This review explores 20 reasons why homework is ...

Discussion Posts: Definition, Overview, Writing Tips

Discussions are an important part of academic studies. They foster collaboration, raise student engagement, and help to better process new information. A common way to involve students in critical debate is through discussion posts. In this article, you will learn what a discussion post is and how to write it. Discussion post and open forum definition A discussion post is a written reply typically used in online forums – websites that encourage users to engage in a debate over various subject ...

Top 10 Excuses for Not Doing Homework: How to Trick Your Teacher in 2024

Whether it’s because you’re buried in other commitments or just had a seriously off day, finding credible excuses for not doing homework can save your day. Here's a brief look at the top 10 homework excuses, with tips on making them sound as true as possible. Just remember, use these wisely and try to stay on top of your assignments! 1. “My computer crashed right before I finished” In today’s digital world, technology problems are a plausible justification. Claiming that your laptop glitched ...

Top 5 Creative Book Report Ideas That Guarantee Success in Class

Assigned reading helps students develop their critical analysis skill, and book reports test their progress. But it is not enough to simply analyze a literary work — you also need to express your creativity while presenting book report ideas. In this article, you will learn the definition of a literary report, its purpose, and five alternative book report ideas to show off your creativity in class. What is a book (literary) report? A book report is an overall summary and personal assessment o ...

Top Proven Tips on How to Make Homework Fun

Everyone agrees that school would be much cooler if there were no homework. Alas, this is an impossible wish. Luckily, no one stops us from making it fun! In this article, you will find some awesome tips on how to make homework fun. 1. Create a comfortable study space Having a separate place where you can study is very important. Sure, you might think sitting on a couch with a laptop in your lap is as fun as it can get, but in reality, it may hinder your progress. Your brain knows that the co ...

Best Places to Do Homework That Will Create a Perfect Study Heaven for You

Are you wondering, ‘Where can I go to do homework?’ Finding the ideal spot for studying can significantly affect your productivity and overall study experience. Whether you're a student seeking solace or someone looking for a change of scenery, selecting the right environment is key to maximizing your efficiency and focus. In this guide, we’ll discover various places to do homework that can transform your study routine into a more engaging and effective experience. The Importance of Having a C ...

How to Write a History Essay: A Guideline for Non-Historians

History is a difficult discipline, no one can argue with that. It is especially challenging to write a history essay when you have zero historian bone in your body. That’s why today our goal is to teach you how to write a history essay. What is history essay? A historical paper is a classic instance of a scholarly work that seeks to examine and give answers to questions about long-gone factual incidents and their consequences. Unlike a simple narrative or description, a history paper demands ...

Acknowledgement Letter

Get All Types Of Acknowledgement Samples.

How To Write Acknowledgement For Research Paper

Post by Ruben Patel Leave a Comment

If you are thinking about How To Write Acknowledgment For Research Paper then you have come to the right place.

An acknowledgement section in a research paper is a place where you can express your gratitude to the people who have helped you with your research. This could include anyone who has provided support , guidance , or assistance during the research process.

For example, you might thank your advisors or professors for their guidance, your colleagues for their collaboration, librarians, lab assistants or a funding agency for their financial support and anyone else who has contributed to your research.

It is common to include an acknowledgement section in the beginning of a research paper, usually after the abstract and before the main body of the paper. The acknowledgement should be brief and to the point, and it is generally written in a formal, professional tone. You should avoid using casual language or personal anecdotes in this section.

The purpose of an acknowledgement is to express your gratitude to the people who have helped you with your research. It is a way to show that you appreciate the support and contributions of others, and it is an opportunity to thank them for their assistance. By including an acknowledgement in your research paper, you demonstrate that you are grateful for the help and support you have received, and you recognize the role that others have played in your research.

Here are some tips for writing an acknowledgement for a research paper:

• Start by thanking the people who have directly supported your research, such as your advisors and colleagues.
• Mention any funding agencies or organizations that provided financial support for your research.
• If you received assistance from librarians or other research staff, be sure to thank them as well.
• If you received help from any other individuals, such as lab assistants or research participants, be sure to include them in your acknowledgement.
• Keep your acknowledgement brief and to the point. You don’t need to go into great detail about the contributions of each person you are thanking.
• Use a formal, professional tone in your acknowledgement. This is not the place for casual language or personal anecdotes.

Here are a few acknowledgement samples for your research paper –

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement For Research Paper Sample

We are deeply grateful to all those who contributed to the success of this research project.

First and foremost, we would like to thank our primary supervisor, [Name], for their guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the entire process. Their mentorship and expertise were invaluable in helping us to shape the direction of our research and to bring our ideas to fruition.

We would also like to express our gratitude to the members of our research team, [Names], who provided valuable input, insights, and assistance at every stage of the project. Their contributions were critical to the success of this research, and we are deeply grateful for their hard work and dedication.

We would also like to thank the organizations and individuals who provided financial support for this research, including [Name] and [Name]. Without their generous contributions, this project would not have been possible.

Finally, we would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to all of the participants in our study, who generously shared their time, experiences, and insights with us. Their willingness to engage with our research was essential to the success of this project, and we are deeply grateful for their participation.

Overall, this research project would not have been possible without the support and contributions of so many people. We are deeply grateful to all of those who helped to make this project a reality, and we hope that our findings will make a meaningful contribution to the field.

Read Also: Get 15+ Acknowledgement Samples

Sample Acknowledgement For Research Paper

The completion of this research project would not have been possible without the contributions and support of many individuals and organizations. We are deeply grateful to all those who played a role in the success of this project.

We would like to thank [Name] for their invaluable input and support throughout the research process. Their insights and expertise were instrumental in shaping the direction of this project.

In addition, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of the participants in our study, who generously shared their time, experiences, and insights with us. Their willingness to engage with our research was essential to the success of this project, and we are deeply grateful for their participation.

Small Acknowledgement Sample For Research Paper

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisors, Dr. Spirt Kular and Dr. Sonney Deom, for their invaluable guidance and support throughout the research process. We also wish to thank the XYZ Foundation for their financial support, as well as the librarians at the ABC Library for their assistance in finding the necessary research materials. Finally, we are grateful to all of the research participants who generously gave their time and effort to this project.

You can take the help online paraphrasing tool when crafting an acknowledgment for a research paper. They help you manipulate the formal tone of your text according to your needs and make sure your text stays sincere and relevant.

Using the paraphrase tool , you can express specific appreciation for individual contributions that fit the unique context of the paper. Ultimately, you write an acknowledgment that is as personalized and meaningful as possible.

Note: It’s important to note that the specific language and tone of your acknowledgement will depend on the context and the nature of the contributions made by the individuals or organizations you are thanking. It’s a good idea to be specific and sincere in your appreciation, and to tailor your acknowledgement to the specific contributions that were made.

Conclusion On How To Write Acknowledgement For Research Paper

In conclusion, writing an acknowledgement for a research paper is a crucial step in recognizing the contributions of others to your work. It is a way to show gratitude to those who have provided assistance, support, and guidance throughout the research process. When writing an acknowledgement, it is important to be sincere and specific in thanking those who have helped you. Be sure to mention individuals by name, and specify their roles and contributions.

Additionally, make sure to follow any specific guidelines or requirements for formatting and presenting the acknowledgement in your research paper. By following these tips, you can effectively convey your appreciation and recognition of the help you received while completing your research.

Read Also: Master Thesis Acknowledgement Sample

FAQs On How To Write Acknowledgement For Research Paper

1) What is a good sentence for acknowledgement? Ans: “I appreciate your efforts in completing this project on time.” “I want to acknowledge the hard work and dedication you have shown during this challenging year.” “I am grateful for your support and understanding during this difficult time.” It’s important to note that the specific wording and tone of an acknowledgement will depend on the context and the relationship between the speaker and the person being acknowledged.

2) Is conclusion and acknowledgement same? Ans: The conclusion is the final part of a written work that summarizes the main points and arguments. Acknowledgement is the act of recognizing or thanking someone or something for their contribution. These two things are often used in different contexts and for different purposes.

3) Who should I include in my acknowledgement for a research paper? Ans: It is appropriate to include anyone who has contributed significantly to your research, such as a supervisor, mentor, or colleague. You may also want to thank any individuals or organizations that provided financial or logistical support.

4) How should I structure my acknowledgement for a research paper? Ans: The structure of your acknowledgement will depend on the specific guidelines of the journal or publication you are submitting to. In general, it is common to include a brief paragraph at the beginning of the paper expressing your gratitude to those who have helped with the research. You can then list the names of the individuals or organizations you are thanking, along with a brief description of their contributions.

5) Is it necessary to include an acknowledgement in my research paper? Ans: It is not always required to include an acknowledgement in a research paper, but it is a common practice and can be a good way to show appreciation for the help and support you received during the research process.

6) Can I include personal thanks in my acknowledgement for a research paper? Ans: It is generally acceptable to include personal thanks in your acknowledgement, as long as it is done in a professional and respectful manner. You may want to thank family members or friends who provided emotional support during the research process, but be mindful of maintaining a professional tone and not going into too much detail about personal matters.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Acknowledgement Examples

Examples of Acknowledgement for Project, Thesis and Assignments

Acknowledgement Samples

Acknowledgement is a vital part of our lives. It’s how we show appreciation for the things people do for us, and let them know that we noticed and appreciated their efforts.

