air pollution presentation pdf free download

Air Pollution PPT and PDF for Free Download

Air Pollution PPT Presentation and PDF for Free Download: Air plays a vital role not only in nature but also in the lives of human beings and all living organisms; around 18,000 distinct species need air. Living organisms can survive without water for some time but cannot survive without air because when we breathe then we intake oxygen from the air and releases carbon dioxide, if this procedure does not take place then it is difficult to survive.

Well, now we have known the importance of air but due to activities of human beings contaminants are added to the air and this is known as air pollution. The atmosphere that we have today is very much distinct when compared with the atmosphere before 1760 i.e. before the industrial revolution.

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Air Pollution PPT Presentation and PDF for Free Download

If a pure and natural atmosphere is considered to be clean then in the present condition we cannot find a natural atmosphere because chemical contents in the atmosphere are enhanced. For example, the content of carbon dioxide in the natural atmosphere was 280ppm and now in the current atmosphere it is 370.0^3ppm, likewise, methane was 0.750ppm and at present, it is 1.77^4ppm, nitrous oxide was 0.270ppm and now it is 0.318^5ppm. To give a precise meaning of air pollution is a complex thing and can state that pollution began to include in the air when human beings started burning fuels.

In other words, we can state air pollution as man-made emissions or anthropogenic emissions into the air because emissions made by man change the natural atmosphere’s chemical composition. Enhancement in global concentrations of gasses of greenhouse like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide is also known as air pollution. We can purify the above statement by considering man-made emissions of hazardous chemicals as air pollution but this consideration has an adverse effect too.

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Primary Pollutants and Secondary Pollutants:

Basically, contaminants are of two types and they are as follows:

• Primary contaminants
• Secondary contaminants

Primary contaminants: primary contaminants are substances which are directly released into air from sources. The important primary contaminants which are hazardous in high amount are as follows:

• Carbon compounds
• Sulfur compounds
• Nitrogen compounds
• Halogen compounds
• Aerosols or particulate matter are divided into following groups depending upon their diameter:
• Inhalable are particles which are less than 100 microns and these particles can comfortably enter via nose and mouth.
• Thoracic are particles which are less than 10 microns and these particles can enter deep in respiratory system.
• Respirable are particles which are less than 4 microns.
• There are particles which are less than 2.5 microns and 0.1 microns.

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Secondary contaminants or pollutants: secondary contaminants or pollutants are not directly released from sources but instead of this, they are formed in atmosphere from primary contaminants and secondary pollutants are also called as precursors. The important secondary contaminants which are hazardous in high amount are as follows:

• Ozone formed from reactions of photochemical of VOCs and nitrogen oxides.
• The droplets of sulfuric acid formed from sulfur dioxide.
• The droplets of nitric acid formed from nitrogen dioxide.
• Sulfate aerosols formed from reactions of sulfuric acid droplets with ammonia.
• Nitrate aerosols formed from reactions of nitric acid droplets with ammonia.

Air Pollution Regulations:

From the last few decades, air pollution has been controlled all over the world through laws and regulations. Some of them are as follows:

• In the United States of America, Environmental Protection Agency has made few standards of air quality to secure the health of the public.
• The UN-ECE i.e. United Nations Economic Commission of Europe has made laws to decrease air pollution.
• The Clear Air Act of United States furnishes a principal framework to secure the quality of air.

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Classification of Air Pollutants and their Trends:

The categories of air pollution and their trends are as follows:

• Criteria pollutants
• Toxic pollutants
• Radioactive pollutants
• Indoor pollutants

Now, let us know about criteria pollution in detail as it has few trends to explain. Criteria contaminants regulated by United States- Environmental Protection Agency and many countries are as below:

• Particulate matter particles smaller than 10µm in diameter
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Carbon monoxide

The following figure explains about concentrations of criteria pollutants:

Fig1: concentrations of criteria pollutants

The below diagram explains about major sources of air pollution. The diagram is as below:

Fig2: major sources of air pollution

Health Effects of Air Pollution:

Air pollution causes some health effects and those health effects are as follows:

• Irritation of eyes
• Irritation of throat and nose
• Tightness of chest
• Difficulty in breathing
• Heart problems and lung difficulties like asthma
• Enhanced risk of heart attacks

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Environmental Effects:

Along with the health effects, it also causes distinct environmental effects and those are as follows:

• Eutrophication
• Effect on wildlife
• Depletion of ozone
• Damage to crop
• Damage to forest
• Change of global climate

Content of the PPT and PDF for Air Pollution

• What is it?
• How is it measured?
• The measured pollutants
• Its effects

 Here we are giving you Air Pollution PPT Presentation with PDF. All you need to do is just click on the download link and get it.