But sometimes, it can be hard to know how to properly acknowledge someone. You may not know what words to use, or you may not be sure how to act.

In this blog post, I’ll be discussing six different ways to acknowledge someone. I’ll provide examples of each one, and I’ll also explain when and how to use them. So if you’re looking for some guidance on how to write acknowledgement samples, then this blog post is for you!

Writing Tips For Acknowledgement Samples

When it comes to writing an acknowledgement, it is important to be clear, concise and to the point. The following are some tips that will help you write acknowledgement samples that will properly thank those who have helped you along the way:

• Make sure to list everyone who has helped you. This includes anyone who has given you a hand, whether it be big or small.
• Thank those who have helped you in a timely manner. The sooner you send out your acknowledgements, the sooner those who have helped you will know that their assistance was appreciated.
• Keep your acknowledgements short and sweet. Nobody wants to read a long, drawn-out paragraph thanking everyone who has helped you.
• Be sure to personalize your acknowledgements. Thanking someone for their help is much more meaningful when you take the time to mention how their assistance specifically made a difference.
• Proofread your acknowledgements before sending them out. This is important, as it ensures that your acknowledgements are free of errors and look professional.

Other Acknowledgement Article: 

• Acknowledgement for Science Project
• Acknowledgement For Commerce Project
• Acknowledgement For Biology Project

Overall, acknowledgement samples serve as a useful tool for expressing gratitude and recognizing the contributions of others. Whether it’s for a research paper, thesis, or project, these samples provide a clear and concise way to acknowledge the support and guidance of those who have helped along the way. Whether it’s a mentor, colleague, or family member, an acknowledgement is a simple yet powerful way to show appreciation and acknowledge the role others have played in your success.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

How to Draft the Acknowledgment Section of a Manuscript

What is the Purpose of the Acknowledgements Section in a Research Paper?

The acknowledgment section is an integral part of all academic research papers. It provides appropriate recognition to all contributors for their hard work. We discuss here,  the relevant guidelines for acknowledging contributors.

Defining Who Is Acknowledged

The acknowledgment section helps identify the contributors responsible for specific parts of the project. It can include:

• Non-authors (colleagues, friends, supervisor, etc.)
• Funding sources
• Editing services ,
• Administrative staff

In academic writing, the information presented in the acknowledgment section should be kept brief. It should only mention people directly involved with the project. In other words, one should not consider thanking ones’ parents for moral and financial support.

Acknowledging contributors is necessary. However, you must know the difference between an author and a contributor . The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ( ICMJE ) defines four criteria to assign authorship.

He or she has to have

• Made substantial conceptual or design contributions or gathered and analyzed important data, and
• Either helped draft or critically revise the paper in keeping with important intellectual content, and
• Provided final approval before publishing, and
• Agreed to be accountable for the accuracy of the work

These authors and their affiliations will be listed at the beginning of the paper. The “corresponding author” will also be listed a second time and will directly correspond with the journal to ensure documentation requirements are met.

Many journals now ask that you provide the role of each author in your acknowledgment section. For example, a typical statement of authors’ contributions might be as follows (note that only last names are used unless ambiguous):

Smith conducted the data analysis and created the tables and figures. Jones provided his technological expertise for GIS tracking. Johnson provided a factual review and helped edit the manuscript.

This type of acknowledgment provides your reader with a good sense of who was responsible for each part of your research and manuscript.

Non-Author Contributors

There are many people involved in a research project who are not authors but have provided valuable contributions. For example, one person’s responsibility might be to seek project funding; another’s might be to supervise laboratory staff. A few others might have provided valuable services such as technical editing and writing or offering help in reviewing and revising the manuscript for grammar and syntax. These people should also be mentioned in the acknowledgment section of your manuscript.

Acknowledgment should also be provided  for  writing assistance, technical editing, language editing, and proofreading . Therefore, editing companies need to be duly acknowledged in professionally edited manuscripts as per the  ICMJE guidelines.

It is necessary to acknowledge editing companies in professionally edited manuscripts, even though these companies are paid for their work.

Acknowledgment Format

Unlike the main body of your paper, the format for your acknowledgment section can be more personal. It is permissible to use personal pronouns in this section. For example,

I thank the following individuals for their expertise and assistance throughout all aspects of our study and for their help in writing the manuscript.

Keep in mind that many guidelines indicate that funding sources be listed separately from the acknowledgment section. In addition, the sources (funding agencies) might have specific guidelines that you must follow. Please be sure to comply with these sources and your author guidelines.

For more information on authors and contributors , read articles on the Enago Academy website.

What types and formats of acknowledgments have you incorporated into your manuscripts? Please share your thoughts in the comments section below. Do you need help with manuscript editing ? Make sure you visit enago.com today!

Thanks!!! This information helped me a lot in finishing my research paper.

This information was very useful for preparing this paper.

We would like to thank Enago (www.enago.com) for the English language review.”

Rate this article Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published.

Enago Academy's Most Popular Articles

• AI in Academia
• Infographic
• Manuscripts & Grants
• Reporting Research
• Trending Now

Can AI Tools Prepare a Research Manuscript From Scratch? — A comprehensive guide

As technology continues to advance, the question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) tools can prepare…

Abstract Vs. Introduction — Do you know the difference?

Ross wants to publish his research. Feeling positive about his research outcomes, he begins to…

• Old Webinars
• Webinar Mobile App

Demystifying Research Methodology With Field Experts

Choosing research methodology Research design and methodology Evidence-based research approach How RAxter can assist researchers

• Manuscript Preparation
• Publishing Research

How to Choose Best Research Methodology for Your Study

Successful research conduction requires proper planning and execution. While there are multiple reasons and aspects…

Top 5 Key Differences Between Methods and Methodology

While burning the midnight oil during literature review, most researchers do not realize that the…

Discussion Vs. Conclusion: Know the Difference Before Drafting Manuscripts

Annex Vs. Appendix: Do You Know the Difference?

Sign-up to read more

Subscribe for free to get unrestricted access to all our resources on research writing and academic publishing including:

• 2000+ blog articles
• 50+ Webinars
• 10+ Expert podcasts
• 50+ Infographics
• 10+ Checklists
• Research Guides

We hate spam too. We promise to protect your privacy and never spam you.

• Industry News
• Promoting Research
• Career Corner
• Diversity and Inclusion
• Infographics
• Expert Video Library
• Other Resources
• Enago Learn
• Upcoming & On-Demand Webinars
• Peer Review Week 2024
• Open Access Week 2023
• Conference Videos
• Enago Report
• Journal Finder
• Enago Plagiarism & AI Grammar Check
• Editing Services
• Publication Support Services
• Research Impact
• Translation Services
• Publication solutions
• AI-Based Solutions
• Thought Leadership
• Call for Articles
• Call for Speakers
• Author Training
• Edit Profile

I am looking for Editing/ Proofreading services for my manuscript Tentative date of next journal submission:

In your opinion, what is the most effective way to improve integrity in the peer review process?

15+ Samples of Acknowledgement for Thesis and Dissertation

Here, in this blog post, you can find some of the samples of acknoweldgement for thesis written by students all over the world on different topics. These acknowledgement examples are to inspire you and to show how the thesis is written.

These thesis are written for different subjects by different students from different countries. The examples vary in length, style, and substance depending upon the writer.

Acknowledgement Examples for School/College Projects

Most popular Acknowledgement For School/College Projects [7 Examples] Acknowledgement for English Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Project Class 11 and 12 Acknowledgement for Project of Class 8, 9 and 10 By subjects Acknowledgement for Accounting Project [3 Examples] Acknowledgement for Business Studies Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Chemistry Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Computer Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Economics Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for English Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Geography Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for History Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Maths Project for Students [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Physics Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Social Science Project [5 Examples] Others Acknowledgement for Group Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Graduation Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Disaster Management Project [3 Examples] Acknowledgement for Yoga Project [3 Samples]

You can get some idea of how you can write your own acknowledgement with these samples. All of these are samples are one of the best acknowledgement for thesis for masters and PHDs .

For Acknowledgement for your school/college project you can check out out other posts.

All of these samples of acknowledgement is taken from publicly available documents. Some of these samples are from award winning thesis writings. Here are some beautiful thesis acknowledgement from different writers.

Saying thank you with style

How to write an acknowledgement: the complete guide for students, thesis acknowledgement – sample 1.

This sample of acknowledgement is presented by University of Illinois Graduate College. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University: University of Illinois Graduate College Author: Sample Full Thesis Sample: https://grad.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/samplethesispages.pdf

Acknowledgement For Thesis – Sample 2

This short acknowledgement is written by Christopher Sipola from University of Edinburgh for his thesis. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University: University of Edinburgh Author: Christopher Sipola Full Thesis Sample: https://project-archive.inf.ed.ac.uk/msc/20172438/msc_proj.pdf

Example of Acknowledgement For Thesis – Sample 3

This short acknowledgement is written by Matthew Brillinger from University of Ottawa for his thesis. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University:   University of Ottawa Author: Matthew Brillinger Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/35312/1/Brillinger_Matthew_2016_Thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement Sample For Thesis – Sample 4

University:   Columbia University Author: Julien Saint Reiman Full Thesis Sample: https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2016/06/Reiman-Julien-Thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement Example For Thesis – Sample 5

University:   University of Ottawa Author: Heather Martin Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/32518/3/Martin_Heather_2015_thesis.pdf

Thesis Acknowledgement Example – Sample 6

University: University of Ottawa Author: Guillaume Thekkadath Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/36669/3/Thekkadath_Guillaume_2017_thesis.pdf

Thesis Acknowledgement – Sample 7

Example of thesis acknowledgement – sample 8.

University: Sample Thesis Author: Full Thesis Sample: https://www.cs.siu.edu/files/thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 9

Sample acknowledgement for thesis – sample 10.

University: The University of Toledo Author: Sample Thesis Full Thesis Sample: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=toledo1333741245&disposition=attachment

Sample Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 11

University: IOWA STATE University Author: Varsha Ravichandra Mouli Full Thesis Sample: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_etd/

Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 12

Acknowledgement samples for thesis – sample 13, acknowledgement for thesis – sample 14.

University: Nottingham University Author: Jean D. M. Underwood. Full Thesis Sample: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11711/1/325961.pdf

Acknowledgement Samples – Sample 15

Acknowledgement samples for thesis – sample 16, thesis acknowledgement samples – sample 17.

University: Brunel Business School Brunel University Author: Kinana Ahmad Jammoul Full Thesis Sample: http://107.170.122.150:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/95/Shristi%20Karmacharya%20Thesis%209881.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

You can take inspiration from these acknowledgement samples to write your own acknowledgement for your project. All these acknowledgement samples are taken from publicly available documents and you can use these as a sample to take inspiration for your project acknowledgement.

More on thesis statements

Jump into these quick guides to write a strong thesis statement in no time. We have included tons of good (and bad) examples to show you how to do it right. A simple formula is included in each article to help you create your strong thesis statement with suggested wordings.

Other Popular Acknowledgement Examples

For work or business Acknowledgement Receipt of Payment [4 Examples] Acknowledging Receipt of Documents: A Quick Guide with Examples Acknowledgement for Presentation [9 Examples] Acknowledgement for Job Offer [3 Examples] Acknowledgement for Business Plan [4 Examples] Acknowledgement for Work Immersion [5 Examples] Acknowledgement of Receipt of Appraisal [3 Examples] Acknowledegment of Debt [5 Examples] Resignation Acknowledgement for Employers [5 Examples]

Academic Acknowledgement for Research Paper [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Internship Report [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Thesis and Dissertation [15 Examples] Acknowledgement for Portfolio [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Case Study [4 Examples] Acknowledgement for Academic Research Paper [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for College/School Assignment [5 Examples] Acknowledgemet to God in Reports [5 Examples]

Others Acknowledgement to Funeral Attendees [5 Examples] Funeral Acknowledgement Templates (for Newspapers and Websites) Common Website Disclaimers to Protect Your Online Business Notary Acknowledgement [5 Examples]

6 thoughts on “15+ Samples of Acknowledgement for Thesis and Dissertation”

A profpund geatitude for your sample research acknowledfement! It is of great help in the success of my thesis study. God bless!

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Open access
• Published: 28 August 2024

A new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars

• Sara Calandra 1 ,
• Emma Cantisani 2 ,
• Claudia Conti 3 ,
• Barbara Salvadori 2 ,
• Serena Barone 4 , 5 ,
• Lucia Liccioli 4 ,
• Mariaelena Fedi 4 ,
• Teresa Salvatici 1 ,
• Andrea Arrighetti 6 ,
• Fabio Fratini 2 &
• Carlo Alberto Garzonio 1  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  19979 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

The overarching challenge of this research is setting up a procedure to select the most appropriate fraction from complex, heterogeneous materials such as historic mortars in case of radiocarbon dating. At present, in the international community, there is not a unique and fully accepted way of mortar sample preparation to systematically obtain accurate results. With this contribution, we propose a strategy for selecting suitable mortar samples for radiocarbon dating of anthropogenic calcite in binder or lump. A four-step procedure is proposed: (I) good sampling strategies along with architectural and historical surveys; (II) mineralogical, petrographic, and chemical characterization of mortars to evaluate the feasibility of sample dating; (III) a non-destructive multi-analytical characterization of binder-rich portions to avoid geogenic calcite contamination; (IV) carbonate micro-sample preparation and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements. The most innovative feature of the overall procedure relies on the fact that, in case of positive validation in step III, exactly the same material is treated and measured in step IV. The paper aims to apply this procedure to the ancient mortar of the Florentine historical building (Trebbio Castle), selecting micro-samples suitable for dating in natural hydraulic mortars. The discussion of the mortar dating results with the historical-archaeological hypotheses provided significant insights into the construction history of the building.

Similar content being viewed by others

Integrated multi-analytical screening approach for reliable radiocarbon dating of ancient mortars

An innovative approach for provenancing ancient white marbles: the contribution of x-ray diffraction to disentangling the origins of Göktepe and Carrara marbles

Early exploitation of Neapolitan pozzolan ( pulvis puteolana ) in the Roman theatre of Aquileia, Northern Italy

Introduction.

Radiocarbon dating is one of the most widely used dating techniques in the field of archaeology and Cultural Heritage 1 . This technique is used to typically date organic finds (such as charcoal, wood, bone, or textiles) but also inorganic materials 2 , such as carbonate compounds, i.e., lead white 3 , 4 . Mortar is an artificial product which has been prepared and used by humans since ancient times, mainly consisting of a binder, some aggregates and possible additives.

In mortar and plaster samples, plant remains, such as charcoal, vegetal, and straw fragments, are the most dated fraction with radiocarbon method ( 14 C), as reported in literature 5 , 6 , 7 . Other approach concerns the dating with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of quartz and feldspar aggregates 8 , 9 , 10 .

In addition, among possible applications to inorganic carbon-based materials, the use of 14 C method for dating ancient mortars was proposed as early as in the 1960s, applying the method to the inorganic binder 11 , 12 , 13 . In mortars, the inorganic radiocarbon-datable component is calcite, which is formed by the reaction of calcium hydroxide with atmospheric CO 2 during the setting of the material (the so-called anthropogenic calcite). Air-hardening mortars are the most suitable for dating because they set and harden incorporating atmospheric CO 2 . However, since mortars are heterogeneous materials, other sources of C, which may contaminate the 14 C concentration, can be present in the mortar samples.

Contaminations can be due to the presence of:

unburned carbonate of stone used for the production of lime and carbonate aggregate present in the mixture (geogenic calcite). These two sources make the sample older than expected;

(re)crystallized secondary calcium carbonates and products of delayed hardening (so-called secondary calcite). Secondary calcite forms after the initial hardening of the mortar, thus, causing an apparent rejuvenation of the sample.

Moreover, the type of binder of the mortar sample may not be quite ideal, as there are historical mortars with not totally air lime binder.

Selection of the datable fraction and elimination of potential contamination is a challenge for the international radiocarbon community 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . Despite numerous efforts as evidenced by the extensive literature in the field carried out by the scientific community, an analytical workflow for characterization and dating of inorganic fraction of mortars has not been established.

This paper aims at discussing our sample selection procedure for radiocarbon dating of historic mortars, from the preliminary comprehensive characterization of the material to the sample preparation for the 14 C-AMS measurement. Archaeological and historical survey coupling with accurate sampling, and then in-depth minero-petrographic and chemical characterization of the mortars are the first two steps (Step I and II), respectively. Separation of binder from the aggregate coupled with characterization of the separated carbonate fractions is mandatory (Step III). Proactive identification of the origin of calcite allows for the reduction of the possible contamination risk, thus obtaining accurate 14 C measurement by AMS (Step IV).

As far as Step II is concerned, a multi-analytical characterization procedure of the mortar fragments, i.e. optical and electron microscopy (OM, SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction on powders (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was designed.

In Step III, a non-destructive, original approach capable of identifying the origin of calcite (geogenic and anthropogenic calcite) was explored using XRPD, OM-cathodoluminescence (OM-CL), ATR-FTIR, micro-Raman. A new experimental set-up for the collection of CO 2 evolving from the selected calcite was installed, by integrating an acidification reactor into our so-called Lilliput graphitization reactors, which are optimized for microgram-sized samples 18 , 19 . The graphitization line is used to obtain graphite samples whose residual 14 C abundance is measured by AMS.

The procedure was validated in architectural contexts, such as the Tuscany historical building (Trebbio Castle in Florentine surroundings).

Analytical procedure

Step i: sampling and the issue of chronology questions.

Accurate dating of mortar in masonry requires a comprehensive approach involving collaboration between experts in mortar analysis, archaeologists and architects who understand wall stratigraphy 20 , 21 . Precise sampling is crucial and begins with well-defined research questions related to chronology, along with documentation and historical research and analysis of the masonry 22 (Fig.  1 , step I). For example, if the aim is to determine the age of construction, it is important to avoid areas of repair or renovation. However, if the focus is on determining the period in which the building was in use, these repaired or renovated areas may be of greater importance. Mortar between stone blocks is likely to be original if the stone block overlies the mortar; on the other hand, if the mortar protrudes beyond the stone block, this indicates a later intervention. Care should be taken when selecting samples from the ground, i.e. from collapsed ruins, as these may have been transported or weathered, thus being their association with the event to be dated not accurate.