Air Pollution PPT Free Download

Air Pollution PDF Free Download

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Air Pollution PPT | Free Download | 17 Slides

Table of contents.

To live, we need to breathe. To breathe, we need fresh air. Fresh air is one of the basic and essential things we need to live on earth. Fresh air is equally important to every one us as food and water. Even plants need oxygen to convert food into energy. From these things, we can understand the importance of oxygen and fresh air. A place without oxygen will be a dead zone with no humans, animals, and plants. Without oxygen, nobody can survive on earth.

All these facts point the fingers at the importance of keeping air pollution-free. But the truth is, the air is getting polluted at a massive rate every day. There are hundreds of causes. In these, there are some which are very harmful to us. But how can we reduce the rate of air pollution? Well, there are different ways that we could try to stop air pollution. Before that, let us find out what are the utmost causes of air pollution. Here are they. 

What Do We Mean By Air Pollution?

It’s simple. Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air like Nitrogen Oxide, Volatile Organic Compounds, Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, dioxins, and other harmful gases. Once these gases are released, they become a colossal threat to the environment and human health.

How Do We Know the Quality of Air?

The purity of air measured using an AQI thermometer that runs on a scale from 0 to 500. The AQI refers to Air Quality Index. It measures how pure or polluted the surrounding air is. If the numeric value on the scale is between 0-50, the quality of the surrounding air is considered healthy and satisfactory. As the values increase, the quality of the air decreases. If AQI is showing a value of 500, that means you are standing in a hazardous surrounding. Have a look at the AQI chart below for more details.

Major Causes Of Air Pollution

It is well known to everyone how air pollution happens. It happens in many ways. Sometimes careless and reckless human activities lead to the major reasons for air pollution. Even though, here are some of the common causes of air pollution.

Burning of Plastic Wastes.

How do we avoid plastics from our houses? Either we throw them or light them up, right? These careless acts will lead to the worst pollution ever. Burning them releases toxic gases like dioxins, furans, mercury, and polychlorinated. These gases are a threat to the atmosphere, vegetation, humans, and animal health. If we throw them out, they can remain in the soil for 20-500 years before fully decomposing based on the material and structure. Over these years, it pollutes the soil and harms the earth. 

So, burning and throwing plastic does not work and leads to air pollution or soil pollution in the long term perspective. Then what will we do? Well, we can recycle and reuse plastic to an extent. But once the plastic is melted and reformed into new products, the quality of plastic gets reduced. In addition, the quality of plastic will keep reducing with every successive recycling. Furthermore, recycling is limited to a number 3 or 4 times because of the quality compromise of plastic. 

In fact, we only have a limited number of opportunities in the case of plastic. Either we reduce the use of plastic or recycle and reuse them as much as we can. 

Limiting the use of plastic seems more practical and smooth in our day-to-day life. There are many instances where we can reduce the use of plastic. Here are some of the tracts where we can instantly act to limit the usages of plastic

• Use cloth bags instead of plastics bags while going to the shops.
• Use paper plates and tumblers instead of plastic ones when you arrange a tea party or get-togethers. 
• Use paper straws in restaurants and coffee shops.
• Use paper bottled soft drinks.

There are more and more situations where we can reduce the unnecessary use of plastic covers and materials. It can turn out well when more people come forward with the same mindset of bringing down plastic use. 

Are there any alternatives for plastic?

Yes, there are. But literally, there are no materials with the exact matching properties with plastic. For instance, properties like durability, strength, water-resistant, lightweight, and inexpensive are rare to find in materials without polymer as an ingredient. Scientists and researchers are trying to formulate materials with the matching properties as plastic but with less pollution.

As said earlier, there are many instances where we can reduce the use of plastic and always try to avoid it as much as we can. Even if they are baby steps towards reducing plastic, take it and help our environment. Moreover, be a part of keeping the city and your premises clean.