Graphical representation of the new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars.

Mismatches in the dating results can arise due to different factors, such as mortar constituents (the type of binder and aggregate) or environmental factors (the state of preservation, which may be due to e.g. recrystallization and delayed hardening).

For instance, bedding mortars or core mortars are generally less altered over time than plaster and are less exposed to the external environmental parameters 23 .

To minimize secondary carbon sources, sampling sites should be carefully selected, favoring areas that are less exposed to weathering over exterior surfaces 20 , 21 . Analyzing samples from greater depths and intermediate heights helps to mitigate the influence of ambient water, which can introduce younger samples through rainfall or surface water or obvious aging effects from dissolved geological carbonates in groundwater and soil moisture.

As the slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) absorbs CO 2 from the atmosphere, the setting and hardening process starts from the surface and progresses inwards. Delayed hardening in the inner parts of thick walls can lead to inaccuracies in dating results 24 . Optimal samples should be taken at a depth close to the wall surface, deep enough to avoid problems with the surface, but not too deep to have problems with delayed hardening. If carbonate aggregates are present, careful sampling is essential to limit dispersion.

In summary, careful sampling and consideration of various factors are crucial for successful 14 C dating results in mortar. These considerations and methods contribute to the robustness and reliability of mortar dating in archaeological investigations.

The evaluation of the degree of carbonation of the mortar with the phenolphthalein test is the first mandatory characterization step. Phenolphthalein indicates the presence of calcium hydroxide in the mortar. A sample that is not fully carbonated must be excluded for 14 C dating. The test can be carried out in situ on the masonry or in the laboratory on a sample.

Step II: analytical procedure to characterize mortars for dating

To characterize mortars and select those materials that can be suitable for dating purposes, it is essential to determine the composition of all the constituents of the mixture, their relative amounts (binder/aggregate ratio—B/A), the nature of binder and aggregates, the constituents within the binder, as well as the degree of carbonation. In fact, the information we can get from different analytical techniques can give us hints about the manufacturing process of the materials. In particular, it can suggest us whether the basic conditions for applying radiocarbon dating are respected and can support us to choose the best approach to select the most appropriate fraction to be dated. For example, the aforementioned B/A ratio allows us to understand how much material we have to sample to get enough mass at the end of the selection procedure.

For a comprehensive characterization, several investigations must be performed, each useful in reconstructing the overall picture and providing key information to select or exclude material for dating (Fig.  1 , step II). The complementarity of multiple investigations is crucial for an accurate and full understanding of the material. Indeed, the investigations make it possible to determine the relative chronology of different construction phases within a building or site 25 , 26 . Here following the summarized description of the analytical techniques proposed for characterization.

Thin-section observation of mortar under an OM in transmitted light provides essential insights into the nature of binder, aggregate and lumps 19 , 27 .

For the binder, OM provides information on the texture (micritic, microsparitic, sparitic), the mineralogical composition, the birefringence colors, the structure and the interactions with the aggregate. Moreover, OM allows us to classify the binder as: air lime, natural hydraulic lime, air lime with addition of pozzolanic materials (i.e. cocciopesto , volcanic ash and clay minerals) and modern hydraulic binder 28 , 29 .

The description of the aggregate is crucial for the evaluation of contamination sources, taking into account mineralogical composition, particle size distribution, amount of binder with respect to aggregate (B/A) ratio, macroporosity and alteration products.

Petrography is also beneficial for the identification of lumps and organic fragments in the mortar. OM observation make it possible to recognize the type of lumps and distinguish between residues of stones used to make binders and binder residues.

The observation of lumps with OM allows us to recognize their types and origins, achieving information on the rock used to produce lime as well as suggestions on production technologies 27 .

Petrographic observation contributes to assess the uniformity of the binder and to identify zones of different crystallinity due to partial recrystallization by circulating water. Sources of contamination, such as recrystallization of calcite and carbonate aggregates, can lead to exclude samples from 14 C dating 21 .

Modern binders should be eliminated from dating, since the dating principle is not applicable to these types of binders. Particular attention should be paid to magnesium binders 30 . The 14 C dating outcomes may be affected by the presence of much younger 14 C, due to the properties of minerals produced upon carbonation (such as magnesite and nesquehonite).

XRPD analysis of bulk samples includes the mineralogical composition of both the binder and the aggregate, which can be integrated with the identified phases in thin sections. Single lumps and binder-rich portions can be also analyzed. All these data yield crucial information, revealing whether the mortar is non-carbonated (portlandite), if the sample contains magnesium lime (brucite, hydromagnesite, magnesite), or if the binder exhibits hydraulic properties 31 (tobermorite, hydrogarnet), or if secondary reactions occurred which lead to the formation of new phases (gypsum, hydrotalcite, hydrocalumite). The presence of these latter two phases in mortar binders strongly influences the radiocarbon dating of lime mortars, because of their high (CO 3 ) 2– anion capture capability 32 , 33 . The presence of gypsum indicates that the binder has altered, suggesting an open system and therefore a context subject to contamination from the external environment 34 .

Observations under the optical microscope can be further enhanced and supplemented by SEM–EDS which combines microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to obtain detailed information on the morphology and elemental composition of mortar constituents. Semi-quantitative elemental analysis is useful for: (1) estimating the provenance of raw material through the analysis of residues of stones used for lime production; (2) obtaining information on the hydraulic index (HI) 35 and the overall composition of the binder, including the possible presence of Ca and Mg based binder, and of silico-aluminates ferriferous phases; (3) evaluating changes in elemental composition within reaction rims areas; (4) characterizing lumps, especially if they have a heterogeneous texture; (5) achieving micro-chemical information about the aggregate and providing hypothesis on its provenance.

TGA is used in the analysis of historical mortars for evaluating hydraulic behavior; it involves subjecting a sample to controlled temperature changes while measuring its mass as a function of temperature. TGA serves for characterization of binder materials (air binder, hydraulic binder, gypsum, etc.) 36 , 37 . Moreover, the TGA results can be integrated with the HI value calculated from punctual micro-chemical analyses carried out with SEM-EDS 38 .

Step III: Selection and characterization of the powder for the screening of CaCO 3 origin

Upon assessing that the sample exhibits datable characteristics, as a consequence of all the analyses performed in Step II, the following process involves the selection and further characterization of the carbonate fraction. The binder calcite has the same chemical composition as burned carbonate rocks or carbonate aggregates, but different textural, isotopic signatures and mechanical properties.

A mechanical separation of binder-rich bulk and lump was performed, starting from a selection under stereomicroscope. For bulk samples, a portion enriched with binder and lumps is separated, then sieved to 63 µm and lightly crushed.

Our approach aims at finding non-destructive techniques able to determine the origin of the calcite in the powder samples selected for dating (Fig.  1 , step III). Non-destructive techniques allow the preservation of the sample mass so that the same sample can be subjected to several analytical procedures and treated for 14 C analysis (Fig.  1 , step IV).

The different origin of carbonates (geogenic and anthropogenic) can be detected by the different distortions in the lattice structure within small crystallites. In principle, different types of calcite interact with electromagnetic radiation in a way that depends on the atomic arrangement. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies can be used to identify short-range order at the molecular level. In addition, CL analysis, which is conventionally used to assess the origin of calcite, in our approach is combined with ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman.

The most important advantage in this non-destructive approach is that the exactly same powder is analyzed in OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman; and if the sample is mainly constituted by anthropogenic calcite, it is used for step IV.

CL is a petrographic technique which represents an additional way of examining thin sections or powder samples of carbonate specimens 39 . The phenomenon of CL of mortars has been discussed since 1997 and has been used in numerous studies to evaluate the origin of carbonates 13 , 40 , 41 . Different densities and distribution of atomic defects in the calcite crystal structure serve as markers to identify the origin of calcite. Considering this principle, geogenic calcite and anthropogenic calcite may have different luminescence intensities due to the different formation process.

The phenomenon can be easily observed with petrographic microscopes equipped for CL analysis (OM-CL), this instrumentation is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. For the non-destructive analysis of powders, we used OM-CL. The disadvantage of this technique lies in the resulting color hues, especially when multiple emissions of the same powder result in a composite hue. Typically, a qualitative analysis was performed, just attributing “hues” to the different observed colors (see for example tile red, dull purple, brown, dark brown, grey, dull grey and black). In such a framework, interpretation of data could be influenced by the operator him/herself 20 , 42 , 43 . This problem can be solved by combining several analytical techniques to obtain a validated and unambiguous result.

In the context of mortar dating, spectroscopy has already been used to distinguish the origins of calcite. As demonstrated in previous studies 44 , 45 , 46 conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in transmission mode with KBr pellets can be employed for rapid sample analysis, using the heights of v 2 and v 4 bands.