Industrial Emission

Industries play a colossal role in all kinds of pollutions. They contribute almost one-third to the overall when we compare industrial pollution with other causes. Industries will be the 2nd largest cause of air pollution, water pollution, and sound pollution. Pollutants like carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, and Sulfur dioxide are released when they operate factories and industries. The volume of pollutants released into the atmosphere is way more than we imagine and the problems they can make are huge.

It is necessary to know where the pollution happens and who pollutes the air the most. Studies say that industries that produce electricity pollute the atmosphere more than any other industry.

A considerable amount of pollutants is kicked from the industries when the continuous burning of fossil fuels happened. These emitted gases make the most of the troubles to the ozone layer and cause ozone layer depletion. We need both electricity and the earth. We can not avoid one or the other for any reason. The only way is to protect both without harming each other. The only solution for this will be the rise of green energy. Only the challenge facing is the continuous supply of energy. Green energy like solar and wind are very cost-effective and pollution-free when comparing to the traditional ones.

Each and every individual can contribute and can be a part of saving the earth from air pollution and global warming. Switch to green energy as much as we can and reduce the consumption of traditional electricity from the government or private companies. Nowadays, everybody has inverters in the home as a standard facility. It will not cost you much to connect 2 or 3 solar panels to the battery and save 60% power usage from the traditional electric supply.

How can we reduce industrial air pollution?

As we said earlier, industries and factories are essential for the growth of the people and nation. We can’t stop factories in the name of air pollution. What we can do is, we can find some ways to reduce the amount of air pollution. For instance, we should try to convert these harmful gases to regular gases with the help of proper techniques and setups.

Most importantly, people living near industrial areas are very likely to have many allergies and lung diseases. Always wear a mask when you are going out or going near industrial and factory areas. If you are working in an industrial area, always wear a mask and other safety gear to ensure maximum safety.

Wildfires can take place at any time. It is an unplanned and uncontrolled fire caused by lightning strikes. As the name says, it occurs largely in forest areas. Mostly, the lighting strikes on the trees, branches, dry grass, and then the fire is generated. Eventually, this fire will spread to other trees, branches, and grasses and becomes wildfires, and causes air pollution.

Wildfires are common forested areas of the United States and Canada. It is one of the causes of air pollution, deforestation, and animal extinction. In a wildfire, many animals lose their lives and shelter. Some get burns and wounds in the running through the wildfire. 

All these will continue until fire settles down. Sometimes it takes 2-3 days to settle down completely. But in the end, we lose animals, trees, the environment, and what not?

Also, sometimes the causes of wildfire can be different. Sometimes it happens due to the carelessness of people living around the forest. For instance, even trash burning and campfires can spread fire if not concerned well. So it is always recommended to take precautions while doing wildfire potential activities.

Wildfires get worse when unattended. If you notice any fires or burns that need attention, call the authorities. Sometimes the fire can be controlled before getting worse.

Transportation

Transportation holds a neck-to-neck position with industries in the rate of air pollution. As we all know, the number of vehicles on the road is increasing day by day. Just look around, we could see houses with more than three vehicles even if they don’t need all of them. As the number of vehicles increases, the rate of pollution also tends to be increased. Old model vehicles are more likely to produce more pollution than new ones. Because when the vehicles get older and older, the amount of carbon emission increases. The rate of pollution is still on the rise even after the government and authorities made pollution laws strict. 

Every country has its own vehicle emission standards or norms for the safety of the environment and people living in the country. But still, transportation holds the position for the majority of air pollutions happening around the world.

How can we reduce pollution caused by vehicles?

Earlier, it was challenging to find an alternative for fuels like petrol or diesel. Right now, technology has improved – researchers found a better alternative solution for the petrol and diesel engines for automobiles. Yes, they are EV’s. Electric vehicles are completely different from traditional vehicles. They are pollution-free and highly efficient than fuel engines. Electric vehicles can be charged from the house or charging stations in and around the city. EV’s have 5x efficiency more than the regular diesel or petrol-fueled automobiles and 4x lesser reduced pollution.

EV’s are on the rise. By 2025, at least 50% of the new vehicles coming out from the factories will be electric vehicles. It will seriously help to reduce the rate of pollution to some extend. People will switch to EV’s when companies launch better models with luxury and comfort.

It may sound crazy to most of us. But think about walking a little every day and avoid taking cars or bikes for smaller distances. Or, use a bicycle to travel nearby. It will help us to improve both our health and the earth’s health.