In order to use non-destructive analysis and preserve the sample for further analysis and dating, ATR-FTIR was tested on samples with known composition and origin to establish whether this mode could lead to the same results as the FTIR technique with KBr pellet 47 .

Since it has been shown that differences in grinding degree affect peak widths and relative heights of carbonate archaeological materials 34 , 48 , samples with same preparation procedures were analyzed to replicate the typical pre-treatment that might be carried out on unknown samples for dating purposes.

The distinct trend lines highlight the systematic differences in v 2 versus v 4 peak heights in ATR-FTIR mode for calcites formed through various processes. Two trend lines were created (geogenic and anthropogenic calcites), which can help to determine the origins of unknown samples, offering preliminary insights into their formation. The ability to discern calcite origins through the ATR technique is particularly advantageous in the field of mortar dating, as powdered samples can be collected and reused for dating if they contain anthropogenic calcite.

• Micro-Raman

Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool for the characterization of mortars, enabling high lateral resolution analysis of the mineral phases of aggregates and binder components 49 , 50 . So far, some studies have demonstrated that micro-Raman spectroscopy can be successfully used to estimate the content of cations (Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ ) in carbonates, as the vibrational frequencies of the translational (T) and librational (L) modes of carbonates are significantly related to their cation composition 51 , 52 . Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate variations in atomic bonding in biogenic calcite crystals and to distinguish the degree of crystallinity of calcium carbonate in biological materials by assessing the frequencies and width of the v 1 and v 4 bands 53 . Raman analysis of CaCO 3 polymorphs in 54 found that the amorphous calcium carbonate exhibits a broad peak in the lattice mode region (below 400 cm −1 ) and that the most prominent band associated with the carbonate ion at around 1085 cm −1 , which appears as broader and significantly less intense than usual, slightly shifts towards lower wavenumbers.

We carried out a study to determine the origin of calcite using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The potential to distinguish between geogenic and anthropogenic calcite using micro-Raman spectroscopy was established for the first time by the authors 55 .

Raman spectroscopy and statistical methods have shown that the anthropogenic calcite samples exhibit a broadening of the L, v 1 and v 4 bands (calculated from FWHMs) compared to geogenic calcite samples.

Structural disorder within the calcite crystals or the presence of low crystalline order is reflected in relatively broad FWHM values and wavenumber shifts. The wider and shifted toward lower wavenumber is the spectral band, the lower the crystallinity within the mineral.

The influencing parameters (including band position, band intensity, the area covered by the bands and the FWHM values of L, v 4 and v 1 ) for distinguishing the origins of calcite were successfully identified and they can be used to determine the origin of calcite in unknown samples intended for dating.

The potential of micro-Raman on distinguishing different calcite domains was also confirmed by Toffolo et al. 56 . In this paper, the micro-Raman analyses were performed on petrographic thin sections in archaeological lime samples.

Step IV: carbonate micro-sample preparation and AMS measurements

The limited sample material due to the high possible level of heterogeneity of the mortars, the sample loss during the characterization step and the highly selective pre-treatment process, motivates us to use the micro-sample 14 C preparation.

In this framework, the so-called Lilliput graphitization line at the LABEC laboratory in Florence, one of the laboratories of CHNet, the INFN network for Cultural Heritage, was integrated with a reaction chamber designed for the extraction of CO 2 from carbonates (Fig.  1 , step IV). The Lilliput line is particularly useful in the case of mortar treatment, because it allows managing samples as small as only 50 µg of carbon, well below the limit of the “traditional” larger samples of about 700 µg 18 , 57 . Such small processed masses provided the possibility to investigate the feasibility of dating even individual lumps of binder in mortar samples.

Typical processing masses for mortar samples are:—approx. 2.5 mg in the case of lump; —approx. 5 mg in the case of bulk mortar.

Acid dissolution and Lilliput graphitization reactors

The extraction of C from the selected inorganic fraction of the mortar is carried out by acid dissolution. The carbonate sample, mechanically separated and previously characterized with non-destructive techniques, is treated with H 3 PO 4 in the acidification line.

For bulk samples, 2 evolving CO 2 fractions are usually collected per sample: the first in a few seconds (0–10/30 s) and the second thereafter (10/30–60 s). The selected shortened reaction time is intended to avoid the risk of geological contamination, at least in the first fraction, as contaminants may still be present despite mechanical separation. In the case of lump samples, a fraction from the first few seconds of the reaction is collected without the risk of contaminants reacting with the acid.

The CO 2 extracted from the acidification line is then cryogenically transferred into the graphitization chamber using liquid nitrogen. The amount of CO 2 collected is monitored by pressure measurements. Typically, about 100 mbar of CO 2 is collected for each sample; this pressure basically corresponds to about 50 µg of graphite at the end of the reaction given the inner volume of the Lilliput reaction chambers. The graphitization reaction occurs on small copper inserts previously prepared with Fe catalyser pressed on them and is triggered at 600 °C in presence of H 2 excess; the reaction produces water, which is trapped within the cold finger. After the graphitization process, the copper inserts with the graphite deposited on them are mounted in specially modified aluminum holders that fit into the ion source of the accelerator to measure the radiocarbon concentration.

Results and discussion

Application of the procedure on historical building: trebbio castle.

The analytical procedure for dating was applied to mortar samples from the walls of the tower of the Trebbio Castle, one of the most important and significant examples of aristocratic villas owned by the Medici in the area around Florence (Mugello) 58 (Fig.  2 ).

Trebbio Castle: building ( a ); sampling on the North side, perspective drawing (by Teresa Salvatici and Sara Calandra) ( b ), and masonry ( c ).

The building was investigated through the building archaeological approach, which identifies the stratigraphic units of the building, and then associated with written or other sources, allowing the formulation of hypotheses about the construction phases of the masonry 59 .

Based on this methodology, four main construction phases from the thirteenth century to the first decades of the seventeenth century, were identified:

Phase 1 (before 14th cent.): the presence of a square tower is documented. The tower was partially rebuilt and its original structure is only visible in the lower part.

Phase 2 (14th cent.): addition of storeys to the pre-existing tower with improved masonry and crenellated walls, characterized by different building construction techniques than the previous phase.

Phase 3 (1420–1433): addition of new storeys to the tower and complete renovation of the upper structure, including corbels and wider walkways, attributed to Michelozzo (as reported written source in 60 ).

Phase 4 (post 1433): modern and contemporary restorations, including mortar sealing, reconstruction and rectification of structural problems to restore a late medieval appearance. Some restoration works were performed following the numerous historical earthquakes that affected the Mugello area 58 .

The chronology of the building phases is the result of a combination of stratigraphic studies, written sources and the chronotypological abacus of Mugello masonries 58 .

The archaeological reading of the masonry and the resulting hypotheses about the construction phases formed the basis for the selection of the mortar sampling points. A total of 27 bedding mortar and plaster samples were collected using a hammer and chisel ( Supplementary Table 1 ).

The comprehensive minero-petrographic characterization was performed on all mortar samples ( Supplementary Table 2 ).

Mineralogical composition analysis of bulk mortars by XRPD revealed the presence of calcite, quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and k-feldspar), lizardite and micas. Calcite can be referred to the binder, lime lumps or fragments of aggregate; quartz, feldspars, lizardite and micas can be related to the aggregate. Gypsum was recorded only in TC19 and 24, probably due to the sulphation phenomena of the binder 34 , Supplementary Fig. 1 .

From the petrographic observation, these mortars are made of natural hydraulic binder, obtained by firing of marly limestone (Alberese limestone, Monte Morello Formation), diffusely employed in Florentine area 61 . The aggregate exhibits a heterogeneous composition, utilizing sandy sediments from local watercourses. Finer sands (< 400 µm) predominantly consist of single crystals of quartz, feldspars, spathic calcite, while coarser fractions contain fragments of arenaceous rocks, serpentinites, and Alberese limestone. Rare fragments of cocciopesto were also found.

Since the raw materials used are the same and the production technologies are similar, no minero-petrographic criteria were identified to differentiate samples belonging to different construction stages. Within the same construction stages, different characteristics are found in the mix-design (i.e., B/A, grain size distribution).

For radiocarbon application we focused on the binder aspect, aggregate composition and the presence of lump. So, the binder in the plaster samples (TC1-11, Supplementary Fig. 2a, b ) has undergone some chemical alteration due to the dissolution and slow recrystallization of calcite by the circulating moisture in the masonry. This process can develop in specific areas of the samples, e.g. in pores and along fractures (referred to as secondary calcite) or change the entire texture of the binder (referred to as partially binder recrystallization). This prevented us from selecting these samples for dating, causing an apparent rejuvenation of the sample 62 .

As for the bedding mortars, the binder is better preserved. Care in the preparation of the mixtures is evident, considering careful selection of aggregates and a consistently high binder content. However, even these samples exhibit characteristics that allow the selection of only certain samples for dating: samples superficially collected, those with non-homogeneous carbonation processes (heterogeneous texture ranges from microsparitic to sparitic in TC12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 25, Supplementary Fig. 2c, d ), or binder recrystallization (as in TC12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25), those showing gypsum in XRPD (as in TC19, 24), and those with almost exclusively carbonate aggregate (TC20, 23; Supplementary Fig. 2e ) have been excluded. Heterogeneous texture can be due to delayed carbonation processes or binder dissolution-recrystallization 63 , in fact, in most samples the two features are combined.

Within bedding mortars, we focused on two samples that could provide key insights into the historical attribution of construction phases and with mineralogical-petrographic characteristics which are more suitable for dating. These samples come from the crenellated masonry, TC26, and the infill masonry, TC27 (see in Fig.  2 c). The samples show complete carbonation through phenolphthalein test. On initial macroscopic examination, sample TC26 appears to have a compact mortar with few fractures and a hazel coloration. Millimetre-sized lumps of varying coloration, from white to yellowish, are visible. The mortar sample TC27 is compact and has a hazel color. Millimetre-sized lumps of yellowish to white hues can also be observed.

The main mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of these two samples are listed in Table 1 .

Petrographic observations of TC26 and TC27 reveal the presence of a binder with homogeneous structure and micritic texture with small dark inclusions. Lumps are present, referring to both unmixed binder and unburned limestone.

The aggregate exhibits a heterogeneous composition and bimodal grain size distribution, consisting of abundant carbonate rock fragments (limestone and calcarenites), sandstone, serpentinite and crystal of quartz, feldspars, and calcite ( Supplementary Fig. 3 ). TC26 and TC27 differ in: the B/A, 1/3 and 1/2, respectively, and for the coarser aggregate grain size in sample TC27 (0.7–1 mm).

SEM–EDS analyses on the binder showed significant variability in SiO 2 and CaO content, along with the presence of different types of lumps, confirming the use of Alberese limestone. A comprehensive study of lumps, combining OM, OM-CL, and SEM–EDS analyses in the same area, revealed that also the texture of lumps is heterogeneous (Fig.  3 ). They exhibit a similar texture to the binder in OM, appearing brick-red in CL, and SEM analysis indicates a CaO and SiO 2  + Al 2 O 3  + Fe 2 O 3 composition comparable to that of the binder. SEM–EDS analysis of the thin sections indicates that only small amounts of Mg are present (less than 1.8%). To gain further insight into the binder composition, SEM–EDS microanalyses were carried out on polished thin sections of both binder and lime lumps. The micro-chemical composition of lime lumps and binder is reported in Table 3 . In addition, the hydraulicity index (HI) was calculated using Boynton's formula 35 (Table 2 ). TC26 exhibits an HI of 0.16 ± 0.05, TC27 shows an HI of 0.20 ± 0.08, classifying as weakly hydraulic.

OM ( a ), OM-CL ( b ), SEM–EDS ( c , d ) analyses on lime lump. In ( c ), BS image of a detail of the lump. In ( d ), SEM–EDS map layered on the previous area.

HI results are compared with TGA analyses performed on 3 portions of binder-rich mortar per sample.

The hydraulic water (%) originating from the hydraulic components varies between 7.02% and 8.89%, while the CO 2 decomposition from air lime binder is between 27.0% and 31.9%. The results of SEM–EDS are in agreement with those of TGA and show that the mortars have slightly hydraulic behavior ( Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Being carbonate aggregates abundant, to avoid possible contamination, we decided to focus on lumps for dating. Four lumps were selected for TC26 samples (labelled as TC26L1, L2, L3, and L4), and four for samples TC27 (labelled as TC27L1, L2, L3 and L4) (Fig.  4 a).

Results of non-destructive techniques on powders ( b - d ) and lump selection points ( a ). Plot of ν 2 and ν 4 with typical trend lines of geogenic and anthropogenic calcites obtained by ATR-FTIR and TC lump samples ( b ); OM-CL photomicrographs of lump powders: an anthropogenic sample (TC26L1) and a geogenic sample (TC26L3) ( c ); comparison among individual Raman spectra of carbonate samples: geogenic calcite (in blue, a reference sample) and anthropogenic calcite of TC samples (1: TC26L1; 2: TC26L2; 3: TC26L4; 4: TC27L1) ( d ).

XRPD analyses were conducted on the powdered lump samples after sieving to determine mineralogical composition (Table 3 ); OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman analyses (Fig.  4 b–d) were performed to assess the origin of the calcite.

XRPD analysis on lumps showed that the primary component is calcite, as expected.

TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4, TC27L1 and TC27L4 exhibit red-brown luminescence, which is consistent with their position on the anthropogenic calcite trend in ATR-FTIR, classifying them as pyrogenic carbonate. However, TC26L3, TC27L2, and TC27L3 exhibit orange CL and geogenic trends in ATR-FTIR, confirming that these lumps consist of geogenic calcite. ATR-FTIR detected a broad band centered at 1080 cm –1 , attributable to ν as (Si–O–Si) and ascribed to amorphous silicates 64 , likely originating from the calcination of stone rich in silicate components (e.g., clay minerals) ( Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Micro-Raman analyses, conducted on TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4, TC27L1, TC27L4, show a Raman shift of L and v 1 bands toward lower wavenumber, along with their higher FWHM values, which is also observed for the v 4 band (Table 3 ). The micro-Raman results definitively confirm the data collected by other techniques. The observed values are typical of anthropogenic calcite.

Based on the result of the characterization process discussed in the previous sections, lumps TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4 and TC27L1 were chosen to be suitable for dating. The reaction times, along with the masses of the graphitized samples, are listed in Table 4 . The reaction time of 30 s was chosen since, having assessed the anthropogenic origin of the calcite, the risk of contaminants reacting with the acid and the sample mass were low. The AMS results are reported in Table 4 .

When samples belonging to the same fragment or construction phase have consistent radiocarbon concentration between each other, a weighted average can be calculated to obtain a more precise result. Indeed, the lumps TC26L1, TC26L2, and TC26L4 from the same mortar portion exhibit consistent radiocarbon concentrations. The results of the weighted average of the three radiocarbon concentrations and the corresponding conventional radiocarbon age are also reported in Table 4 .

The calibrated age for samples TC26L1 + TC26L2 + TC26L4 results from the measured conventional radiocarbon age (Fig.  5 ).

Calibrated age of the TC samples: TC26L1 + TC26L2 + TC26L4 ( a ); TC27L1 ( b ).

Although the calibrated age of the TC26 lump samples spans two of the phases identified in the archaeological analysis of the tower (phases 2 and 3), the characteristics of the masonry where the sample was taken suggest an interpretation of the 14 C results as more likely within the middle of the fourteenth century (phase 2).

The dating results for sample TC27L1 are presented in Table 4 . Given the conventional radiocarbon age measured (Fig.  5 ), sample TC27L1 is considered modern. A discrepancy can be observed between the assumed chronology and the measurement of the radiocarbon concentration. Based on the historical-archaeological hypothesis, it is assumed that the masonry dates from the middle of the fifteenth century (phase 3).

However, this discrepancy could be related to the extensive joint sealing of the upper part of the tower. The combination of the calibrated age and the historical information; allow us to formulate a specific interpretative hypothesis and attribute this operation to the restoration season following the seismic events that affected the Mugello area between the mid-15th and mid-seventeenth centuries 58 . After this intense and destructive earthquake period, intensive restoration and reconstruction activities were carried out on all the Medici properties in the area (e.g. Cafaggiolo, the Fortezza di San Martino, the town of Scarperia). Sample TC27, being associable to the modern phase, could have intercepted one of these activities.

The comparison between the radiocarbon dating and the archaeological results offered two new interpretations. On the one hand, the 14 C dating for sample TC26 yielded a range of dates that included the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while the chronotypology of the masonry of Mugello allows us to shift the focus to the first one. TC27, on the other hand, it was the 14 C dating that provided new interpretative approaches to the historical-archaeological data and made it possible to identify specific restoration interventions carried out in the modern period on a masonry that in the written source dates to the early fifteenth century 60 .

The proposed multistep procedure is demonstrated to be a successful approach for selecting a suitable mortar sample for radiocarbon dating. Multi-analytical approach (OM, SEM–EDS, XRPD, TGA) has been proven to permit the selection of the most suitable mortar to be dated. Non-destructive analyses (XRPD, OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and Micro-Raman) of selected specific mortar portions, such as binder-rich or lump samples (mechanical separation), enable the characterization of the calcite origin (differentiation between anthropogenic and geogenic calcite) with the perspective of reusing the samples for following analyses and dating.

The acidification line to extract CO 2 was coupled to the so-called Lilliput graphitization line, for dealing with small carbonate samples (2.5 mg lump and 5.0 mg bulk).

Our procedure has been successfully applied to single lumps collected from Florentine natural hydraulic mortars to date Trebbio Castle construction phases.

The new proposed multi-analytical procedure allowed us to discard most of the samples, identifying problems that could affect their correct dating (step II, III). Consequently, the preparation and the following AMS measurements (step IV) focused on just those micro-samples that had been found suitable as the result of characterization in step III, exploiting the same material. The results obtained from the comparison of the mortars with the historical-archaeological hypothesis provided relevant insights into the construction history of the building.

This paper aims at emphasizing that it is only through a well-structured analytical procedure that it is possible to select suitable samples and approach for the dating of traditional historical mortars.