What are the health issues due to air pollution?

The quality of the air we breathe is very crucial. Poor quality can cause many health diseases in both adults and kids. Especially to the people living in cities, the chances of getting a disease like heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and acute lower respiratory infections are very high.

Long-term exposure to polluted air in kids can lead to loss of lung capacity, asthma and emphysema. In addition, senior citizens are more likely to get allergies and breathing difficulties since they are less immune to the conditions. As a precaution to all of these, we can wear a mask while going out and traveling. If you are living in a highly polluted area, consider buying an air purifier for your home. An air purifier can help to improve the quality of air by filtering and thereby enabling a healthy environment inside our home for everyone.

How does air pollution affect environmental health?

The toxic gases also affect the environment in the same way. As the amount of harmful gases increases in the earth, the uncertainty of the environment’s health also increases. Changes in climates like temperature hikes, monsoon pattern shifts, and unexpected cyclones are a few examples. In these, ozone layer depletion is being the most complicated one.

We already know what is an ozone layer, and whats does it do? Let’s recall them for a while. The ozone layer is a part of the earth’s atmosphere, and it absorbs almost all of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet light. Guess what will happen when the ozone layer gets holes. All the harmful rays will fall into the animals, plants, and people on earth through the ozone layer holes. Studies say that by 2064 the ozone layer concentration levels may come to zero if the rate of pollution continues invariably. If that happens, the earth will not be a suitable place to live. The fun factor is, we don’t have any space other than earth to live right now. So, we have to protect the planet from being a desert.

Day by day, the rate of pollution is increasing. The hard truth is, nobody is really caring about the future of our planet. Even the government and authorities are keeping their eyes closed on social issues like global warming, air pollution, and soil erosion. If it keeps going like this, the earth will become uninhabitable.

Protecting the earth from pollutions is not deputed on somebody else. Each one of us should take responsibility and behave sensibly to protect the earth from pollution.

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Air Pollution

Air Pollution introduces students to the many causes and effects of the pollutants in the air. Students will discover how air can be either clean or dirty, and dirty air is what we call pollution. They will discover many causes and learn what they can do to help reduce the amount of pollution in the air.

There are several suggestions in the “Options for Lesson” section that you can incorporate into your lesson. One suggestion is to take students outside to find out if they can see any signs of pollution in the air.

Description

Additional information, what our air pollution lesson plan includes.

Lesson Objectives and Overview: Air Pollution explores the causes and effects of pollution in the air. Students will define the term and explain it clearly, including the causes and effects. Students will also discover how they can help improve the air quality of their environment. This lesson is for students in 3rd grade, 4th grade, and 5th grade.

Classroom Procedure

Every lesson plan provides you with a classroom procedure page that outlines a step-by-step guide to follow. You do not have to follow the guide exactly. The guide helps you organize the lesson and details when to hand out worksheets. It also lists information in the yellow box that you might find useful. You will find the lesson objectives, state standards, and number of class sessions the lesson should take to complete in this area. In addition, it describes the supplies you will need as well as what and how you need to prepare beforehand. The only supplies you will need in addition to the handouts are colored pencils. You may choose to have students use larger drawing paper for the activity as the option suggests in the “Options for Lesson” section. In this case, you’ll need to source drawing paper as well.

Options for Lesson

The “Options for Lesson” section lists several ideas for additional activities or tasks to incorporate into the lesson if you have time or want to extend the lesson further. One option that relates to the activity suggests you allow students to add houses, trees, and other details to the activity pictures. Another option is to use larger drawing paper for the activity and display students’ work around the classroom. You could also take students outside to see if they can recognize any signs of air pollution in the area. Another suggestion is to discuss indoor air pollution and its causes, such as smoking. One more idea is to watch a video with the students that shows examples of air pollution. Instead of having students complete the homework assignment alone at home, another option is to complete it together either as a class or in pairs.

Teacher Notes

The teacher notes page provides an extra paragraph of information regarding the lesson plan and its expectations. It suggests discussing other types of pollution once students understand the general concept. It also points out that using images of pollution will better help students understand the material clearly. Use the blank lines on the page to write down any ideas or thoughts you have before giving the lesson.

AIR POLLUTION LESSON PLAN CONTENT PAGES

What is pollution.

The Air Pollution lesson plan contains two pages of content. The first page introduces the concept of pollution using an analogy. When someone’s hands and face get dirty, they can easily wash them with soap and water. However, when the air becomes dirty, it is far less easy to clean up. The dirt and other substances in the air that should not be there make up what we call air pollution.

Besides dirt, air pollution includes dust, gases, odors, particles, smoke, fumes, and other things that are harmful to humans, animals, plants, and all other living organisms. It affects the earth’s atmosphere in a negative way. The atmosphere is like a blanket of air that protects all life on the planet. It protects the earth from the heat of the sun during the day and ensures the warm air doesn’t escape at night. It basically keeps the earth balanced so that it doesn’t get too hot or too cold. In fact, without the atmosphere, life could not exist.

The pollutants that affect the atmosphere are difficult to avoid. After all, we breathe in the air to survive. Pollution can travel with the wind from one place to another and spread over many miles. The causes of pollution are both natural and manmade. Examples of natural causes include volcanic eruptions, forest fires, wind storms, and pollen.

Air Pollution from Humans

Students will discover that there are quite a few ways that humans have contributed to the pollution in the air. The lesson outlines a few examples: factories, cars, and cleaning products. Factories release smoke and fumes. Power plants even release poisonous gases, like carbon monoxide.

Cars burn fuel, such as gasoline, oil, and other products. They then expel exhaust into the air through the exhaust pipes. People use transportation every day, and not just cars. They also use trucks, trains, buses, and airplanes. All of these vehicles release pollution into the air. In fact, one type of pollution often occurs because of all the vehicles emitting these gases: smog. Smog develops when smoke and fog mix together. Fog alone is not harmful. When it mixes with the smoke from cars or other sources, however, it can be very harmful to living things.

Household and farming chemicals also affect the air. Farmers spray certain chemicals on vegetation or grass to kill bugs. Doing so helps plants and gardens grow. However, it can also negatively affect the quality of the air.

The Effects

Students will next learn about several of the effects of air pollution. One is acid rain. Acid rain is rain that mixes with the pollution in the air. It can harm trees, animals, fish, and other organisms. Another is breathing issues. People often develop breathing problems when the air is dirty and filled with pollutants. This is especially true of people with asthma.

People also suffer from irritation to the eyes, nose, or throat, or a combination of these. They can also get headaches and have allergic reactions. This often happens in the spring when there is a lot of pollen in the air. Sometimes, pollution can have effects that last much longer. People can develop lung cancer, heart disease, and other health problems when they expose themselves to bad air conditions for too long.

The lesson offers a few suggestions for what students can do to help minimize or reduce the amount of pollution in the air. One idea is to use less electricity. When people use energy, it increases the amount of air pollution. After all, electricity is produced at factories, which release smoke and fumes into the atmosphere. Walking places can also help decreases the number of cars on the road.

AIR POLLUTION LESSON PLAN WORKSHEETS

The Air Pollution lesson plan includes three worksheets: an activity worksheet, a practice worksheet, and a homework assignment. Each one will help to reinforce students’ grasp of the lesson material. The guidelines on the classroom procedure page will describe when to hand out each worksheet to your students throughout the lesson.

REDRAW ACTIVITY WORKSHEET

For the activity, students will review two pictures and compare what the two scenes would look like without the pollution visible in the pictures. The “Options for Lesson” section on the classroom procedure page suggests letting students be creative. They can add trees or houses or other details to their pictures. You might also want to provide larger sheets of paper.

CAUSE AND EFFECT PRACTICE WORKSHEET

The practice worksheet requires students to review 20 statements. Students must then figure out whether each statement represents a cause (C) or an effect (E) of air pollution. Then, they will match definitions to the words in the word bank. There are a total of five words and definitions to match.

AIR POLLUTION HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

For the homework assignment, students will fill in the blanks in 10 sentences. Some sentences have more than one blank. There are 17 words in the word bank. Students will need to use each word only once.

Worksheet Answer Keys

The final two pages of the document are the answer keys for the practice and homework worksheets. Both answer keys are straightforward and provide the correct responses in red. Students’ answers should not vary at all from these pages since all of the questions on both assignments have a single right answer. If you choose to administer the lesson pages to your students via PDF, you will need to save a new file that omits these pages. Otherwise, you can simply print out the applicable pages and keep these as reference for yourself when grading assignments.

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This is a great resource for teachers. Complete lesson plans with really cool video and graphics to go along with it.