Carbonation test

The phenolphthalein test (standardized by UNI EN 14630, 2007) is carried out using a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in ethyl alcohol. Applied to the surface of the freshly cut sample.

Optical microscope

The Axioscope A.1 Zeiss transmitted light polarizing optical microscope, connected to a digital video camera, allowed for the acquisition of sample images in thin sections, which were processed using AxioVision software. The acquired images were further analyzed to obtain information on the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the samples using the ImageJ program.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)

The mineralogical composition was analyzed using a Philips X’Pert PRO X-ray powder diffractometer (XRPD) with a Cu anticathode (wavelength λ = 1.54 Å). The instrument operated at a current intensity of 30 mA and a voltage of 40 kV. The 2θ range explored was between 3 and 70° with a step size of 0.02° and a total time per pattern of 16 min 27 s. XRPD analyses were conducted on both powder bulk samples and specific lumps.

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS)

The ZEISS EVO MA 15 SEM–EDS with a tungsten filament and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analytical system, Oxford Ultimax 40 (with a resolution of 127 eV @5.9 keV and an area of 40 mm 2 ), was utilized for semi-quantitative microchemical and morphological analyses. These analyses were conducted on thin sections (prepared after carbon-metallized pretreatment) taken from both the binder and lumps areas, as well as from powder samples. The operational settings were as follows: an acceleration potential of 15 kV, a beam current of 500 pA, a working distance of 9–8.5 mm, a live time of 20 s to achieve an acquisition rate of at least 600,000 counts using Co standard, a process time of 4 for point analyses, and a pixel dwell time of 500 µs for map acquisition with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels. The microanalysis employed the Aztec 5.0 SP1 software, implementing the XPP matrix correction scheme. This process utilized purchased standard elements for calculations, enabling “standard-less” quantitative analysis. Constant analytical conditions, such as filament emission, were monitored through numerous analyses of a Co metallic standard.

Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out on historical mortar samples using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 6 system and Netzsch TG 209 F3 Tarsus. Fragments from each sample were mechanically broken down using a porcelain pestle, and the portion passing through a sieve with 63 µm openings (ISO R 565 Series) was selected as a binder-rich specimen. About 5 mg of the sample was used for TGA, and the analysis was conducted within the temperature range of 110–1000 °C. The samples were dried using silica gel as a desiccant at room temperature for a minimum of one week. The TGA experiments were performed in open alumina crucibles, with a heating rate of 10 °C min −1 , and a nitrogen gas flow of 30 mL min −1 .

Cathodoluminescence (OM-CL)

Optical microscope cathodoluminescence (OM-CL) analysis was conducted using the CL8100 MK5 model by Cambridge Image Technology Ltd., coupled with a Leica DM2700P polarization optical microscope. The microscope is equipped with a high-sensitivity 12 MP Leica Flexcam C1 camera and dedicated LAS X software, enabling the acquisition of digital images in various formats.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)

FTIR spectra were collected with a portable Bruker Optics ALPHA FT-IR Spectrometer equipped with SiC Globar source and a DTGS detector. The powdered samples were analyzed using a Platinum ATR single reflection diamond module collecting 24 scans, in the 4000–400 cm −1 spectral range, with a resolution of 4 cm −1 . The spectra were processed using OPUS 7.2 software (Bruker Optics GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) and Spectragryph 1.2.15. Instrument was used in the laboratory of ISPC-CNR (Institute of Heritage Science in Sesto Fiorentino), Italy.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy

A Renishaw InVia Raman spectrometer, characterized by high resolution, was utilized in combination with a Leica DMLM microscope. The experiments involved employing a 785 nm excitation line, a 50 × long working distance objective (NA 0.5), a spectral resolution better than 1 cm −1 , and a theoretical laser spot diameter of 1.9 μm. The laser operated at a power of 80 mW, and each spectrum was acquired over a period of 5 s. Our focus was primarily on the low-to-medium region of the spectral range, specifically collecting data within the range of 100–1400 cm −1 .

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files ].

Hajdas, I. et al. Radiocarbon dating. Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 1 (1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00058-7 (2021).

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Urbanová, P., Boaretto, E. & Artioli, G. The state-of-the-art of dating techniques applied to ancient mortars and binders: A review. Radiocarbon 62 (3), 503–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.43 (2020).

Hendriks, L. et al. Selective dating of paint components: Radiocarbon dating of lead white pigment. Radiocarbon 61 (2), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2018.101 (2019).

Strunk, A., Olsen, J., Sanei, H., Rudra, A. & Larsen, N. K. Improving the reliability of bulk sediment radiocarbon dating. Quat. Sci. Rev. 242 , 106442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106442 (2020).

Article   Google Scholar  

Calandra, S. et al. Radiocarbon dating of straw fragments in the plasters of ST. Philip Church in archaeological site hierapolis of Phrygia (denizli, Turkey). Radiocarbon 65 (2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.20 (2023).

Vasco, G. et al. Mortar characterization and radiocarbon dating as support for the restoration work of the Abbey of Santa Maria di Cerrate (Lecce, South Italy). Heritage 5 (4), 4161–4173. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040215 (2022).

Al-Bashaireh, K. Plaster and mortar radiocarbon dating of Nabatean and Islamic structures, South Jordan. Archaeometry 55 (2), 329–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00677.x (2013).

Goedicke, C. Dating mortar by optically stimulated luminescence: A feasibility study. Geochronometria 38 (1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13386-011-0002-0 (2011).

Panzeri, L., Maspero, F., Galli, A., Sibilia, E. & Martini, M. Luminescence and radiocarbon dating of mortars at Milano-Bicocca laboratories. Radiocarbon 62 (3), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.6 (2020).

Urbanová, P. et al. The Late Antique suburban complex of Santa Giustina in Padua (North Italy): New datings and new interpretations of some architectural elements. Hortus Artium Medieval. 28 , 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.HAM.5.134911 (2022).

Folk, R. & Valastro, S. Successful technique for dating of lime mortar by carbon-14. J. Field Archaeol. 3 , 2 (1976).

Google Scholar  

Van Strydonck, M., Dupas, M. & Dauchot-Dehon, M. Radiocarbon dating of old mortars. PACT J. 8 , 337–343 (1983).

Heinemeier, J. et al. AMS 14C dating of lime mortar. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. B Beam Interact. Mater. 123 (1–4), 487–495 (1997).

Article   ADS   CAS   Google Scholar  

Michalska, D., Czernik, J. & Goslar, T. Methodological aspects of mortars dating (Poznań, Poland, MODIS). Radiocarbon 59 (6), 1891–1906. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2017.128 (2017).

Hajdas, I. et al. Preparation and dating of mortar samples—Mortar Dating Intercomparison Study (MODIS). Radiocarbon 59 (6), 1845–1858. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2017.112 (2017).

Artioli, G. et al. Characterization and selection of mortar samples for radiocarbon dating in the framework of the MODIS2 intercomparison: Two compared procedures. Radiocarbon 1–14 , 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2024.3 (2024).

Lichtenberger, A., Lindroos, A., Raja, R. & Heinemeier, J. Radiocarbon analysis of mortar from Roman and Byzantine water management installations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, Jordan. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2 , 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.01.001 (2015).

Fedi, M. et al. Towards micro-samples radiocarbon dating at INFN-LABEC, Florence. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beams Interact. Mater. At. 465 , 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.12.020 (2020).

Cantisani, E. et al. The mortars of Giotto’s Bell Tower (Florence, Italy): Raw materials and technologies. Constr. Build. Mater. 267 , 120801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120801 (2021).

Heinemeier, J., Ringbom, Å., Lindroos, A. & Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. E. Successful AMS 14C dating of non-hydraulic lime mortars from the medieval churches of the Åland Islands, Finland. Radiocarbon 52 (1), 171–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200045124 (2010).

Ringbom, Å., Lindroos, A., Heinemeier, J. & Sonck-Koota, P. 19 years of mortar dating: Learning from experience. Radiocarbon 56 (2), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.2458/56.17469 (2014).

Gliozzo, E., Pizzo, A. & La Russa, M. F. Mortars, plasters and pigments—research questions and sampling criteria. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 13 (11), 193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01393-2 (2021).

Boaretto, E. Dating materials in good archaeological contexts: The next challenge for radiocarbon analysis. Radiocarbon 51 (1), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033804 (2009).

Pesce, G. L., Ball, R. J., Quarta, G. & Calcagnile, L. Identification, extraction, and preparation of reliable lime samples for 14C dating of plasters and mortars with the “pure lime lumps” technique. Radiocarbon 54 (3–4), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200047573 (2012).

Dilaria, S. et al. Phasing the history of ancient buildings through PCA on Mortars’ Mineralogical Profiles: The example of the Sarno Baths (Pompeii). Archaeometry 1–17 , 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12746 (2020).

Miriello, D. et al. Characterisation of archaeological mortars from Pompeii (Campania, Italy) and identification of construction phases by compositional data analysis. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37 (9), 2207–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.019 (2010).

Cantisani, E., Fratini, F. & Pecchioni, E. Optical and electronic microscope for minero-petrographic and microchemical studies of lime binders of ancient mortars. Minerals 12 (1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12010041 (2021).