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I used this for my kids science class. It gives a great outline so that I can focus on the subject and not go on a tangent. Thanks so much for the great material!

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I was having a lot of trouble finding lesson plans that covered air pollution for 3rd grade even though that is a topic that is under VA SOL 3.8. Was so happy to find this one! And it was great - had good information and was easy to follow. Thank you!

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Home / Free PowerPoint Presentation Templates for Business And Google Slides / Free Air Pollution PPT Template and Google Slides

Free Air Pollution PPT Template and Google Slides

About the Template

Lay your hands on air pollution and educate your audience about how air pollutants harm human health and the environment with this free air pollution ppt template & Google slides .

Download our free air pollution Google Slides free templates and elevate your environmental presentations. This professionally designed and visually stunning template is your key to crafting a professional, impactful presentation on the pressing issue of environmental pollution.

Key Features of this Free Air Pollution PowerPoint presentation templates

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• Easy to Edit: Whether you’re a seasoned presentation pro or a novice it doesn’t make a difference, our premium style awesome pollution presentation templates are editable and easy to customize allowing for easy customization to match your brand or style preferences. Change background color, and fonts, add icon, images, content and effect, etc.
• Download for Free:  This creative pollution Google Slides themes and PowerPoint template is available as a free download, making it accessible to anyone committed to addressing environmental pollution. Use it to champion environmental causes and advocate for change.

This best air pollution infographic creatively picturizes the concept of air pollution and includes stunning graphics using which you can elaborate on the subject in the most visually appealing way. It’s never too late to make changes that will improve the quality of the air you breathe! So what are you waiting for? Get this unique template ppt on air pollution and start creating awesome presentations on the conservation of air.

By downloading our Free Air Pollution Google slides and PowerPoint Template, one can craft an education lesson that highlights the importance of environmental protection and educates on different types of pollution of that. Join us in the fight against environmental pollution, one compelling presentation at a time.

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Air Pollution Infographics

Free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

There are many different types of pollution and it is important to know how we can reduce the ecological impact we can cause with each of them, any help is good! If you are also environmentally conscious, we bring you this template with a collection of infographics about air pollution. Inside you can find all the necessary resources to make your content shine and stand out: tables, graphs of different types, icons, images, maps... In addition, its combination of colors in cool tones will attract the attention of your audience.

Features of these infographics

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• 31 different infographics to boost your presentations
• Include icons and Flaticon’s extension for further customization
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• Include information about how to edit and customize your infographics

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Chapter 12: Air Pollution

Jul 14, 2014

570 likes | 1.55k Views

Chapter 12: Air Pollution. A brief history of air pollution Types and sources of air pollutants Factors that affect air pollution Air pollution and the urban environment Acid deposition. A Brief History of Air Pollution. London’s historical problems King Edward I forbid sea coal in 1273

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Presentation Transcript

Chapter 12: Air Pollution • A brief history of air pollution • Types and sources of air pollutants • Factors that affect air pollution • Air pollution and the urban environment • Acid deposition

A Brief History of Air Pollution • London’s historical problems • King Edward I forbid sea coal in 1273 • London known for “pea-soup” (dangerous) • One “pea-soup” incident caused 700 deaths • Term “smog” created around 1911 • Disastrous London smog event of 1952 • Winds died, smog settled over London • People could see where they were walking for 5 days • Killed 5,000 lives • Caused Parliament to pass Clean Air Act of 1956

A Brief History of Air Pollution • Donora, Pennsylvania pollution episode, 1948 • Pollution trapped in Monongahela River Valley by inversion (20 people died) • U.S. Clean air act, 1970, 1990 • Due to high pollution, Congress passed Clear Air Act (revised in 1977, 1990) • Sets emission standards • Incentives for companies to lower emission

Principal Air Pollutants • Primary pollutants • Enter atmosphere directly • Secondary pollutants • Enter atmosphere from chemical reactions • Globally, a large percentage of air pollution sources are natural. Within localized areas, however, human-caused sources are often the largest contributors.

Principal Air Pollutants • Particulate matter – solid particles and liquid droplets small enough to remain suspended (aerosols). • Not poisonous - soot, smoke, dust, pollen • More dangerous – asbestos, arsenic, oil, sulfuric acid • PM10 – Particulates with diameters < 10 micrometers • Small enough to penetrate into lungs • Can remain in air for long time • Wind can carry great distances • Asian dust can transport dust long distances

Principal Air Pollutants

Principal Air Pollutants • PM2.5 – Particulates with diameters < 2.5 micrometers • Penetrate farther into lungs • Found in diesel soot and are carcinogenic (school buses, traffic corridors) • Removed by rain, snow, ice crystals

Principal Air Pollutants • Carbon Monoxide – major pollutant in cities. Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas • 60 million metric tons enter U.S. air annually. Half from highway vehicles. • Extremely dangerous and can kill quickly in poorly ventilated areas.

Principal Air Pollutants • Sulfur dioxide – comes from sulfur-containing fossil fuels. Colorless. Comes from power plants, heating devices, paper mills, volcanoes • Can form into secondary pollutants (sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid • Hurt breathing and certain plants

Principal Air Pollutants • Volatile organic compounds – organic compounds mainly made of hydrogen and carbon • Methane, benzene, formaldehyde, chlorofluorocarbans • Nitrogen oxides – formed when nitrogen combines with oxygen during fuel combustion • Nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide (NOx) • Vehicles, power plants, garbage dumps • Along with ozone, VOCs and NOx are major components of photochemical smog.

Ozone in the Troposphere • Photochemical smog – formed when chemical reaction takes place with sunlight • Ozone – Dangerous at surface. Irritates eyes, lungs. Can cause asthma and bronchitis • Causes several billions of dollars in loss from crop yield • Photochemical smog is a problem on most major cities of the world.

Ozone in the Troposphere

Ozone in the Stratosphere • Relationship to ultraviolet radiation • Ozone layer shields surface from UV radiation • UV can cause skin cancer • Eye cataracts • Hurt immune system

Ozone in the Stratosphere • Ozone broken down into O2 and O when UV hits it • Chloroflucarbons (CFCs) where used in hairsprays, deodorants, propellants until 1987 (Montreal Protocol) • Stable at surface, enter stratosphere from t-storms, near jet streams

Ozone in the Stratosphere • Sunlight breaks off the Chlorine and it breaks up ozone • CFCs are very long-lasting • One CFC can destroy 100,000 Ozone molecules

Ozone in the Stratosphere

Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns • Primary air quality standards – standards set up to protect human health • secondary air quality standards- standards set up to protect visibility, crops, and buildings • Nonattainment areas – areas that do no meet air quality standards • Secondary air pollutants are particularly difficult to control, because they are not emitted directly into the atmosphere.

Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns • 80 millions Americans breathing air not meeting one standard • Air Quality Index (AQI) – includes carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, ozone • Highest pollutant is one used in index • Anything higher than 100 is unhealthy

Fig. 12-11, p. 338

The Role of the Wind

The Role of the Wind • Dilution – mixing air pollution in a greater volume of air. Can create problems downwind • “Dilution is the solution to pollution” - in the 1950s this motto led to the construction of tall smokestacks for large factories. Pollution was released higher in the atmosphere where winds were stronger. Air quality improved locally but suffered downwind.

The Role of Stability and Inversions • Temperature lapse rates • Inversions inhibit vertical movement. Keep pollutants in a layer • Mixing depth – the depth of the mixing layer (the layer from the surface to the top of the inversion) • The mixing layer can often be easily seen from an airplane.

The Role of Stability and Inversions

The Role of Topography • Cold air drainage – air drains downhill over night, carrying pollutants • Air blockage by mountain ranges. Mountains block the progress of flow. Blocks pollutants from moving out of the region

The Role of Topography

Severe Air Pollution Potential • Many sources (clustered close together) • High pressure (becomes stationary, light winds) • Inversions (inhibits vertical movement) • Stagnation (pollutants unable to disperse) • Valley (pollutants accumulate) • Some locations, like Los Angeles and Mexico City, have an unfortunate combination of surrounding topography, frequent inversions, abundant emissions and plentiful sunlight - perfect conditions for photochemical smog.

Air Pollution and the Urban Environment • Urban heat island – cities are warmer than rural areas • Country breeze – Return breeze in circulation

Acid Deposition • Dry deposition – when pollutants slowly settle to ground • Wet deposition – when pollutants are carried to ground by rain, snow • Acid rain effects • Strangely enough, an acidified lake looks crystal clear and beautiful. But the beauty is false; it’s only clear because nothing is alive in it.

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