Artioli, G., Secco, M., & Addis, A. The Vitruvian legacy: Mortars and binders before and after the Roman world. The Contribution of Mineralogy to Cultural Heritage, Gilberto Artioli, Roberta Oberti. https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.20.4 (2019).

Arizzi, A. & Cultrone, G. Mortars and plasters—how to characterise hydraulic mortars. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 13 (9), 144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01404-2 (2021).

Pesce, G. The need for a new approach to the radiocarbon dating of historic mortars. Radiocarbon 65 (5), 1017–1021. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2023.92 (2023).

Calandra, S., Salvatici, T., Centauro, I., Cantisani, E. & Garzonio, C. A. The mortars of florence riverbanks: Raw materials and technologies of lungarni historical masonry. Appl. Sci. 12 (10), 5200. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105200 (2022).

Miyata, S. Anion-exchange properties of hydrotalcite-like compounds. Clays Clay Miner. 31 , 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310409 (1983).

Ponce-Antón, G., Ortega, L. A., Zuluaga, M. C., Alonso-Olazabal, A. & Solaun, J. L. Hydrotalcite and hydrocalumite in mortar binders from the medieval castle of portilla (Álava, north Spain): Accurate mineralogical control to achieve more reliable chronological ages. Minerals 8 (8), 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080326 (2018).

Sabbioni, C. et al. Atmospheric deterioration of ancient and modern hydraulic mortars. Atmos. Environ. 35 (3), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00310-1 (2001).

Boynton, R. S. Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone 2nd edn. (Wiley, 1980).

Bakolas, A. et al. Thermoanalytical research on traditional mortars in Venice. Thermochim. Acta 269 , 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)02574-X (1995).

Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A. & Bisbikou, K. Characterization of ancient, Byzantine and later historic mortars by thermal and X-ray diffraction techniques. Thermochim. Acta 269 , 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)02571-5 (1995).

Riccardi, M. P., Lezzerini, M., Car, F., Franzini, M. & Messiga, B. Microtextural and microchemical studies of hydraulic ancient mortars: Two analytical approaches to understand pre-industrial technology processes. J. Cult. Herit. 8 , 350–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.04.005 (2007).

Marshall, J. D. Cathodoluminescence of geological materials by DJ Marshall, Unwin Hyman, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350260409 (1991).

Ricci, G. et al. Integrated multi-analytical screening approach for reliable radiocarbon dating of ancient mortars. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 3339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07406-x (2022).

Article   ADS   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Toffolo, M. B., Ricci, G., Chapoulie, R., Caneve, L. & Kaplan-Ashiri, I. Cathodoluminescence and laser-induced fluorescence of calcium carbonate: A review of screening methods for radiocarbon dating of ancient lime mortars. Radiocarbon 62 (3), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.21 (2020).

Lindroos, A., Heinemeier, J., Ringbom, Å., Braskén, M. & Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. Mortar dating using AMS 14C and sequential dissolution: Examples from medieval, non-hydraulic lime mortars from the Åland Islands, SW Finland. Radiocarbon 49 (1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200041898 (2007).

Murakami, T., Hodgins, G. & Simon, A. W. Characterization of lime carbonates in plasters from Teotihuacan, Mexico: Preliminary results of cathodoluminescence and carbon isotope analyses. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40 (2), 960–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.045 (2013).

Chu, V., Regev, L., Weiner, S. & Boaretto, E. Differentiating between anthropogenic calcite in plaster, ash and natural calcite using infrared spectroscopy: Implications in archaeology. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35 (4), 905–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.06.024 (2008).

Regev, L., Poduska, K. M., Addadi, L., Weiner, S. & Boaretto, E. Distinguishing between calcites formed by different mechanisms using infrared 236 spectrometry: Archaeological applications. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37 (12), 3022–3029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.027 (2010).

Toffolo, M. B., Regev, L., Dubernet, S., Lefrais, Y. & Boaretto, E. FTIR-based crystallinity assessment of aragonite–calcite mixtures in archaeological lime binders altered by diagenesis. Minerals 9 (2), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9020121 (2019).

Calandra, S. et al. Evaluation of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for distinguishing anthropogenic and geogenic calcite. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2204 (1), 012048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2204/1/012048 (2022).

Surovell, T. A. & Stiner, M. C. Standardizing infrared measures of bone mineral crystallinity: An experimental approach. J. Archaeol. Sci. 28 (6), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2000.0633 (2001).

Seymour, L. M., Keenan-Jones, D., Zanzi, G. L., Weaver, J. C. & Masic, A. Reactive ceramic aggregates in mortars from ancient water infrastructure serving Rome and Pompeii. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 3 , 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101024 (2022).

Seymour, L. M. et al. Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete. Sci. Adv. 9 (1), eadd1602. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add1602 (2023).

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Bischoff, W. D., Sharma, S. K. & MacKenzie, F. T. Carbonate ion disorder in synthetic and biogenic magnesian calcites: A Raman spectral study. Am. Min. 70 (5–6), 581–589 (1985).

CAS   Google Scholar  

Borromeo, L. et al. Raman spectroscopy as a tool for magnesium estimation in Mg- calcite. J. Raman Spectrosc. 48 (7), 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5156 (2017).

Zolotoyabko, E. et al. Differences between bond lengths in biogenic and geological calcite. Cryst. Growth Des. 10 (3), 1207–1214. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg901195t (2010).

Wehrmeister, U. et al. Amorphous, nanocrystalline and crystalline calcium carbonates in biological materials. J. Raman Spectrosc. 42 (5), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.2835 (2011).

Calandra, S., Conti, C., Centauro, I. & Cantisani, E. Non-destructive distinction between geogenic and anthropogenic calcite by Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning workflow. Analyst https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AN00441D (2023).

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Toffolo, M. B. et al. Crystallinity assessment of anthropogenic calcites using Raman micro-spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 13 , 12971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39842-8 (2023).

Fedi, M. E., Cartocci, A., Manetti, M., Taccetti, F. & Mandò, P. A. The 14C AMS facility at LABEC. Florence. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 259 (1), 18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.140 (2007).

Arrighetti, A. Materials and building techniques in Mugello from the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age; Materiali e tecniche costruttive del Mugello tra basso Medioevo e prima Età Moderna . https://doi.org/10.3989/arq.arqt.2016.001 (2017).

Brogiolo G. P. & Cagnana A. Archeologia dell’architettura. Metodi e interpretazioni (ed. All’insegna del Giglio) (2012).

Vasari, G. Le vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani, da Cimabue insino a' tempi nostri. Nell'edizione per i tipi di Lorenzo Torrentino, Firenze 1550 (ed. Einaudi) (2015).

Fratini, F., Cantisani, E., Pecchioni, E., Pandeli, E. & Vettori, S. Pietra Alberese: Building material and stone for lime in the Florentine Territory (Tuscany, Italy). Heritage 3 (4), 1520–1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040084 (2020).

Pavía, S. Repair mortars for masonry bridges. In Bridge and Infrastructure in Ireland, Proc. 3rdSymp, Dublin (2006).

Pecchioni, E., Fratini, F. & Cantisani, E. Atlas of the Ancient Mortars in Thin Section under Optical Microscop 2nd edn. (Nardini, 2020).

Ellerbrock, R., Stein, M. & Schaller, J. Comparing amorphous silica, short-range-ordered silicates and silicic acid species by FTIR. Sci. Rep. 12 , 11708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15882-4 (2022).

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Arch. Lucrezia Cuniglio, for the support and the collaboration for the collection of samples. Additionally, appreciation is extended to Laura Chiarantini and Tiziano Catalani for their technical assistance in the SEM-EDS analysis, as well as to Silvia Danise and Elena Pecchioni for facilitating access to OM-CL instrumentation.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, 50121, Florence, Italy

Sara Calandra, Teresa Salvatici & Carlo Alberto Garzonio

Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Emma Cantisani, Barbara Salvadori & Fabio Fratini

Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, 20125, Milan, Italy

Claudia Conti

National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Unit of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Serena Barone, Lucia Liccioli & Mariaelena Fedi

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Serena Barone

Department of Historical Science and Cultural Heritage, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy

Andrea Arrighetti

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

S.C., E.C., C.C., M.F. designed the research; E.C., M.F., C.A.G. supervised the research project; F.F., A.A., T.S. archaeological and architectural research; F.F, E.C. collected and prepared the samples; S.C., E.C. OM, XRPD, SEM–EDS characterizations; S.C., C.C. Micro-Raman measurements; S.C., B.S. FTIR measurements; S.B., L.L., S.C. micro-sample preparation; M.F., S.B., L.L. AMS measurements and data analysis; S.C., E.C., M.F., S.B., L.L., A.A., F.F. archaeometric interpretation of results. All authors collaborated to the writing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sara Calandra .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary information 1., rights and permissions.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Calandra, S., Cantisani, E., Conti, C. et al. A new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars. Sci Rep 14 , 19979 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70763-2

Download citation

Received : 18 March 2024

Accepted : 21 August 2024

Published : 28 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70763-2

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Historical mortars
• Radiocarbon dating
• Geogenic and anthropogenic calcites
• Microsample preparation

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.